MUNI ECON Plná verze článku / Full paper TÓTH, V., ŠEBOVÁ, M. (2021). Climate change awareness and climate-friendly activities: Identifying resident typologies in Košice, Slovakia. In (Klímová, V., Zítek, V., eds.) XXIV. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách. Sborník příspěvků. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, pp. 556-563. ISBN 978-80-210-9896-1. DOI 10.5817/CZ.MUNI.P210-9896-2021-68. www.econ.muni.cz/kolokvium www.econ.muni.cz/colloquium CLIMATE CHANGE AWARENESS AND CLIMATE-FRIENDLY ACTIVITIES IDENTIFYING TYPOLOGIES OF RESIDENTS IN KOSlCE, SLOVAKIA Veronika Tóth Technical University of Košice, Faculty of Economics Ve ro n i ka .toth @tu ke.sk Co-authors: Miriam Sebovä Technical University of Kosice, Faculty of Economics Outline ■ Motivation ■ Literature review ■ Data ■ Methodology ■ Results ■ Discussion ■ Policy implications Motivation Climate change - both global and local threat Need to act at all levels Adaptation and mitigation simultaneously Designing policies for adaptation and mitigation - different impact on various socioeconomic groups, different efficiency of various measures Finding typologies of residents - policies addressing the needs of the main groups of people Important component of fighting climate change - awareness and education (public engagement campaigns) Audience segmentation -> targeted policies -> better impact (efficient and socially just) Eurobarometer (2019) AWARENESS ■ 78% of respondents in Slovakia consider climate change to be a Very serious' problem - an increase of 11 percentage points (pp) since 2017, the EU average - 79% ACTION ■ 66% took personal action to fight climate change in the past six months - an increase of 22 pp, the EU average - 60% Literature review - climate change awareness Factors influencing climate change perceptions (Hornsey et al., 2016; Czarnek et al., 2021): ■ the effect of obvious factors such as education, gender, subjective knowledge or personal experience is overshadowed by the magnitude of the effect of values, worldviews and political orientation ■ Role of cognitive heuristics ■ and identities (New Ecological Paradigm, Theory of Cultural Cognition) ■ Awareness-action gap: - belief in climate change is not a sufficient predictor of environmentally friendly action Literature review Leiserowitz et al. (2009), Maibach et al. (2011) ■ Global Warmings Six Americas - since 2008 ■ Representative survey of American adults (n=2,164) ■ measures of global warming beliefs, behaviors, policy preferences, and issue engagement Six groups of Americans: 1. The Alarmed - most engaged in the issue of global warming, already making changes in their own lives and support an aggressive national response 2. The Concerned - global warming = serious problem, support a vigorous national response, but are less involved in the issue 3. The Cautious - global warming = a problem, but not a personal threat, less likely to act 4. The Disengaged - haven't thought much about the issue, most likely to change their minds about global warming 5. The Doubtful - global warming - natural changes in the environment, that it won't harm people for many decades into the future, if at all, and that America is already doing enough to respond to the threat 6. The Dismissive - actively engaged in the issue, but on the opposite end of the spectrum Global Warming's Six Americas 2008 Data from 23 waves of Ihe Climate Change in the American Mind national survey. November 2006 - December 2020, (n = 27,075). "' YALE PqCMRAM DH Climate Change Co mmunication 9 2020 MASfi* UNIVMilTY CENTER for CLIMATE CHANGE COMMUNICATION Source Data ■ Data gathered as one part of the process of preparation of adaptation strategy for Kosice ■ Questionnaire - available at the webpage of the project Kosice +/- 40 ■ September - december 2019 ■ Valid responses: 598 ■ Used sample n = 368 (although probably biased) Stratified random sampling based on: 1. Sex, 2. Age, 3. Address (four districs of Kosice) Questions to assess ■ Socioeconomic status ■ Vulnerability ■ Level of knowledge and perceptions about climate change ■ Climate-friendly activities Perception of climate change DO YOU CONSIDER CLIMATE CHANGE TO BE A LOCAL AND/OR GLOBAL THREAT? Neither 2% Both global and local 48% Only global 12% Climate-friendly activities How often do you engage in climate-friendly activities? 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 regularly sometimes adaptation ■mitigation never Methodology: Latent Class Cluster Analysis ■ Statistical method used to find groups (clusters) of observations with similar characteristics ■ Assumption: unobserved latent variables -> observed indicators ■ Suitable for data with categorical variables ■ In this case - groups of respondents with similar attitutes towards climate change ■ Number of classes - determined based on model fit (BIC/AIC) ■ Implemented e.g. in Latent Gold Results - 4 types of residents ■ What do people in groups have in common? - Degree of vulnerability, climate change perception, adaptation and mitigation activities, socioeconomic characteristics Group 1 - Potentially resilient ■ 29 % of respondents ■ Two thirds - women aged 40+, employed, have children ■ Middle income ■ Climate change - global rather than local threat ■ Good level of knowledge about climate change ■ Experience the impacts of the climate change in their lives ■ They perceive themselves as well informed ■ Extremely important that cities and people adapt ■ The most active in adaptation and mitigation activities, civic participation Group 2 - Aware but passive ■ 27 % of respondents ■ In their thirties, no children ■ Live in city centre, middle income ■ Very well aware about the impact of climate change, both global and local threat ■ Well informed ■ Aware of the need to adapt ■ Critical about the activities of the local authorities (information about climate change) ■ Not very active Group 3 - Aware but lacking the means to act ■ 24 % of respondents ■ Less than 35 years old, usually at high school or university ■ No children, not married ■ Middle income ■ Less aware of the threat but still see the need to adapt ■ Less informed ■ The least active group - probably lacking the means to act due to young age Group 4 - Vulnerable ■ 20 % of respondents ■ More than half - men aged 60+ ■ Employed, or retired ■ High education level, have children ■ Often low income, living in peripheries, in houses ■ Lack knowledge about the climate change ■ Do not perceive it as a threat ■ They may in practice take some climate-friendly actions, but without realizing it Discussion Contribution ■ Context = city, implications for local authorities Data ■ Potential bias in the data sample - more people interested in climate change in our sample than in population - careful interpretation Further research ■ Awareness-participation gap Policy implications - Target policies to those who are vulnerable - Encourage those who are already active or those who might be active once they have the right conditions - Educate those who feel they lack knowledge about the climate change References Barnes, A. P., Islam, Md. M., & Toma, L. (2013). Heterogeneity in climate change risk perception amongst dairy farmers: A latent class clustering ana lysis. Applied Geography, vol. 41, pp. 105-115. DOI 10.1016/j.apgeog.2013.03.011 European Commission. (2019). Special Eurobarometer 490. Hornsey, M. J., Harris, E. A., Bain, P. G., & Fielding, K. S. (2016). Meta-analyses of the determinants and outcomes of belief in climate change. Nature Climate Change. Maibach, E. W., Leiserowitz, A., Roser-Renouf, C, & Mertz, C. K. (2011). Identifying like-minded audiences for global warming public engagement campaigns: An audience segmentation analysis and tool development. P/oS one, 6(3), el7571. Maibach, E., Roser-Renouf, C, & Leiserowitz, A. (2009). Global warming's six Americas 2009: An audience segmentation analysis. Leiserowitz A, Maibach E, Roser-Renouf C and Smith N (2009) Global Warming Six Americas 2009. Available at: http://environment.yale.edu/climate-communication/files/climatechange-6a mericas.pdf Leiserowitz, A., Roser-Renouf, C, Marlon, J. & Maibach, E. (2021) Global Warming's Six Americas: a review and recommendations for climate change communication. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences. DOI: 10.1016/j.cobeha.2021.04.007 Kuthe, A., Keller, L., Korfgen, A., Stotter, H., Oberrauch, A., & Hoferl, K. M. (2019). How many young generations are there?-A typology of teenagers' climate change awareness in Germany and Austria. The Journal of Environmental Education, 50(3), 172-182. Metag, J., Fuchslin, T., & Schafer, M. S. (2017). Global warming's five Germanys: Atypology of Germans' views on climate change and patterns of media use and information. Public Understanding of Science, 26(4), 434-451. Thank you for your attention! Questions? Comments? Appendix - literature review Metagetal. (2015) Studying typologies and their sources of information ■ nationwide representative survey of 3000 German adults ■ Dimension reduction - principal axis factor analysis, hierarchical cluster analysis 5 types of people in Germany: Alarmed Concerned activists Cautious Disengaged Doubtful Kutheetal. (2019) 760 teenagers between 13 and 16 years of age Methodology: dimension reduction with pricipal components analysis, then two step hierachical cluster analysis 4 types of teenagers in Austria and Germany ■ Charitables: well informed, behaving in climate-friendly manner, not very concerned ■ Paralyzed: very concerned, but few activities ■ Concerned activists: high level of awareness, eager to act, but not very well informed about the impacts of climate change ■ Disengaged: not concerned, badly informed, inactive Appendix - results Percentual representation of respondents with given characteristics Share Awareness about the threat of climate change at global level 0 - not aware 1-aware Awareness a bout the threat of climate change at local level 0 - not aware 1-aware Knowledge about climate changeand its i m carts Vulnerability to climate change Awareness a bout the need to adapt 1 - not aware 3-aware Frequency of engaging in adaptation activities 2-sometimes 3 - never Freauencv of engaging in mitigation activities 2-sometimes 3 - never 2-sometimes 3 - never 65% 32% 3% ass 32% 36% 32% 50% 31% 19% 12% 88% 36% 50% 14% 9% 28% 63% 45% 32% 22% 41% 59% 16% 51% 33% 18% 34% 48% 7% 22% 71% 85% 15% 28% 52% 20% 18% 33% 49% 37% 34% 29% 1 LCA COVARIATES Sex BBBBBI B1BBBBBI B1BBBBBI B1BBBBB1 1 - male 0,34 0,45 0,57 0,61 2 -female 0,66 0,55 0,43 0,39 Age do 19 0,03 0,03 0,20 0,01 20-29 0,07 0,29 0,27 0,08 30-39 0,16 0,42 0,23 0,10 40-49 0,21 0,19 0,20 0,17 50-59 0,25 0,05 0,00 0,20 60+ 0,28 0,02 0,10 0,44 Place of residency 1-city centre 0,20 0,24 0,21 0,19 2 - large boroughs 0,60 0,63 0,77 0,60 3 - peripheries 0,20 0,13 0,02 0,22 Education primary school 0,03 0,05 0,10 0,01 high school 0,02 0,02 0,07 0,04 high school with diploma 0,35 0,20 0,31 0,28 university 0,60 0,73 0,53 0,67 Family status 1 -single 0,18 0,57 0,63 0,05 2 - married 0,71 0,43 0,27 0,56 3 - divorced 0,07 0,00 0,09 0,14 4 - widowed 0,04 0,00 0,01 0,25 Children 0-no 0,15 0,65 0,64 0,09 1-yes 0,85 0,35 0,36 0,91 Economic status 0 - other 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,01 1-employed 0,66 0,58 0,58 0,40 2 -self-employed 0,06 0,13 0,09 0,07 3 - student 0,08 0,20 0,33 0,05 4-unemployed 0,00 0,04 0,00 0,08 5 - retired 0,18 0,00 0,01 0,37 6 - maternity leave 0,02 0,06 0,00 0,01 Type of building 1-apartment building 0,13 0,27 0,12 0,16 2-block of flats 0,70 0,51 0,72 0,61 3-family house 0,17 0,22 0,16 0,23 Income 1 - low 0,10 0,16 0,00 0,42 2-middle 0,90 0,84 1,00 0,58 4