5
Contets
Preface ................................................................. 9
List of authors ......................................................... 10
1 ICT LAW AS A DISCIPLINE .................................... 11
1.1 Do we need ICT law? ........................................... 11
1.2 What is ICT law? ............................................... 15
1.3 Choosing the proper method .................................... 17
2 INTERNET AND PRIVATE INTERNATIONAL LAW ....... 21
2.1 Introduction .................................................... 21
2.2 Jurisdiction in contractual and tort disputes arising on the Internet 22
2.3 Law applicable to contractual obligations on the Internet......... 33
2.4 Law applicable to torts on the Internet .......................... 35
2.5 Directive on electronic commerce ................................ 38
2.6 Protection of collective consumer interests on the Internet ........ 40
3 VIRTUAL IDENTITIES AND ELECTRONIC SIGNATURES 43
3.1 Virtual identities and the question of accountability .............. 43
3.2 Signatures and electronic signatures ............................. 11
3.3 Basic principles of EC legislation of electronic signatures ......... 46
3.4 Definitions - what truly is an "electronic signature'' ............. 48
3.5 Use of advanced electronic signature - how does it work? ........ 50
3.6 Certificates and qualified certificates ............................. 51
3.7 Ancillary and adhesive services - examples ....................... 54
4 INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDERS LIABILITY .............. 57
4.1 Preliminary Remarks ............................................ 57
4.2 Communications Decency Act and Digital Millennium Copyright
Act ............................................................. 58
Introduction to ict law (selected issues;
4.3 EU Directive on Certain Legal Aspects of Electronic Commerce
in the Internal Market ........................................... 63
4.4 Final Remarks .................................................. 68
E-CONTRACTING ................................................ 71
5.1 E-contracting and Distance Contracting ......................... 71
5.2 Click-wrap agreements and their validity ........................ 74
5.3 Click-through agreements and how they differ from click-wraps .. 78
5.4 Browse-wrap agreements ........................................ 81
B2C SALES AND CONSUMER PROTECTION ............... 85
6.1 Who is a consumer? ............................................. 86
6.2 Why special rules for consumers? ................................ 87
6.3 What are consumers concerned about when engaging
in e-commerce? ................................................. 88
6.4 The relevant regulation .......................................... 89
6.4-1 Council Directive on electronic commerce ................. 89
6.4-2 Council Directive on distance selling...................... 93
6-4-3 Council Directive on unfair terms ........................ 95
6-4-4 Council Directive on unfair commercial practices.......... 97
6-4-5 Council Directive on injunctions.......................... 100
6.5 Concluding remarks ............................................. 101
INTERNET ANTITRUST ........................................ 103
7.1 Internet and definition of a market .............................. 103
7.2 Specific features of internet markets ............................. 10(i
7.3 Cartels on the internet .......................................... 108
7.4 Abuse of market dominance on the internet ...................... 112
UNFAIR COMPETITION ON THE INTERNET .............. 120
8.1 To the concept of law against unfair competition ................. 120
8.2 Competitors and competition relations........................... 121
8.3 What is prohibited? ............................................. 123
Contets <
8.4 Typical unfairly attractive practices on the internet .............. 125
8.5 Unfair aggression on the internet ................................ 120
9 REGULATION OF DOMAIN NAMES .......................... 132
9.1 Internet technology in nutshell ................................... 132
9.1.1 Early history ............................................. 102
9.1.2 TCP/IP ................................................. 133
9.2 Domains, domain names and hostnames ......................... 131
9.2.1 Addressing in Internet.................................... 134
9.2.2 Hierarchy and technical features of domain names......... 135
9.2.3 The address resolution mechanism ........................ 130
9.2.4 Domain delegation ....................................... 138
9.3 International regulation of the Internet domain .................. 138
9.3.1 A shortened history of Internet governance ............... L38
9.3.2 Structure and work of the ICANN ........................ 140
9.3.3 Duties of ICANN......................................... 141
9.4 National models of domain delegation ........................... 112
9.4-1 The normative model..................................... 143
9.4.2 The semi-liberal model.................................... 144
9.4.3 The liberal model ......................................... 144
10 PRIVACY, DATA PROTECTION AND DATA RETENTION 146
10.1 Privacy and personal data ...................................... 14G
10.1.1 The first interpretation of privacy ....................... 146
10.1.2 Data privacy ............................................ 147
10.2 Data protection ................................................ 148
10.2.1 Protecting privacy in information systems ............... 148
10.2.2 Data protection in the USA ............................. 148
10.2.3 Data protection in Europe ............................... 119
10.2.4 European Data Protection Supervisor (EDPS) ........... 151
10.3 Data retention ................................................. 152
10.3.1 Data retention in the European Union ................... 152
10.3.2 Data retention in the United Kingdom ................... 154
10.3.3 Commercial data retention .............................. 159
s
Introduction to irt law (selected issues
10.3- 4 Arguments on data retention ............................ 159
10.3.5 Protection against data retention ........................ 161
11 INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND THE INTERNET ..... 164
11.1 Intellectual Property - past and future ......................... 164
11.2 Domain Names and trademark law ............................. 166
11.2.1 Domain Name System................................... 166
11.2.2 Protection by trademark law ............................. 167
11.2.3 Trademark law and internet marketing................... 167
11.3 Copyright Protection ........................................... 168
11.3.1 Protected subject matter................................. 168
11.3.2 Scope of protection ...................................... 170
11.3.3 Copyright on the Internet ............................... 170
11.3.4 Legal protection of technological protection measures ..... 172
11.3.5 Open Source and Open Access ........................... 174
11.4 Database protection in Europe ................................. 176
11.4.1 Significance ............................................. 176
11.4.2 Database definition ...................................... 176
11.4.3 Copyright Protection .................................... 177
11.4- 4 Sui generis-protection .................................. 177
11.5 Patent protection of software ................................... 179
Works cited ............................................................ 182