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DOI: 10.5817/CZ.MUNI.P210-6840-2014-43
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE LABOUR MARKET IN THE
REGION OF SOUTH BOHEMIA
CHARAKTERISTIKA TRHU PRÁCE V JIHOČESKÉM REGIONU
ING. JAROSLAV VRCHOTA, PH.D.
ING. MONIKA BŘEZINOVÁ, PH.D.
Katedra řízení
Ekonomická Fakulta
Jihočeská univerzita v Českých Budějovicích
Department of Management
Faculty of Economics
University of South Bohemia
* Studentská 13, 370 05 České Budějovice, Czech Republic
E-mail: vrchotal@ef.jcu.cz, brezina@ef.jcu.cz
Annotation
The aim of this paper is to analyze the current state of the labour market in the region of South
Bohemia. The main emphasis is the characteristics of the labour market developments in the last 7
years, focusing on the most prevalent forms of discrimination. Data were obtained through personal
interviews with employees MPSV, LFS, CSO, Census and data files provided by them. Whithin the
post there were characterized the most problematic districts, the proportion of high-risk groups
(women, people ZP, over 55 graduates, long-term unemployed) and detailed characteristic of the age
and educational attainment. In conclusion of the article, there are defined specific measures leading
to increase employment in South Bohemia.
Key words
labour market, discrimination, South Bohemia Region
Anotace
Cílem příspěvku je analyzovat současný stav trhu práce v regionu jižních Čech. Hlavní důraz je
kladen na charakteristiku vývoje trhu práce za posledních 7 let se zaměřením na nejčastěji se
vyskytující formy diskriminace. Data byla získána na základě osobních rozhovorů se zaměstnanci
MPSV, VŠPS, ČSÚ, SLDB a jimi poskytnutých souborů dat. V rámci příspěvku byly charakterizovány
nejproblematičtější okresy, podíl rizikových skupin (ženy, osoby ZP, starší 55, absolventi, dlouhodobě
nezaměstnaní) a detailní charakteristiky věku a vzdělání nezaměstnaných. V závěru práce jsou
definována specifická opatření vedoucí ke zvýšení zaměstnanosti na jihu Čech.
Klíčová slova
trh práce, diskriminace, Jihočeský kraj
JEL classification: I21, J64
Introduction
In nowadays society there are various differences taken as a part of our lives. However, these
differences are directly inicite to some categorization, from which, despite prejudice, stereotyping
come to discrimination. There are more types of discrimination, which can sometimes be self-evident,
or is slight, hardly traceable and knows about it mostly only affected person. The others seams that
everything is fine and does not feel the need for any engange. Today's hectic period is characterized
by rigorous competitive struggle and constantly increasing pressure on labour productivity. Therefore,
for some groups there are very difficult to take a part in the labour market.
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The labour market in the context of this article is understood as a place where they meet two
businesses - businesses and households, through demand and supply of labour. (Holásková, 2008)
The labour market differs from the standard product market, its asymmetry, which is caused by the
supply side having less choice than the demand side. This is due to the specific nature exchanged a
factor of production - labour (labour force), which has not the same characteristics as other goods
(Holeman, 2005). The paper focuses on the labour market and is not based on division by Mares
(1994) to primary, secondary, formal or informal, external and internal.
Unemployment is an important macroeconomic indicator, which is focused on macroeconomic policy
and the general public. Unemployed people are considered those individuals who do not have jobs
because of it, either moving to a new job, or at the current real wage can not find work (Nickell 1990).
It can differentiate into several types, which fall into three basic categories (Martin, 1990) : The
nature, Time perspective, Aspect voluntary .
The very character further by (Bobek, 2007) divided into frictional unemployment (Soukačová, 2005),
often defined as the result of a search for better jobs. Cyclical unemployment (Bobek, 2007), which is
referred to as involuntary. This type of unemployment is closely linked to the economic cycle in the
economy. It is the result of the overall excess of supply over demand in the overall market. During the
recession in the economy it leads to a decline in demand for labour, workers shall be granted and the
associated rise in unemployment. A structural unemployment (Samuelson and Nordhaus, 2007),
which is the result of a mismatch between supply and demand for labour in various market segments
there is structural unemployment. Some sectors and regions develop, thus increasing the demand for
labour, while at other places the demand decreases and thus leads to unemployment.
In terms of time it can be divided into short-term unemployment, which has mostly seasonal in nature
and related to the mismatch of job opportunities during the year. In particular strongly dependent on
the weather occurs in industries and occupations, such as agriculture, construction, or surface mining,
and associated processing, and manufacturing industries. (German, 2002) Long-term unemployment,
which involves not only economic but also social problems. It is not only loss of income and values
that could produced the work, but especially the loss of skills, work habits and motivation to work.
According to Cleveland (2000), it is more than 6 months.
The last aspect is the division between voluntary and involuntary. Voluntary unemployment,
according to Krebs (2007) appears in two cases, and if a person wants to work , but looking for higher
wage assessment than the one that prevails in the labour market or in the second case, on the contrary,
a person does not want to work and does not look for vacancies . In the first case, it is primarily an
individual who has a sufficient amount of money saved up , prefers leisure and can " afford" not to
work. In the latter case, this is particularly relevant for those who have learned to use social system
and chooses rather modest life without work. Voluntary unemployment, there is plenty of vacancies in
the labour market, but there is no interest in them. In contrast, involuntary unemployment may
become a serious problem for the economy. Arises when the labour market has not enough vacancies
and the high demand for them. Unemployed trying to find a job with a salary that is in the labour
market, normal or even lower, although vacancy can not be found. According to Holman (2005) it
may be the cause of involuntary unemployment, state intervention in the labour market, such as setting
minimum wages or trade union activity - namely preventing the decline in wages and prevent people
who would be willing to work for low wages, to get job (Human 1987, Dobre 2007).
The labour market has a significant impact by (Swift, 2005) perception and attitude toward risk
groups, which , in the professional literature (Browne, 2009; Goldscheider, 1992; Kane, 1998) can be
divided into : age limits, restrictions in terms of gender, qualification for basis of disability negative in
pack dominate in most cases. These impacts can be divided according to Giddens (1999) in to
economic and social issues. After you can accommodate a number of aspects. With the loss of jobs
there is always associated a change of social status, standard of living and social role unemployed.
There is also the risk of social isolation or social failure , all consequences of unemployment affects
not only the unemployed but also the surrounding area - primarily family. There are for many
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economists, hardly understandable reasons, the long-term aim of reducing unemployment in the
regions.
Methodics
The aim of this paper is to analyze the current state of the labour market in the region of South
Bohemia. The main emphasis is the characteristics of labour market developments in the last 7 years
focusing on the most prevalent forms of discrimination.
In the Czech Republic there are currently three ways to find out information about the labour market.
Information can be obtained from the labour offices published the Employment Services
Administration of the Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs of the Czech Republic ( portal MPSV),
data based on the Labour Force Survey (LFS ) issued by the Czech Statistical Office data based on a
census of houses and flats (Census). Mostly the necessary data were obtained from these sources. The
work was also drawn from published Eurostat data, needed especially for the European Union.
Information concerning the main areas of unemployment in both the individual 's and the selected
region. Data on discrimination are based largely on the structure of the unemployed in terms of age
and education, where the selection of these two groups is based on (Arrow, 1998). The structure of
unemployed by education follows the structure of vacancies, which is divided by just learning.
Custom Data were collected through in-person consultation with employees MPSV, the Census and
UP. A subsequent processing of the acquired data and summaries. Data processing was carried out in
MS Excel, as well as subsequent outputs.
Results
Before entering the Czech Republic to the EU, the situation on the labour market in the Czech
Republic and in South County worsened since 2000. At the beginning of 2004, the unemployment rate
exceeded 11% in the Czech Republic. Since then, the unemployment rate has been over 10%.
Compared to previous years, 2006 saw an annual decrease in the unemployment rate in South
Bohemia, by 1%. The reduction takes place in the same year in all the districts. All the districts of the
region have at the end of 2006, a lower unemployment rate than the national average, except the
district of Czech Krumlov. The South Bohemian region, we can say that is one of the areas in the
Czech Republic with below-average long-term unemployment. Chart 1 shows that in 2007 and 2008,
the unemployment rate was well below 5%. The lower unemployment rate than in the South
Bohemian region had in 2007 only 3 of the 14 regions, and the city of Prague, Central Bohemia Pilsen
Region and in 2008 it was only the city of Prague. Since 2009, the unemployment rate has begun to
increase, but the value does not exceed eight percent. In this period it was the worst district of Czech
Krumlov, which is kept below 10 %, then on the contrary the Czech Budějovice district does not
exceed 6,5%.
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Fig. 1: The average unemployment rate in JK ( in%)
Source: Portal MPSV, the actual processing
To 31.12th 2012 there were in South County total 28,767 job seekers, which is compared to the
previous year, an increase of 2,317 people over the past seven years, however, this indicator increased
by about 8,341 people - see Figure 2 In the reporting period, the number of candidates in the 2008 first
declined, then grew an average of 10 to 12,000 in 2010, which reached its peak of 29,545 applicants,
since the number slightly decreased. The average number of unemployed in the region is for the year
23,811 applicants.
The number of unemployed women increased between 2006 - 2012 the number of 11 408 to 14 126
(24%). The trend was similar with the number of job seekers in total. The highest increase in the
number of unemployed women was recorded in 2009, when the number increased by almost four and
half percent. The last two years, the evolution of female unemployment rather grew character.
Different development was the number of job seekers with altered working ability. The share of peple
with disabilities in 2006 was 16.4 % of the total number of applicants in the South Bohemian Region.
The following year, this share increased to 19.6 %, but since 2008 the number of applicants still
declined. Last year, the share to 31.12th 13.0 % in 2012. In the reporting period, this structure
candidates in South County decreased by 3.4 %, to 3,758 applicants.
The proportion of school leavers and young people from 2006 to 2012 ranged from 7.0 to 8.2 %. The
highest proportion was reached in 2008, when their number was 1,427 applicants. Conversely, the
lowest number was recorded in 2012, when their share in the total number of applicants was 7%. We
can finde the same results in Winklerové and Švecová.
In contrast, the number of applicants over 55 years has increased. To 31 12th 2006 the group of
applicants was 12.6% (2,580 people), in the following year it was already 15.1%. Between 2008 and
2009, the number declined, but in 2010 the number of applicants has again started to rise last year, the
proportion of 15.4 %, which corresponds to 4,437 applicants.
Long-term unemployed accounted for the group of applicants in the period, which had the highest
share in the total number of job seekers in South County. Number of long-term unemployed has
increased in the years 2006 - 2012 the number 9409 13 820 In 2009, he recorded the highest increase
in the number of long term unemployed by nearly 8 %. In the last three years there is an increase in
this indicator, compared to 2010, this increase amounted to 1,683 applicants. Increase in long-term
unemployment has led to a gradual increase in their share of the total number of job- seekers from 32
% in 2008 to 48% in 2012.
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
České Budějovice Český Krumlov Jindřichův Hradec
Písek Prachatice Strakonice
Tábor Jihočeský kraj
Sborník příspěvků XVII. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách Hustopeče 18.–20. 6. 2014
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Fig. 2: Structure of the candidates in the districts of South Bohemia (in thousands)
Source: Portal MPSV, own calculations
The number of vacancies in the last seven years has changed enormously, both across the region and
in individual regions. In 2006, the number of vacancies in 5222 over the region, at the end of 2012 it
was about 1,359 more jobs. In contrast, with regard to the number of job seekers, this increase was not
particularly high. It is evident from this that the number of applicants per job in 2012 amounted to 4.4
people. As table 1 shows, the least of vacancies was in 2009 - 2012. Most vacancies were recorded in
2007. The region is the best in the Czech Budějovice region, the imaginary second place in Strakonice
region. Conversely Prachatice region was the worst. Last year in this region there were registered only
597 vacancies, it meens that one job had 3.6 candidates. For comparison, at the end of 2007, before
the economic crisis it was only 1.7 job seekers. The last two years show that the number of vacancies,
both in individual districts and throughout the region increased.
Tab. 1: Number of job vacancies in South County
2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012
České Budějovice 1 498 1 597 1 290 550 652 853 1 740
Český Krumlov 441 704 383 114 129 215 713
Jindřichův Hradec 448 644 387 116 159 170 1 010
Písek 837 1 119 421 159 176 138 830
Prachatice 406 738 317 155 194 164 597
Strakonice 803 1 219 1 038 306 372 330 765
Tábor 789 962 384 116 168 203 926
Jihočeský kraj 5 222 6 983 4 188 1 516 1 850 2 073 6 581
Source: Portal MPSV and CSO
The number of job seekers is closely related to their age, as shown in Chart 3 Previously, they were
the worst positionable group of applicants under 19 years, in recent years it has, but there are people in
the group from 20 to 34 years. To 31.12th 2006 the region recorded 7,595 candidates aged 20 to 34
years. In the past year the number of applicants increased to 10 170 The lowest value for the last seven
years was reached in 2007, when the number mentioned in the group amounted to 5,626 applicants.
The lowest numbers in the reporting period amounted group under 19 years. The number of people
over 50 also more increases, where the difference between the years 2011 and 2012 amounted to
3,831 applicants.
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Fig. 3: Structure of job seekers by age in JK
Source: Portal MPSV, the actual processing
The structure of job seekers by educational attainment reflects the requirements of the labour market
training the workforce on one hand and on the other hand, the educational structure of economically
active people in the various territorial units. The highest number of job seekers is permanently in a
group of vocational school graduates with no school-leaving certificate when their number increased
for 7 years from 9013 to 13,181, ie by 4168, as shown in Table 2. The most significant increase was in
vocational education between 2008 and 2009. As the second highest group we can identify candidates
with primary or no education. In comparison, as at the end of 2012, thare was recorded by 628 more
of these candidates than in 2011. The proportion of these candidates ranges in the period ranging from
23 to 27 %. The third highest group consists of high school graduation. Their number in the reporting
period increased by 1,683 candidates. The lowest number of these candidates was recorded in 2007,
when their number was 3 902 last year there were 6,434 registered candidates. The lowest values in
the reporting period amounted to graduates of colleges and universities. The difference between 2006
and 2012 amounted to 934 applicants.
Development of the number of candidates by individual educational categories in South County is
virtually unchanged. Throughout the seven years apprentices or candidates with secondary education
without GCE prevail.
Tab. 2: Structure of the job seekers' education in JK
Structure of the job seekers' by education
Basic education and
without education
Secondary without
GCE Secondary with GCE
University
2006 5 716 9 013 4 751 946
2007 4 516 7 167 3 902 867
2008 4 594 7 681 4 201 1 029
2009 6 601 12 623 6 778 1 528
2010 7 024 13 920 6 860 1 741
2011 6 644 11 935 6 125 1 746
2012 7 272 13 181 6 434 1 880
Source: Portal MPSV, the actual processing
Conclusion
Unemployment rate in the South Region in the years 2006 to 2012 corresponds to the unemployment
rate in the Czech Republic. No hige difference, but still ranks among the counties with the lowest
unemployment. It is a region that is not too linked with manufacturing and mining and quarrying, and
so you will find many jobs in other sectors. This is mainly in agriculture, logging and livestock
production and it is by- production. Neither Region is except for the occurrence of discrimination in
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the labour market. Among the groups that have worsened conditions for their application at the labour
market are: a group of job seekers among 20-34 year women before and after maternity leave and job
applicants over 55 years.
In the long term the worst in the issue of unemployment in the Region is the township of Czech
Krumlov, which exhibits during the whole period the unemployment rate around 10%. Less
unemployment and long-term balance show: District and Sand. The best is in the last seven years,
Czech Budějovice district, the unemployment rate does not exceed six and half percent.
The number of job seekers in the districts of South Bohemia Region from 2006 to 2012 steadily
increased. The difference between 2006 and 2012 in the group of long-term unemployed amounted to
4,411 applicants. Number of job seekers over 55 years was in 2012 - 1857, which was more than 806
applicants in 2011. Group of graduates and youths faced with the highest unemployment in 2009 and
2010. From this period their number in 2012 fell slightly. Development of applicants with reduced
work capacity in the years 2006-2012 volatile. At the beginning of the period, their number declined,
the increase occurred in 2009 and 2010, after more years, they were re- reduction. In the reporting
period, the highest unemployment rate recorded in women. Their number in any year does not drop
below nine thousand. Last year, the value of job seekers was 14 126.
In a survey job vacancies were recorded during the period under high differences. In 2006, the number
of job vacancies 5 222 in 2009 it was only 1,516 and in 2012 the number increased to 6,581 vacancies.
From this it means that last year accounted for 4.4 per job applicants.
In the structure of unemployed divided by age the most powerful group of people from 20-34 years
old became, followed by the age group 35-49 years. In 2012, the value of the mentioned candidates
amounted to over 9 500 A group of applicants over 50 years, the number of its ranks the third in the
structure of unemployment was broken down by age.
Most of the unemployed divided by a group is vocational education and secondary education without
GCE. Their highest value was recorded in 2010, 13 920 In contrast to the most leading universityeducated
people. The lowest value of this group was 867 applicants in 2007. The article is a part of
project GAJU č. 039/2013-S and GAJU č. 079/2013-S.
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