Jana Hrabcova žafter the defeat of revolution movement in Habsburg monarchy conservative absolutism again žthe ruler – Emperor ž žFranz Joseph I of Austria (1848–1916) ž1851 – the constitution was cancelled –neoabsolutism was introduced žthe main personality – the Prime Minister Alexander Bach → Bach´s absolutism žpolice regime, centralism, control of public life, strict censorship žpolitical rights cancelled žkept – eqality before the law, freedom of religion and cancellation of the serfdom žeconomic reforms ž žforeign policy – unsuccesful žneutrality in Crimean War 1853–1856 - Austrian Emperor agreed the intervention but did not support it, declared neutrality what caused international isolation of Habsburg Monarchy ž crimean_war_1853-6_map.jpg ž1859 – the war with Italy – Habsburgs were defeated and lost Lombardy žthis war caused deep financial crisis in Habsburg Monarchy žthis crisis and dissatisfaction with absolutist policy led to its end žits main representatives headed by Alexander Bach were withdrawn ž1860 – the October Diploma – the new imperial code – was proclaimed ž1861 – February - new the constitution was instroduced, it was the beginning of parliamentary monarchy in the Habsburg Empire ž ž ž1866 – Austrian-prussian war žAustria was defeated žAustria lost its influence in Italy and in Germany žinternal weakness of Habsurg Monarchy was shown žit was used by Hungarians – their representative count Julius Andrássy (1823–1890) žthey refused centralism but also federalism which proposed the Czech political representation žso called Compromise with Hungary in 1867 žthe empire was devided into two parts: the border the river Leithan between Austria and Hungary – the dual monarchy was established žCisleithania (Austrian lands, Bohemia, Moravia, Galicia and Bukovina, Adriatic lands – Dalmacia, Istria, Terst, Gorica) – domination of German nation žTranslaithania (Hungary, Upper Hungary – Slovakia, Transylvania, Croatia, Slavonia, Rijeka) – domination of Hungarian nation ž Austria-Hungary_map.svg.png žEmpire of Austria (Cisleithania): ž1.Bohemia, ž2. Bukovina, ž3. Carinthia, ž4. Carniola, ž5. Dalmatia, ž6. Galicia, ž7.Austrian Littoral, ž8. Lower Austria, ž9. Moravia, ž10. Salzburg, ž11. Silesia, ž12. Styria, ž13. Tyrol, ž14. Upper Austria, ž15. Vorarlberg; žKingdom of Hungary (Transleithania): ž16. Hungary ž17. Croatia-Slavonia; žAustrian Condominium: ž18. Bosnia and Herzegovina ž žAustria-Hungary became an union of two states with different constitutions a political system žthey had common ruler – the Emperor Franz Joseph I., common Ministry of War, Ministry of Finance, Ministry of Foreign Affairs žthey were connected also economicaly – common currency, customs union žcommon legislative organ for common issues žAustria – 1867 – liberal constitution, parliament monarchy – the power of the ruler was limited by parliament, the ministrers were responsible to the parliament which was approving the legislation and the taxes žthe ruler was not responsible to parliament (the rest of absolutism) žHungary – no liberalization but centralisation, the only Hungarian nation, the official language was hungarian, the other nations without any rights, high schools only in Hungarian language ž žthe Czech political representation was dissatisfied with the situation – the political rights of Hungarians were accepted but of Czechs were not žthey tried to change this situations many times but their politics were unsuccesful žthey started so called passive politics – they were boycotting the parliament sitting and the council meetings till 1878 ž žReadings: ž Okey, Robin (2001): The Habsburg Monarchy c. 1765-1918: From Enlightenment to Eclipse. London: Macmillan Press LTD. ž žNational Museum Prague, every day from 10 AM to 6 PM žhttp://monarchie.nm.cz/en/the-monarchy/ žhttp://monarchie.nm.cz/en/ žLocation: National Museum’s new building, Vinohradská 1, 110 00, Praha 1 ž žThe main objective of the exhibition “Monarchy” is to introduce to visitors the period in our history which showed significant traces of tradition, which, however, did not prevent the turbulent modernization process of the whole society. During the second half of the nineteenth century, the territory of the Czech lands faced changes that seemed to be the opposite of conservative values; nevertheless they brought development of the whole state and society in a number of sectors such as industry, science, culture and others. At the same time, the process of formation of the modern Czech society, which at that time was reaching the peak of its cultural and national emancipation, was completed – and all that was happening within the boundaries of the traditional Habsburg monarchy. žVisitors to the exhibition will see unique objects associated with the Emperor and his family, for example a dress of Empress Sissi, or a pencil the Emperor wrote with. Alike, the visitors will see many objects relating to the everyday life of the monarchy inhabitants. These objects will draw a visitor into a variety of contemporary social spheres. Thus the visitors will have the opportunity to look at a historical post office or a modern kitchen. The exhibition will bring them to a railway station, to a village, but also to a castle or a factory. Last but not least, the exhibition will present the period of 1848 – 1918 not only as a time of a great political and economic transformation, but it will also enable its visitors to look into the private world of our great-grandmothers and great-grandfathers. ž ž žthere were 8 smaller states in Italy - rulers - the Habsburgs, the Bourbons, the Pope žin the north-western part the most economicaly developed Kingdom of Sardinia and Piemont was situated, the home dynasty was ruling there – the House of Savoy – king Victor Emanuel II mediterranea4nunificationitaly1870.bmp ž1859 - the war with Habsburg Monarchy, žat the same time, the revolution in smaller states in the middle Italy broke out and the local pro-Habsburg rulers were everted žafter the plebiscit these states were connected with Victor Emanuel´s state žthe uprising led by legendary hero Giuseppe Garibaldi (1807–1882) – he led one thousand of men in red shirts to Palermo, occupied it, in September they entered the city of Naples and defeated the army of king Francis žthen Garibaldi gave his power to Victor Emanuel II and southern parts of Italy were unified with the nothern parts žMarch 1861 –the Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed in Torino ž1866 – after Austrian-prussian war Veneto was connected with the Kingdom of Italy ž1870 – the Papal state with Rome was annexed by the Kingdom of Italy ž1871 – Rome became the capital city of Italy žVictor Emanuel II ruled till 1878 ž Victor Emanuel.jpg žbetween 1849–1866 – struggle between Austria and Prussia for domination in German states (German Confederation) žin Prussia king William I (1861–1888, since 1871 the first German Emperor) žsince 1862 – the Prime Minister Otto von Bismarck – his target was to unify Germany „by blood and iron“ that means by army and military power and make Germany the strongest Empire in Europe ž 594px-Deutscher_Bund.svg.png ž1866 – the war with Austria žJuly 3rd 1866 the battle of Sadowa near Königgratz (Hradec Králové), 2nd biggest battle in Europe since the Battle of Leipzig in 1813 (8 000 – Austria was defeated and lost some areas in Germany and Veneto in Italy ž hradec_kralove_img_big_01.jpg žthe German Confederation existing since 1815 was dissolved žinstead of that the North German Confederation was constituted – 21 states – customs union, common currency and common foreign policy – the first step to unification žprussian king became the President of this Commonwealth and the commander-in-chef of the army žPrussia provoked France to declare war on Prussia in 1870 žFrance was defeated at the battle of Sedan in September 1870 – French king Napoleon III was captured what caused the fall of the French Empire žParis was besieged since September 1870 till January 1871 žin January 1871 – The German Empire was proclaimed ž ž 800px-Wernerprokla.jpg MapGermany1871.jpg žGermany annexed Alsace and Loraine what were the richest French provinces žGermany became federation of 25 states (22 states + 3 cities) with its own representatives žeach state nominated its represesentative to the Senate (Bundesrat), the memers of the assembly (Bundestag) were voted – the suffrage was universal for all the men since 25 years žGermany became European and world power with strong army and imperial politics žWilliam II (1888–1918) – the last prussian king and German Emperor ž žReadings: ž Breuilly,John (ed.): Nineteenth-Century Germany: Politics, Culture and Society 1780-1918.New York: Oxford University Press, 1997 and 2001. žGreat powers at the end of the 19th century: ž USA - the strongest žGermany (2nd world industrial area), the most powerful state in Europe, strong army, developed economy and culture žFrance – the bank of the world, 2nd strongest European state, succesful colonial politicis – colonies in Africa and in Asia žGreat Britain – the greatest colonial power – its domain included the geatest colony – India, also colonies in žin Asia Japan – constitutional monarchy, development of industry, expansive politics žAustria-Hungary –cooperation with Germany, its foreign politics focused on the Balkan Peninsula žRussia – economicaly and politicaly the weakest state among the great powers, military-political system, absolute power of the Tsar, no political rights for citizens, social movement, expansion to Asia – conflicts with Japan and Great Britain ž ž1879 – the secret agreement was concluded between Germany and Austria-Hungary – against France and Russia ž1882 – Italy joined this pact → Tripple Alliance (later the Central Powers) ž1893 – Russia and France made an agreement – they both were isolated and were affraid of strong and aggresive Germany ž1904 – so called Entente Cordial concluded between France and Great Britain (affraid of strong Germany) ž1907 – Russia + Britain → Tripple Entente ž žthe first conflict in Europe after 40 years žthe Balkan nations were fighting against Turkey which was occupiing them ž1912–1913 - 1st Balkan War – so called Balkan League (Bulgaria, Serbia, Greece and Montenegro) X Turkey – Turkey was defeated and its European areas were liberated žbut then the former allies started to fight with each other because of deviding of the liberated areas, Bulgaria had greatest war casualties and invested the most but the deliberated areas (Macedonia, Thrakia) got especially Greece and Serbia → Bulgaria was dissatisfied and declared war on Greece and Serbia → 2nd Balkan War – 1913 žTurkey and Rumania joined Greece and Serbia and they were fighting against Bulgaria which was defeated and lost also the areas which obtained after the 1st Balkan War žbut also Serbia was dissatisfied with the results of the wars (Serbia was expecting enlargement of its territory and wanted to raise Adriatic coast but instead of that Albania was formed) žSerbia started to prepair for the new war – wanted tu unify all the southern Slavs – who were living in Austria-Hungary ž ž1st Balkan War ž2nd Balkan War first_balkan_war_map.jpg Second Balkan War.JPG