Jana Hrabcova ž1526 – 1918 žThe Habsburg rule brought the re-introduction of the Roman Catholic faith, centralization and the construction of a multi-national empire. The Habsburgs included the Crownlands of Bohemia in their monarchy, and they remained a part of the Habsburg Empire until 1918 ž ž ž žFerdinand I (1526–1564) žHoly Roman Emperor since 1558 (after his brother Charles V died) žking of Bohemia and Hungary since 1526 (elected by Bohemian and Hungarian Diet because he was a husband of Anne Jagiellonica – sister of Bohemian and Hungarian king Luis II who died at the battle of Mohács in 1526) žking of Croatia, Dalmatia, Slavonia, and formally king of Serbia, Galicia (in Eastern Europe) and Lodomeria, etc. ž žFerdinand I žAnne of Hungary and Bohemia 303px-Hans_Bocksberger_der_Aeltere_001.jpg 220px-Hans_Maler_-_Queen_Anne_of_Hungary_and_Bohemia_-_WGA13895.jpg žThe key events during his reign were: vthe contest with the Ottoman Empire oTheir great advance into Central Europe began in the 1520s othey unsuccessfuly assaulted Vienna, the capital of Habsburg Monarchy, in 1529 oThe Siege of Vienna took 150 days othe aim of the campain was securing control over all of Hungary and weakening of the power of Habsburgs ounusually bad weather conditions saved Vienna, the heavy rain and snowfall made the Turks to leave othey returned in 1533, but their army wasn´t so strong o1533 – a peace treaty with the Ottoman Empire splitting Hungary into a Habsburg sector in the west and a vassal state of the Ottoman Empire in the east o o o o o o o o ž ž vthe contest with the protestant Reformation, which resulted in several wars of religion •1519 – The ninety-five thesis Wittneberg - was written by Martin Luther in 1517 and is widely regarded as the primary catalyst for the Protestant Reformation •The disputation protests against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences o1546–1547 – the Smalkaldic war – the Smalkaldic Union of protestant towns and princes united against ruling catholic Habsburg dynasty oFerdinad and his brother Charles V., the Emperor, formed a strong army othey also asked the Bohemian estates to form an army and send it to fight against Smalkaldic Union othe Bohemians refused to do it because they didn´t want to fight against protestants and also because the Bohemian national army could be called only to defend the country not to conquere foreign lands or to fight abroad o o o ž oso the Bohemian estates were protesting and they rose up against Habsburgs obut the rebellion was easily supressed and represions succeded othe represions against nobility weren´t so strict (usually the noblemen lost their property) but the towns, which were also participating on the uprising, were excluded from the political life and the town goverment was under the control of the royal clerks oalso the hussite church was persecuted in Bohemian Lands o žMaxmilian II (1562–1576) žhe ratified the religious programe of Bohemian non-catholic estates - so called The Bohemian Confession žbut he ratified it only orally so it didn´t bring the religious liberty as the Bohemian estates wished o ž 800px-Growth_of_Habsburg_territories.jpg žleft Vienna for Prague, Bohemian capital grew into an important center of European culture ž1593–1606 – „The Long War“ – with Osman Turks žThe Czech Estates forced Rudolph II to issue a decree - so called "Maiestatus" or the Letter of Majesty - proclaiming freedom of religious confession in Bohemian Lands ž1604 –1606 – uprising in Hungary žRudolph was a weak ruler, not very interested in politics – since 1608 – he ruled only over Bohemia, Silesia and Lusitania, his brother Mathiass became a ruler in Moravia, Austria and Hungary ž ž ž ž ž žRudoplh supported culture, arts, sciences tec. ždue to many artist and scientist and the development of culture and natural sciences his capital city was called „the Golden Prague“ žRudolph also supported natural philosofers such as the astronomers Tycho Brahe and Johannes Kepler, also Giordanno Bruno spent some time in Prague when he was on the run from the inquisition žRudolf kept a menagerie of exotic animals, botanical gardens, and Europe's most extensive "cabinet of curiosities"(Kunstkammer) žRudolph also patronated occult sciences, many alchymists stayed in Prague during his reign žHis lifelong wish was to find the Philosopher's Stone and become immortal žRudolf invited Europe's best alchemists to court, such as Edward Kelley and John Dee žhe had his private alchemy laboratory where he arranged his own experiments žapart from the Philosopher´s Stone the alchymsits also wanted to construct an artificial human being – homunkulus ž ž •Interesting web site: http://english.habsburger.net/ ž žRudolph loved collecting paintings and was also patron of many contemporary artists – e.g. Giuseppe Arcimboldo, Bartolomeus Spranger, Hans von Aachen, Adrian de Vries and many others ž 488px-Arcimboldovertemnus.jpeg ždominating artificial style in 16th and 17th century in Bohemia and in the Central Europe žthe Prague Castle was rebuilt in this style žA villa for Queen Anna – Belveder near the Prague Castle žmany Italian architects came to Bohemia žOld castles are rebiult into the modern chateaus – e. g. Chateau Litomyšl (UNESCO), Castle Český Krumlov – UNESCO žProsperity of the towns – town halls, squares, houses ž palaces of the nobility built in the towns žTown of Telč – houses with picturesque facades and arcades - UNESCO žnear to the Brno – Bučovice castle – unique - newly built castle ž žThe Town of Telč žChateau of Litomyšl telc3.jpg slide0001_image002.jpg žBelveder žČeský Krumlov Belveder.jpg krumlov.jpg žThe house at the Old Town Square in Prague žThe Town Hall in Pilsen staromák.jpg town hall pilsen.jpg žChateau of Opočno žChateau of Bučovice opocno07.jpg bucovice.jpg žThe Emperor Ferdinand II tried to limit the freedom of religious confession and his efforts sparked a civil war between the Estates and the Catholic Emperor which later spread into Europe under the name of the Thirty Years' War ž ž1618 – The so-called Defenestration of Prague – the unpopular king´s representatives in Bohemia (the governors) were thrown out of a window of the Prague Castle Defenestration-prague-1618.jpg žThe Bohemians elected an independent king Frederick V. žThe Bohemian Estates and their army were defeated in 1620 at the Battle of the White Mountain and the Kingdom of Bohemia lost its independence for the following almost 300 years žthe Catholic faith was declared to be the only permitted creed in the country žThe period of the Thirty Years' War brought political disorder and economic devastation to Bohemia which had far-reaching consequences on the future development of the country. ž ž žThe throne of Bohemia became hereditary in the Habsburg dynasty and the most important offices were transferred permanently to Vienna žFerdinand II issued an edict, which ordered all non-Catholic noblemen to convert or to emigrate – so the large wave of emmigration succeeded žthe hussite or protestant inhabitansts were often violently forced to convert žtightening of serfdom žGerman soon became the first language of the country ž ž ž žUnsuccesful siege of Brno by Swedish army in 1645 783px-Veduta_z_obléhání_Brna_Švédy_v_roce_1645.jpg vPolitical: žthe defeat of Czech Estates and the liquidation of the Czech Lands confederation enabled the Habsburgs to introduce a model based on a powerful´s monarch´s rule, traditionally called royal (Baroque) absolutism žin 1621 a greant trial with politicians who had been active in rebellion took place in Prague, their properties were confiscated and divided among the Catholic nobility from Bohemia, Austria and Hungary žon June 21 1621 – twenty-seven Estates oppositions leaders were executed in the old Town Square in Prague žthe Habsburg were planning to establish a completely new order in the Kingdom of Bohemia and to implement radical changes in the Bohemian Lands´ status žthey decided to eliminate the Estates opposition completely, to establish a strong ruling position and to incorporate the Lands of the Bohemian Crown into the Habsburg monarchy much more firmly than ever before ž 200px-Kaiser_Ferdinand_II._1614.jpg vPolitical: žFerdinand II entrusted the administration of the Kingdom of Bohemia to the Catholic politician Karl I, Prince of Lichtenstein who became a royal vice-regent žin Moravia, the king was represented by a proconsul and governor – the Bishop of Olomouc, Cardinal Franz of Dietrichstein žthe new relationship between king and estates was codified in the Renewed Land Ordinances, which were issued for Bohemian Kingdom in 1627 and for the Margraviate of Moravia in 1628 žthose were in fact new constitutions, the problem was, that they were issued without the Estates´ cooperation, the powers of the Estates were strictly limited žThe Renewed Ordinance considerably augmented the ruler´s power in the Czech Lands ž vEconomical and social: žthe country was destroyed, many people died in the consequence of diseases, famine ... žnot enough labour power – that caused tightening of serfdom žthe peasants were not allowed to marry, move house, study or learn a trade without their landlord´s consent žthe peasants also had to pay heavy governmental taxation žafter the Battle of White Mountain unprecedented property and financial speculations ždevaluation, literally cutting the coins žblack death epidemies vEconomical and social: žthe fastest to recover was trade with distant countries, followed by local trade and handicraft ž1666 – a commercial board (Commerzkollegium), an office for monitoring and support of economic life in Czech and Austrian lands was established – based on thoughts of leading German mercantilist Johann Joachim Becher žthe first decades od 18th century – the beginning of major manufacturing development in the Czech Lands žthe foreign experts were coming to the Habsburg Monarchy žin the Czech Lands, the manufacturing was oriented mainly towards linen production ž ž vReligious: žafter two hundred years, the Catholic clergy was elevated to become the first and the most important Estate žthe dominance of the Roman Catholic Church was secured – the re-Catholicization started, žthe Catholic faith the only permitted creed in the country žFerdinand II also issued an edict, which ordered all non-Catholic noblemen to convert or to emigrate – so the large wave of emmigration succeeded žamong the emigrés were many outstanding scholars and intellectuals, such as Jan Amos Komenský (Comenius) a prominent thinker, teacher and scholar of European renown žthe hussite or protestant inhabitansts were often violently forced to convert žforced conversion along with the tightening of serfdom and aggravating the social situation, resulted in unrest in the rural parts of the coutry and led to several peasant rebellions žone of the most destructive conflicts in European history žthe war was fought largely as a religious conflict between Protestants and Catholics in the Holy Roman Empire žlater the war became more a continuation of the Bourbon–Habsburg rivalry for European political pre-eminence, and in turn led to further warfare between France and the Habsburg powers žall European states participated on the Thirty Years´ War – directly or indirectly žthe Peace of Westphalia finished The Thirty Years´War – series of peace treaties signed between May and October of 1648 ž ž ž vThe main tenets of the Peace of Westphalia: žAll parties would recognize the Peace of Augsburg of 1555 (each Prince in HRE could choose the religion of his own state – or Catholicism, or Lutheranism or Calvinism) – cuius regio, eius religio žChristians living in principalities where their denomination was not the established church were guaranteed the right to practice their faith in public during allotted hours and in private at their will žGeneral recognition of the exclusive sovereignty of each party over its lands, people, and agents abroad. žReadings: •Grafton, Anthony(2001): Thirty Years War. New York Review of Books. •Duchhardt, Heinz : Münster/Osnabrück as a Short-Lived Peace System. In: Goudoever, Albert P. van (ed.) (1993): Great Peace Congresses in History 1648–1990. Utrecht. Pp 13–19. ž žAround 1600 in Italy, in Central Europe during 17th and 18th century žThe last universal style žEncouraged and supported by the Catholic Church žPaintings – Karel Škréta, Václav Vavřinec Reiner žSculptures – Matyas Bernard Braun (Charles Bridge – sculptures, Kuks), Ferdinad Maxmilian Brokoff (Charles Bridge) žMusic – Adam Václav Michna z Otradovic, Jan Dismas Zelenka žLiterature žArchitecture ž ž ž Karel Škréta – Self Portrait žKarel Škréta - Paris and Helen skreta_autoportret.JPG 483px-Karel_Škréta_-_Paris_a_Helena.jpg ž žPilgrimage Church of St John of Nepomuk on Zelena hora Hill ž-Jan Blažej Santini-Aichel žhttp://www.santini.cz/index-en.aspx ž žPrague – St. Nicholas Church – Christof and Kilian Ignac Dienzenhofer zelenahora11_b.jpg 6.jpg žKuks – Matyas Bernard Braun žCharles Bridge – St. Adalbert – F. M. Brokoff 1 (50)-Kuks-Matthias Bernard Braun´s statues-Virtues and Vices.JPG Charles_Bridge_St_Adalbert.jpg žChateau Vranov nad Dyjí – Jan Bernard Fischer von Erlach žhttp://www.zamek-vranov.cz/en/ žChateau Milotice - Josef Emanuel Fischer von Erlach žhttp://www.zamekmilotice.cz/virtualni-prohlidka-2/ ž vranov.jpg milotice.jpg žGreen Market - The Parnas Fountain - Johann Bernhard Fischer von Erlach žSt. Johns´Church, Minoritská street, Brno 450px-Kašna_Parnas_(Brno)_(6033).jpg 800px-Brno,_kostel_(10).jpg