XXI. MEZINÁRODNÍ KOLOKVIUM O REGIONÁLNÍCH VĚDÁCH. SBORNÍK
PŘÍSPĚVKŮ.
21ST
INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON REGIONAL SCIENCES.
CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS.
Place: Kurdějov (Czech Republic)
June 13-15, 2018
Publisher: Masarykova univerzita, Brno
Edited by:
Viktorie KLÍMOVÁ
Vladimír ŽÍTEK
(Masarykova univerzita / Masaryk University, Czech Republic)
Vzor citace / Citation example:
AUTOR, A. Název článku. In Klímová, V., Žítek, V. (eds.) XXI. mezinárodní kolokvium
o regionálních vědách. Sborník příspěvků. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2018. s. 1–5.
ISBN 978-80-210-8969-3.
AUTHOR, A. Title of paper. In Klímová, V., Žítek, V. (eds.) 21st
International Colloquium
on Regional Sciences. Conference Proceedings. Brno: Masarykova univerzita, 2018. pp. 1–
5. ISBN 978-80-210-8969-3.
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Sborník příspěvků XXI. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách Kurdějov 13.–15. 6. 2018
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DOI: 10.5817/CZ.MUNI.P210-8970-2018-84
ASSESSMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENTALASPECT OF
POLISH VOIVODESHIP CITIES
IWONA KRZYWNICKA
Department of Real Estate Resources
Faculty of Geodesy, Geospatial and Civil Engineering
University of Warmia and Mazury in Olsztyn
 Prawochenskiego, 10-720 Olsztyn, Poland
E-mail:iwona.krzywnicka@uwm.edu.pl
Annotation
How a city operates and, in particular, what the quality of life of its citizens is, depends to a great extent on the
presence of green areas, forests, protected areas and areas valuable due to environmental reasons. Such areas
fulfill numerous functions: aesthetical, educational, recreational and cleansing ones. The purpose of the article is
to assess the environmental aspects of voivodeship cities in Poland with the use of generally available statistical
data included in the Local Data Bank of the Main Statistical Office. The rating indicators of environmental aspects
which were encountered in the literature (presented in Methods and Materials) were selected for the analysis. The
conducted analysis showed that the city with the highest rating of environmental aspects is Olsztyn where four out
of five indicators have the highest level. Other cities, which environmental aspects are on a similar level, include
Szczecin and Poznań. However, Rzeszów has the lowest ratings and the lowest rating of environmental aspects
among all voivodeship cities. Also Katowice, Opole and Lublin are the cities with a lower rating of environmental
aspects.
Key words
green areas, city planning, environmental system of a city
JEL classification: Q56, R52
1. Introduction
A city is a complex system represented mainly by developed areas, technical infrastructure, as well as green areas,
which are very important for the environmental operation of this complex system. City greenery has a positive
impact on numerous areas of human life, i.e. health, wellness, social relationships and business activity. It provides
a wide scope of services and ecosystem utilities (Ives et al 2017, Keniger et al 2013). Cities, in particular the big
ones, fulfill various functions: they are centers for the development of trade, culture, science, innovation
implementation, etc., but they also need to meet many challenges (overpopulation, air pollution, traffic noise, etc.)
(Fijałkowska, Aldea, 2017; Szczepańska et al 2015). The research conducted by Ernst&Young demonstrates that
750 of the biggest cities of the world generate 57% of the global GDP (Megatrends, 2015). On the other hand,
cities produce more than 70% of global greenhouse gases (Fijałkowska, Aldea after KPMG 2011).
Polish cities, following the example of other countries (USA, Canada, Sweden, Germany) (Szulczewska, Kaliszuk
2005, Szulczewska 2015) introduce “cities’ environmental systems” to their urban planning documents. They have
various names, spatial and semantic areas. However, they also have some common features – each of them needs
to have areas of environmental importance (often divided into areas of atmospheric, hydrological and biological
significance) defined first. The basic elements of a city’s environmental system are green, protected and forest
areas. Biologically active areas, including green areas to a great extent, significantly contribute to the process of
cleaning the air of pollution, which is practically necessary for city conditions. It turns out that trees, bushes,
lawns, green roofs and walls efficiently reduce air pollution and regulate the emission of greenhouse gases within
city areas (Jayasooriya in., 2017). Small-particle pollution in a wooded area diminishes by 90% and in an area
covered by low vegetation – by 50%. Plants absorb large amounts of harmful gases, such as sulfur dioxide (SO2),
hydrogen sulfide (H2S), carbon dioxide (CO2), vapors of sulfuric and nitric acids (Malczyk, 2012).
Sborník příspěvků XXI. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách Kurdějov 13.–15. 6. 2018
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The term “green spaces” is not unambiguous. The Nature Conservation Act of 16th
April 2004 (Journal of Laws
2018, item 142) defines it as “areas arranged with technical infrastructure and functionally related buildings,
covered with plants, fulfilling public functions and, in particular, parks, greenschist, promenades, boulevards,
botanical gardens, zoos, game parks and historical gardens, cemeteries, green by the roads within the developed
area, on squares, historic fortifications, buildings, disposal sites, railway stations and industrial facilities”.
According to Haber and Urbański (2008), green areas are mainly spaces in urbanized areas where plants were
been introduced on purpose. In broader terms, the authors also include areas of open landscape together with their
resources, as well as elements which the landscape consists of, including national parks, landscape parks and rural
parks. Czarnecki (1961) in turn, defines green areas as spaces covered by vegetation which are used and developed
according to the spatial management plan. These are green areas available for all citizens (parks, boulevards,
squares, children’s gardens, sports fields, etc.) and areas with a limited access or unavailable to all users (e.g.
allotment, school, educational, hospital, factory gardens, etc.).
So green areas are very important elements of the city’s urban planning program and the condition of the city itself
is closely connected with the healthy natural environment. In this context, the aim of the research was to assess
the quality of environmental aspects of cities in Poland. Voivodeship cities were analyzed in the research. The
used data were collected from the Local Data Bank of the Main Statistical Office (access 22nd
-28th
February 2018).
The data included the information about green areas, forests and legally protected areas. The evaluation of the
environmental aspects of the cities was conducted with the use of valorizing indicators.
2. Rating indicators concerning the environmental aspect of cities
The share of green areas in the cities’ general area determines the quality of life of their citizens (Kim, Kaplan,
2004; Maas et al 2004). Another determinant of green areas’ significance in cities is their area per one citizen.
Wüstermann (after Roo, 2017) states that the recommended amount of green areas per one citizen in the
Netherlands is 60 m² within a 500 m range from their place of residence. Research conducted by Wüstermann on
the access to green areas in large cities (with more than 100 000 citizens) in Germany has demonstrated that 92.8%
of citizens have access to green areas within a 500m range from their place of residence. There is a significant
differentiation in terms of the supply of green areas – from 2.5 m²/per person (city of Schwerin) to 36.3 m²/per
person (city of Bergisch Gladbach) when analyzing the area of 500 m from the place of residence. The
recommendations of WHO (after Łukasiewicz, Łukasiewicz, 2006) regarding the number of green areas per 1
citizen are 50 m2
and at least 9 m2
.
Currently, the only indicator related to the environmental aspect of cities which has been defined in the provisions
of Polish law is the indicator of biologically active areas. According to the regulation of the Minister of
Infrastructure on conditions which buildings and locations thereof should meet, a biologically active area is native
soil covered by vegetation and surface water on a construction plot, as well as 50% of the sum of terraces and roof
spaces arranged as lawns or flowerbeds on a substrate ensuring their natural vegetation, not smaller than 10m².
And although the rate of this indicator is imposed for multiple-family housing (not less than 25%), they are often
determined in local plans for a single-family housing.
The quality of the environmental aspect of cities can be assessed with the use of indicators which valorize it. This
includes, e.g. (Świercz, 2011):
 - indicator of the share of developed areas in relation to city area,
 - indicator of the share of vegetation in the general city area,
 - indicator of obstacle compactness (for the ventilation processes)
 - indicator of air regeneration (% of share of areas with a dominant function of ventilation),
 - general area of legally protected areas in ha and % of the city area,
 - indicator of green areas’ accessibility per 1 citizen,
 - indicator of city forests’ accessibility per 1 citizen,
 - expenditures for maintenance of green areas in PLN/per person,
 - total outlays for environmental protection.
By using the selected indicators one can conduct an analysis and assessment of the processes occurring in a city
and also prepare information for local communities that would show the tendencies in changes in the natural
environment, the surface of protected areas, green areas and financial outlays on pro-environmental investments.
Sborník příspěvků XXI. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách Kurdějov 13.–15. 6. 2018
643
3. Methods and materials
This work includes the following research method and techniques:
1. Analysis of statistical data regarding green areas, legally protected areas and forest areas in voivodeship cities
in Poland. The data used are from 2016 and have been presented in the Local Data Bank of the Main Statistical
Office.
2. Assessment of cities’ environmental aspect on the basis of the indicators of:
 green areas in relation to the city area (%),
 accessibility of green areas per 1 citizen (m2
/per 1 citizen),
 legally protected areas within the general city area (%),
 city forest areas per 1 citizen (m2
/per 1 citizen)
 forest areas within the general city area (%).
3. Comparative assessment of the analyzed cities and synthetic assessment of the environmental aspect.
The data used are statistical data regarding green areas, legally protected areas and forest areas included in the
statistics of the Local Data Bank of the Main Statistical Office (access 22nd
-28th
February 2018) presented in a
commune system. For this reason, not all green areas have been analyzed, since the statistics referred to the
commune level include the following types: walking and leisure parks, green squares, street green, community
green areas, cemeteries, commune forests. Areas included in the legally protected areas category are national
parks, nature reserves, landscape parks, protected landscape areas, ecological utility areas, documentation sites
and landscape-nature complexes.
Another stage of works was the calculation of indicators:
 - W1 – percentage share of green areas in the city area:
1 =
Ʃ
100%,
 - W2 – green areas per 1 citizen:
2 =
Ʃ !"
#$%& ! '
 - W3 – legally protected areas within the general city area:
3 =
Ʃ ) ))" * ! ! +
, !"
100%
 - W4 – city forest areas per 1 citizen:
4 =
Ʃ !" !
#$%& ! '
 - W5 – forest areas within the general city area:
5 =
Ʃ !
, !"
100%
Calculations of the indicators are presented in Table 3.
Next, the synthetic indicator (rating) of the environmental aspect of cities was calculated with the use of the point
evaluation method. Such an indicator allows assessing cities and comparing them to one another. The values of
particular indicators, in turn, allow for an assessment of improvement or deterioration of the environmental aspect
over the years.
The cities analyzed with regard to the environmental aspect are Polish voivodeship cities: Wrocław, Bydgoszcz,
Lublin, Zielona Góra, Łódź, Cracow, Warsaw, Opole, Rzeszów, Białystok, Gdańsk, Katowice, Kielce, Olsztyn,
Poznań, Szczecin. The cities’ location is presented in Figure 1, while their area and population are indicated in
Table 1.
Sborník příspěvků XXI. mezinárodní kolokvium o regionálních vědách Kurdějov 13.–15. 6. 2018
644
Fig. 1: Map of Poland divided into voivodeships and cities, voivodeship capitals.
Source: http://encyklopedia.interia.pl/nauki-spoleczne-humanistyka/news-wojewodztwo,nId,2002163
Tab. 1: Summary of area and population of voivodeship cities in Poland in 2016.
City Area (in ha) Population
Wrocław 29,282 637,683
Bydgoszcz 17,598 353,938
Lublin 14,747 340,466
Zielona Góra 27,832 139,330
Łódź 29,325 696,503
Cracow 32,685 765,320
Warsaw 51,724 1,753,977
Opole 9,655 118,722
Rzeszów 11,636 187,422
Białystok 10,213 296,628
Gdańsk 26,196 463,754
Katowice 16,464 298,111
Kielce 10,965 197,704
Olsztyn 8,833 172,993
Poznań 26,191 540,372
Szczecin 30,056 404,878
Source: own elaboration based on data from the Main Statistical Office
The biggest city in terms of its area is Warsaw (51 724 ha) with a population of 1 753 977, while the smallest one
is Olsztyn (8 833 ha) with a population of 172 993 (the Main Statistical Office data as of 31st
December 2016).
The smallest city in terms of its population is Opole (118 722 people), with an area of 9 655 ha.
4. Results and Discussion
The analysis included the Main Statistical Office data regarding green areas, legally protected areas and forest
areas from 2016. The scope of analyses could be greater, however, the data in the Local Data Bank of the Main
Statistical Office do not include many environmental and infrastructural elements (e.g. developed area, allotment
gardens, botanical gardens) in commune or district systems.
The list of all analyzed areas is presented in Table 2.
The largest amount of green areas is in Warsaw (4 828.38 ha) and Poznań (4 452.92 ha), while the smallest amount
can be found in Opole (575.06 ha) and Kielce (593.79 ha). The amount of legally protected areas is the largest in
Warsaw (12 226.01 ha); a large amount of these areas is also present in Bydgoszcz (6 089 ha), Zielona Góra
(6 280.41 ha), Gdańsk (6 545.90 ha) and Kielce (6 800.64 ha). The largest amount of city forests can be found in
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Szczecin (2 590.92 ha) and Poznań (2 183.41 ha). The cities with the highest amount of forest areas within their
borders are Poznań (2 999.08 ha), Warszawa (2 910.41 ha), Szczecin (2 727.28 ha) and Łódź (2 537.49 ha).
Tab. 2: Summary of green areas, legally protected areas and forest areas in voivodeship cities in 2016.
City
Green areas
(ha)
Legally protected
areas (ha)
City forest
areas (ha)
Forest areas
(ha)
Wrocław 3,125.51 1,836.50 931.43 967.10
Bydgoszcz 1,911.66 6,089.00 157.10 267.13
Lublin 1,367.20 2,530.00 1.96 344.83
Zielona Góra 910.01 6,280.41 512.24 785.00
Łódź 3,833.20 2,752.64 1,461.92 2,537.49
Cracow 3,256.91 4,875.50 844.95 1,077.69
Warsaw 4,828.38 12,226.01 125.52 2,910.41
Opole 575.06 28.90 13.90 77.70
Rzeszów 633.78 8.11 9.00 142.00
Białystok 1,054.29 103.93 235.08 437.44
Gdańsk 2,249.17 6,545.90 1,045.20 1,278.01
Katowice 1,249.74 232.00 29.60 106.80
Kielce 593.79 6,800.64 80.93 450.13
Olsztyn 1,851.44 501.80 1,283.62 1,486.16
Poznań 4,452.92 1,105.33 2,183.41 2,999.08
Szczecin 3,487.04 1,717.53 2,590.92 2,727.28
Source: own elaboration based on data from the Main Statistical Office
The data served as a basis for calculation of suggested environmental aspect indicators for every city. The results
are presented in Table 3.
Tab. 3:. Summary of calculated environmental aspect indicators for voivodeship cities in Poland
City W1 (%)
W2 (m2
/per
1 citizen)
W3 (%)
W4 (m2
/per
1 citizen)
W5 (%)
Wrocław 10.7 49.0 6.3 14.6 3.3
Bydgoszcz 10.9 54.0 34.6 4.4 1.5
Lublin 9.3 40.2 17.2 0.1 2.3
Zielona Góra 3.3 65.3 22.6 36.8 2.8
Łódź 13.1 55.0 9.4 21.0 8.6
Cracow 10.0 42.6 14.9 11.0 3.2
Warsaw 9.3 27.5 23.6 0.7 5.6
Opole 6.0 48.4 0.3 1.2 0.8
Rzeszów 5.4 33.8 0.1 0.5 1.2
Białystok 10.3 35.5 1.0 7.9 4.3
Gdańsk 8.6 48.5 25.0 22.5 4.9
Katowice 7.6 41.9 1.4 1.0 0.6
Kielce 5.4 30.0 62.0 4.1 4.1
Olsztyn 21.0 107.0 5.7 74.2 16.8
Poznań 17.0 82.4 4.2 40.4 11.4
Szczecin 11.6 86.1 5.7 64.0 9.1
Source: own elaboration based on data from the Main Statistical Office
The city with the highest W1 indicator (share of green areas in the general city area) is Olsztyn (21.0). Furthermore,
a high indicator can be found in: Poznań (17.0) and Łódź (13.1) followed by Szczecin (11.6), Bydgoszcz (10.9),
Wrocław (10.7), Białystok (10.0). The lowest W1 indicator can be found in Zielona Góra, which may stem from
21 998 ha of rural areas being incorporated into the administrative borders of the city. The city’s original area was
then increased nearly five times, which impacted the W1 indicator. It is to be noted that despite the fact that rural
areas are predominantly biologically active, they are not included in the statistics of the Main Statistical Office as
green areas. The highest indicator of W2, similarly to W1, can be found in Olsztyn (107 m2
/per 1 citizen); the
indicators are also very high in Szczecin (86.1) and Poznań (82.4). A low indicator can be found in Rzeszów
(33.8). Kielce has the highest W3 indicator (62.02) in view of a large number of protected areas within the city
borders; the indicator is quite high in Bydgoszcz (34.60), Gdańsk (24.99) and Warsaw (23.64), while it is the
lowest in Rzeszów (0.07). The W4 indicator is the highest in Olsztyn (74.20) and Szczecin (63.99); quite high in
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Poznań (40.41) and Zielona Góra (36.76), and the lowest in Lublin (0.06) and Katowice (0.99). The W5 indicator
is the highest in Olsztyn (16.83) and Poznań (11.45) and the lowest in Katowice (0.65) and Opole (0.80).
The calculated indicators formed a basis for a rating of voivodeship cities with regard to every indicator. This was
followed by a determination of a synthetic rating combining all of the analyzed elements (Table 4). It was
determined with the use of point evaluation – position of a city per each indicator is a number of points; the sum
of points formed a basis to determine the synthetic rating (order of the cities).
Tab. 4: Synthetic rating of voivodeship cities
Rating W1 W2 W3 W4 W5
Synthetic
rating
1 Olsztyn Olsztyn Kielce Olsztyn Olsztyn Olsztyn
2 Poznań Szczecin Bydgoszcz Szczecin Poznań Szczecin
3 Łódź Poznań Gdańsk Poznań Szczecin Poznań
4 Szczecin Zielona Góra Warsaw Zielona Góra Łódź Łódź
5 Bydgoszcz Łódź Zielona Góra Gdańsk Warsaw Gdańsk
6 Wrocław Bydgoszcz Lublin Łódź Gdańsk Bydgoszcz
7 Białystok Wrocław Cracow Wrocław Białystok Wrocław
8 Cracow Gdańsk Łódź Cracow Kielce Zielona Góra
9 Lublin Opole Wrocław Białystok Wrocław Cracow
10 Warsaw Cracow Szczecin Bydgoszcz Cracow Warsaw
11 Gdańsk Katowice Olsztyn Kielce Zielona Góra Białystok
12 Katowice Lublin Poznań Opole Lublin Kielce
13 Opole Białystok Katowice Katowice Bydgoszcz Lublin
14 Rzeszów Rzeszów Białystok Warsaw Rzeszów Opole
15 Kielce Kielce Opole Rzeszów Opole Katowice
16 Zielona Góra Warsaw Rzeszów Lublin Katowice Rzeszów
Source: own elaboration
The city with the highest rating is Olsztyn, which placed 1st
almost in every indicator category. The city has a
small area and a small population, yet at the same time, it is rich with green areas, commune forests and protected
areas. High in the ratings are also Szczecin, Poznań, Łódź and Gdańsk. The cities with the lowest ratings are
Opole, Katowice and Rzeszów.
This analysis definitely does not exhaust the subject, since it does not include other assessment indicators of the
environmental aspect of cities. The statistics in the Local Data Bank do not include uncontrolled green areas,
furthermore, areas of allotment and botanical gardens are stated in a voivodeship and not a city system. The scope
of analyses should be broadened to include such areas. Another aspect which has not been analyzed are green
areas on roofs or roof spaces (no information from the Main Statistical Office). One can then assume that the
indicators calculated in the work constitute minimum values which could only be higher if the scope of analyses
were extended to include information on uncontrolled green areas obtained from other sources.
Conclusions
The present paper is an attempt to assess the environmental aspect of Polish voivodeship cities. The indicators
used were developed on the basis of reference books and data from the Local Data Bank in the Main Statistical
Office. The conducted valuation showed that the highest level of environmental aspects is in Olsztyn. The
assessment demonstrated that the city which deserves particular recognition in comparison to other assessed ones
is Olsztyn, which has the highest rating in four out of five indicators (1, 1, 11, 1, 1). Szczecin (4, 2, 10, 2, 3) and
Poznań (2, 3, 12, 3, 2) are also cities with the environmental aspect being on a high level; here four of the indicators
have high values. Quite a high level is also represented by Łódź and Gdańsk. A low level of the environmental
aspect can be observed in Opole (13, 9, 15, 12, 15) and Katowice (12, 11, 13, 13, 16), where all the indicators are
low. The city with the lowest rating out of all the assessed ones is Rzeszów (14, 14, 16, 15, 14) – here all the
indicators have nearly the lowest values.
Since not all elements influencing the environmental aspect of cities were analyzed, the indicators determined in
this paper can be treated as an estimate or simplification of the perspective on the environmental aspect of cities.
On the other hand, they provide a resource for making comparisons between the cities and a basis for assessment
of improvement or deterioration of the condition of the environment in the cities subjected to analysis.
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The thorough analyses are the basis for complementing green infrastructure of a city, as low rating shows that
there is a small surface of areas relevant to the environmental aspects. The cities with the lowest rating should
undertake actions aimed at improving their environmental aspect by planning, designing and creating various
green areas. The detailed regulations of creating the concept by the city council would depend on investment
possibilities and the availability of greenfield sites.
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