Mgr. Jana Skerlova 800px-Europe,_1700_-_1714.png žCharles VI (1711–1740) ža dynastic crisis - no living male heirs ž1713 –Pragmatic Sanction ža law which ensured the succession by female family members if there were no male heirs žensuring the indivisibility of the Habsburg Empire (Austrian Lands, the Lands of Bohemian Crown and Hungary) - the Habsburg ruler ruled as a hereditary sovereign žRecognized by most European governments as an iternationally valid document ž žthe re-Catholization pressure increased ž1737–1739 – war with Ottoman Empire ž 250px-Karel_VI.jpg žborn in 1717 žHer husband was Francis Stephen of Lorraine (Holy Roman Emperor since 1745) žThey had 16 children, 13 of them survived žher right to rule was based on the Pragmatic Sanction from 1713, but after Charles’ death some rulers challenged its validity and presented their claims to Habsburg lands žthe War of Austrian Succession in 1740–1748 žshe managed to defend almost her entire heritage but it was clear that it is necessary to put a big effort into perfecting the army and reforms of the state žSeven Years´ War (1756–1763) - Frederick II invaded Bohemia but in the end the Prussians were pushed from Bohemia ž 220px-Andreas_Moeller_001.jpg žsince the mid-1760s Maria Theresa could finally focus on the consolidation and modernization of her lands – enlightened reforms žformation of new administration and the new institutions and beraucratic machinery žshe decided to transform the complex multinational dominion into a compact state which was to be a state unified on legal, ideological and later also linguistic levels (germanisation) žit was to be politically and economically strong state, managed centrally and efficiently by qualified people (important – education, experiences and personal abilities, not the social status) žthe administration was centralised (this concerned only Austria and Bohemia, not Hungary, which obtained many privileges for its help in the War od Austrian Succession, this ensured different development) ž vHygiene and medical services reforms: ž žbetter health care žhospitals žvaccination – but distrust žurban sanitation measures→ population increase ž ž vEducation system reforms: ž žobligatory school attendance for children from 6 to 12 years old žschools under the state control, unified curriculum žuniversities also under the state control, new study programmes – economics, technical sciences ž ž schulreform.gif vLegal reforms: ž žequality before the law was declared, žhumanization of punishments – torture dissapeared from court procedures, capital punishment was temporarily abolished in 1780s ž1769 – Maria Theresa´s Penal Code ž1786 – General Civil Code ž1787 – Joseph II´s Penal Code ž vTax reforms: ž žland register and tax and urbarial reforms, universal land tax, which was to be paid by all the population (earlier the aristocracy and the church had been exempted from the taxes) žuniformed units of size and weight, unification of currency, extensive road network, abolished customs barriers between the provincies – the trade became much easier ž žin the Czech lands since mid- 18th century, the peak during Joseph II´s reign, sometimes also called josephinism žcentres of enligtened life – noble salons and Masonic lodges – enlightened state clerks and army officers focused on charity ž1784 – the Bohemian Society of Sciences – focused on natural and historical sciences žthe Bohemian enlightment and science was linguistically mostly German ž žThe eldest son of Maria Theresa and Francis Stephen of Lorraine, born in 1741 žWell educated, diligent žpopular ruler žoften traveled incognito (Duke of Falkenstein) – tried to meet people and listen to their opinions žPatron of the arts žHoly Roman Emperor since 1764 ž1760 – married Princess Isabella of Parma (died in 1762), second wife – Maria Josepha od Bavaria žNone of his children survived ž ž žcensorhip was loosened, not completely freedom of speech, but citizens could comment on domestic political matters žHe tried to reform highly conservative Catholic church žthe church was put under state control, its property was taxed žeducation of the priests was controlled by the state žthe priest were in charge of educational and administrative activities – administered population registires, executed medical supervision etc. žJoseph II dissolved those monasteries which were not engaged in activities beneficial to either state or citizens – education, healthcare or charity (so those which were begging were cancelled) ž v1781 – Joseph II´s Toleration Patent – granted freedom of religion to non-Catholic denominations: Orthodox, Calvinist and Lutheran v žthe era of state promoted re-Catholization was definitely over žlater in 1780s the rights were also applied to the Jews, who also became the equal citizens ž ž1781 – Serfdom Patent (abolished restricions and granted the serfs personal freedom, they became equal citizens) ž1785–1789 – Josephine land register was elaborated žthe taxation was based on real economic conditions – quality of the soil, types of plantation, other necessary expenses žthe Enlightened state reforms, particularly the changes intorduced by Emperor Joseph II, did not meet with a universaly possitive response žespecially the nobility refused to accept the loss of its political possition, privileges and power over the peasants, but many people had problem with state control of the church and of the life in general, they did not like interventions into folk customs and religious traditions žSome of his reforms were cancelled after his death – his brother Leopold II (1790–1792) who succeeded him was under the heavy pressure of the nobility and the church ž žMaria Theresa (1717 – 1780) žJoseph II (1741 – 1790) marie-terezie.jpg josef2.jpg ž ž 618px-Eyalet_of_temesvar1699.png žin the second half of the 17th century – Hungary was an unstable region with several anti-Habsburg rebellions taking place žA multi-national feudal state ž1699 – Peace Treaty of Karlowitz (Sremski Karlovci) with Otoman Empire – most of Hungarian areas liberated from Ottomans žPersonal union with Austria žMany nationalities – Magyars only 40 % of inhabitants but they rose to a dominant position early in the 18the century (Slovaks, Croats, Serbs, Romanians, Jews etc.) žStrong magyarization pressure in Hungary since the of 18th century (Hungarian the only official language in administrative, at schools etc.) ž žSlovakia was a part of Hungary from 10th century till 1918 žAfter the battle of Mohács (1526) Hungary split into three parts žSlovakia remained under under Habsburg control and became the centre of the political, cultural and economic life of the Kingdom of Hungary – Bratsilava was made the capital of Hungary ž16th century – the Lutheran religious reformation spread into Slovakia žStrong position of catholic Church – persecutions of the Protestants (Lutherans, Hussites etc.) žMany religious uprisings and conspiracies in Slovakia during the second half of 16th century žSlovak population was very poor ž žafter Thirty Years´ War the European power structure was rearranged žThe Holy Roman Empire was fragmented into many territories (360 states) - de facto they were sovereign and had their own rulers - this limited the power of the Holy Roman,the power of the Emperor was very weak, the Empire Diet did not work in fact žthe Holy Roman Empire had no army, no central autority ž 736px-HRR_1789_EN.png žafter the Thirty Years´ War the Kingdom of Prussia in the North- Eastern part of the Holy Roman Empire started to grow and politicaly strenghten, the rulers were coming from the House of Hohenzollern žPrince Elector Frederick William (1640–1688) – žecomonical reforms, strong power of the ruler ž žhis son Frederick III (1688–1713) - he was crowned the King as Frederick I žthe capical city was Berlin – rebuilt, administrative and cultural centre of the state žFrederick William I (1713–1740) – called the Soldier King, thrifty, practical, good ruler žcreator of the Prussian bureaucracy and the professionalized standing army, which he developed into the best army in Europe ž žFrederick II (1740 – 1786) – the Great, the King of Prussia žhe was succesful reformer žpractised enlightened absolutism žhe introduced a general civil code, abolished torture žhe also promoted an advanced secondary education žsupported science and arts – according to the French example he built the Chateau Sanssouci žhe used the power of his army to conquer Silesia, which was the richest province of Habsburg Monarchy žIn 1740, Prussian troops crossed over the undefended border of Silesia and the so called Silesian Wars began (1740–1763) žthese wars have been groped with the War of Austrian Succession (1740–1748) ž graff_friedrich_II_9999.jpg žthe third largest state in Europe till 1770s, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – it was very difficult to govern such a large country žmany nations and many confessions living in Poland ža great influence of Russia in 18th century – the Russian tsars installed Polish kings in fact – firstly the Saxony dynasty and later the Russian Empress Catherine the Great installed the last Commonwealth King Stanisław August Poniatowski (1764–1795) žthe general decline of Poland was used by its neighbouring states – Prussia, Russia and Habsburg Monarchy and resulted in the Partition of Poland in the second half of the 18th century ž v1st partition – 1772 žPoland lost 1/3 of land and 1/3 of inhabitants žthe reform magnates wanted to save Poland by introducing some reforms and the constitution žthe Polish Constitution was the first written constitution in Europe but the pro-Russian conservative Polish magnates, the Confederation of Targowica, fought against Polish forces supporting the constitution which were defeated ž ž v2nd partition of Poland – 1793 žPrussia named its newly gained province South Prussia žthe last attempt to save at least the rest of Poland was the Kościuszko Uprising in 1794 – the leader Tadeusz Kościuszko žthe uprising was organized by nobility and burghers, the peasants did not allied žthe Russians allied with Prussia and the uprising was totaly defeated ž v3rd partition – 1795 – the rest of Poland divided between Russia and Prussia v žResults of the Partition of Poland: žTo Russia: Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, great part of the Ukraine žTo Habsburg Monarchy: Lesser Poland, the Kingdom of Galicia, city of Cracow, City of Lwow žTo Prussia: Greater Poland with the City of Poznan, Mazuria with Warsaw ž žPoland dissapeared from the map of Europe till 1918. ž ž ž 765px-Partitions_of_Poland.png žTAPIÉ, Victor Lucien. The rise and fall of the Habsburg monarchy. London: Pall Mall Press, 1971. žHUBATSCH, Walther. Frederick the Great of Prussia: absolutism and administration. London: Thames and Hudson, 1975. žMAC DONOGH, Giles. Frederick the Great: A Life in Deed and Letters. New York: St. Martin's Griffin, 2001. ž ž1789 – the French Revolution broke out ž1792–1815 – anti-French wars ž1792–1802 – the wars against the French Revolution žSeveral coaliations against France (Austria + Prussia + Great Britain + Russia + several smaller German states against France), several military campaigns ž1803–1805 – Napoleon’s Invasion of Great Britain - unsuccesfull ž1804 – Napoleon Bonaparte crowned the Emperor of France žMarch 1805 – Napoleon proclaimed King of Italy žThan he marched via Bavaria towards Austria žThe French army occupied Vienna – it was was a big shock for the Austrians ž žNapoleon by Jacqoues-Louis David 504px-Jacques-Louis_David_008.jpg • •http://www.ceskatelevize.cz/ivysilani/10099029347/ •http://www.austerlitz.org/ •http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mdd1a90CFio •http://www.zamek-slavkov.cz/en/ ž žNapoleon continued to South Moravia where the Russian troops supporting the Austrians were situated žNapoleon occupied Brno žDecember 2, 1805 – the Battle of Three Emperors near the Moravian town of Slavkov (Austerlitz) – a great victory of Napoleon – he defeated Austrian Emperor Francis I and Russian Tzar Alexandr žNapoleon had 73 000 men, austro-russian coalition had 85 000 men žPeace Treaty of Pressburg between Napoleon and Francis II of Austria (Austrian withdrawal from the Third Coalition) žAustria had lost terriotories in Italy, Istria and Dalmacia (Iliric Kingdom was formed) and some German terriories – ceded to Napoleon’s allies (Bavaria) žThe effective end of the Holy Roman Empire ž1806 – Austrian Empire – Francis I žRhineland Confederation was formed in German territory ž ž ž ž žChateau Austerlitz žCairn of Peace slavkov_let.jpg slavkov_mohyla.jpg žNapoleonic wars has brought many changes into the CE žOctober 14, 1806 – Napoleon defeated Prussia at the battle of Jena and Auerstad ž1806 – Berlin was occupied by Napoleon žNapoleon invaded Polish territory – wars with Russians ž1807 – the Treaty of Tilsit with Russians – žThe Grand Duchy of Warsaw was established in Poland (Duke – Napoleon’s ally – the King of Saxony) – big impact – legal code, abolition of serfdom, modernization ž1809 – Austro-British Coalition against France – uncuccesfull ž1809 – Napoleon entered Vienna again ž1809 – Napoleon married Austrian Archduchess Marie Luisa - with the aim of ensuring a more stable alliance with Austria and of providing the Emperor with an heir ž1812 – Napoleon controlled: the French Empire, the Swiss Confederation, the Confederation of the Rhine, the Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Italy ž ž žTerritories allied with the French included: Kingdom of Spain (Joseph Bonaparte – N. brother), Kingdom of Westphalia (Jerome Bonaparte – N. brother, Kingdom of Naples (Joachim Murat – N.sister’s Caroline husband), Principality of Lucca (N.sister Elisa and her husband) ž1812 – Napoleon launched an invasion of Russia – 650,000 men, but unsuccesful – Russians – the Patriotic War, Scorched Earth tactics, severe winter žSeptember 7, 1812 – Battle of Borodino žNapoleon entered Moscow – mas burnt by Russians before that žNovember 1812 – Napoleon crossed the Berezina River, but his army weak (380,000 men dead or missing, 100,000 captured during the campain) žNapoleon had left his army and escaped to Paris ž1813 – the Battle of Leipzig – the Battle of the Nations – Austria, Prussia, Russia, Sweden against France – Napoleon defeated and forced to abdicate ž1814–1815 – the Peace Congres in Vienna žinterrupted by Napoleon – June 1815 – the Battle of Waterloo – Napoleon finaly defeated žThe Napoleonic wars changed the map of Central Europe ž 800px-Europe_1812_map_en.png žReadings: ž žLefebvre, Georges (1971). The French Revolution: From Its Origins to 1793. Columbia University Press. žFuret, Francois (1995). Revolutionary France, 1770–1880. Blackwell Publishing. žEnglund, Steven (2004): Napoleon: A political Life. ž