Active and passive immunization



Passive immunization
•Substitution of missing specific antibodies protecting against infectious disease or treating the
infectious disease.
•Used mainly in infectious diseases or diseases caused by toxins.
•Prompt but short-term effect.
•No immunological memory is induced.

Active immunization
•Induction of immune memory by harmless antigen.
•In the case of infection by a pathogen prompt secondary immune response protects the immunized
person from the disease.
•Has protective, but no therapeutic effect.
•

Active and passive immunisation



Antisera used in human medicine
•Against bacterial infections: Tetanus (human), Diphteria (equine), Botulism (equine)
•Against viral infetions: Hepatitis B (human), Rabies (equine), Varicella-zoster (human), CMV
(human), tick-born encephalitis (human), hepatitis A, measles and other viral infections (pooled
human immunoglobulin)
•Against snake or black widow spider toxins
•Anti Rh

Edward Jenner
Discovery of small pox vaccine

In 1798, Jenner introduced 1^st vaccination (vacca: cow) following his experimentation with
isolates of cow pox virus from ‘Blossom’.

Primary and secondary immune response
fig1_18
gsbs.utmb.edu/microbook/ch001c.htm

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Formation of memory cells after antigenic challenge

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Primary and secondary immune response

„Classical“ vaccines
•Atenuated microbes: BCG (against TBC), mumps, measles rubella, varicella, cholera, yellow fever,
poliomyelitis,
•Inactivated microorganisms: rabies, hepatitis A, tick-born encephalitis, poliomyelitis, cholera,
plague. Formerly pertussis.
•Toxoids: tetanus, diphteria

„Modern“ vaccines
•Subunit:  influenza, pertussis
•Polysaccharide: Heamophilus influenzae B (conjugated), Meningococcus (group A a C, conjugated on
non-conjugated), Pneumococcus (conjugate and non-conjugated)
•Recombinant: hepatitis B
•Virus-like particles : papillomavirus

„Future (?)“ vaccines
•Synthetic polypeptides
•Antiidiotype antibodies
•DNA vaccines
•Vector vaccines
•Antigens inserted into food (bananas, potatoes)

Anti-idiotypic antibodies
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anti-idiotypove_protilatky