General Aspects of Communication Communication and Selfexperience, II., Dental Medicine and General Medicine Skřivanová Kateřina, Ph.D. Subject of Study of Social Psychology nSocial psychology is a science on the border of psychology and sociology nThe subject of social psychology is studying social determination of personality, dyadic relationships, social microstructure (family, study group, work team), social macrostructure (large social groups and institutions) nSocial determination X personal influence General Aspects of Communication nConsidered to be an elementary social process by sociologists n nCommunicating meanings (giving, receiving) among people n nProcess, including dispositions (communication relationship) and results n nCommunication process at least in 2 layers of meaning: nThematic - content nInterpretation - explanatory n Communication Act Structure nDivision of the communication act dependent on the individual psyche, personality of participants and social context (roles and asymmetry of activities resulting from them) n nThe intention of the originator of the message nThe meaning of the message to the originator nThe content of the message nThe meaning of the message to the recipient nThe effect of the message on the recipient n n Multifactoral Conditioning of Communication nRole n nImago n nStereotype nAutostereotype nHeterostereotype n nAttitude n Communication Skills nActive listening nRespect nEmpathy nInterest nSupport nInterpretation Division of Communication nVerbal/non-verbal nSpoken or written expressions/wordless means of communication nAchieving the intended effect on the recipient in compliance with the intention of the originator is more difficult in case of non-verbal means. n nIntentional/non-intentional nTwo boundary positions out of a whole scale of possibilities n nInterpersonal/group/mass n n Non-verbal Communication nMeans of communication are functions of an organism n The meaning is expressing an emotional state of an individual n Types nGestures nMovements (kinesics, posturology) nSpacial position (proxemics, 4 basic distance zones) nTouches nFacial expressions (mimics) nEye gaze nParalanguage expressions n Distance Zones in Contact nSpacial position is examined by proxemics n4 basic distance zones n nIntimate distance: direct contact – 45 cm nPersonal distance: 45 – 120 cm nSocial distance: 120 – 366 cm nPublic distance: 366 cm and more n n Verbal Communication nIntermediated through a language sign and a meaning which is connected to it. nGeneral theory of signs (semiotics) nGeneral theory of language (linguistics) n nA sign has an agreed meaning, while a symbol has an implicit meaning by itself, it represents an internal psychological reality (see principles of analytical psychology) n Types of Questions in Conversation nOpen (with an opening expression How, When … etc.) n n Closed (the possible answers only YES/NO) n nCircular (e.g.: "What do you suppose others around you think about this problem?", originally from the systemic psychological approach) n nProjective (e.g.: "Do you think that most people would keep a cool head in a situation like that?") n Types of Conversations nStructured (Interview)/Semi-structured/Non-structured n nDiagnostic/Therapeutic/Anamnestic/Explorative n nDirect/Indirect (with a hidden purpose) n nMedical conversation n n Motivation conversation Communication Strategies nProviding information n nFacilitation n nAvoiding n nSupport n nOpen discussion (Dialogue) n nNegotiation n nPersuasion, enforcement n n Sign-Symbol Relationship and Difference nSign n nHas a generally shared meaning n nEstablished as a convention (general agreement) n nMakes comunication process (interpersonal as well as group) easier nSymbol n nHas an individual meaning (sense) n nLinked to a personal experience and experiencing reality nSupports creativity and orientation in mental life n Sources n nVýrost J., Slaměník I.: Sociální psychologie, ISV, 1997 nVymětal J., Lékařská psychologie, Psychoanalytické n., 1999 nSvoboda M., Češková, E., Kučerová H., Psychopatologie a psychiatrie, Portál 2006 nKastová V., Dynamika symbolů, Portál 2000 n