J University SUKB Campus Library iSl Print version How to cite Jiří Kratochvíl MASARYK UNIVERSITY ii University Campus Library — Management of the University Campus at Bohunice Created in cooperation with the Service centre for e-learning at MU, http://is.muni.cz/stech/. © 2019 Masaryk University Contents Acknowledgement v Introduction vi I Theory 1 Why cite? 2 Mainly to avoid plagiarism 4 What is a "citation" and a "bibliographic reference"? 7 What is a "citation style"? 8 What is a "citation method"? 9 What is a "citation manager"? 14 Before you start to cite, or: the ten commandments of citing 15 Citing is not rocket science: or how to do it 20 Let's do it! Let's start citing! 26 II Examples of references 28 Books 29 Printed book 30 Online book 32 Chapter in a printed book 38 Chapter in an online book 40 Contribution in a printed book 42 Contribution in an online book 44 Article in a printed journal 48 Article in an online journal 50 Printed thesis 52 Online thesis 54 Contribution on a webpage 56 CONTENTS iv Presentation 58 Manuscript 62 Letter 64 E-mail 66 Interview 67 Online patent 68 Video recording 70 Audio recording 72 FAQ Frequently asked questions 74 List of references 79 Acknowledgement I would like to thank to the Masaryk University medical students Dominika Eliášová and Ludmila Tušinovská, and the librarians from the Faculty of Economics and Administration at MU Jaroslav Nekuda and Jiří Poláček for their inspiring thoughts and comments during the development of this material. My gratitude is also extended to my colleague Peter Sejk from the University Campus Library for his support and help. Introduction After the publication of the manual Methodology of Bibliographic References Creation, which I wrote in collaboration with my colleagues from the University Campus Library at MU and the Central Library at the Faculty of Science at MU, I kept getting further questions covering areas that were not covered in that reference work. I therefore decided to prepare a follow-up publication that could explain methods of citing in more detail. The following text was created primarily for the purpose of the e-learning course vsiv021 Information Literacy, which I teach at the Faculty of Medicine at MU. Nevertheless, even though all of the samples are associated with medicine, scholars from other disciplines may benefit from it as well. This material aims to explain in an accessible, illustrative and practical form, why we cite, what basic rules should be observed when citing information sources, what citation methods we might encounter in our practice, and how we proceed when citing various types and forms of documents. When creating this material, my aim was to be as clear and concise as possible so that no other running to a few dozen (or hundreds of) pages would prove necessary, for then. Readers might gain the impression that citing is a complicated science. Therefore, only 18 out of the following 70 pages are devoted to theory, while the remaining pages show practical examples for how to create bibliographic references." I hope that this study material will be welcomed not only by students of my course but by all others who are not certain when creating citations. Jiří Kratochvíl, August 2014 Part I Theory Why cite? I. Because copyright requires it According to Act No. 121/2000 Coll. on Copyright, you are obliged to state information about the source from which you took over a thought. When citing you need to proceed prudently and distinguish whether it is actually someone else's original thought or a commonly known fact in the respective field. For example, a physicist mentioning Archimedes' Principle, unless it is a subject of his research, will not refer to the original source, because it is now a widely known fact not only in this field but also in secondary school. However, should Archimedes' Principle be the subject of his research (e.g. a comparison of its definitions over the centuries), the source must be given. II. To support our argumentation or complement our own ideas You can intensify the strength of your ideas or conclusions by using so-called argumentation by authority and refer to publications written earlier by other scholars, especially those widely-recognized in their field. You also cite to complement your idea or develop it further. III. To argue against another author's opinion You also cite if you want to disprove someone's idea. In this case, you should always give the information you want to disprove, either by citing it word for word or paraphrasing it (i.e. briefly retell the original idea in your own words). IV. To make it easier for others to identify the cited work Correctly created references to the sources used will enable readers of your text to identify the documents from which you drew your information. Not only can readers verify whether you drew on this the information accurately, but it will also save them some work when searching for publications for their own similar topic. V. Because the history and development of science can be examined 3 V. Because the history and development of science can be examined Citing may help when finding out what connections there are between individual authors as well as when and who they cited. In this way, you can ascertain whether a specific research issue has been discussed by the same authors in a circle, or who dealt with a particular line of research in the past and how authors followed each others' ideas during their research. Mainly to avoid plagiarism According to the above-mentioned copyright law, you should cite sources used. In this way you avoid plagiarism, i.e. taking over information from another work without stating it. You plagiarise if. .. ... You do not cite an idea that you drew on Regardless of the extent of an idea that you have drawn on (a word, sentence, paragraph, etc.), you are obliged to cite it so that the reader knows from what source the respective information comes. As an example of plagiarism in the Czech Republic, we can mention the so-called Pilsner law school scandal. During this scandal it was found that one of the students copied his work from another student, and as a result his bachelor's degree was revoked. ... You present the results of someone's work without mentioning the author Plagiarism also happens if you present the results of someone else's research without properly stating it, or if you do not mention that other scholars participated in your own research. In 2009, the case of professor Scott J. M. Weber from the Pittsburgh School of Nursing was revealed. In some of his articles, the professor passed off certain research results as his own, although they had already been published earlier. "now i insest intelligence" artificial or otherwise-wherever i finp it. but like a true connoisseur, i like the fruit of my vines to OPEN first. "mv intelligence spikes fertilize inferior | winds until they're reapy to harvest. the psychotic sice effects of the process are unfortunate, but effective," ... You do not graphically differentiate the passage of text that you have quoted from your own text 5 ... You do not graphically differentiate the passage of text that you have quoted from your own text When quoting from a source verbatim, you must graphically set such a passage apart from your own text regardless of whether it is a word, sentence or a larger part of a text. The cited passage should be marked by inverted commas and often the font style is different as well (italics, another size, etc.). In practice, a citation of a larger extent is usually given in a separate paragraph written in a different type or size of font. In this; example a longer verbatim citation is placed in a separate paragraph and differentiated by italics from the remaining text. Notice that the citation is not marked by inverted commas, in this case indenting it into a separate paragraph and use of italics indicate that it is a citation. At the bottom of the last paragraph, there is a short citation, therefore it is included in the sentence and marked by inverted commas. In practice, it is sometimes required that even such a short citation is in italics. In one of the most influential studies, I'arrattc et al4 retrospectively reviewed the clinical and radiological data of 398 cemented primary TKRs undertaken with one of three contemporary designs. All patients had pre- and post-Operative full-length standing radiographs. They found that a post-operative mechanical axis of 0° (SD 3°) did nor improve the rate of survival \S years post-operatively, and concluded that the description of alignment as a dichoto-mous variable (aligned l/s malaligned) provided little value in regards to durability. However, they also stated that; until additional data can be generated to more accurately Idetermine the ideal post-operative limb alignment in individual patients, a neutral mechanical axis remains a reasonable target and should be considered as the standard for comparison if other alignment targets are introduced.'' Bonner ct al1* subsequently completed a similar study that described knees as either aligned, with a mechanical axis of 0° (SD 3°), or malaligned, with a mechanical axis deviated from neutral by > 3", at 15 years. Similar to Par-ratte et al,4 the authors found that the relationship between coronal alignment and survivorship was weak.19 In a smaller study, Matziolis et als found no difference in survival or outcome between aligned TKRs and a subset of varus outliers. However, only 30 'malaligned' TKRs were examined, and there were no revisions in either group. The authors emphasised that "correct component alignment hould be intended in every case".6 ... You take the original text and modify it stylistically Modifying the original text stylistically is also considered to be plagiarism, e.g. replacing a word with a synonym, changing the word order, etc. Such breach of copyright may often not even be the author's intention, but rather his language inaptitude when he intends to paraphrase a part of the text more briefly. Finally, it emerges that the original text had already been formed so skilfully that the author basically only copied it and changed a couple of words or phrases. You take the original text and modify it stylistically 6 The best results, of age estimation using llie Kilian s method were obtained after multiple regression of all variables was applied (absolute maximum error of estimation is 4.97 years 9S% CJ ± 1,00), However; it is necessary to point out we calculated trie absolule mean error of age estimation out of the basic sample which was used for obtaining ihe regression lines and formulae. We suggest ItinL tbe actual absolute mean error of age estimation bo calculated using a control sample of teeth in tbe future research. In conclusion these me I hods do not estimate direel relations trip with aye in years but they allow us to class individuals into a set of broad age categories (in 10 or 15 years] as did also other methods of age estimation. Naturally, because of the lengthy process of preparing ihe ground sections and especially because of the small amount of accessible material, not all questions could be answered and not all problems of evaluation could be dealt with in full. Evidently, the issue of the estimation of age at death of adult individual's from the teeth will remain a subject of further research, Jlit best results of age estimation using earlier reports were with age in years but they allow to individuals into a set of broad range age categories as the previous methods^,, Evidently, the issue of the estimation of age of adult individual's from teeth will remain a subject of further research. (the bottom figure) extracted some statements from the original article (the upper figure) word for word. In these statements (marked in red), they either replaced or left out some passages. The authors of the second article obtained after multiple regression of all variables was applied, Analysis of the data revealed lJilll Kilian's method (absolute maximum error of age estimation is 7,72 years al the Q5"% confidential inLcrval)y,n|]enables us to give more accurate estimations of ape than KashyELp and KuleswEira Rao's methods (absolute maximum error of estimation is 9.94 years at the 95% confidential interval^ while in the study give best results (absolute maximum error of estimation is 4.95 years at the 95% confidential interval). In conclusion these methods do not estimate direct relationship What is a "citation" and a "bibliographic reference"? In the preceding sections, terms like a reference, citation, bibliography, etc. were mentioned. Now it is time to explain these terms and clarify any ambiguities. A citation is a reference in a text with the help of which one can find the record of publication (a bibliographic reference) in the bibliography that served as the source of information, A citation may have various forms which derive from the citation method and citation style used (e.g. the surname of the author and the year of publication, a digit in superscript, in brackets or without brackets, etc.). A bibliographic reference is a term denoting systematically ordered data about the document cited. Every citation style may use various ways to specify the ordering and format the individual data as well as provide punctuation. For the sake of completeness, we should note that the term "bibliographic citation'" may be used instead. Interestingly, these reports conflict with the results of sleep disruption™ nonmedical simulaicd (asks. The ability to fly JLQlaneUJoperate a locomotivauiaiid drive an auto-mobui^Jall are affected significantly by sleep deprivation. 6, Morris TL, Miller JC, Eleclrooculognrphic and performances indices of fatigue during simulated flight- PjidI Psychol 1996:42:343-60. 7. Roach GD, Dorrian J, Fletcher A, ct a I. Comparing (lie effects of fatigue and alcohol consumplion on locomotive engineers' performance in a rail simulator, J Hum Ergol 2001:30:125-30. B. Amedt JT. Owens J. Crouch M, et al. Neurobehaviornl performance of residents after heavy night call vs after alcohol ingestion. JAMA 2005:294:1025-33. 9. Murray D, Dodds C. The effect of sleep disruption on performance of anaesthetists—a pilot study. Anaesthesia 2003:58:520-5. A bibliography is a list of bibliographic references whose order derives from the citation method used in the text, or according to the instructions given by the respective citation style. The ordering may be alphabetical or it may follow the order of how individual publications were mentioned in the text. What is a "citation style"? A citation style (for example, the NLM citation style) is a set of rules that determines the respective citation method and the format of citations as well as the bibliographic references (e.g. universities' instructions for how to cite in a thesis, citation instructions in journals, etc.). In other words, a citation style contains examples of citations and bibliographic references, including instructions for how to format individual data (e.g. whether the surname of the author should be in capital letters or not, whether the name of the document cited should be in italics, etc.). In practice, every author must determine what citation style to use, study the style guide carefully and observe its instructions. Note that there is not just one citation style but hundreds of them. In scholarly publishing you will often encounter the citation styles of various scholarly associations (e.g. APA = American Psychological Association) or the citation styles of individual journals, when a journal defines its own citation rules in its instructions for authors. What is a "citation method"? When talking about a citation method, we mean the way of writing citations in the text and the form of bibliographic references in the bibliography. Citation methods do not determine the basic way of referring to a source (i.e. whether to use a digit or the surname of the author and the year for publication) but they specify the ordering of bibliographic references (chronologically or alphabetically). The instructions of the respective citation style tell you what citation method to use when citing. Some of the citation styles allow you to choose from multiple citation methods. Therefore, it is always essential to read the instructions of the publisher or institution carefully so that you know what citation method is required. Authors publishing in scholarly journals may even find themselves in a situation where the instructions for citing do not specify the citation method. In this case you need to determine what citation method to use from articles published previously in the respective journal. Remember: a citation method is not the same as a citation style Citation-sequence Citation-sequence method is often used in biomedical and natural-scientific fields. In this method, citations take the form of order numbers referring to the bibliographic references, that are listed in the bibliography as they appear in the text. In the event that a citation repeats, the same number as before is used. Interestingly, these reports conflict with the results of sleep disrupt ion. on nonmedical simulated tasks. The ability to fly iU^andUJoperate a locomotivduJarid drive an auto- ' j1 R mobilJ^Jall are affected significantly by sleep deprivation. Morris TL, Miller JC. Electrooculographic and performances indices of fatigue during simulated flight. Biol Psychol 1996:42:343-60. Roach GD. Domain J. Fletcher A, et ill. Comparing' the affects of fatigue and alcohol consumption on locomotive engineers' performance in a mil simulator. J Hum Ergol 2001;30:125-30, Arnedt JT, Owens J, Crouch M, et al. Neurohehavioral performance of residents after heavy night call vs after alcohol ingestion. JAMA 2005:294:1025-33. Murray D, Dodds C. The effect of sleep disruption on performance of anaesthetists—a pilot study. Anaesthesia 2003;58:520-5, The individual citation styles may use various forms of citations. In the example here, the digits are written in superscript, but other styles may require writing the digits in round or square brackets, etc. Citation-name (author-number) In the biomedical field and natural sciences, you may encounter the citation-name method. Here citations are again marked with an indexed number that refers to a bibliographic reference listed alphabetically according to the surname of the first author. When citing the same source again, the digit assigned earlier is used. Citation-name (author-number) 10 Furthermore, here too the individual citation styles may require various forms of citations in which the digits may be in square or round brackets, without brackets altogether, etc. If you do not use one of the citation managers, it is necessary either to have a final list of literature prepared before you start writing the text or enter the digits into the text after you have finished writing it. Yersinia ent&vca/itica is an important enteric bacterium causing gastrointestinal problems, long-term sequelae like reactive arthritic and, sometimes, septicemia due to blood transfusion|[4, 9 Y. anterncniitica represents six biotypes (1A, IB, 2-5T|[2]. Strains belonging to biotypes 1B and 2-5 carry the virulence plasm id (pYV) and the chromosomal genes ail, ystA, mv/A, and hnjP* and arc, thus, considered pathogenic to humans and animals. Strains belonging to biotypc 1A arc considered non-pathogenic because they do not carry the pYVand the important chromosomal virulence genes are missing|[3. 5]| Bhagat N, Virdi JS (201 J) The enigma of Yersinia enterocoiitica biovar 1A. Cril Rev Microbiol 37:25-39 Bhagat N, Virdi JS (2007) Distribution of virulence-associated genes in Yersinia enterocolitica biovar JA correlates with clonal groups and not the source of isolation. FEMS Microbiol Lett 266:177-183 Cover TL, Aber RC (1989) Yersinia ertterocohtica. N Engl J Med 321:16-24 Falcäo JP, Falcäo DP, Pitondo-Silva A, Malaspina AC, Brocehi M (2006) Molecular typing and virulence markers of Yersinia enlerocolitica strains from human, animal and food origins isolated between 1968 and 2000 in Brazil. J Med Microbiol 55:1539-1548 Author-date (name-year) 11 Author-date (name-year) The author-date citation method (sometimes called the name-year method) uses the form of citation surname of the author and the year of publication. The bibliography is then ordered alphabetically according to the surname of the first author. In instances in which an achievement gap has been documented, the underlying causes of these differences in math performance are likely multiple and the relationships between them complex. Contextual factors play a key role in predicting differences in achievement. Analyses of TIMMS and PISA data identified sndocultural indicators of gender equality within a nation as a strong predictor of differences in achievement! (Cuiso ct a!., 2008, N'osek et a!., 2009), Niederlel |and Vesterlund (201 l)!provide evidence that women perform differently than men on mathematics-related tasks when the situation is perceived to be highly competitive. rle M, Vesterlurni L (2011 )lGender and competition. Annu Rev Econ 3, 601-630. f^wok^^^MJ^OO^TNiitiona 1 differences in gender-science stereotypes predict national sex differences in science and math achievement. Proc Natl Acad Sd USA 106,10593-10597. • If you cite multiple works published in the same year by the same author, usually the letters a, b, c are added in both the citation and bibliographic reference to the year of publishing unless specified differently by the citation style. KRATOCHVÍL, Jiří, 2014a. Efficiency of e-learning in an information literacy course for medical students at the Masaryk University. The Electronic Library, vol. 32, no 3, pp 322-340. ISSN 0264-0473. KRATOCHVÍL, Jiří, 2014b. Measuring the impact of information literacy e-learning and in-class courses via pre-tests and post-test at the Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University. MEFANET Journal, vol. 2, no 2, pp 41-50. ISSN 1805-9163. KRATOCHVÍL, Jiří, 2014c. Přínosy standardizace citačních pokynů pro české lékařské časopisy. ITlib, vol. 18, no 4, pp 62-66. ISSN 1335-793X. • The individual citation styles then specify whether only the first author or others as well should be mentioned in the citation if the work was written by multiple authors; whether the bibliographic reference should contain the year of publication in brackets or not; whether in repeated bibliographic references the details of the authors should not be replaced by e.g. a dash; whether to list bibliographic references chronologically, etc. APA citation style (American Psychological Association) Kratochvíl, J. (2014a). Efficiency of e-learning in an information literacy course for medical students at the Masaryk University. The Electronic Library, 32, 322-340. Kratochvíl, J. (2014b). Measuring the impact of information literacy e-learning and in-class courses via pre-tests and post-test at the Faculty Footnotes 12 of Medicíně, Masaryk University. MEFANET Journal, 2, 41-50. Kratochvíl, J. (2014c). Přínosy standardizace citačních pokynů pro české lékařské časopisy. ITlib, 18, 62-66. CBE/CSE citation style (Council of Biology Editors/Council of Science Editors) jdiv class='citation'^ Kratochvíl, J. 2014a. Efficiency of e-learning in an information literacy course for medical students at the Masaryk University. Electron Lib. 32(3):322-340. Kratochvíl, J. 2014b. Measuring the impact of information literacy e-learning and in-class courses via pre-tests and post-test at the Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University. MEFANET J. 2(2):41-50. Kratochvíl, J. 2014c. Přínosy standardizace citačních pokynů pro české lékařské časopisy. ITlib. 18(4):62-66. Czech. Footnotes Especially humanities and social sciences use the footnote method which consist in writing numeric citations referring to bibliographic references placed on the same page in a footnote. If you cite the same publication repeatedly, a new order number is used. Individual citation styles may then require different forms of bibliographic references (e.g. ISO 690 allows making a reference to an earlier assigned footnote number with the whole bibliographic reference of the respective document instead of repeating it). Sociální sítě už dávno neslouží jen k zábavě, jejich využití komerčními i nekomerční mi organizacemi se rozvíjí velmi rychlým tempem, V případe sociálních sítí nejde pouze o reklamu, ale také o prezentaci sebe sama a získávání informací různého charakteru, které je možné následné vynät napr. k úspechu na pracovním trhu. Sociální sítě změnily komunikaci se zákazníky (uživateli) jako takovou. „Komunikace dvou osob se v prostředí sociálních sití stává veřejnou, mohou jj sledovat i »>1OCEKAL. Daniel. Sociálni site si podmanily svet (fakta a Cisla hlavně o Evropě). In: Lnpa.cz: sencr o reakém internetu, [online]. 26. 9. 2011 [cit. 2012-Ol-lS]. Dosnipué z: http:■ ■ w\vw.lupa.cz-claiikvsoctaliu"-site-si-podmanily-svet-falaa-a-cisla-luavne-o-eviope . Author-title 13 Author-title The author-title citation method is seen only very rarely. In this instance you use the surname of the first author and a maximum of three words from the title as a citation. The bibliography is then ordered alphabetically according to the surname of the first author. Due to the rare use of this citation method, a real-life example could not be found and therefore the example below has been created purely for illustration purposes. The term "life quality" was used for the first time in the 1950s as a political slogan and sonic few years later it began to be mentioned in the medical circles as well (Klener, Klinická onkologie)| Klcncr, Pavel. Klinická oiikologic, |Praha: Galen, 2002. What is a "citation manager"? The existence of hundreds of citation styles makes publishing complicated for authors, because they have to learn which citation style to use in the respective journal and carefully study the citation guide again and again. Therefore, many authors use a citation manager, which is an application allowing you to extract bibliographic references of documents from databases and catalogues, and insert them in the form of citations and bibliographic references into your own text. At present there are a wide range of citation managers. We recommend the free Zotero application due to its user-friendliness (hrefhttps://www.zotero.org/www.zotero.org). Although a citation manager definitely makes citing easier, remember that you should always check that the citations and bibliographic references created by the manager correspond to the requirements of the respective citation style. r$ Spinal cord injury: plasticity, re X C j (D htt|^://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gQv/pubmed/?t&rm-Spinal-i- Spinal cord injury: plasticity, regeneration and the challenge of translational drug development. Bleach A1.Tuszynski MH. @ Ai rtVinr mtnrm 2 Ztrtero File Edit look Help m - My Library Spinal cord injury: plasticity, n§HI i IT Duplicate Item St Unfiled Items V ^ Trash V Animals * Clinical Trials as Topic Disease Models, Animal Humans Nerve Regeneration ■ — - - Remarkable progress has been made in discovering genes and processes that improve regeneration of adult CNS neurons after injury since the days of Santiago Ramon y Cajal(l); nevertheless, the goal of functional recovery remains unfulfilled. 1. Blesch A, Tuszynski MR Spinal cord injury: plasticity, regeneration and the challenge of translational drug development. Trends ÍJj&UIBSffit 2009 ían^2í1í:41_7^| Zotero Document Preferences Citation Style: American Chemical Society erican Medical Association erican Political Science Association erican Psychological Association 5th edition erican Sociological Association BMJ vier- Harvard (with titles] The Zotero citation manager, for example, works as follows: after it is installed, a record from a catalogue/online database can be downloaded into the panel (the bottom part of the picture on the left) by clicking on the icon in the address bar of your internet browser. In this example the icon is blue, which signifies a book. Then, you can enter both the citation and the bibliographic reference into the text in a word processor (in the sample here MS Word) and format it according to various citation styles (the right bottom window). The Czech manual on how to use Zotero is available at the address http: / / www. ukb .muni. cz/kuk / vyuka / materiály. Before you start to cite, or: the ten commandments of citing I. Create bibliographic references with the book "in your hands Already when you are searching for information for your text, note the details about sources that you intend to use. If you use the citation manager, download the record from a catalogue or database immediately. If you create citations manually, note the basic details about the document, so that later you can arrange them into a bibliographic reference according to the instructions of the given citation style. In the case of online documents, always write down the date on which you accessed the respective document. It may also be useful to save it for later use. Remember this rule especially for online documents or other sources that are difficult to access (e.g. manuscripts in archives). Online documents in particular may eventually be removed from the internet and therefore very difficult - if not impossible - to find for a second time (the internet Archive does not always retain all data). II. Use credible sources when citing Part of scholarly writing is also the ability to work with relevant sources to the given topic. Therefore, use such sources for your work whose authors specialize in the given topic and the quality of which can be verified. At present, the most easily-accessible source of information is naturally the internet. However, besides quality information you can find there an enormous number of websites that contain information created by the lay public. When drawing on information from the internet, always notice whether the author of the text is known and if he/she is a specialist on the given topic, whether the text is current, written in a scholarly way, and whether it uses citations properly. Also check if this information is in reality not just an advertisement of some commercial entity with its own interests. III. Do not cite information sources unrelated with your work Cite only such sources in your text that you really used for your work. On no account should you add anything else just because you want to prove a knowledge of the given field, i.e. do not try to demonstrate what you have read and what you are prepared to discuss by means of your bibliography. Moreover, you never known whether somebody will ask about this or that item of your bibliography, for example, at the state exam, so do not include sources unfamiliar to you. Ml v? IV. Comply with the publisher's instructions 16 IV. Comply with the publisher's instructions It was already stated above that it is essential for correct citing to familiarize yourself with the citation instructions of the publisher or institution you are writing for. At a university you should always learn whether the faculty has a particular direction for how to cite in theses, essays, etc. Such directions may be found on the websites of the study department or as a part of the instructions for writing bachelor and master theses. From: XXIH Ogolnopolskie SympozjLirn Brornatologiczne [mailto:bromatologia2014i3igmail.com] Sent: Saturday, May 31, 2014 10:15 PM To: • Subject: paper Dear I am sending you your paper ^ith some amendments already accepted by reviewers. Please, correct citation in your paper according to the following rules: Reference citations in the text should be identified by numbers in brackets. The entries in the reference list should be numbered consecutively The journal's names should be abbreviated. After making all necessary improvements, please send your manuscript again to us. Best regards, Pawel Zagrodzld If such directions do not exist, you should ask whether the department or institute for which you are writing the respective text has its own citation instructions. If even here you cannot find any information can be found, you should ask the supervisor of your thesis how to cite (Do so ideally via e-mail, so that you have the answer in writing. Should any reproach from opponents concerning citations arise, you can justify your approach with the instructions provided by your supervisor.). V. Observe the spelling rules of the given language Unless the citation style tells you otherwise, you should write the details of bibliographic references in conformance with the spelling rules of the document's language. This means that even if the titles of English books are in capital letters (e.g. Minimally Invasive Thoracic and CCardiac Surgery: Textbook and Atlas), its bibliographic reference should follow the Czech spelling system (Minimally invasive thoracic and ccardiac ssurgery: textbook and atlas). However, in the event that the citation style instructs you to copy the title in the exact form, do not follow the above-mentioned rule, i.e. write Minimally Invasive Thoracic and CCardiac Surgery: Textbook and Atlas. VI. Transliterate all information written in scripts other than the Latin alphabet 17 VI. Transliterate all information written in scripts other than the Latin alphabet In the event that you cite a publication written in another script than the Latin alphabet (e.g. Cyrillic, a logographic system, etc.) transliterate the information, i.e. the individual signs of the original script should be replaced with Latin characters. Tables with characters for transliteration are readily available on the internet. These usually contain alphabetically ordered signs of the given language and next to them the respective Latin character. VII. Adhere to a unified form of citation according to the citation style When citing you should make sure that citations and bibliographic references have a unified form, otherwise it may happen that the cited work cannot be identified. Moreover, deficiencies in formatting can distort the aesthetic quality of the text and rightfully give readers the impression that the author has a careless approach to their text. Negligence when citing may then lead to distorting the author's name completely (highlighted in blue): in this ca&e the name and surname have been swapped. The author generated the initial K from the surname Kratoclivil and made the first name Jiff appear as the surname. Should this happen in an article indexed in the Web of Science and Scopus citation databases, Kratockvfl would not get credit for his two articles being cited. 7 An example of inconsistent form of citations are the two bibliographic references of books, where the author once entered the edition with the abbreviation ed. as a part of the title in inverted commas, while in the other reference this information is given with a number without the abbreviation ed, and without being included in the title (highlighted in red). [J] S. K. Jirasak,. N. T. Onjaree, K. Jintavee, "Elements and Steps of E-Learning Benchmarking Model for Higher Education Institutions", Journal of Computer and Communications, Vol, 2,2014, pp. 37^11. r[2] K, Jin', "Evaluation of e-learning course. Information Literacy, for medical students". The Electronic Library, Emerald, Vol. 31, No. I, 2013, pp. 55-69. [3] K. Jifi, "Efficiency of e-learning in an information literacy course for medical students at the Masaryk University", The Electronic Library, Emerald, Vol. 32, No. 3, 2014, pp. 322-340. [4] M. Vandana, 0, Faranak, "Examining Students' Attitudes Towards E- leaming: A Case from India", Malaysian Journal of Educational Technology. Vol. 11, No. 2, June 2011, pp, 13-1S. [5] N. Dony, "Multimedia Interaktif [nstalasi PC Untuk Kelas X (Smdi Kasus SMK. Negeri Sijunjung)", Jumal Teknologi Informasi & Pcndidikan, Vol. 6, No. I, Maret 2013, pp. 87-99, [6] Zyainuri, M. Eko, "Penerapan E-Leaming Moodle Untuk Pembelajaran Siswa yang Melaksanakan Prakerin", Jh.ii.. Pendidikan Vokasi, Vol. 2, No, 3, November 2012, pp. 410-426. [7] A. Merry, "Pemanfaatan E-Learning Sebagai Media Pembelajaran", Seminar National Aplikasi Teknologi [nfortnasi (SNATI) 2013, Yogyakarta, 15 Juni 2013, pp.GR-G12. [8] M. Isni, "Pembelajaran Biologi Menggunakan Metode E-Leaming Berbasis Multiple Intelligences Pada Materi Sistem Gerak Manusia", Innovative Journal of Curriculum and Educational Technology, Vol. 1,No. I.June2012, pp. 45-52. _ '[9] N, Walliman, "Research Methods: The Basics (First ed.)", Taylor & frauds e-Library. 201 1. [10] G. Shelly, H. Rosenblatt, "System Analysis and Design", 9*^ Course Technology, Cengage Learning, 2012, VIII. Every source used can be unambiguously identified by citations 18 VIII. Every source used can be unambiguously identified by citations It is crucial to give both citations in the text and bibliographic references without error, so that the reader can identify the used source of information correctly. In the text itself the author gave a Citation Kratochvil, 2011, but there is no publication with this date in the bibliography. The reader may only speculate whether this is a typo or whether the author forgot to list the respective publication in his bibliography. In this case, this was a typo that arose due to the manual creation of citations. Had he used a citation manager, the year in both thii citation and the bibliographic reference would be the same. Notice yet another typo in the bibliography in the surname Kratochvil -Kratochril instead of Kratochvil. Understandably, many countries are on the verge of increasing the recognition of information literacy as one fif their main focus; these countries signed the F*rayue Declaration and Alexandria Proclamation which, were declared in 2W3 and 2fW? at The seminars endorsed by UNESCO (Kratoclivil, 2011). Jttdrjsuo, L. and Hansen, J., (200&). Creating ruihiburative partnerships: building the fcimework. Rnjirencit fi/mccj town1,34{4). 575 588. foi\lO.UmWX>732M>l»Wi4(it Julien, H. and Barker, S., How higli-scliool students find and evaluate scientific tnibimaiion: a basis for information literacy sidlis development. Library # Information Science Research, 51 (I J, 12-17. dot; 10.10 Wj.lisr.2M». lO.OttS Kjslochril, J, (20|3), Kvaliration ofc-lcarning course, information literacy, for medical students. The FJcctnmic Library, 51 (1J, 55-60, Kwok K. K. K. Ng t O. j., Chu S K. W. and Hti X (2016). Information Literacy among Secondary School Students in Hong-Kong; Actual Abililics. Self-perceptions and Teachers' Support. tlrc^OfH Cfi'R lieseurcti S^npfniiwm (Cl'I'RRS 2iii6}, the litiiwratry njf Hong fCtmgr Hong Kong. 3-4, June 20]6 IX. Include translations of citations from a foreign language in your text In the event that you need to cite an idea word for word that was published in a foreign language, various approaches may be required by individual citation styles. However, the original version of the citation is commonly included in notes (footnote, a note at the end of a chapter, etc.) or placed in brackets after its translated version. In this way, readers may check themselves, whether the translation did not alter the meaning of the cited idea. The citation referring to the bibliographic reference should be placed into the text itself behind the translated quote. X. Place information taken from source other than an original one in [ ] If the work you cite does not contain some of the details of the bibliographic reference which you consider important, you may take it over another document. However, such details must then be placed in square brackets. For example, if a printed book does not have the year of publication in it and you find this information on the website of the publisher, you can include in the bibliographic reference, but you should always place it in square brackets. In this way you show that you cannot guarantee the accuracy of the respective information, because it was not included in the original document, but rather it was found elsewhere. If you have to take more details for the bibliographic reference, for example when citing manuscripts, place the whole reference in square brackets, unless the respective citation style says otherwise. For example, if the document does not include information on the place of publishing (Brno) and X. Place information taken from source other than an original one in [ ] 19 the publisher (Masaryk University): Incorrectly: [Brno]: [Masaryk University] Correctly: [Brno: Masaryk University] If some of the details cannot be found, read the citation instructions carefully to see whether they do specify any approach for this case (e.g. some styles require you to write s.l., i.e. sine loco = without place, in the event that the place of publication is not known). Citing is not rocket science: or how to do it After you have familiarized yourselves with the main terms and rules, let us explain step by step, how to proceed when citing. First, we will focus on practical examples and explain how to paraphrase, how to cite word-for-word, and where to place citations in the text. Next, we will look at some basic steps before the actual creation of a bibliographic reference. Then, on the example of some selected types of documents we will demonstrate how the respective bibliographic reference of the document according to the National Library of Medicine (NLM) citation style was created. We chose this style due to the fact that this is the most commonly used citation style in medicine. I. How to paraphrase We talk about paraphrasing when you formulate an idea more briefly and simply in your own words if such idea was presented in detail in the source cited. To paraphrase definitely does not mean that you take an original idea and only replace some of the words in it. The result of paraphrasing should be your own original message which summarizes the idea you cite. Below you will find a couple of examples of paraphrasing with commentary, but first let us summarize some basic rules of paraphrasing: • Every paraphrase must include a citation referring to the bibliographic reference so that the original source of information is evident. • Never format a paraphrase differently than other text in your document and always supply it with a citation. • Regardless of its length, always formulate a paraphrase so that it is evident where it starts and ends (see examples below for how to do that). • When paraphrasing, you should be careful to ensure the result is not just a copy of the original text with some stylistic changes, e.g. substituting words with synonyms and similar. Rather than doing that, cite the text word-for-word. • It is more appropriate to place longer citations into a separate paragraph. i form of a I eader about J A paraphrase often takes the sentence which informs the re; the existence of a text on the respective topic- The sentence marked in blue is an original finding of the authors who then inform readers, by means of the sentence highlighted in green, that a similar finding has been made by the authors of other studies published earlier The citation 21 refers readers to the bibliographic reference of the article which focuses on these studies. Similarly, the authors of this article also refer to other studies (highlighted in red) mentioned by this publication which can be found in the bibliography under the reference 23. In other words, the aim of this paraphrase is not to summarize to readers what the studies state, but to inform them about the existence of these studies. The observed main type of cell death for both cell lines after being affected by AgCu/PVa was apoptosis. This result is consistent with the observation of the previous study on Ag NPs [21]. However, this is in contrast with some other studies with Cu or CuO NPs that show a higher incidence of necrosis [23]. The mechanism leading to apoptosis death can be multiple, with Reactive oxygen species being one of the intermediate steps in this action. Other described factors caused by NPs are DNA damage, membrane leakage, and inhibition of mitochondria function, membrane lipid peroxidation, decreasing of actin I. How to paraphrase 21 There is speculation that resistance to weight loss is caused by frequent amusals from sleep or disruptions in sleep quality. While the explanation for this is not well understood, addressing possible mechanisms could have implications for therapeutic approaches. Accordingly, Spiegel et at, [69] assigned 12 young males to 2 days of sleep restriction and 2 days of sleep extension while controlling calories ingested and the levels of physical activity. When the participants spent 4h in bed, mean leptin levels across the following day were \&% lower and ghrelin levels were 26% higher compared to spending 10 h in bed. The decrease and increase in leptin and ghrelin, respectivelyT could be due to increased sympathetic nervous system activity or cardiac sympathovagal balance from sleep loss [70. 71 j, a critical point for the current discu&sion, given that these are major features characterising OS A. In addition, the subjects self-reported increased hunger and appetite during the sleep-restricted protocol, indeed, sleep restriction appears to increase signalling to reward and pleasure centres of the brain that enhance hedonic perception of food, which would drive motivation for food seeking and consumption [721. The obvious implication of these findings is that inadequate sleep resulting from OSA could promote excess eating* thereby impairing weight loss. We emphasise that these participants had an increased appetite for food with high carbohydrate content, including "sweets, salty snacks and starchy food", but there was no information related to diet prior to undergoing these sJeep protocols. text with paraphrases Methods ParHdpants Twelve healthy men (mean age [±SD], 22 ± 2 years.]; mean body mass index [±£D], 23*6 — 2.0 kg/m*) who did not smoke or rake any medications participated in die study. All of the men were within 10% of ideal body weight and had regular nocturnal time in bed of 7 to "9 hours. We excluded persons who had traveled across rime jtoncs less than 4 weeks before the study. Experimental Protocol The Institutional Review Board of the University of Chicago approved the protocol, and we obtained written informed consent from all participants. During rhe week preceding each study, we asked participants nor to deviate from a fined time m bed (11:00 p.m. to 7;00 a,m.) by more than 30 minutes. Naps were not allowed. I he men participated in 2 studies that were conducted in a randomized order, were spaced at least 6 weeks apart, and were performed in the Clinical Research Center at the University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Six of rhe 12 men fir&t performed the study with restricted time in bed* and the remaining 6 men first performed the study with extended time in bed. Average weight did not change over rli-e rime period separaring rhe 2 study conditions (75-2 kg in the sleep restriction condition vs. 75.4 kg in the sleep extension condition; P > 0.2}, We obtained blood samples at 20-minure intervals from fi:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m. after 2 consecutive nights of 10 hours in bed (10;Q0 prm, to 8;00 a.m.; sleep extension) and after 2 consecutive nights of 4 hours in bed (1:00 a.m. to 5:00 a.m.: sleep restriction). Sleep was recorded every night, For both extension and restriction conditions, each overnight stay begun at 7;00 p.m. with a standard hospital dinner, and the first overnight slay ended after breakfast, whith was served at S;G0 a.m. We instructed the participants not to deviate from their usual eating habits between breakfast and dinner, but calorit intake was not otherwise monitored, Partitipants were readmitted in the early evening and, after receiving a standard hospital dinner at 7:00 p.m.. remained at bed RSt. At 8;00 a.m, after the second night, the participants* caloric intake was kept constant to avoid meal-related fluctuations of hunger and satiety and consisted of an intravenous glucose infusion at a constant rate of 5 g/kg or body weight every 24 hours. There was no other source of calories. Every hour from 9:00 a.m. to 9:00 p.m.,. the men completed validated visual analogue scales (0 to 10 cm) for hunger (11) and appetite for various food categories (12). The paraphrase iti this example aims to summarize more information contained in various partis of the original text (fig. on the left and at the bottom). For a better orientation, respective related passages are coloured in both the; original text uiid in the one that paraphrases. As far as the beginning and end of the paraphrase is concerned, note, that after the first sentence (authors original sentence) the beginning of the paraphrase is easily recognizable thanks to the surname of the author paraphrased and the citation 69. The end is marked by citations 70 and 71 in the sentence starting with 'The decrease and increase...This paraphrase is formed by two sentences. Moreover, the whole paragraph demonstrates the correct approach wsdhen paraphrasing as well as citing word for word. The ideas taken over from elsewhere are embedded into the author's text (the first sentence in a paragraph and its end from the sentence '"'The obvious implication of these Results Leptin levels were stable across the daytime period under both sleep conditions, which was consistent with the fact that calories were exclusively delivered in the form of a constant glucose infusion. Average total sleep time was 9 hours and 8 minutes when the men spent 10 hours in bed and 3 hours and 53 minutes when the men spent 4 hours in bed {P< 0-01), When spending 4 hours in bed> rhe participants had mean leptin levels that were 18% lower (2.1 ng/ml. vs. 2.6 ng^mh; P = 0.04) (Figure 1, pan A) and mean ghrehn levels that were 28% higher (3.3 ng/ml. vs. 2.6 ng/mL; P = 0.04) (Figure 1, part B) than when the participants spent 10 hours in bed. The ratio of the concentrations of orcxigenic ghrelin tu anorcsigenic leptin increased by 71% (CI, 7% to 135%) with 4 hours in bed compared with 10 hours in bed. Sleep restriction relative to the original text (left and bottom right) II. How to cite word for word 22 In community-based studios, the CKD prevalence has been reported between Q.16% and 0.79?o. The studies were designed to detect stage 3 CKD or worse and the real prevalence of CKD is higher than the repotted number/' The ESRD incidences has been reported to be 1G0-232 per million population (pmp)S|* and the projected ESRD prevalence was 785-870 pmp.-llfl ''Screening and Early Evaluation of Kidney Disease" (SEEK), a community-based voluntary health screening program wasstartedin India in 2006 and tests serum creatinine and urine analysis. SEEK reported a very high prevalence of 17.4% of CKD (unpublished and presented in the Annual Conference of the Indian Society of Nephrology] using an abbreviated modified diet in renal disease (MDRD) formula, a glomerular filtration (GFR) estimation formula. RENAL TRANSPLANTATION Contrary to general perception, the long-term cost of RT in lower compared to HD or CAPD.2* The quality of life30 and survival31 are better amongst renal transplantation (RTJ recipients. Yet, the RT rate in India is a paltry 3.25 per million per year,32 The RT centers are concentrated in major cities and wide disparity exists in different regions of the country. Compared to cities, the awareness and affordability is lower in most regions of the country. Apart from money, availability of live related donor h a major cause for the ever Increasing gap between the patients awaiting a RT and the patients who get a RT.33,34 Figures at the top are the original text Kidney transplantation is often the optimal treatment for individuals with end-stage renal disease (ESRD), offering improved survival and quality of life compared to dialysis treatments (Abecassis et al. 2008). In India, the transplantation rate is 3.25 per million population per year; whereas ESRD affects per million population (Veerappan and Abraham 2013). The wait to receive a kidney is very long due to a number of factors, including reluctance of potential donors and the expense of the procedure. Although the use of organs from deceased donorsis practiced internationally, the rate of cadaver transplantation in India is very low, further limiting the supply of available kidneys. Therefore, the Indian patient has to depend upon family members or others to donate organs out of a sense of altruism. a tuxt containing paraphrases from the original The paraphrase in the second example aims to take over information contained in various parts of the original text (fig. on the left). For a better orientation, respective related passages are coloured in both the original texts and in Lhe one that paraphrases (top right figure). .Just in the first example, the beginning and end of the paraphrase is clearly marked. The text has a form of a paragraph in "which the first sentence ends in a citation and is a paraphrase of another text. Then the paraphrase presented here follows and it is again ended with a citation. In this way, readers can clearly hoc that the first half of the paragraph is a summary of earlier published information, which the authors comments with his own thoughts in the second part of the paragraph. II. How to cite word for word In this case, ulike paraphrasing, you cite the original source word for word, i.e. it must be the exact copy of the source. This way of quoting is common mainly in the humanities. Before explaining with actual examples, how to cite word for word, let us summarize some basic rules: • In the event you cite a document in a foreign language (unless the citation style requires otherwise), write the translation of the quotation into the text and place its original in brackets or footnote. • A verbatim quotation must always be embedded into the context so that it is obvious why it was used. • A verbatim citation must be graphically distinguished from the original text. Therefore, it is placed in inverted commas and if the respective rules (of the citation style, on formal text editing, etc.) allow, italics or different font should be used. • Quotations longer than 4-6 lines are commonly marked with a different size or font and are placed in a separate paragraph. II. How to cite word for word 23 The first example presents a verbatim quotation of a longer original text. Citation stylos - the citation style used in this case as well usually recommend to place the quotation into a separate 1:1 a paragraph that is written (liffcronl. ai/.c or font, In this case von no longer need to USC inverted commas, because the quotation is clearly distinguished from the remaining text. During the initial process of coding and analysis, it was possible to situate and capture some broad ways In which the participant! spoke shout creativity, which had connections with their role in the school. Through further fine-grained analysis, further patterns were distinguished and categories emerged, which made it possible to group the ways that the participants expressed their thoughts about particular aspects of creativity, according to different creative orientations. In developing the grojpings. the research was informed contexte a I ly by literature in the field of social psychology that explores the types of coping strategies individuals can employ. These strategies include emotion-focussed and problem-focussed coping (Keamy 2003; Smith and Mackie 1995), Keamy (2016) explains how these categories may be distinguished! In this research, 'action oriented' responses were taken to include those in which there was a sense of something being done or intended to be done; 'emotion oriented1 responses included those in which feelings were evoked: 'skills or outcome oriented" responses included those in which there was e production perspective be nq described, end 'thinking oriented" responses included those with a cognitive element to them, (Keamy 2016,15&) These four distinct orientations have been used to inform this analysis. However, mindful of the complexities inherent in creative work (Csikszentmihayli 1996, 57), it is important to conceptualise the orientations as Interwoven and intersecting with each other, rather than as separate. This example of verbatim quotation shows that there are virtually no differences between the cited text (at the top) and the text which cites (at the bottom), i.e. this is a quotation not a paraphrase. The author of the text took over earlier published statements and marked them with quotation marks, or rather with apostrophes. Because he omitted some words, he used three dots for this ellipsis and due to the style he added some words ('and' and 'which'). These words are in square brackets, so that it is obvious that they were added by the authors; however, such words do not change the meaning of the original statement in any way. Peterson and Seligman (2004) noted that "original" ideas and /or behaviors that are also "adaptive" are two necessary components of creativity. They also differentiate between two types of creativity: Big C and little c. Big C creativity is represented by extreme forms of originality, as exhibited by scientists and artists (.Gardner, 1993; Simontort, looo). Conversely, little c may be considered "everyday" creativity, which Peterson and Seligman (3004) refer to as "ingenuity." In essence, then, there are two types of creative thinkers or at least two distinct poles of a continuum of creative thinking. the original text While education systems and those who work in them are often required to promote these capacities or dispositions, attempting to characterise what the term 'creativity1 actually means remains problematic, The complexities Involved move beyond the binary distinction referred to as 'Big/High C and llttla/detrrocratic c' creativity (Koibell et al 2010; National Advisory Committee on Creative and Cultural Education 1999; Craft 2001). Some thinking about creativity considers the term in relation to a continuum that extends between the two poles of Big C creativity, which involve 'extreme forms of originality,,. [and] little c [which] may be considered as everyday creativity' (Fasko 2006, 161V or creativity encompassing a range of dimensions (Kaufman and Beghetto 2003), Elsewhere, Csiksientrnlhalyi [1990,198) suggests that 'It is impossible to define creativity independently of judgements based on criteria that change from domain to domain and across time': creativity, from this perspective, is socially constructed and relational, and may only he understood similarly by those who share the same sons of experience, culture and value systems. Furthermore, Cropley (199°, 517), holds that when it includes personal properties such as feelings and emotions, creativity involves more than cognitive processes. a text containing a verbatim quotation from the original text III. Where to place citations 24 This example presents again a verbatim quotations of the original text (at the top) in the author's text (at the bottom). The quotation is marked with inverted commas, while at the beginning of the quotation, the author wrote the letter 'e' in inverted commas, in order to draw attention to the alteration of the original quotation: substituting the initial capital 'C with a small letter 'c'. Regarding the style you can see that the quotation does not have a form of direct speech but an indirect one. Creative thlnlting and critical thinking are often contrasted. Creative thinking Is eipansive, innovative, inventive, unconstrained thinking. It is associated with exploration and idea generation. It is daring, uninhibited., fanciful, imaginative, free-spirited, unpredictable, revolutionary. Critical thinking is focused, disciplined, logical, constrained thinking. It is down to earth, realistic, practical, staid, dependable, conservative. Sometimes creativity andcriticaE-ness are seen its polar opposites, From this perspective, a move toward one of these characteristics means necessarily a move away from the other. In terms of the focus of this chapter, it would mean that the enhancement of creativity would necessarily involve the diminution of criticalness. the Original text There have been several definitions of creative thinking that have been proposed. For example, creative thought has been defined as "a process whereby the individual finds, defines, or discovers an idea or problem not predetermined by the situation or task" (Kay, 1994, p. 117). Halpern (2003) defined creative thinking as "Itjhinking that leads to an outcome that is novel (or unusual) and appropriate (orgood)" (p, 191). According to Nickerson (1999), "[c]reative thinking is expansive, innovative, inventive, unconstrained thinking. It is associated with exploration and idea generation. It is daring, uninhibited, fanciful, imaginative, free-spirited, unpredictable, revolutionary" (p. 397). It involves discovering something novel and useful (Sternberg & O'Hara, 1999), as well as connecting ideas perceived before as not related {Ansburg & Hill, 2003). Braner (i960) argued that intuitive thinking is the basis for creative thinking. a text containing a verbatim quotation from the original text III. Where to place citations We have already mentioned above that individual citation styles differ which may also be reflected by the position of quotation in the text. In practice you can see that some citation styles contain a text sample to demonstrate where to place citations (e.g. The Chicago Manual of Style, p 678), while others just describe after which usual expressions the citation should be situated (e.g. The ACS Style Guide, p 290). It may sometimes happen - usually when publishing for journals - that instructions for authors do not specify where to place a citation in the text and the author just has to look at previous issues of the journal and emulate that way of citing. Determining the suitable position for a citation is therefore problematic. However, you can trace some patterns that repeat in this way. We will use the following example to list and demonstrate these patterns: Already in 1989, the team of James Keck (1989) proved that degradation of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with high molecular weight (VMH PAHs) can be accelerated by adding a nonspecific source of carbon. It was found that natural organic substances stimulate the decomposition of pyrene (Holman et al., 2002) and accelerate the degradation of VMH PAHs in soil contaminated by creosote (Bengtsson and Zerhoun, 2003). Some scientists (Ogunseitan et al., 1991; Ogunseitan and Olson, 1993; Tittle et al., 1995) suggest using sources of carbon that are dissoluble in water and are relevant to the metabolism of VMH PAU, e.g. phthalate and salicylic acid. The team of Prof. Ogunseitan (1991) provides evidence that "salicylic acid added to soil samples which were inoculated with bacteria that degrade naphthalene, evidently expanded the occurrence of the genetic determinants of naphthalene degradators in the community of these bacteria". This occurs for a period of time that may correspond to a period during which an accelerated degradation can occur. The addition of salicylic acid to soil was also used for the purpose of keeping a population of bacteria innoculated into the soil in an active state (Colbert et al., 1993a, 1993b; Riser-Roberts, 1998). If author's name appears in the sentence, place the citation behind it 25 If author's name appears in the sentence, place the citation behind it The sentences highlighted in red exhibit a typical form of citation within the framework of the author-date method - the citation consists of only the year of publishing, because the name of the author precedes it. If you wrote the author in the citation as well, the word would be duplicated, for example: "... the team of James Keck (Keck, 1989) proved...", which is unnecessary, because the following variant "... the team of James Keck (1989) ..." allows readers to identify the cited publication. This rule usually applies to numeric citations as well (citation-sequence, citation-name, or running notes), but as the example of the paraphrase on page 13 shows, this is not always the case. It is thus necessary when using one of these three citation methods to determine whether the citation style specifies placement of the citation in the text, and if not, whether this cannot be emulated from previous publications. If authorship is expressed in the sentence other than with a surname, place the citation behind it The preceding rule applies even if the authorship is expressed by means of other than the surname. Such an expression is "some scientists" in the passage highlighted in green: this differs from the preceding situation because it includes multiple publications written by different authors. You can often see even inanimate expressions such as "previous studies", "earlier research" after which a citation follows. Similarly to the preceding rule, this one also commonly applies for citing according to the author-date method. Just bear in mind that it may be required to place the citation at the end of the paraphrase/verbatim quotation. If authorship is not expressed in the sentence, place the citation at the end of the paraphrase/quotation If a sentence does not contain the surname of the author or express authorship in any other way (see preceding rule), the citation should be placed at the end of the paraphrase/citation. Note that in the first blue sentence, the citation is placed in the middle of the sentence after the word pyrene and another one at the end of the sentence after the word creosote. The sentence is thus composed of two paraphrases, both of which are equipped with information for readers that states the source of the respective ideas. The second blue sentence presents a paraphrase of a statement (in this case a research method), which has appeared in many publications. Instead of repeating the same idea with a citation of the respective publication, the author simply writes it only once with citations to all the sources. As follows from the rules above, the position of the citation should tell the reader that the given idea has been drawn from another source. It is indispensable when producing a scholarly text to formulate and structure sentences in such a way that readers can always clearly identify the beginning and ending of an idea that was taken from elsewhere. The examples above together with the notes on previous pages present appropriate approaches for paraphrasing and citing. Let's do it! Let's start citing! After the previous theoretical part, it is time to explain using concrete examples for how to create respective bibliographic references to a text with citations. First let us summarize some basic rules and then we will illustrate on the basis of various cited documents how the bibliographic reference was created, what approach was used during its creation and why. We will proceed according to the NLM citation styles in all examples. I. Clarify the type of the cited document First of all, you need to determine what type of document you are citing. Otherwise, you will not be able to identify the respective model in the citation instructions, according to which you should create the bibliographic reference. Usually nobody has any serious problems differentiating between a printed book, journal article or an anthology contribution. However, in the case of online documents, videos, etc. this may be more complicated. Therefore, various types of online documents are presented on the following pages with a demonstration of from where one should draw the details for creating a bibliographic reference. This should clarify what the specifics of the individual documents are. II. Look at the form of the cited document After you have determined which type of document is in front of you, you should proceed with determining what form the document has. Is it printed material? On CD? On DVD? On the internet? In other words, what is the medium where the information is stored? III. Find the respective model for a bibliographic reference After identifying the type and form of the document, look up the respective model for creating a bibliographic reference in the citation instructions. Proceed carefully, because some citation styles often distinguish between different variants of publications. For example, the NLM citation style distinguishes whether an article has one author, multiple authors, institutions as authors, and different combinations of natural or legal person as authors, etc. IV. Citing is not rocket science, just copy the information 27 IV. Citing is not rocket science, just copy the information When correcting homework from courses on citing, we commonly encounter mistakes that resulted from students' lack of concentration when creating citations. Despite having a model of the bibliographic reference, they write a period instead of a comma or vice versa, they fail to enter a space after punctuation, etc. Citing is definitely not a rocket science, it just requires you to pay attention and copy one piece of information after another one according to the given model. Part II Examples of references Books Before looking at how to create a bibliographic reference to a book, let us determine, what parts the book consists of and in which order you should copy the information for these individual parts when creating a bibliographic reference. 1. Title page/back of title page First use the title page for copying information. If some detail is not present there, look at the back of the title page. 2. Imprint The imprint is usually placed on the back of the title page or at the end of the book. It contains information such as the author, title, publisher, etc., including technical information on the typesetting and printing of the publication. 3. Cover Take information from the cover (in the case of paperback this is a part of the papcrboard) in the event that these details were neither on the title page, on the back of the title page nor in the imprint. 4. Half-title Take information from the half-title in the event that these details were neither on the title page, on the back of the title page, in the imprint nor on the cover. 5. Endpaper The endpaper usually docs not contain any information. It connects the book boards with the block. Printed book Following the facts stated above, you know now that when you are creating a bibliographic reference, you should use the information from the title page first. If you cannot find the information there, then follow this order: back of the title page, imprint, cover, the rest of the book (browse through the book to see if the respective information is not, for example, in the editorial note, introduction or similar). Below it is shown from which parts of the book the information for a bibliographic reference were taken, and which model was used to create it. At the very bottom there is a description of how the bibliographic reference was created. Such descriptions are not provided for other examples of documents, but potential specifics of the respective bibliographic reference are explained in commentaries. place of publication (^yea^of^ublkation^- publishcr Medical Ethics (fOulTH EDITION .a Aloslair Campbell, Grant Gilli ^ and Goretti Jones OXFORD OXFORD 12J3 Narounby Ran). South Melbourne. Victoru32US. Autirilu Oxford University fteti u 1 depinment of the Uiuvmity of Oxford It funhenihr Unrwrur/i objective rX excellence in me*rdi. ichoUnhip. uiů echx«»n by publishing *.■'.:%■:.!.' in Oxford New York AutkUnd CipeTown DuciSiUun rlcojKofti Kutciu KuU Lumpur Mtfnd Melbourne Mexv a Oty Nairobi Ni-* Delhi SlUnfhJJ Tupei Toronto With often in Arjeriiiru Awiru Bnul Chile Czech Republic France Creete CuurauU Hunjwv luly Japan Pound Portuyjl Sinn poet South Korti Swiuerund Thiiurtd Turkey ITumne Vieuun Lopyntht 0 Autuir Cimpcell. Cram Ciikti, *nd Csreth Jone» All iMn reserved No pari el ihn publication miy be reproduced, stored in i retriewl ty«cm. or traumatrd. in my form or by any means, without the pnoc NÉM w vmunj of Oxford University Ptew. Wuhtn Sew Zeilinl exception) ire allowed in mprct o! iny lair dealing lot ttic purpose of research or private irudy. or crrticiim or review, ii permitted under the Copyntht Act 19W. or in the rate of rrprofnphx reproduction in accordance with the terms of the bxwoiviuedbVCopvrtjhi Lkeminf limited. Enquiries conceraifif. reproducticn ou»«e lnete lemu um) tn other wimnn should be sent 10 the tights Department ■ OxfordUnrwrnityPreis.il the nSdrrss abort title page back of the title page with the imprint Medical Ethics FOURTH EDITION Aloslair Campbell, Grant Gillett and Garelh Jone* OXFORD How to create a bibliographic reference 1. This is a printed book, therefore we found a sample bibliographic reference to a printed book. 2. In the citation style we read the instructions for individual information carefully and learned that, for example, the information on publication should be written as an abbreviation, the place of publication should be complemented with an abbreviation of a state in round brackets for lesser known cities, and similar. 3. Next we copied the individual details carefully one after another, while we used the title page as a primary source of information and if the respective detail was not there, we found it on the back of the title page. We thus did not need to consult the cover in order to create the bibliographic reference. Concerning the number of pages, we entered the last numbered page and because there were two pagination systems in the book (Roman and Arabic numerals), we wrote both of them. Secondary Authors Title Edition Author \ \ \ Bclil2 HD, Grosch W. Schicbcrlc P. Kood chemistry. 3rd rev. J ed. Burghagcn MM. translator. Berlin: Seringa; 2004, 1070 p. / / l \ Place of Publisher Dale of Pagination Publication Publication Model according to the NLM citation style manual How to create a bibliographic reference 31 Campbell A, Gillett G, Jones G. Medical ethics. 4th ed. South Melbourne (AU): Oxford Univ. Press; 2005. xii, 312 p. The resulting bibliographic reference to a chapter in a printed book 4. When writing the individual details, we were careful to use punctuation exactly according to the model. 5. According to the instructions we added states to less well-known cities for the place of publication. Online book Compared to the printed book, the bibliographic reference to an online book does not differ much, it consists of the same entries as the printed book and on top of that it includes information on the type of the document, the date accessed and the URL, at which the book can be accessed. Nevertheless, citing of online documents (i.e. not only online books), often brings various difficulties chiefly when searching for missing information in the book. Let us show two examples now, the first of which represents a smooth creation of a bibliographic reference, while the second raises multiple complications. Example 1 — Smooth citation Type of I'lace of Authors Medium Title I'ublication Publisher Merlis^l, Gould D, Mahato B. Risin^ut-of-pocket spending for medical tare: a growing strain on family budgets [Internet]. New York: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Feb Icitcd 2006 Oct 2], 23 p. Available from: httpj//www,cmw^org/^ Date of Date of Extent Availability Publication Citation Model according to the NLM citation style manual Rao, CNR. Understanding chemistry [Internet]. Hackensack (NJ): World Scientific; c20f0 [cited 20f4 Jun 25]. xii, 300 p. Available from: http://site.ebrary.com/lib/masaryk/docDe- tail.action?doclD=10422534 The resulting bibliographic reference to an online book Example 2 - Problematic citation 33 How to create a bibliographic reference 1. This is an online book and therefore we first found the relevant example of a bibliographic reference in the citation style. 2. In the same way as with the printed book, here as well we took the relevant details one by one according to the model, while we looked for them on the title page and, if they were not there, on the back of the title page. Even this time these two pages provided us with all necessary information. 3. Because the title page contained only names of states as the place of publication, we had to copy the name of the city from the back of the title page. Due to the same typography of state names, we first entered the respective state and only then the city. 4. Because the book only states the year of copyright, the letter c precedes it. 5. Unlike in the citation of the printed book, we entered information about the type of the document, accessed date and the web address from which we accessed the book and which we copied from the address bar of our browser. Example 2 — Problematic citation Not everybody may know how to solve the situation presented in this example. We will create a bibliographic reference for the book, which is accessible as a PDF document on a website, but not all information can be found there. Let us show you how to proceed in such a situation step by step. Step 1 — open the website with the online book The website contains a link to the book in PDF format. The link has the form of a picture of a book cover. At this time, write down the date when you downloaded the document, and save the URL of the document for the planned bibliographic reference. We must stress that you should not copy the URL displayed in the address bar of your browser, but the one obtained by right clicking on the picture and then choosing the option Copy link location. Next enter the copied link (CTRL +V) into the document in which you are creating the bibliographic reference. This means that you should always enter the URL to the file with the online book. Soubor Úpravy zobrazení historie Záložky nástroje Napovídá ^*Frw Medical Books | by Amedeoc.^Y + (_ ^ ;H / *Ž WMW.freeb&oks4dortoriiConťfiphpTf= psyco «FreeBooksdDoctors! Promoting free access to medical books ' Go'jgte™ New 1. Topic AIDS Anatomy Cardiology Dermatology Hematology Infectious Diseases Neurology Oncology Pharmacology Psychology << Topic >> Journals ■ Subscribe ■ Smartphone Edition Amedeo (free medical literature guide) Patricia Bourcillier Open Link in New Jab Open Link in NewWinduw Open Link in New Private Window BtjokmarkThis Link SavtLin^ Ai.,. Save Link to Pocket Copy Link Location View Image Copx Image 1 • -p. Image Location Save Image As..._ ardt 9-1 Example 2 - Problematic citation 34 Bourcillier, P. Isabelle Eberhardt: une femme en route vers l'islam [Internet]. Theiss K, illustrator. : Flying Publisher; c2012 [cited 2014 Jun 26]. 288 p. Available from: http://www.freebooks4doctors.com/link.php?id=1699. French. The unfinished bibliographic reference comprising all information available in the book We were able to get the following information for the bibliographic reference: • the type of the document: [Internet] • accessed date: [cited 2014 Jun 26] • web address: http://www.freebooks4doctors.com/link.php?id=1699 Step 2 — open the book and compile the reference from the information available there Then we took the information for the bibliographic reference from the relevant parts of the book, except for the place of publication which was not mentioned anywhere in the book (see the green part in the bibliographic reference). Isabelle Eberhardt une femme en mute to faUm title page back of the title page Authors Type of Mrilitittt Title I'lace of t'ttblication Publisher Merlis M, Gould D, Mahato B. RisingWit-of-pocket spending for medical fcarc: a growing strain on family budgets [Internet]. New York: Commonwealth Fund; 2006 Feb Icitcd 2006 Oct 2], 23 p. Available from: htrritf/www,cmwi]org/usr_do^ I !, I \ Date of Date of Extent Availability Publication Citation Model according to the NLM citation style manual Example 2 - Problematic citation 35 Step 3 — Searching for the missing piece of information Although you are not obliged to search for a missing piece of information, you should try anyway but do not spend too much time on that. In our example we did the following: 1. We looked at the webpage referring to the online book for whether there is either a city or state in which the publisher operates. In the footer of the webpage we tried to click on the link About to check whether the website is managed by the publisher of the book, because then this link would lead us to a page with information about the place of business of the publisher. Soubor Úpravy Zobrazení Hirtorie Záložky Nártroje Nápověda Free Medical Books | by Amedeo.c. ^ H ^ mvwr.freeboaks4doctors.com/f.php?f=pEyco FreeBooksaDoctors! Promoting free access to medical books ' Co gle~ Journals Subscribe • Smartphone Edition Amedeo (free medical literature guide) Search 359 Books, sorted by New 1. Topic AIDS Anatomy Cardiology Dermatology Hematology Infectious Diseases Neurology Oncology Pharmacology Psychology << Topic >> Patricia Bourcillier Isabelle Eberhardt French Flying Publisher 2012 260 pp 978-3-924774-69-1 2. The preceding step did not reveal any results, and therefore we tried to find the book by means of the WorldCat online catalogue (hrefhttp://www.worldcat.org/http://www.worldcat.org/), which allows one to search through catalogues of libraries around the word. Unfortunately, the found record doesn't include a place of publication, respectively includes a state with a question mark in brackets which means an uncertain data. Example 2 - Problematic citation 36 Isabelle Eberhardt: unefernrne en X (J) "> C 6 ©A https://www.worldcat.org/title/isabelk B *** ^ ft | ^ lll\ QD © B ® = Home t Search ^ Create lists, bibliographies and reviews: Sign in or create a free account This site uses CDDkies. By continuing to use the site, you are agreeing to OCLC's placement of cookies on your device. Find out more here. föWorldCaf Advanced Search Find a Library « Return to Search Results ^] Cite/Export ^ Print [^j E-mail Q Share ^ Permalink f^] Add to list ^ Add tags ^ Write a review Rate this item: -fr^>Ü"L> Isabelle Eberhardt: une femme en route vers 1'islam Auttion Patricia Bourcillier: Flying Publisher, Publisher: [Germany?] : Flying Publisher, [2012]. ©2012 Edition/Format: Q Print book : Biography : French View all editions and formats Rating: [not yet rated} |?i 0 with reviews - Be the first. Subjects Eberhardt. Isabelle. - 1377-1904. Africa. North. More like this p. Similar Items Get a Copy Find a copy in the library AbeBooks $27.92 Amazon $25.10 - Find a copy in the library Further possible steps are to try to find the publisher's contact information on the web, and look into other books by the same publisher for whether the place of publication might be specified there. However, you should not spend more than just a couple of minutes on this, because you are not obliged to search for information that are not given. In our case we consulted the citation style for how to proceed and learned that according to the NLM citation style, we should use a term expressing that the place of publication is not known. Specific Rules for Place of Publication • Locating the place of publication if tht | • Non-US cities ■ Joint publication places of publication Locating the place of publi on the Internet dp not displ BOX 39 NO place of publication can be found * If no place of publication, can be found on the title page or on the opening s reasonably inferred {eg, Chicago ay the place for a publication of the Arne as "[Chicago]" Trends in tuberculosis morbidity and mortality [Internet]. [New York Epidemiology and Statistics Unit; 2006 Jul [cited 2006 Xov 3]. 32 p \ 7A8D42,C2-FCCA-4604-8ADE-7F5D5E762256}TB06FINAL .PDI t * If no place of publication can be found or inferred use [place unknown] In this way we were able to finish the bibliographic reference for the online book, which ends with a note on the language of the document (French), as the NLM style requires for works not written in English. For the sake of completeness, we should add that we did not include the illustrator in the bibliographic reference for two reasons. Firstly, the portion of the illustrator's work on the creation of the book was negligible as she only illustrated the cover. Secondly, the NLM style says that such details are optional. Example 2 - Problematic citation 37 Bourcillier, P. Isabelle Eberhardt: une femme en route vers l'islam [Internet], [place unknown]: Flying Publisher; c2012 [cited 2014 Jun 26]. 288 p. Available from: http://www.free- books4doctors.com/link.php?id=1699. French. The final bibliographic reference to an online book Type of Place of Aulhorx Medium Title I'ublication Publisher Merlis M, f Medium Edition Place of Publication Sunderland Cooper CiM. The cell: Ja molecular approach [Internet]. 2nd ( (MA): Sinaucr Associates, Inc.; c2D0O, Figure 8.28, Ribosomc assembly; [died 20W> Nov 15]: [about I screen]. Available from: hiir»://w\vw.riebi.nhn.nih.gov/ cntrez/q Liery .fcgi?cmd"lScarc h&db_books&:K:oopcr%5Rbook%5D+ANnf 1 ^5606%5Buid%5I>&rid= grp. ^12 apcr.fig Dtne of Citation of Pari location Name una Ntimheri Availahiity Tide of (pagination) of Part tetter of Part of Par! Pun Model according to the NLM citation style manual Kopp, UC. Neural control of renal function [Internet]. San Ra- fael (CA): Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences; 2011. 3.1. Mea- surements of renal blood flow; [cited 2014 Jun 30]; [about 1 screen]. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK57243/#s3.1 The resulting bibliographic reference to a chapter in an online book Commentary on the bibliographic reference creation In the event of citing a chapter in an online book which is in a PDF file, proceed in the same way as when citing an online book and of course follow the model for the bibliographic reference to a chapter in an online book in the respective citation style (here the model above from the NLM style). Therefore, we demonstrate the citation of a chapter in an online book in HTML format above: • We copied most of the information necessary for the bibliographic reference from the title page of Commentary on the bibliographic reference creation 41 the online book (see the figure on the left), and created an almost complete bibliographic reference to an online book without page numbers and URL. This means that we provided the type of the document and the accessed date, i.e. [Internet], [cited 2014 Jun 30]. • We clicked on the title of the chapter on the website and displayed the page with the respective chapter. At this time we added the title of the chapter to the unfinished bibliographic reference, i.e. "Measurements of renal blood flow", and after "Available from:" the URL of the chapter, i.e. not the URL of the book overall (see figure on the left), but rather the URL displayed after opening the chapter (see the figure on the right). Contribution in a printed book This bibliographic reference differs from a reference to a chapter in a book only by the fact that the author and the title of the contribution are explicitly stated before the information about the anthology. the Last Glacial Maximum HE WrighttJr.J.EKutzbach, T.Webb III, ~* WF.Ruddiman,F.A. Street-Perrott, and P. J. Bartlein, editors i hi re I '■.iiy nf Minnesota Press . ... ,-iv, Ml. I \- V'.'l I il-v«! :< ■■).......i.....I Ii h ri üi.,.r l-i,-K,,iläl, Al M.....21-.!\{ LuvursLtfod Hi.....■una i inm riiOiKi; I niim.....r (Uviiuii i U'l 'ii ,i n„i:,..'. ...I.ill ".ill IÜ'............. I • .'-I II '.■• I'.'' . III. I I -II'. IJ Ul-.ii:>!! .Ulli-......V.l|!|ln™ I'......... I. ... |l, -i „n:„........,, ri VI' 1 ,:,-„...... S Ml,l,.,l'l(,-i.ill.,l,,:'. I ,. '" .....II V-!l I il.i,nn:,i:l,V UliM-'irl.'lt,.- \:........1. I, n. .■ 1, ,'lll.l.M h O I >, ,' I. I,', i ' II'.■!■■ I ■.'',' ^-Il|'|'.,- I' I' IM11! 111.......I 1 i.-K-ll l!IIS r.ihli,l.uLl.,[h.-lliii, III |iLTini-i. ri i-l I In 11 ■ i" -■ I -. 1 L--. InnrapolLa. MN fftmffn IJLiriiry uKIiiiigrtssCatalogliig-an-ri Commentary on the bibliographic reference creation 43 Auihur rule Publisher 0M. TTic I Utile of Publication Type of Medium Edition Place of Publication cd. Sunderland Cooper CJM. Thb cclha molecular approach [Internet]. 2nd < (MA): Sinaucr Associates, Inc.; c2000. Figure 8.28, Ribosoinc ;isscinbly: [tiled 2006 Nov 15]; [about I screen]. Available from: http://ww\v.nebi.nlm.nili.gov/ cntrfcz-query.fcgi^mdHScarch&db_baoks&dok*/c5n+ArJr)f 1 r^606*/^Buid^T>&rid=c\rjpcr,fig grp.^72 1 Dale »f Citation of Pari Location (pagination) tf I'uri Name and Number/ Letter of Part Avallahiity of Part Model according to the NLM citation style manual Harrison SP, Dodson J. Climates of Australia and New Guinea since 18,000 yr B.P In: Wright HE, Kutzbach JE, Webb T, Ruddiman WF, Street-Perrott FA, Bartlein PJ, editors. Global climates since the last glacial maximum. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; cl993. p. 265-293. the final bibliographic reference to an online book Commentary on the bibliographic reference creation Although the contribution is marked as Chapter 11, we did not create a bibliographic reference to a book chapter, but a contribution to an anthology. We chose to do this because the contribution was not written by the editors stated on the title page but the authors who are given in the title of the contribution. Furthermore, due to the fact that this is not an anthology from a conference, details about the conference are left out. Instead of the year of publication we entered the year of copyright into the bibliographic reference, because the year of publication is not given anywhere in the anthology. Contribution in an online book The way to create a bibliographic reference to a contribution in an online anthology is presented using a slightly complicated example, albeit one often encountered. We face here a situation when we have found publications to a given topic in the Springer Link database, and among them there was a link to a page with a contribution in an online anthology. Step 1 — open the website with the contribution Although the website contains information on the authors, title, etc. (see the bottom left figure marked with an arrow), the primary document for us is the contribution in the anthology itself. In this case the webpage has two buttons, the first of which Download Book refers to the full text of the whole anthology and the second Download Chapter to the full text of the contribution we found. Srjubor Üpravy Zobratzen? Historie Zälozky Nactrcje Nipcvrydi I Q The Factor Graph Network Ma... ^ Ü Nrik.ipinti9er.ct)m/