Immune response against tumors



Tumor antigens
•Tumor-speciphic antigens – new antigens which develop in tumor cells.
•Tumor associated antigens – „normal“ body antigens, but their expression is markedly increased in
malignancies (e.g. carcionembryonic antigens).

Tumor antigens in different types of tumors
•Virus-induced tumors: Antigens  are usually virus-speciphic.
•Carcinogen-induced: no inducer-related specificity of antigens.
•Spontaneous tumors: antigens are usually very variable.

Immune Response to Tumors
•Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes (Tc)
•Natural killer (NK) cells
•Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC)
•Activated macrophages
•Antibody response – minor importance
•

Protective Mechanisms of Tumors
•Low immunogenicity of tumor antigens
•Low expression of HLA I molecules
•Antigenic modulation
•Immunosuppression – prostaglandins, IL-10 and TGF-b like cytokines, stimulation of Ts lymphocytes
•Large tumor mass
•

Immunodiagnostic of tumours
•Detection of tumor associated/speciphic antigens
•Monocloal gamapathy
•Aplha-feto protein
•Carcinoembryonic antigens (CEA...)
•Speciphic prostatic antigen…..
•Immunophenotyping of lymphoid malignancies.
•
•

B- cell development
•
Vývoj B-lymfocytů

Immunomodulatory treatment of tumors
•Cytokines – IL-2
•Interferon alpha
•BCG vaccine
•Tumor vaccination – mainly using dendritic cells
•

Sructure of immunoglobulin molecule



klonalnwe selekcni teorie II



Myeloma
•Tumor that evolves from plasma cells
•Paraprotein in serum
•Increase in plasma cells in bone marrow
•Kidney failure
•Pathologic fractures
•Secondary immunodeficiency

myeloma1
Electrophoresis of human serum


Electrophoresis
- paraprotein
M komponenta

Immunodiffusion - II
•
Imunodifuse II

Immunodiffusion - III
Imunodifuse III


Imunoelecrophoresis
figc6_1


Imunoelectrophoresis
(IgG Kappa praprotein)
myeloma2

Imunofixation
(antisérum IgG Lambda)
myeloma3

Paraproteins
•Monoglonal immunoglobulins in human serum.
•Malignat – in myleoma
•Benign – mainly in old people, patients with chronic inflammation, idopatic (MGUS – monoclonal
gammapathy of unknown significance)
•Detected by imunoelectrophoresis, immunofixation