Central Europe after WW II žWW II lasted for 2.194 days ž30 states, operations – 40 states ž110 millions of men and women (army) žNeutral – Ireland, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and Swiss žSoviet Union – 27 millions, China – 10 millions, Germany – 6 millions, Poland – 6 millions, Japan – 2.5 millions,… žGermany - the principle of collective guilt žNew superpowers: US and Soviet Union (defeated Nazi Germany), in Asia – growing China žNew trend in European policy – left žUS – the strongest world economy žApril 1945 – OSN - United Nations charter, Security Council, General Assembly (50 states, today more then 193, international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace, replaced the League of Nations, to stop wars between countries, and to provide a platform for dialogue. It contains multiple subsidiary organizations to carry out its missions) žJ.V. Stalin, H. Truman, W. Churchill /C. Attlee žMain goals: 1. united Germany – 4 occupation zones only temporary žplan 4 “D” – demilitarization, democratization, denazification, decartelization ž new boards – polish boards žexpulsion of Germans from Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary žwar reparations - products and raw materials žpunishment of war criminals ž žNovember 1945 – October 1946 ž24 Nazi functionaries were accused of crimes against peace and humanity ž12 executed žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kWR2I5Q9d9U žFebruary 1947 Paris – Bulgaria, Finland, Italy, Hungary, Romania žWith Germany and Japan – NEVER signed (conference in Moscow - contradictions between the powers – how should be Germany organized – centralized x federated) žAfter the common enemy was defeated – relation between US and Soviet Union became worse and slowly the rivalry began ž US – better economy, atomic bomb, technically better equipped army žSoviet Union – huge material lost, but still very powerful army – aroused American respect žAfter Japan was defeated – H. Truman – stop supplying – first step: from alliance to enemies (Lend-Lease aid) žStates of Central and Southeast Europe were liberalized mainly by Red Army žFrom Czechoslovakia and Yugoslavia Red Army left immediately, but in Romania, Hungary, Poland, Finland and in occupied zones (Austria, Germany) stayed ž ž ž ž ž žGrowing power of the Soviet political system in these states žPolicy of these states should had been directly under the control of Soviet Union ž1946 – 1948 emergency of the bloc of the states with so called Democratic People's Republic of… žOut of direct sphere of influence – Greece, since 1955 Austria and Finland ž1947 establishment of Infobyro – organization, Soviet government was able to control and lead the other communistic parties žGrowing leftist governments in West Europe ž ž1947 - H. Truman – Doctrine against Communism ž1946 – W. Churchill – Iron Curtain žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jvax5VUvjWQ ž1946 – G. Marshall – Marshall Plan, Czechoslovakia and Poland had to refuse – definitive line between East and West ž ž ž COLD WAR ž žNo open military conflict žRivalry: policy, economy, science, culture and sport,…very dangerous phenomenon of the conflict East and West was armaments žSoviet Union x West Bloc žIn western occupation zones – 4 political parties, election, institutions under the occupation power gave the political power to new local governments žIn soviet zone – one party (communists and social democrats), land reform, nationalization of some factories and denacification (schools, offices) žJune 1948 - 3 zones – monetary reform, reparation was cancelled, Marshall Plan žSoviet, American, French and British žextreme poverty žthe black market - American cigarettes žrationing is the controlled distribution of scarce resources, goods, or services. Rationing controls the size of the ration, one's allotted portion of the resources being distributed on a particular day or at a particular time. žUS and GB – 1. 1. 1947 – Bizone and April 1948 Trizone žJune 1948 – decision to establish Germany (3 zones) – Soviet reaction – occupation of western ways to Berlin - collapse in supplying the city- Berlin Crises ž žCommon control of Germany was finished žJ.V. Stalin – to oust western army from Berlin – centre of the soviet zone žJune 1948 Soviet army started to block Berlin žBerlin crises žSeptember 1949 – Federal Republic of Germany, Konrad Adenauer, Independent position – West Berlin žOctober 1949 - GDR ž žPresident W. Pieck žSoviet control žEstablishing - two German states - completed struggling for the post-war order in Europe ž J.V. Stalin – new wave of terror, no criticism, labor camp žhttp://www.google.cz/search?q=soviet+working+camps&hl=cs&prmd=imvns&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ei=p R2ZUMrwCIjEswaM8oHIBA&ved=0CAcQ_AUoAQ&biw=1008&bih=619 žextreme poverty x extreme investment – army žCrises of agriculture, 1946 - crop failure žSoviet policy - Soviet-bloc countries were subordinate Moscow, Soviet advisers in Security forces ž1949 - Council for Mutual Economic Assistance ž1949 Council for Mutual Economic Assistance - Soviet Union – economical power – control over the national economies, members: Soviet Union, Albania, Bulgaria, Romania, Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, East Germany,…Cuba, Mongolia and Vietnam žPolitical (Show)trials – ag. Communist and non – communists - accused of subversive activities, effort to find the culprit responsible for economic problems and effort to discourage people from disagreeing with the regime ž50´s Hungary, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia,… žMilada Horaková ž ž žnationalization of industry, prohibitions and restrictions on private enterprise and the peasants were forced to join the collective farm žHardest enforcement - Soviet interests ended in 1953 žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=T-EwVVm89og žration repository, ended 1953 žLack of food ž1947 - disastrous drought žprerequisite for economic recovery -Monetary reform -Payroll reform -child benefit -Xmas benefits -extension of paid leave ž X žVolume of industry ½ compare to before WWII žURNA - žUnited Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration (UNRRA), organization founded (1943) during World War II to give aid to areas liberated from the Axis powers. 52 participating countries, each of which contributed funds amounting to 2% of its national income in 1943. A sum of nearly $4 billion was expended on various types of emergency aid, including distribution of food and medicine and restoration of public services and of agriculture and industry. China, Czechoslovakia, Greece, Italy, Poland, the Ukrainian SSR, and Yugoslavia were the chief beneficiaries. UNRRA returned some 7 million displaced persons to their countries of origin and provided camps for about 1 million refugees unwilling to be repatriated. More than half the funds were provided by the United States. žMay 1945 – wild expulsion (15,000 – 30, 000)!! - displacement and expulsion of German populations, Saxon, Austria – 660, 000 ž žAugust 1945 – transfer of German populatin form Czechoslovakia and Poland, expulsion of Hungarian population was not agreed žRelated President´s Decrees - revoke citizenship, National Administration of firms, confiscation of land žimmovable property, valuables žPersonal luggage 30 – 50 kilos žOrganized transfer – 1946 - Allied Control council. 2, 256,000 ž1947 – 48 - Additional transfer - family reunification – 80, 000 žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g6IFfQdM7EI&feature=related ž žIn Slovakia 600, 000 Hungarians žWest powers did not agree with the transfer but 1946 - Czechoslovakian - Hungarian Agreement on exchange of populations ž(only 73,000 to Slovakia and quite a lot of Romas) ž ž1939 – 118, 310 x 1945 14, 045 žOpen asylum policy, pro – Jewish state policy žAnna Hanusová – Flachová ž žBRENNER, H.: The Girls of Room 28: Friendship, Hope, and Survival in Theresienstad. New York 2009. ž ž ž1946 – last democratic election - National Assembly žParties: ž- Communists (mass party. 1,000,000) ž- National Socialists ž - The People's Party ž - Social Democrats -Democratic Party – Slovakia,… - - žCzech lands: -Communists – 40% žX žSlovakia: ž- Democratic Party – 62% x Communists – 30% ž1947 – drought žReduction of the supplying – growing black market žSlovakia – real poverty žSoviet Union help – 600,000 tons of grain x propaganda – Soviets saved Czechoslovakia again… ž žpotato beetle žpropaganda and publicity campaigns, mass protests, staged affair and assassination attempts, some of the policy component – provocation and espionage + close ties to the Soviet Union effort to influence opinion about situation in CZE žconvergence process of democratic forces began late – lack of unifying personality žCommunists – mass POPULARITY žExtra income to the Treasury žgovernment succumbed to pressure – state budget + 6,000,000,000 Czechoslovak crown ž(76 304 993 000 Kčs) ž žFeb 20th – 12 ministers (non communists) resigned, expected early elections or resignation of KSČ žX žCommunists took action Feb 21st – demonstration in Prague ž žFeis, H.: Between War and Peace: The Potsdam Conference. Greenwood Publishing Group, 1983. žRoberts, G.: Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939-1953. Yale University Press, 2006. žKaplan, K.: The Short March: The Communist Takeover in Czechoslovakia, 1945-1948. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers, 1987. žZeman, Z.: The Life of Edvard Beneš, 1884-1948: Czechoslovakia in Peace and War. Clarendon Press, 1997. ž ž ž