VEINS
V. CAVA SUP.
6 cm long, 2-3 cm in diameter
v. brachiocephalica dx. et sin.
V. BRACHIOCEPHALICA
v. jugularis interna and v. subclavia (=venous angle, angulus venosus)
truncus lymphaticus dexter, ductus thoracicus
v. jugularis ext. is - v. retromandibularis , v. occipitalis and v. auricularis post.
vv. thyroideae inf. from the lower part of plexus thyroideus impar that receives also
- vv. laryngeae inf.
- vv. tracheales
(sometimes v. thyroidea ima instead – v. brachiocephalica sin.)
vv. thymicae, tracheales, mediastinales, bronchiales, pericardiacae
v. vertebralis - plexus venosus suboccipitalis
v. thoracica int.
v. intercostalis suprema anastomoses with v.azygos(right) and v. hemiazygos accessoria
(left)
V. JUGULARIS INT.
sinus sigmoideus - bulbus superior
Intracranial tributaries: sinus durae matris
Extracranial tributaries:
vv. pharyngeae - plexus pharyngeus
v. facialis – v. angularis
- v. prof. faciei –plexus pterygoideus
- v. palatina ext.
v. lingualis
v. thyroidea sup. – plexus thyroideus impar (v. laryngea sup.)
(tr. thyrolingualis, thyrolinguofacialis)
v. thyroidea media
v. retromandibularis (35%)
v. temporalis media
v. transversa faciei
Plexus pterygoideus:
v. alveolaris inf. et sup.
v. sphenopalatina
vv. palatinae
Blood from the plexus flows:
through vv. ophthalmicae > sinus cavernosus
through v. maxillaris > v. retromandibularis
through v. prof. faciei > v. facialis
v. jugularis ext.:
v. retromandibularis . – v. temporalis spf.
- v. maxillaris
v. auricularis post.
v. occipitalis
v. jugularis ant. (v. mediana colli) – arcus venosus juguli
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v. transversa colli
v. suprascapularis
V. SUBCLAVIA
v. transversa colli
v. suprascapularis
V. AXILLARIS
vv. thoracoepigastricae – vv. subcutaneae abdominis
v. thoracica lat.
vv. costoaxillares
v. cephalica
VEINS OF THE UPPER EXTREMITY
Deep: vv. digitales, radiales, ulnares, interosseae antebrachii, brachiales, paired, accompany
arteries
Subcutaneous: rete digitale dorsale > vv. metacarpeae dorsales – rete venosum dorsale
manus (vv. intercapitulares) > v. basilica and v. cephalica pollicis
V. basilica – hiatus basilicus – vv. brachiales
V. cephalica pollicis > v. cephalica > v. axillaris
V. mediana cubiti
V. mediana antebrachii - v. mediana cephalica + v. mediana basilica.
V. CAVA INF.
Parietal tributaries:
v. iliaca com. dx. et sin.
vv. lumbales – 4 pairs, v. lumbalis ascendens
vv. phrenicae inf.
v. sacralis mediana
Visceral tributaries
v. testicularis dx. - plexus pampiniformis
v. ovarica dx. - plexus venosus ovaricus
vv. renales. The left vein – v. suprarenalis sin., testicularis sin. or v. ovarica sin.
v. suprarenalis dx.
2-3 vv. hepaticae
V. ILIACA COMMUNIS
- v. iliaca int. et ext.
V. ILIACA INT.
Parietal tributaries accompany arteries.
Visceral tributaries arise from plexuses:
1. Plexus venosus vesicalis
2.a) Plexus venosus prostaticus – v. dorsalis penis prof.
2.b) Plexus venosus vaginalis – v. dorsalis clitoridis prof.
>vv. vesicales >v. iliaca. int
3. Plexus venosus uterinus anastomoses with plexus ovaricus and vaginalis > vv. uterinae,
vaginales
4. Plexus venosus rectalis - submucosal plexus - v. rectalis sup.> v. portae (hemorrhoids).
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The perirectal (outer) plexus - v. rectalis media et inf., - v. pudenda int. > v. iliaca int. > v.
cava inf.
5. Plexus venosus sacralis > v. sacralis mediana et lat.
V. ILIACA EXT.
v. epigastrica inf.
v. circumflexa ilium prof.
VEINS OF THE LOWER EXTREMITY
Deep: vv. digitales plantares, metatarseae plantares, tibiales post. et ant., peroneae,
poplitea, femoralis, profunda femoris, paired.
Subcutaneous: vv. digitales dors. > vv. metatarseae dors. – rete venosum dorsale pedis,
rete venosum plantare pedis –connected by vv. intercapitales, v. marginalis med. et lat.
V. SAPHENA PARVA
v. marginalis lat.
v. femoropoplitea
> v. poplitea
V. SAPHENA MAGNA
v. marginalis med.
v. saphena accessoria
v. epigastrica spf.
v. circumflexa ilium spf.
vv. pudendae ext.
> v. femoralis
V. PORTAE
vv. cysticae - gall bladder
v. gastrica sin.
v. gastrica dx.
v. mesenterica sup. – vv. pancreaticoduodenales
- vv. pancreaticae
- v. gastroepiploica dx.
- vv. jejunales et ileales
- v. ileocolica
- v. colica dx. et media
v. lienalis - vv. gastricae breves
- v. gastroepiploica sin.
- vv. pancreaticae
v. mesenterica inf. – v. colica sin.
- vv. sigmoideae
- v. rectalis inf.
PORTO-CAVAL/PORTO-SYSTEMIC ANASTOMOSES
1. Vv. gastricae – vv. oesophageae – esophageal varices
2. Connections around the umbilicus – vv. paraumbilicales (lig. teres hepatis) - subcutaneous
veins of the anterior abdominal wall (caput Medusae).
3. Burrow’s veins - plexus venosus vesicalis - paraumbilical veins.
4. Plexus rectalis – hemorrhoids.
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5. Retzius‘ veins: v. lienalis, vv. mesentericae – vv. renales, lumbales.
6. Connections between hepatic veins and the phrenic veins – bare area of the liver.
CAVO-CAVAL ANASTOMOSES
V. azygos
v. lumbalis ascendens dx. and v. subcostalis dx.
vv. intercostales post. dx. (8-10)
v. intercostalis suprema dx. – vv. intercostales post. dx. (2-3)
v. hemiazygos – v. lumbalis asc. sin. – vv. lumbales sin.
- vv. intercostales post. sin. (3-5)
- v. hemiazygos accessoria - vv. intercostales post. sin.(5)
- v. intercostalis suprema sin.
- vv. oesophageae, bronchiales, mediastinales
- v. phrenica sup. sin.
vv. oesophageae, bronchiales, mediastinales
v. phrenica sup. dx.
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