Head to toe examination



General inspection
•Weight / nutrition
•Age
•Deformities in the body
•Colour: cyanosis, paleness
•Skin appearance
•Odor
•Hidration

Head and neck examination
•If child inspect for fontanellas
•Check for nerve function in the facial region (trigeminal and facial)
•Eye inspection:general appearance (exophtalmus), pupillary light reflex, nystagmus,
vestibulo-ocular reflex, conjuntiva.
•External ear inspection: discharge, ulcers, congenital defects (eg. microtia)
•Nose inspection: position of septum, presence of discharge, obstruction
•Mouth: tongue movement, tonsils, palates, lips
•Neck: lymph nodes, thyroid gland, salivary glands

Thorax examination
•Shape of the chest (tracheal deviation, pectum excavatum, carinatum)
•Examination and palpation of breasts
•Respiratory movements
•Auscultation of lungs: weezes, crackles, stridor.
•Auscultation of heart
•Percussion of lungs (fluidothorax, pneumothorax)

Examination of Abdomen
•Inspection (caput medusa)
•Palpation of abdominal cavity (start in the healthy side, light-deep palpation)
•Liver: boundaries (scratching method or percussion), Ascites
•Gall bladder: Murphy’s sign
•Kidneys: percussion Tapotman sign
•Spleen: pathological palpation
•Appendix: Mc Burney’s sign (tenderness), Psoas sign, Blumberg sign (deep palpation and release).
•Rectal examination

Examination of extremities
•Palpation of the axilla and groin.
•Assessment of radial pulse.
•Assessment of femoral and posterior tibial pulse.
•Oman’s sign
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