Jana Hrabcova žGermany žthe Third Reich – Adolf Hitler as a Führer (Leader) – all the power centralized in his hands, nazism, Gestapo (secret police – Heinrich Himmler) – persecuting of Jews, liberals, Socialist, and Communist opposition – concentrations camps, propaganda (Minister Joseph Goebbels), economical prosperity again – preparations for the war, in 1935 – Germany began to re-arm, 1936 – remilitarization of Rhineland, axis with Italy and later also with Japan … žattack on Poland in September 1939, attack on France in spring 1940, autumn 1940 – the battle of Britain, June 1942 – operation Barbarossa – attack on USSR – from September 1942 to February 1943 – the battle of Stalingrad – crucial point of the war, the Soviets won and launched great offensive ž1944 – crisis of Nazi regime žJanuary 1945 – Germans stopped by French and American troops at western front ž žEurope under Nazi domination Europe_under_Nazi_domination.png žAustria žafter Anschluss in March 1938 (Fall Otto) Austria became a part of German territory žin April a plebiscite that confirmed annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany ž ž žHungary žterritorial gains – from Czechoslovakia, Rumania and Yugoslavia žhungarian nazism ž1940 - joined Axis Berlin – Rome – Tokyo žParticipated on the invasions of Yugoslavia and of the Soviet Union ž 800px-TeritorialGainsHungary1920-41.svg.png žPoland žOctober 1938: annexation of Zaolzie, Górna Orawa, Jaworzyna from Czechoslovakia žMarch 31, 1939: military guarantees from United Kingdom and France žAugust 23, 1939: non-aggression pact between Soviet Union and Germany: Ribbentrop-Molotow Pact with a secret military alliance protocol targeting Poland žSeptember 1 – October 6, 1939: Invasion of Poland žPoland attacked by Nazi Germany without declaring war on Poland ž17th September – USSR attacked Poland and occupied eastern part of Poland žso called New Partition of Poland – western part under German Reich, central part – General Gouvernement (with the capital city of Krakow) – the head Hans Frank, eastern part – occupied by USSR žmany concentration camps in Poland – Auschwitz, Majdanek, Sobibor, Treblinka ... žsegregation of Jews – a big ghetto in Warsaw – from April to May 1943 – Warsaw Ghetto Uprising žof Poland's prewar Jewish population of 3 million, only about 369,000 survived the war žPolish resistance movement – Polish goverment in exile with Władysław Sikorski as Prime Minister, in Poland the Home Army (Armia Krajowa) and the Peoples Army (Armia Ludowa) ž ž žCzechoslovakia žin Czechoslovakia numerous German minortity, Sudeten German Party with the leader Konrad Henlein žApril 1938 – Carlsbad Decrees demanding the authonomy for Sudeten Germans and the freedom to profess Nazi ideology, Sudeten Germans expected that President Beneš will refuse their exaggerated requirments žCzechoslovak government was forced to coclude an agreement with Henlein but he refused all their suggestions according to Hitler´s instructions žseveral negotiations on Czechoslovakia between Hitler and British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain during September 1938: ž žA movie: žCrisis: A Film of the Nazi Way žPart 1: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=try7eIZLN8I&feature=related žPart 2: žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fM5Cuf3L8zQ žPart 3: žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vyepon6hE9E&feature=related žPart 4: žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=msqVf42048s žPart 5: žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIe8yg6YVAs žPart 6: žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YfU_C8ShWag žPart 7: žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hxWCZx04_xY žPart 8: žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cBKgyryPe8Q ž ž15th September – Berchtesgaden – Great powers were putting pressure on Czechoslovak government to accept Hilter´s requirments – he wanted Sudeten, firstly Czechoslovak government refused British and French pressure but on 21st September was forced to accept Hitler´s requirments ž22nd September – Bad Godesberg – new Hitler´s requirments – he wanted to occupy Czechoslovak fortification and some border areas for Poland and Hungary žHitler announced that he will attack Czechoslvoakia on 28th September (according to the Fall Grün prepared already in April 1938) žchange of the government in Czechoslovakia – Prime Minister General Syrový ž23rd September – general mobilization in Czechoslovakia ž ž29th to 30th September – Negotioations of four Great powers in Munich (Germany – Hitler, Italy – Mussolini, Great Britain – Chamberlain, France – Daladier) – about Czechoslovak frontiers and German requirments but without Czechoslovakia – France and Great Britain were Czechoslovak allies but they signed the agreement with the enemy: žthe Munich Agreement, Czechoslovakia(Czechoslovak troops) had to evacuate Sudeten and cede it to Germany, žthe USSR did not reply for the Czechoslovak application for the help žfrom 1st to 10th October Czechoslovak borderland was occupied by German troops and annexed to Germany, Poland got the area around Těšín and Spiš, Hungary got Carpathian Ruthenia and southern parts of Slovakia žCzechoslovakia lost 1/3 of its area, 1/3 of light industry, in southern Slovakia fertile soil important for agriculture was lost žthe First Czechoslovak republic was dissoluted, so called Second Czecho-Slovak Republic till March 1939 – President Emil Hácha, no parliamentary democracy anymore ž7th October – autonomy of Slovakia was proclaimed – Czecho–Slovakia ž žSeptember 1938 – Munich Agreement – lost of Sudetenland žMarch 1939 – establishing of Protectorate Bohemia and Moravia žMarch 1939 – Slovak State Czechoslovakia_1939.SVG.png ž13th March 1939 – Slovak Prime Minister Jozef Tiso was invited into Berlin – he was made to enforce the separation of Slovakia ž14th March 1939 – Slovak State was proclaimed, dependent on Germany ž14th March 1939 – President Hácha and Foreign Minister Chvalkovský invited to Berlin – Hitler threatened with bombing of Prague – they were forced to sign the document asking Germany for protection what was in fact forced capitulations ž15th March 1939 – German army occupied Bohemia and Moravia – dissolution of Second Czechoslovak Republic ž16th March 1939 – the occupants proclaimed Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia – it was part of German Reich, formaly autonomous state with so called State President Emil Hácha and Prime Minister Rudolf Beran but the real power was in hands of Reichsprotektor Konstantin von Neurath and later Reinhard Heydrich ž žJews were dismissed from the civil service and placed in an extralegal position, žthe Czechs launched secret resistance movement to Nazi occupation, Czechoslovak Government in exile in London žmass demonstrations in October 1939 – the anniversary of establishing of Czechoslovakia – one student Vojtěch Sedláček was shot to death and the second one – Jan Opletal was seriously injured and died later, his funeral on 15th November became a new mass manifestation žthe Nazis started an intervention against students on 17th November 1939 – 9 students were executed, 1200 of them deported into concentration camp in Sachsenhausen, all the Universities in Protectorate were closed (→ International Students´ Day) ž žSeton-Watson, Hugh: Eastern Europe 1918 – 1941. Hamden 1962. žRotschild, Joseph: East Central Europe between the Wars. Seattle 1974. žVoráček, Emil and others: The Disintegration of Czechoslovakia in the end of 1930s. Policy in Central Europe. Prague 2009. žhttp://www.holocaustresearchproject.org/toc.html žThe Soviet Red Army žsince March 1943 to May 1944 – the territories in the Ukraine were liberated žAugust 1944 – Nazi regime in Romania was overthrown žSeptember 1944 – also Bulgaria became a member of anti-Nazi alliance žYugoslavia – strong resistance movement – communists (Partisans) under the leadership of Josip Broz Tito, in October 1944 – Belgrade was liberated with the help of Red Army, the rest of Yugoslavia liberated mostly by Partisans ž from October 1944 till February 1945 – fights in Hungary, siege of Budapest ž žin April 1945 German-Hungarian forces finaly pushed from Hungary to Austria žFebruary 1945 Poland (17th February – liberation of Warsaw) žin January 1945 – the Provisional Governement in Poland – with Soviet support žmembers of anti-German resistance movement that remained loyal to London exile government were arrested by the Soviets, many of them exiled žThe conflict in Poland continued – since 1943 – Polish-Ukrainian War ž žGeneral Ludvik Svoboda, Commander in Chef of the First Czechoslovak Army ž žfrom 29th August 1944 till the end of October 1944 – the Slovak National Uprising – the Partizans and members of so called First Czechoslovak Army against German occupation žSeptember to November 1944 – Red Army crossed border mountains after cruel fights and entered Slovakia (Battle of the Dukla Pass – 22,000 soldiers of Red Army were killed) žthen the Red Army advanced throw Slovakia towards Vienna, during this advance Bratislava was liberated (4th April 1945), then Brno (26th April) and Ostrava (30th April) ž Legie_-_slavnostní_nástup.jpg žwestern part of Bohemia was liberated by American troops under the command of general George S. Patton but the Soviets asked Americans to stop in Pilsen and not to continue to Prague ž5th May 1945 – the May Uprising of Bohemian People in Prague and then in the whole country žSoviet Generals refused an offer of General Eisehower – he wanted to send American troops to help the uprising but the Soviets wanted to liberate Prague themselves ž8th May 1945 – liberation of Prague and the end of the WW II in Europe ž ž30th April – Hitler committed suicide ž2nd May – Fall of Berlin ž7th May – capitulation of Germany – confirmed again at night from 8th to 9th May ž žin July 1945 – the Allied leaders met in Potsdam, Germany – this conferrence confirmed earlier agreements about Germany – so called Programme of four D (denazification, demilitarization, democratization and decartelization) žalso the resettlement of German minority from Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary and Yugoslavia žAugust 1945 – International Trial in Nüremberg – after almost one year of trial 12 prominent Nazis sentenced to death ž žGermany divided into four ocuppation zones – French in the southwest, British in the northwest, United States in the south, and Soviet in the east, also Berlin, which was situated in the Soviet zone, was divided into four occupation zones žall the territorries that Germany had occupied (Austria, Czechoslovakia …) were detached žGermany lost some territories for Poland and Russia, new Polish frontiers on the Oder-Niesse line žmillions of ethnic Germans expelled from Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary returned to Germany ž žOccupations zones in Germany and Berlin ELT200804101435342760527.GIF