PSD_07 Teorie a metodologie psychologie

Filozofická fakulta
jaro 2006
Rozsah
0/0/0. 20 kr. Ukončení: zk.
Vyučující
prof. PhDr. Josef Švancara, CSc. (přednášející)
doc. PhDr. Mojmír Tyrlík, Ph.D. (přednášející)
Garance
doc. PhDr. Mojmír Tyrlík, Ph.D.
Psychologický ústav – Filozofická fakulta
Kontaktní osoba: Jarmila Valchářová
Předpoklady
Zápočet z Vědeckého semináře I-II
Omezení zápisu do předmětu
Předmět je určen pouze studentům mateřských oborů.
Mateřské obory/plány
Cíle předmětu
Student má prokázat znalost modelů a teorií psychologie, a to jak klasických, tak nových směrů v současné psychologii. Tyto modely a teorie musí být schopen aplikovat při řešení svých výzkumných problémů, zejména své disertační práce. Má znát filosofická a metodologická východiska výzkumné práce adokázat je aplikovat při řešení svého výzkumného problému.
Osnova
  • Philosophical Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology: The Emergence of Psychology; The Merging of Philosophy and Physiology into Modern Psychology; The Diverging Perspectives of Modern Psychology History of Psychology: Antecedents of Cognitive Psychology; From Associationism to Behaviorism; Gestalt psychology Research Methods in Cognitive Psychology: Goals of Research; Distinctive Methods of Research; Key Issues in Cognitive Psychology; Fields Within Cognitive Psychology Biological Foundations of Cognitive Psychology: Organization of the Nervous System;The Central Nervous System: The Brain and the Spinal Cord; Viewing the Structures and Functions of the Brain; The Cerebral Hemispheres and the Cerebral Cortex; Hemispheric Specialization; Lobes of the Cerebral Hemispheres and Cortex; Association Areas; Information Processing in the Nervous System; Structural Components: Neurons and Glial Cells; Conduction of Information Within Neurons; Communication Between Neurons; Common Neurotransmitters Attention and Consciousness: Preconscious Processing; Controlled Versus Automatic Processing; Processes Habituation; Selective Attention; Vigilance and Signal Detection; Search; Divided Attention; Theories or Attention: Filter and Bottleneck Theories; Attentional-Resource Theories; Additional Considerations in Attention; Neurocognitive Findings on Attention and Consciousness; Attention and Perception Perception: Depth Perception; Perceptual Constancies; Deficits in Forms and Pattern Perception; Gestalt Approaches to Form Perception Theories or Perception: Constructive Perception Direct Perception; Synthesizing the Two Theories; A Computalional Theory of Perception; Spatiotemporal Boundary-Formation Theory Theoretical Approaches to Pattern Recognition: Bottom-up Theories; Top-down Influences on Perception; Comprehension Processes Auditory Perception: Speech Perception; Basic Facts About Speech; Theorelical Approaches to Sérech; Perception Is Speech Perception Special? Knowledge Representation: Mental Representation of Knowledge;Representations of Declarative Knowledge: Words Versus Picture; Mental Imagery; Dual-Code Hypothesis: Analogical Images Versus Symbols Propositional Hypothesis: Functional Equivalence: Mental Manipulations of Images; Possible Synthesis: Dual-Code; Kosslyn's Synthesis; Johnson-Laird's Synthesis; Cognitive Maps, Text Maps Representations of Declarative Knowledge: Concepts and Schemas; Semantic Network Models; Representations of Procedural Knowledge; The Production and the Production System; Conceptual Dependency; Integrative Models for Representing Declarative and Non/declarative Knowledge; The Connectionist Model Memory: Exceptional Memory; Deficient and Outstanding Memory; Recall and Recognition; Implicit Versus Explicit Memory ; Model of Memory; The Sensory Store; The Short- Term Store; The Long- Term Store; Working Memory Model: Procedural, Episodic, and Semantic Memory; Concepts and Schemas: The Structure of Semantic Memory Memory Processes: Encoding of Information; Initial Encoding of Information for Brief Storage and Temporary Use; Forms of Encoding for Long- Term Storage Forgetting Information from Working Memory; Interference Theory; Decay Theory Transferring Information From Working Memory to Long-Term Storage; Rehearsal; Organization of Information; Mnemonic Devices Development of Memory: Differences in Metacognitive Processes Retrieval: Difficulties in Studying Retrieval Processes; Retrieval From Short-Term Memory; Effects of Prior Knowledge on Encoding and Retrieval; Effects of Subsequent Knowledge on Retrieval; Context Effects of Encoding and Retrieval Language: General Properties of Language: Semantics and Syntax Language Acquisition: Stages of Language Acquisition; Theoretical Explanations of Language Acquisition; Cognition and Language Acquisition Semantics: Theories of Meaning; Relationships Among Concepts: Basic Levels, Explanations, and Inferences; Semantics and Other Aspects of Language Syntax: The Syntax Tendency; Parsing and Phrase Structure; Relationships Among Syntactical Structures; Relationships Between Syntactical and Lexical Structures Language in Context: Linguistic Relativity and. Linguistic Universal; Language in a Social Context; Speech Acts; Conversational Postulates; Language in a Cognitive Context; Scripts; Slips of the Tongue; Metaphorical Language Problem solving : The Problem-Solving Cycle; Hindrances to Problem Solving; Mental Sets, Entrenchment, and Fixation; Negative Transfer; Positive Transfer; Incubation Creativity: Psychometric Approaches; Cognitive Approaches; Personality and Motivational Approaches Decision Making and Reasoning > Classical Decision Theory; Satisficing; Elimination by Aspects; Heuristics and Biases Deductive Reasoning: Conditional Reasoning; Syllogistic Reasoning Inductive Reasoning: Reaching Causal Inferences; Categorical Inferences; Reasoning by Analogy Intelligence; Structure of Intelligence: A Factor-Analytic Approach; Early Factorial Models; Multidimensional Models Processes of Intelligence: An Information-Processing Approach; Nettelbeck: Inspection Time; Jensen: Choice Reaction Time; Hunt: Lexical Access Speed and Speed of Simultaneous Processing; Sternberg: The Componential Theory and Complex Tasks; Simon: Complex Problem Solving Integrative Approaches to Intelligence; Gardner: Multiple Intelligences; Sternberg: The Triarchic Theory Emotions and the Topography of the Mind Feeling Theories Emotions and Intentional Objects Psychological and Evolutionary Approaches Cognitivist Theories Perceptual Theories The Ontology of Emotions Rationality and Emotions Emotions and Self-knowledge Morality and Emotions Introduction to understanding science. Differen ways of acquiring knowledge. Common sense. Problem of demarcation. Theory and experience. Functions of science. Causality. Finality. Causality as reality or construct of mind. Mistakes in reasoning the causal relations between phenomenas. Open and semi-open system in psychology. Understending causal relations within whole system. Methodology. Method, methodics and technic. Essential methods in psychology. Exterospection and introspection. Object and subject of psychological searching. Positivism and phenomenology. Hermeneutics. Pragmatics. Nomothetic and idiographic paradigm. Logics in research. Induction and deduction, abduction. Concept and meaning. Therms. Definition. Subject and object of research. Psychic phenomena. Research in other humanities. Problem. Known and unknown. Problem in science as an knowledge about unknown. Problem as a question. Different kinds of questions. Theory as solving the problem. Structure of scienticic theries. Hypothesis. Verification. Kvalitative and kvantitative aspect of research. The gap or two sides of the same river. Kvalitative approach in research. Kvality and kvantity. Functions of kvalitative part of research - description, clasification, explication. Developing of theories. Kvantitative part of research. Scale. Operacional definition. Variables and invariants. Kinds of research variables. Internal and external validity. Sample and population. Sampling. Designs with two and more groups. Extent of sample. Various research designs. Prospective and retrospective design. Experimental and correlative design. Explorative and confirmative research. Research methods Observation. Structure. Selectivity. Observation shedules. Rating scales. Interview. Structure. Interview with indivudual. Group interview. Focus groups. Differend kinds of use - research, diagnostics, therapy. Dialogue. Managing of interview. Exploring the interview. Questionaire. Theme - questions. The kinds of questions. Validity and reliability. Use of questionaire in diagnostics and research. Experiment. Specifics of experiment in psychology. Experiment and theory. Various designs of experiment. Field and laboratory experiment. Anylysis of action results. Content analysis. A criteria of sorting of content elements. System of categories. Cognitive and emotional content of mind. Psycho-semantics. Relation betveen language and mind. Language and individual experience. Searching language use. Qualitative and quantitative aspects of research - the gap or two banks of the same river?
Literatura
  • Weiner, B. Human motivation: Metaphors, theories and research, Newbury Park, Ca: Sage, 1992
  • STERNBERG, Robert J. Kognitivní psychologie. Translated by František Koukolík. Vyd. 1. Praha: Portál, 2002, 636 s. ISBN 80-7178-376-5. info
  • DECKERS, Lambert. Motivation :biological, psychological, and environmental. Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 2001, xv, 464 s. ISBN 0-205-27115-4. info
  • EYSENCK, Michael W. a Marc Peter KEANE. Cognitive psychology :a student's handbook. 4th ed. Hove: Psychology Press, 2000, viii, 631. ISBN 0-86377-551-9. info
  • GAVIN, Helen. The essence of cognitive psychology. 1st pub. London: Prentice-Hall Europe, 1998, xi, 215 s. ISBN 0-13-796459-5. info
  • WEINER, Bernard. An attributional theory of motivation and emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1986, xi, 304 s. ISBN 0-387-96312-X. info
  • EYSENCK, Michael W. A handbook of cognitive psychology. London: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Publishers, 1984. ISBN 0-86377-016-9. info
  • WEINER, Bernard. Human motivation. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1980. ISBN 0-03-055226-5. info
  • MADSEN, K. B. Moderní teorie motivace : Modern theories of motivation : (a comparative metascientific study) (Orig.). Vyd. 1. Praha: Academia, 1979, 468 s. info
Informace učitele
Před zkouškou předložit studii na zadané teoreticko-metodologické téma. Teorie a metodologie DS 2006 Doporučená literatura Fritjof Capra Tkáň života. Nová syntéza mysli a hmoty. (The Web of Life. A New Synthesis of Mind and Matter, 1996). Přeložili: J. Pokorný, J. P. Ondok, H. Čížková, J. Konopová. Praha: Academia 2004. Břetislav Fajkus Filosofie a metodologie vědy. Vývoj, současnost, perspektivy. Praha: Academia 2005. Trisha Greenhalg Jak pracovat s vědeckou publikací. Základy medicíny založené na důkazu. (How to Read a Paper The basics of evidence based medicine, 2001). Přeložili V. Janout, K. Provazník. Praha: Grada 2003. Jan Hendl Kvalitativní výzkum. Základní metody a aplikace. Praha: Portál 2005. 407 stran. Philip Zimbardo Moc a zlo. Uspořádali J. Fiala a M. Klicperová-Baker. Přeložili V. Břicháček a L.Čermáková. Praha: Nadace D. a V. Havlových Vize97, 2005. 199 stran.
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