URINALYSIS (UA)
AMIT KAUSHAL


MACROSCOPIC ANALYSIS
Colour, clarity, and cloudiness may suggest conditions such as:
•dehydration
•infection
•liver disease
•muscle breakdown (rhabdomyolysis).

nhttp://www.emedicinehealth.com/urinalysis/page3_em.htm
nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_U1_TviVuls video!!
nhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8h3GWjeT2eo&feature=related
nhttp://www.patient.co.uk/doctor/Urine-Dipstick-Analysis.htm
nhttp://archive.student.bmj.com/issues/09/02/education/68.php
nhttp://www.ucdmc.ucdavis.edu/cne/documents/competencies/poct/Urine%20Dipstick.pdf

DIPSTICK ANALYSIS






Urine pH
A high urine pH (alkaline urine) may indicate:
•Gastric suction
•Renal failure
•Renal tubular acidosis
•Urinary tract infection
•Vomiting
A low urine pH (acidic urine) may indicate:
•Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (e.g., emphysema)
•Diabetic ketoacidosis
•Diarrhea
•Starvation
The test also may be performed to investigate:
•Alkalosis
•Interstitial nephritis
•Renal tubular acidosis - distal
•Sepsis

Urobilinogen
•Low urine urobilinogen levels may result from congenital enzymatic jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia
syndromes) or from treatment with drugs that acidify urine, such as ammonium chloride or ascorbic
acid.
•Elevated levels may indicate hemolytic anaemia (excessive RBC breakdown), overburdening of the
liver, increased urobilinogen production, re-absorption - a large hematoma, restricted liver
function, hepatic infection, poisoning or liver cirrhosis.

Microscopic examination
•The numbers and types of cells and/or material such as urinary castcan yield a great detail of
information and may suggest a specific diagnosis.
•Hematouria - associated with kidney stones, infections, tumors and other conditions
•Pyuria - associated with urinary infections
•Eosinophiluria - associated with allergic interstitial nephritis, athero-embolic disease
•Red blood cell casts - associated with glomerulonephritis, vasculitis, malignant hypertension
•White blood cell casts - associated with acute interstitial nephritis, exudative
glomerulonephritis, severe pyelonephritis
•(Heme) granular casts - associated with acute tubular necrosis
•Crystalluria -- associated with acute urate nephropathy (or "Acute uric acid nephropathy", AUAN)

nhttp://www.emedicinehealth.com/urinalysis/page4_em.htm
nColour change of dipstick?
nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urinalysis#Medical_urinalysis
nhttp://library.med.utah.edu/WebPath/TUTORIAL/URINE/URINE.html

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