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Indian TEX Users Group
URL: http://www.river-valley.com/tug
4
On-line Tutorial on LATEX
The Tutorial Team
Indian TEX Users Group, sjp Buildings, Cotton Hills
Trivandrum 695014, india
2000
Prof. (Dr.) K. S. S. Nambooripad, Director, Center for Mathematical Sciences, Trivandrum, (Editor);
Dr. E. Krishnan, Reader in Mathematics, University College, Trivandrum; T. Rishi, Focal Image (India)
Pvt. Ltd., Trivandrum; L. A. Ajith, Focal Image (India) Pvt. Ltd., Trivandrum; A. M. Shan, Focal Image
(India) Pvt. Ltd., Trivandrum; C. V. Radhakrishnan, River Valley Technologies, Software Technology
Park, Trivandrum constitute the TUGIndia Tutorial team
This document is generated from LATEX sources compiled with pdfLATEX v. 14e
in an INTEL Pentium III 700 MHz system running Linux kernel version
2.2.14-12. The packages used are hyperref.sty and pdfscreen.sty
c 2000, Indian TEX Users Group. This document may be distributed under the terms
of the LATEX Project Public License, as described in lppl.txt in the base LATEX
distribution, either version 1.0 or, at your option, any later version
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4 Lists, etc.
4.1. Lists
There are three list environments available for producing formatted lists:
\begin{enumerate} list text \end{enumerate}
\begin{itemize} list text \end{itemize}
\begin{description} list text \end{description}
4.1.1. Sample enumerate
(1) The labels consists of sequential numbers.
(2) The numbers starts at 1 with every call to the enumerate environment.
\begin{enumerate}
\item The labels consists of sequential numbers.
\item The numbers starts at 1 with every call to the
enumerate environment.
\end{enumerate}
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4.1.2. Sample itemize
· The individual entries are indicated with a black dot, so-called bullet.
· The text in the entries may be of any length.
\begin{itemize}
\item The individual entries are indicated with a black dot,
a so-called bullet.
\item The text in the entries may be of any length.
\end{itemize}
4.1.3. Sample description
Purpose: This environment is appropriate when a number of words or expressions
are to be defined. This environment is appropriate when a number of words
or expressions are to be defined.
Example: It may also be used as an author list in the bibliography.
\begin{description}
\item[Purpose:] This environment is appropriate when a number of
words or expressions are to be defined. This
environment is appropriate when a number of words or
expressions are to be defined.
\item[Example:] It may also be used as an author list in the
bibliography.
\end{description}
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4.1.4. Nesting of lists
The above lists may be included within one another, either mixed or of one type,
to a depth of four levels. An example of a nested list with mixed types:
· The itemize label at the first level is a bullet.
(1) The numbering is with Arabic numerals since this is ...
This is the third level of the nesting, but the ...
(a) And this is the fourth level of the overall ...
(b) Thus the numbering is with lower case letters ...
The label at this level is a long dash.
(2) Every list should contain at least two points.
· Blank lines ahead of an ...
\begin{itemize}
\item The {\tt itemize} label at the first level is a bullet.
\begin{enumerate}
\item The numbering is with Arabic numerals since this is ...
\begin{itemize}
\item This is the third level of the nesting, but the ...
\begin{enumerate}
\item And this is the fourth level of the overall ...
\item Thus the numbering is with lower case letters ...
\end{enumerate}
\item The label at this level is a long dash.
\end{itemize}
\item Every list should contain at least two points.
\end{enumerate}
\item Blank lines ahead of an ...
\end{itemize}
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4.1.5. Manipulation of list numbers
(1) First level item
(2) First level item
(a) Second level item
(b) Second level item
i. Third level item
ii. Third level item
A. Fourth level item
B. Fourth level item
iii. Third level item
iv. Third level item
(c) Second level item
(d) Second level item
(3) First level item
(4) First level item
The default numbering scheme of list
level 1 is Arabic numbers, level 2 is low-
ercase letters, level 3 is lower case Ro-
man numeral and level 4 is uppercase
letters. These numbers can be changed
by redefining the commands that type-
set the numbers of various list lev-
els. \theenumi, \theenumii, \theenumiii
and \theenumiv correspond to the num-
ber label in different levels of enumer-
ated lists. \labelenumi, \labelenumii,
\labelenumiii and \labelenumiv relate
to the attributes of the number label in
different levels of itemized lists.
If you want to change the default number scheme of the first level of enumerated
list to bold uppercase Roman numeral enclosed within a pair of square brackets,
you might issue the following command just before the start of the \begin{enumerate}
command:
\renewcommand\theenumi{\Roman{enumi}}
\renewcommand\labelenumi{[{\bfseries\theenumi}]}
[I] First level item
[II] First level item
The commands \arabic, \roman, \Roman, \alph, \Alph will yield Arabic number (1,
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2, 3, . . . ), lowercase Roman numeral (i, ii, iii, . . . ), uppercase Roman numeral (I,
II, III, . . . ), lowercase alphabet (a, b, c, . . . ) and uppercase alphabet (A, B, C, . . . )
respectively.
4.1.6. Manipulation of list labels
· First level item
· First level item
­ Second level item
­ Second level item
 Third level item
 Third level item
 Fourth level item
 Fourth level item
 Third level item
 Third level item
­ Second level item
­ Second level item
· First level item
· First level item
The default label scheme of item-
ized list level 1 is \textbullet (·),
level 2 is \textendash (­) , level 3 is
\textasteriskcentered () and for level
4 is \textperiodcentered (). These
labels can be changed by redefining
the commands that typeset the labels
of various list levels. \labelitemi,
\labelitemii, \labelitemiii and
\labelitemiv correspond to the la-
bels in different levels of itemized lists.
If you want to change the default label
scheme of the first level of itemized
list to unfilled square, you might issue
the following command just before the
\begin{itemize} command:
\renewcommand\labelitemi{$\square$}
First level item
First level item
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4.2. Displayed text
Quite often we might be needed to typeset text material in a different way than the
ordinary sentences to highlight its importance. These are normally called displayed
text. LATEX provides three environments, quote, quotation and verse for displaying
your text, the normal usage is shown below:
\begin{quote} text \end{quote}
\begin{quotation} text \end{quotation}
\begin{verse} text \end{verse}
A section of text will be displayed by indenting it by an equal amount on both
sides, with these environments.
4.2.1. Quote and quotation
The example of quote environment given below is self explanatory. The left box
gives you the code and right one is the typeset output.
... example of a short displayed
quotation.
\begin{quote}
It's a good idea to make your input
file as easy to read as possible.
\end{quote}
The following is an example of a short
displayed quotation.
It's a good idea to make your input
file as easy to read as possible.
quote is limited to a single paragraph, while quotation can be used to display texts
running to paragraphs.
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4.2.2. Poetry
Poetry is displayed with the verse environment. A new stanza is begun with one
or more blank lines; lines within a stanza are separated by \\ command.
\begin{verse}
There is an environment for verse
Whose features some poets will curse
For instead of making
Them do \emph{all} line breaking,
It allows them to put many words on a line when they'd rather be
forced to be terse.
\end{verse}
The above code will generate the following output:
There is an environment for verse
Whose features some poets will curse
For instead of making
Them do all line breaking,
It allows them to put many words on a line when
they'd rather be forced to be terse.