Bi2120 Cytology, histology, embryology

Faculty of Science
Spring 2025
Extent and Intensity
2/0/0. 4 credit(s). Type of Completion: zk (examination).
Teacher(s)
MUDr. Ivana Baltasová (lecturer)
MUDr. Jana Dumková, Ph.D. (lecturer)
doc. MVDr. Aleš Hampl, CSc. (lecturer)
Mgr. Hana Kotasová, Ph.D. (lecturer)
MVDr. Anna Mac Gillavry Danylevska, Ph.D. (lecturer)
MUDr. Eva Mecová (lecturer)
doc. MUDr. Miroslava Sedláčková, CSc. (lecturer)
doc. RNDr. Petr Vaňhara, Ph.D. (lecturer)
Guaranteed by
doc. RNDr. Petr Vaňhara, Ph.D.
Department of Histology and Embryology – Theoretical Departments – Faculty of Medicine
Contact Person: doc. RNDr. Miroslav Králík, Ph.D.
Supplier department: Department of Histology and Embryology – Theoretical Departments – Faculty of Medicine
Course Enrolment Limitations
The course is only offered to the students of the study fields the course is directly associated with.
fields of study / plans the course is directly associated with
Course objectives
Course of human cytology, histology and embryology introduces microscopic structure and architecture of individual cell and tissue types including principles of their embryonic development.
Learning outcomes
At the end of the course students are able to:
- describe both general cell structures as well as specific ultrastructural modifications of particular cell types
- understand classification, organization and basic structural principles and function of tissues and organs
- characterize epithelial, connective, nerve and muscle tissues, emphasising common aspects of different tissue types as well as features of particular tissues
- identify tissues in different histological slides
- describe gametogeneis and its regulation on both organ and systemic levels, characterize ovarian and menstrual cycles and their relationship, including hormonal regulation.
- define the early embryonic development as well as development of fetal membranes, placenta, umbilical cord and extraembryonic structures generally.
- characterize stages of embryonic development as well as developmental abnormalities
Syllabus
  • Cytology and general histology: The object and the significance of the histology. Brno histological and embryological school. Methods used in study of cells and tissues. Sampling, fixation and embedding of tissues for histological examination. Sample preparation for examination by electron microscopy.
  • Cell definition, its size, shape and viability. Composition and structure of the protoplasm. Cell surfaces and intercellular connections. Structure and function of the nucleus. Structure and function of cell organelles. Cell inclusions. Cytoskeleton. Cell growth, aging, and degeneration of cells. Mitosis. Meiosis.
  • Cell differentiation and morphogenesis of tissues. Definition of the tissue.The most important structural and functional characteristics of the tissues.
  • Definition of the epithelial tissue. Classification of epithelia. Covering epithelia (epi-thelial membrane) - classification and chief distribution. The glandular epithelium -types of glands. Absorptive, respiratory and sensory epithelia.
  • Structure, origin and types of the connective tissue. Ground substance and fibers. Connective tissue proper - types, chief distribution, and function. Cartilage and bone types, chief distribution, and function. Ossification. The joints.
  • Muscular tissue - characteristic and classification. Smooth muscle tissue. Skeletal muscle tissue. Submicroscopic structure of the muscle fiber, ultrastructure of the myofibrils, definition of sarkomere. Mechanism of the muscle contraction. Cardiac muscle tissue.
  • Nervous tissue - definition. Neurons - structure and classification. Sheathes of nerve fibers. Synapsis, its structure and function. Nerve endings. Neuroglial cells.
  • Composition of the human peripheral blood. Cytology of formed elements of blood (erythrocytes, leukocytes, thrombocytes). Differential white cell count. Prenatal and postnatal haemopoiesis. Microscopical structure of the bone marrow and its classicication. Development of blood cells.
  • General embryology: Gametogenesis. Oogenesis, structure of the oocyte during ovulation. The ovarian and menstrual cycles - correlation. Meiosis - the differences between spermatogenesis and oogenesis. Composition of ejaculate, normal count of spermatozoa (normospermy). Properties of the spermatozoa.
  • Fertilization and cleavage of the human ovum. The morula and blastocyst. Implantation of the conceptus. Abnormal implantation sites, tubal pregnancy. Changes in the blastocyst during implantation. Germ disc, development of axial formations. Notogenesis - development of notochord (= chorda dorsalis).
  • Somitomeres (somites) - their development and differentiation. Intra- and extraembryonic mesoderm. Origin of mesenchyma.
  • The germ disc and its differentiation. Development of external appearance of embryo. Development of limbs. Human fetal membranes - amniotic sac, yolk sac, chorion, and decidua. Development of the placenta and the umbilical cord. Blood circulation in the placenta. Anomalies of the placenta and the umbilical cord. Placenta praevia, accreta, and increta.
  • Growth of embryo in the uterus. Monthly position of the uterus during pregnancy. Presentation, position and posture of fetus. Marks of mature and full-term fetus, the rule of Hasse. Delivery of a fetus.
  • Multiplied number of embryos: mono- and dizygotic twins and triplets; frequency. Arrangement of fetal membranes in multiplets.
  • Congenital malformations - critical periods of origin, main teratogens.
Literature
  • HORKÝ, Drahomír, Svatopluk ČECH and Pavel TRÁVNÍK. Obecná histologie (General histology). 2.nezměněné vydání. Brno: Vydavatelství MU, Brno - Kraví Hora, 2002, 147 pp. ISBN 80-210-3026-7. info
  • VAŇHARA, Petr, Miroslava SEDLÁČKOVÁ, Irena LAUSCHOVÁ, Svatopluk ČECH and Aleš HAMPL. Guide to General Histology and Microscopic Anatomy. 1st ed. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2017. ISBN 978-80-210-8453-7. info
  • ČECH, Svatopluk, Drahomír HORKÝ and Miroslava SEDLÁČKOVÁ. Přehled embryologie člověka. 2. dotisk 1. vyd. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2014, 187 pp. ISBN 978-80-210-5414-1. info
Teaching methods
lecture
Assessment methods
Final written exam.
Requirements of the course Bi2120c Cytology, histology and embryology - practice have to be fulfilled prior registration to exam.
Language of instruction
Czech
Follow-Up Courses
Further comments (probably available only in Czech)
The course is taught annually.
The course is taught: every week.
Listed among pre-requisites of other courses
Teacher's information
http://www.med.muni.cz/histology/vyuka/
The course is also listed under the following terms Spring 2008 - for the purpose of the accreditation, Spring 2011 - only for the accreditation, Spring 2003, Spring 2004, Spring 2005, Spring 2006, Spring 2007, Spring 2008, Spring 2009, Spring 2010, Spring 2011, Spring 2012, spring 2012 - acreditation, Spring 2013, Spring 2014, Spring 2015, Spring 2016, Spring 2017, spring 2018, Spring 2019, Spring 2020, Spring 2021, Spring 2022, Spring 2023, Spring 2024.
  • Enrolment Statistics (recent)
  • Permalink: https://is.muni.cz/course/sci/spring2025/Bi2120