Jana Skerlova Central_europe_9th_century.png žhttp://www.filmcyrilametodej.cz/en/about-film/ žThe movie (document) about Cyril and Methodius CyMe.jpg q 6th century – the Slavic tribes came to this area and settled on the left bank of Danube River qthe very first Slavic state in the 9th century – situated mostly around the Moravia River – The Great Moravia q cultural development resulted from the mission of Saints Cyril (Constantine) and Methodius – 863 qtranslation of the Bible into the slavic language, preaching in slavic language → the Christianity widespread faster qThey created the new slavonic alphabet (Glagolitsa) q885 – Methodius died → their disciples were expeled from G.M. – went to Bulgaria, Croatia, Macedonia etc., invented cyrilic script ž žBeginning of 10th century – The Great Moravia was destroyed because of internal political struggles and the attack by Hungarian tribes žThe territory inhabited by Slovaks became a part of newly created Kingdom of Hungary žthe centre of the Bohemian state moved to Bohemia – The duchy of Bohemia was established, dependent on German Empire žPrague became the capital city ž10th century – duke Wenceslaus → assassinated by his brother → Saint Wenceslaus – the saint patron of the Czech lands ž ž ž ž svaty vaclav.jpg ž973 – the Prague Bishopric was established (bishop Adalbert – St. Vojtech - apostolic mission to Poland) žthe Kingdom of Bohemia since the end of 12th century žstrong and large - emancipation from the German Empire žOttokar II(1253–1278, Přemysl Otakar II) – The Iron and Golden King , the height of the power of Bohemia žvery rich and powerful – his kingdom from the Krkonoše mountains to the Adriatic sea ž1278 – killed at the unsuccesfull war against the Habsburgs žWenceslaus II of Bohemia (1278–1305) – King of Bohemia, King of Poland žWenceslaus III (1305–1306) – King of Bohemia, Poland and Hungary, assassinated without heirs – the Premyslid dynasty died out in the male tail ž ž žThe kingdom of Ottokar II žAround 1270 žThe Kingdom of Wenceslaus II around 1301 Reich_König_Ottokar_II._Přemysl.jpg WenceslausIImap-en.png intro-hradcany2.jpg KarluvMost2.JPG žJohn of Bohemia (1310–1346, John the Blind) married Wenceslaus’s sister Elizabeth (Eliška) → a new dynasty on the Bohemian throne – the Luxembourgs žCharles IV žthe king of Bohemia (1346–1378) and Holy Roman Emperor (1355–1378) §The Holy Roman Empire (962–1806) – an empire existing in Europe since 962 till 1806, ruled by Roman Emperor (present –day territories of Germany, Austria, the Czech Republic, Switzerland and Liechenstein, the Netherlands, Belgium, Luxembourg, Slovenia, parts of eastern France, nothern Italy and western Poland) žthe most important and the best known Bohemian king – till nowadays regarded as Pater Patriae (Father of the Country), his reign is considered as the golden age of Bohemia ž1356 - The Golden Bull – the basic law of the Holy Roman Empire, for a period of more than four hundred years fixed important aspects of the constitutional structure of the Holy Roman Empire ž žCharles IV žJohn of Luxembourg at the battle of Crecy Karel_IV._na_web_ISJ.jpg Jan Lucemburský.jpg žPrague became the capital of the Holy Roman Empire, most important city in the Central Europe žCharles IV rebuilt the city on the model of Paris, in Gothic style žestablished the New Town of Prague (Nové Město), Charles Bridge, Charles Square, St. Vitus Cathedral, rebuilt the Prague Castle … ž1348 – he founded the University of Prague, later named after him, the very first university in Central Europe – important for development of education, science and culture in the CE, Prague became intellectual centre of the CE žThe Karlstejn Castle – a place for safekeeping the Imperial Regalia and Bohemian Crown Jewels ž žKingdom of Bohemia during the reign of Charles IV Karte_Böhmen_unter_Karl_IV.png žBohemian Crown Jewels žThe Karstejn Castle (near Prague) hrad-korunovacni-klenoty.jpg 01-karlstejn-pohled.jpg žBitov Castle (Southern Moravia) žSt. Jakob’s Church (Brno) hrad-bitov-2.jpg kostel_sv_Jakuba.jpg žWenceslaus IV (1378–1419) – weak ruler, King of Bohemia žSigismund of Luxembourg(1410–1437) – Wenceslaus’ brother, a king of the Holy Roman Empire žreligious wars errupted in Bohemian lands žMaster Jan Hus – became one of the forerunners of the Protestant Reformation žscholar.clergyman, preacher and Professor of Prague University žwanted to reform certain practices of the Roman Catholic Church žhe was protesting against clerical abuses, especially the sale of indulgences (paying for forgivness of the sins during the confession) žhe also declared that the clergy should live according to the Bible, in poverty, without property and a secular power žthe mortal sins should be prohibited and punished žhe also proclaimed that the believers should understand the Holy Writ so it should be proclaimed in the national languages, not in latine ž tumblr_me3y2u0XsU1rm3mxeo1_r1_1280.jpg žMaster Jan Hus was condemned by the Council at Constance as a heretic and was sentenced to death. He was burnt to death in 1415. ž žthe Bohemian people blamed Emperor Sigismund for Hus’ death so they did not want him to become the king of Bohemia after Wenceslaus’ žHus’ followers launched powerful religious movement, they called themselves the Hussites; ( or the Men of the Chalice - the symbol of Hussites movement) žSigismund organized five crusade campains against Hussites but all the campains were unsuccesfull (due to the outstanding military leader of Hussites – Jan Žižka) žalmost 15 years of religious struggles and civil wars – the country was destroyed and plundered žThe Hussite movement split into two fractions: the moderate and the radical žthe moderate Hussites wanted to finish the warfare so they united with Catholics and destroyed the radical Hussites at the battle of Lipany in May 1434 žafter that both the religions – the Catholic and the Hussite became legal in Bohemia and two churches were formed ž1436 – Sigismund was accepted as the King of Bohemia, but he in 1437 ž žAfter two weak kings from the house of Habrburgs a Bohemian nobleman and the leader of the Hussites George of Kunštát and Poděbrady (1458–1471) was elected a king ž žhe suggested something what could be considered as a proposal of latter European Union ž žhe tried to prevent isolation of hussite Bohemia in catholic Europe, so he proposed a treaty among all Christian powers, the member states should pledge to settle all differences by exclusively peaceful means and fight altogether against Otoman Turks who were threatening Central Europe ž žAfter his death a new dynasty from Poland (originally from Lithuania) came to the Kingdom of Bohemia – Jaggiellonians – Vladislav II (1471–1516) and Louis (1516–1926) žA personal union between Bohemia, Poland and Hungary žLouis II died in 1526 at the battle of Mohács - his troops were defeated by the Ottoman Turks – Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent žThe Ottoman victory led to the partition of Hungary for several centuries between the Ottoman Empire, the Habsburg Monarchy, and the Principality of Transylvania. ž ž ž ž ž • Doležalová, Eva – Pánek, Jaroslav (2011): Confession and nation in the era of reformations: Central Europe in comparative Perspective). Prague: Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic. ž • Kejř, Jiří (1964). The universal peace organization of king George of Bohemia a fifteenth century plan for world peace 1462/1464 ; Václav Vaněček ; edition of the document Jiří Kejř ; english translation Ivo Dvořák. Prague: Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences. ž