Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Cellular and tissue adaptation Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Necrosis Necrosis Enzymatic digestion of cell sequence of morphologic changes that follow cell death in living tissue Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Necrosis Necrosis Enzymatic digestion of cell autolysis heterolysis denaturation of proteins Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Necrosis Histology Nuclear changes cytoplasmic eosinophilia glassy homogenous cytoplasm Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Necrosis Histology Nuclear changes karyolysis pyknosis karyorrhexis Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Karyolysis Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Pyknosis Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Necrosis, classification Coagulative Liquefactive, colliquative Caseous Fat necrosis denaturation preservation of structural outlines for days characteristic of hypoxic cell death except in the brain Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Necrosis, classification Coagulative Liquefactive, colliquative Caseous Fat necrosis complete digestion of the dead cells characteristic of bacterial and some fungal infection, and hypoxic cell death in the central nervous system Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Necrosis, classification Coagulative Liquefactive, colliquative Caseous Fat necrosis cheesy, white gross appearance amorphous granular debris in a ring of granulomatous inflammation characteristic of tuberculous infection Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Necrosis, classification Coagulative Liquefactive, colliquative Caseous Fat necrosis white, chalky areas grossly shadowy outlines of necrotic fat cells with basophilic calcium deposits due to action of pancreatic lipases Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Necrosis, kidney Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Necrosis, kidney Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Acute tubular necrosis Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Normal kidney Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Necrosis, myocardium Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Caseous necrosis, kidney Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Caseous necrosis Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Caseous necrosis Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Fat necrosis Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Apoptosis Programmed cell death Histology Progress Regulation during embryogenesis in hormone — dependent involution physiologic — endometrium/breast pathologic atrophy — prostate after castration cell deletion in proliferating populations — intestinal epithelium; tumors deletion of autoreactive T cells in thymus (failure might result in autoimmunity) Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Apoptosis Programmed cell death Histology Progress Regulation involves single cells or small clusters eosinophilia, condensed chromatin with peripheral aggregation fragmentation of DNA by endonucleases ultimately karyorrhexis cells shrink rapidly Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Apoptosis Programmed cell death Histology Progress Regulation formation of cytoplasmic buds fragmentation into apoptotic bodies apoptotic bodies phagocytosed or rapidly degraded no inflammatory response entire process from 5 to 30 minutes Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Apoptosis Programmed cell death Histology Progress Regulation oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes cell proliferation and apoptosis coupled Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Apoptosis, necrosis Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Adaptation Adaptation Cellular stress Morphological changes changes in homeostasis changed cellular proliferation and differentiation quantitative and structural alteration of cells and their parts Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Adaptation Adaptation Cellular stress Morphological changes heat shock response (HSR) temperature, ischemia, inflammation Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Adaptation Adaptation Cellular stress Morphological changes cell size and shape changes in size and distribution of organelles nuclear changes Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia Metabolic disorders cellular and tissue changes sometimes reversible, sometimes not regulated×unregulated Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, hypertrophy, atrophy, metaplasia Metabolic disorders proteins lipids saccharides water minerals pigments Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Hypertrophy (Combination) increased number of cells increased volume of tissue increased proliferation (mitoses) often: increased activity, biosynthesis. . . usually: capability to increased workload of the tissue Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Hypertrophy (Combination) increased size of cells increased volume of tissue in some tissues the only possibility of adaptation to increased workload blood supply? no changes in mitotic activity Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Hyperplasia Hypertrophy (Combination) Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Classification of hyperplasia/hypertrophy Physiologic Pathologic after hormonal stimulation (pregnancy) hyperplastic changed during regeneration (liver) Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Classification of hyperplasia/hypertrophy Physiologic Pathologic hormonal (thyroid, endometrium) hyperplastic changes after repeated damage (may turn malignant) compensatory caused by increased workload from neural stimulation (achalasia) vascular other (eg drug therapy) Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Hypertrophy of the left ventricle Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Hypertrophy of the right ventricle Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Hypertrophy, myocardium Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Hypertrophy, uterus Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Hyperplastic gums (Dilantin) Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Hyperplastic prostate Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Hyperplastic prostate Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Hyperplastic endometrium Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Metaplasia, prosoplasia Metaplasia Prosoplasia Metalaxia differentiated cell or tissue changes into a different one caused eg. by different conditions within the tissue direct: connective tissue into bone indirect: cylindrical epithelium into squamous epithelium Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Metaplasia, prosoplasia Metaplasia Prosoplasia Metalaxia differentiation of the tissue beyond physiological type keratinisation leads to leukoplakia Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Metaplasia, prosoplasia Metaplasia Prosoplasia Metalaxia rebuilding of the tissue according to function trabecular bone Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Squamous metaplasia Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Atrophy Atrophy Simple atrophy Numeric atrophy Etiology, classification decreased size of cells, tissues and organs the tissue was formerly of normal size Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Atrophy Atrophy Simple atrophy Numeric atrophy Etiology, classification the cells are smaller the number of the cells is smaller (bone marrow) combinations pseudohypertrophy Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Atrophy Atrophy Simple atrophy Numeric atrophy Etiology, classification malnutrition decreased blood supply, ischemia senile (+ cachexia) pressure radiation endocrine, neurogenic, idiopathic inactivity physiologic (involution) Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Atrophy Atrophy Simple atrophy Numeric atrophy Etiology, classification Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Atrophy, striated muscle Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Neurogenic atrophy of striated muscle Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Atrophy, breast Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Atrophy, brain Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Atrophy, kidney Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Degradation of intracellular or extracellular material Lysosomes Ubiquitin-proteasome complex lysosomes contain acid hydrolases can destroy extracellular material (after endocytosis) can destroy intracellular material (proteins) autophagic vacuols with cellular structures to be destroyed get fused with primary lysosomes Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Degradation of intracellular or extracellular material Lysosomes Ubiquitin-proteasome complex proteins to be destroyed get bound to the ubiquitin and destroyed in plasmatic proteolytic complex — proteasome Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Other terminology Involution Hypoplasia Aplasia Pseudohypertrophy physiological process organ of normal size diminishes or hyperplastic organ returns back to normal examples: thymus, breast or uterus after pregnancy Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Other terminology Involution Hypoplasia Aplasia Pseudohypertrophy insufficient development of an organ the size is usually smaller the function usually suffers or the organ is incompetent Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Other terminology Involution Hypoplasia Aplasia Pseudohypertrophy the organ did not develop at all or is rudimentary Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Other terminology Involution Hypoplasia Aplasia Pseudohypertrophy atrophy of functional tissue replacement of functional tissue with fat the volume of the fat makes the organ to seem larger than normal example: some kinds of muscle dystrophies Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Dysplasia Dysplasia Reactive dysplasia True (malignant) dysplasia cellular (especially nuclear) atypia cytoplasm of the cells is more basophilic nuclei are larger and irregular Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Dysplasia Dysplasia Reactive dysplasia True (malignant) dysplasia changes are caused by some processes from outside of the cells changes disappear if the irritation stops (are reversible) Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Dysplasia Dysplasia Reactive dysplasia True (malignant) dysplasia the changes in the cell is irreversible the changes are actually malignant without treatment the dysplasia progresses into evident neoplastic process Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Solar keratosis Cellular and tissue adaptation Necrosis Apoptosis Adaptation Forms of adaptation Hyperplasia, Hypertrophy Classification of hyperplasia Metaplasia Atrophy Degradation of material Other terminology Dysplasia Severe dysplasia of the cervix uteri