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Program of sessions:
•7/10 - Spinal Cord
14/10 - Brainsteam and cerebellum
21/10 - Diencephalon
28/10 - Telencephalon
4/11 - Blood Supply, Meninges and                        Cerebrospinal fluid
11/11 - Cranial nerves (III-VII, IX-XII)
18/11 - Eye
25/11 - Ear and VIIIth cranial nerve.

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Thalamus
Cerebellum
Brainstem
Cerebral Cortex
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Receptor
Afferent neuron
Efferent neuron
Effector organ
Ascending Pathway
Descending Pathway

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Surface description of spinal cord
http://apbrwww5.apsu.edu/thompsonj/Anatomy%20&%20Physiology/2010/2010%20Exam%20Reviews/Exam%204%20R
eview/spinal%20cord.fig.12.24a.jpg
Diameter: 2 cm
Length: 42-45 cm (from medulla oblongata or decussation pyramids to L2 vertebra)
It has 2 enlargements:
•Cervical/upper enlargement – C4-Th1
•Lumbar/lower enlargement - Th9-Th12
•
Expansions of gray matter providing nerves for upper and lower limb.
Conus medullaris: conical portion of spinal cord (L1-L2)
Filum terminale: Extension of pia matter that attaches spinal cord to the first segment of coccyx.

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/68/Gray764.png
  Decussatio pyramidalis


Originally, the spinal cord and vertebral cana have the same length.
Vertebral column grows faster.
Caudal end of spinal cord:
In newborn: L2-L3
In adult: L1-L2
http://www.jamesdisabilitylaw.com/images/Cauda_Equina.gif
The more caudal the spinal nerve, the more oblique it is.
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Lumbar puncture:
Performed between L3-L4 or L4-L5 (below lowest portion of spinal cord – safe acess)

Spinal nerves
•31 pairs:
•8 cervical
•12 thoracic
•5 lumbar
•5 sacral
•1 coccygeal
Anterior Ramus:
-Plexus
-Costal nn.
-
Posterior Ramus:
-Muscles and Sensation of the Back

http://www.medtrng.com/anatomy%20lesson/Image236.gif



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Posterior horn
Anterior root
Lateral horn

Grey Matter
•Nucleus - Mass of neurons which give rise to axons with a common path, termination and function.
White Matter
Fasciculus – Bundles of axons of neurons from various sources and targets
Tract – Bundles of axons with the same origin and target.

White Matter
•Posterior Funiculus – White matter between the posteromedian sulcus and each dorsolateral sulcus.
•
•Anterolateral Funiculus -  White matter between posterolateral sulcus and anterior median fissure
•

fig1Uprav
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Fasciculus Gracilis
Fasciculus Cuneatus
Posteromedian sulcus
Dorsolateral sulcus
Posteromedian sulcus
Ventrolateral sulcus
(ventral roots exit)
Anterior Median Fissure

Dorsal root afferents and tracts of dorsal funiculus
-Pseudounipolar
-1st order for all ascending tracts
-Convey information from visceral and somatosensory receptors
-Synapse with 2nd order neurons in the posterior horn or in brainstem
Receptor
2nd order neuron

fig1Uprav Cik cak
Plné kosočtverce Plné kosočtverce
Dorsal Root
Pseudounipolar neurons
Ncl. posteromarginalis +
Subst. gelatinosa Rolandi
Tr. dorsolateralis Lissaueri
Nucleus proprius
Ncl. thoracicus
(Dorsal nlc. of Clarke)
Tr. spinocerebellaris ant.
Tr. spinocerebellaris post.
Tr. spino-olivaris
Tr. olivo-spinalis
Tr. spino-thalamicus,
-reticularis, -tectalis
Ncl. intermediomedialis
Fasc. gracilis
Fasc. cuneatus
Tr. spinobulbaris

•Fasciculus gracilis: From sacral, lumbar and lower six thoracic segments.
•Fasciculus cuneatus: From upper six thoracic and all cervical segments.
•
•Generally speaking:
•
•Fasciculus gracilis: Sensation of lower limb
Fasciculus cuneatus: Sensation of upper limb

fig1Uprav Vodorovné cihly Cik cak Obrysy kosočtverců Plné kosočtverce Velké tečky
Tr. corticospinalis lat.
Tr. corticospinalis ant.
Tr. rubrospinalis
Tr. olivospinalis
Tr. vestibulospinalis
Tr. reticulospinalis
Tr. tectospinalis

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