Jana Skerlova žWoodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points were first outlined in a speech Wilson gave to the American Congress in January 1918. žWilson's Fourteen Points became the basis for a peace programme and it was on the back of the Fourteen Points that Germany and her allies agreed to an armistice in November 1918. ž ž1. No more secret agreements ("Open covenants openly arrived at"). ž2. Free navigation of all seas. ž3. An end to all economic barriers between countries. ž4. Countries to reduce weapon numbers. ž5. All decisions regarding the colonies should be impartial ž6. The German Army is to be removed from Russia. Russia should be left to develop her own political set-up. ž7. Belgium should be independent like before the war. ž8. France should be fully liberated and allowed to recover Alsace-Lorraine ž9. All Italians are to be allowed to live in Italy. Italy's borders are to be "along clearly recognisable lines of nationality." ž10. Self-determination should be allowed for all those living in Austria-Hungary. ž11. Self-determination and guarantees of independence should be allowed for the Balkan states. ž12. The Turkish people should be governed by the Turkish government. Non-Turks in the old Turkish Empire should govern themselves. ž13. An independent Poland should be created which should have access to the sea. ž14. A League of the Nation should be set up to guarantee the political and territorial independence of all states. ž žEurope after WW I žIt was the meeting of the Allied victors following the end of World War I – the aim was to set the peace terms for the defeated Central Powers following the armistices of 1918. žIt took place in Paris in 1919 and involved diplomats from more than 32 countries and nationalities. They met, discussed various options and developed a series of treaties ("Paris Peace Treaties") for the post-war world. žthe winning powers – France, Great Britain, USA, Italy, Japan žother figthing states – Belgium, British dominiums, Poland, Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia), Czechoslovakia, Romania, Greece, Portugal and other non-european states ždefeated states – Germany, Austria, Hungary, Ottoman Empire, Bulgaria žRussia was not invited to the Paris Peace Conference (bolshevik revolution and civil war in Russia) žThe Big Four – žDavid Lloyd Geroge (GB), Vittorio Orlando (It), George Clemencau (Fr), Woodrow Wilson (US) – from left to right 781px-Big_four.jpg žThe following treaties were prepared at the Paris Peace Conference: žthe Treaty of Versailles, 1919, 28 June 1919, (with the German Empire in Weimar Republic form) žthe Treaty of Saint-Germain, 10 September 1919, (with Austria) žthe Treaty of Neuilly, 27 November 1919, (with Bulgaria) žthe Treaty of Trianon, 4 June 1920, (with Hungary) žthe Treaty of Sèvres, 10 August 1920; subsequently revised by the Treaty of Lausanne, 24 June 1923, (withTurkey) ž žhttp://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome03/index.php ž ž žThe so-called "Paris Peace Treaties", together with the accords of the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922, laid the foundations for the so-called Versailles-Washington system of international relations ž žthe United States never ratified the Treaty of Versailles, never joined the League of Nations, and signed separate peace treaties with the three countries it had declared war against ž ž1920 – the League of the Nations was established othe all over the world organization which goal was to save peace in the World oUSA did not join this organization oIn fact –useless – did not have any instruments how to enforce its decessions (only resolutions without the real effect) ž žEconomy ž1921–1922 – economic depression as a consequence of the war ž1924–1929 – economic boom, liberal economic reforms, technical development, intensification and growth of production ž1929, October 24 – the Black Tuesday, New York Stock Market Crash (Wall Street) → The Great Depression – the longest, most widespread, and deepest depression of the 20th century, drop of industrial production, high unemployment, social unrests, crisis of democracy žsince 1933 – economic development again, but slow ž žunstable peace, effort to avoid conflicts, era of democratism and a pacifism vApril – May 1922 – Conference in Genova, Italy žRussia and Germany were invited to this conference as well žThe conference should discuss German reparations - Germany was not able to pay it but France insisted on it → no agreement žThe result of the conference: meeting of German and Soviet diplomats – they concluded an Agreement in Rapallo –Germany was the first state which recognized the Soviet Union de iure ž1924 – the Dawes Plan – the plan of stabilization of German economy and economical recovery (stabilization of German mark, budget, sequential paying of reparations) žThe Dawes Plan relied on money given to Germany by the US – high loans ž vLocarno Conference, Switzerland – October 1925 ž4 great powers (Great Britain, France, Italy, Germany) – an attempt to overcome the differences between the winners and losers žThe principal treaty concluded at Locarno was the "Rhineland Pact" between Germany, France, Belgium, the United Kingdom, and Italy. The first three signatories undertook not to attack each other, with the latter two acting as guarantors žthe western borders of Germany were guaranted but the eastern were not – there could come up to some changes – central European countries felt endangered by German imperialism and revanchism žGermany's admission to the League of Nations žthe subsequent withdrawal (completed in June 1930) of Allied troops from Germany's western Rhineland ž vBriand-Kellog Pact - also called the General Treaty for the Renunciation of War or the World Peace Act) was signed on August 27, 1928 57 states žprohibited the use of war as "an instrument of national policy" and as an instrument of settlement of disputes between states žthe problem was that there were not defined any sanctions in case of breaching the Pact žno program of disarmement vThe Young Plan was a program for settlement of German reparations debts after World War I written in 1929 and formally adopted in 1930 žGermany was not able to pay the huge annual payments, so the amount of the reparation payments was reduced again – to 112 billion Gold Marks, Germany should pay them in next 59 years, 2 bilion marks every year qWWI: žhttp://www.firstworldwar.com žhttp://www.the-map-as-history.com/demos/tome03/index.php ž q14 point of Woodrow Wilson: žhttp://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc_large_image.php?doc=62 ž qMacMILLAN, Margareth: Peacemakers Six Months That Changed the World: The Paris Peace Conference of 1919 and Its Attempt to End War. ž žhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=L8uWgbRd8So ž qHENIG, Ruth B. (1995). Versailles and after, 1919-1933. 2nd ed. London: Routledge. ž qTreaty of Locarno žhttp://treaties.un.org/Pages/showDetails.aspx?objid=08000002801683d0 ž q q ž ž ž žserious problems as the consequences of the war: •economic depression • high reparation payments •restrictions of the area • lost of the colonies, •restrictions of army, navy and air force •lack of food •Many war veterans (lots of them disabled) – problems with their re-integration ž ž1919 – 1933 – Weimar Republic, parliamentary republic, federation of 16 states žthe first President – Friedrich Ebert (Social Democratic Party) ž1919 – the first elections žgeneral dissatisfaction ž1918 – the Communist Party of Germany was founded (headed by Rosa Luxemburg and Karl Liebknecht) – rejected the parliamentary democracy ž ž weimar-republic-and-the-polish-issue.jpg žstrong revolutionary wave (strikes, rebellions etc.) •in Bavaria – Bavarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed in October, defeated in April 1919 •March 1920 – right-wing monarchistic Kapp Putsch – former volunteers (Freikorps) •1923 – suppression of Hitler-Ludendorff Putsch in Munich, Hitler was arrested and wrote his programme book Mein Kampf, his political party NSDAP was banned ž ž1923 - Industrial territory around the River Ruhr was occupied by France (Germany was delayed with paying of reparation payments) ž1923 – the new government – Prime Minister (Chancellor) Gustav Stresemann – stabilization of Golden mark, succesful foreign policy ž1925 – the second President became Paul von Hindenburg žweak democracy – governments changes very often žsince 1929 – Great Depression – in Germany very serious effects (1932 – unemployment was 44,5 %), žthe growth of extreme nationalism and revanchism ž žPaul von Hindenburg žAdolf Hitler adolf-hitler.jpg 101PaulHindenburg_II.jpg ža political crisis: the political parties represented in the Reichstag were unable to build a governing majority in the face of escalating extremism from the far right (the Nazis, NSDAP) and the far left (the Communists, KPD) ž1932 – NSDAP won the elections (over 30 %, the communists were third) ž1933 – Adolf Hitler was appointed as Chancellor (Prime Minister) ž1933 – Germany left the League of Nations žThe Nazi regime restored economic prosperity and ended mass unemployment using heavy spending on the military, while suppressing labor unions and strikes → enourmous popularity žSecret police – Gestapo (Heinrich Himmler) žFebruary 1933 – the Reichstag Fire – an arson attack on the building of German parliament (Reichstag) – used by Nazi regime – the communist were accused to burn the Reichstag – the Reichstag trial žpersecuting of political oposition – it was destroyed žConcentration camps (1933 – the first c.c. was found in Dachau – for the political prisoners and opponents of the Nazi regime – communists, social democrats, later also for Jews, Gypsies, Slavic peoples etc. ) žPropaganda – minister Joseph Goebbles ž1934 – Hitler became a Führer – the head of the state (after President’s death) ž1934 – The Night of the Long Knives – the top leaders of SA were killed – internal opposition in Nazi party was destroyed ž žHeinrich Himmler visiting the concentration camp in Dachau (1936). Bundesarchiv_Bild_152-11-12,_Dachau,_Konzentrationslager,_Besuch_Himmlers.jpg ž1935 – Nüremberg laws – anti-Semitism, the Jews excluded from political, economical and public life, had to wear a yellow star ž1935 – Germany introduced general military service and began to re-arm ž1935 – Germany won the Saar (was under the protection of the League of Nations) ž1936 – Germany occupied de-militarized zone in Rheinland žboth were breaching of Versailles Peace Treaty and of Rhineland Pact but only formal prostest of great powers succeded ž1936 – pact with fascist Italy headed by Benito Mussolini – Berlin-Rome Axis ž1936 – Anti-Commintern Pact against the communism (Soviet Union) – with Japan žMarch 1938 – Anschluss of Austria žSeptember 1938 – the Munich Agreement – the occupation of Sudetenland (borderland of Czechoslovakia) ž1938, November 9–10 – Crystal Night – great pogrom against Jews žSeptember 1, 1939 – attack on Poland – WW II started ž žReadings: žKAES, Anton – JAY, Martin – DIMENDBERG, Edward, (eds.): The Weimar Republic sourcebook. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. ž žhttp://books.google.cz/books?id=J4A1gt4-VCsC&printsec=frontcover&hl=cs&source=gbs_ViewAPI&redir_es c=y#v=onepage&q&f=false ž ž ž žThe dissolution of Habsburg Monarchy in 1918. žThe newly established states and their territorial gains from Austria-Hungary. Austro-Hungarian_Monarchy_(1914)_over_postwar_map_(1929)_detail.jpg ž1919–1934 – the Republic of Austria žVery bad economic situation as a consequence of the war and of the dissolution of Habsburg monarchy (they lost industrial territories in Bohemia) and establishing of the new states and frontiers (new customs taxes, new currynecies in new states etc. That complicated international trade) žThe first Chacellor became Ignaz Siepel. ž Austria's government was dominated by the Christian Social Party žThe second strongest party was Social democratic party žBoth the parties had paramilitary forces (Heimwehr – right wing and Schutzbund – left wing) established in 1923 žthe country was unstable, severe economic consequences of the war (economic depression, lack of food etc.) žIn 1927, left-wing supporters engaged in a massive protest over the acquittal of right-wing paramilitaries who were found guilty of killing a man and a child žThe huge protest and the clash between right-wing and left-wing paramilitary forces is known as July Revolt of 1927 žIt was supressed by violence by police – many protestors were killed ž1932 – authoritarian regime of Chancellor Engelbert Dollfuss žStrong centralization, dictatorship, one-party state was created since May 1934 – Fatherland Front žAustrofascism – gravitagted to Italy (Austria felt threatened by German demands on Austria – Anschluss), Italy competed with Germany for the political influence in Austria ž ž ž ž žEngelbert Dollfuss žKurt Schuschnigg Engelbert_Dollfuss.png Kurt_Schuschnigg_1934.jpg žDollfuss’ government was in competition with growing Nazi party which wanted Austria to join Germany žThe state began to crack down on pro-Nazi and pro–German-unification sympathizers žThe Austrian Nazis responsed by the revolt žDuring this revolt Dollfuss was assassinated by Nazi agents who in 1934 – July Putch žThe putch was finally supressed (eith the help of Mussolini’s Italy) and the Austrian Nazis were mostly arrested or emigrated žThe remaining Austrian Nazis started to make use of terrorist attacks against Austrian governmental institutions, causing a death of more than 800 between 1934 and 1938 žA new Chancellor – Kurt Schuschnigg – similar political course as Dollfuss žBut still also an effort to keep Austria’s independence – focused on the history of Austria and opposed the absorption of Austria into the Third Reich, according to his philosophy the Austrians were „better Germans“ ževentually Schuschnigg gave up his anti-Nazi program and in July 1936 he signed the Austro-German Agreement, which, among other concessions, allowed the release of Nazis imprisoned in Austria and the inclusion of National Socialists in his Cabinet žStrenghtening of pro-German Nazis in Austria ž1938 – Anschluss – March 11 – German troops crossed Austrian frontiers and Austria was occupied by Germany žafter Anschluss in March 1938 (Fall Otto) Austria became a part of German territory žin April a plebiscite that confirmed annexation of Austria into Nazi Germany took place in Austria žThe Austrian Republic was dissolved and became a part of Germany žSchuschnigg was arrested by German Nazis and during the WW 2 was interned in the concentration camp. žThe new head of the government became Austrian nazi leader Arthus Seyss Inquart ž ž žJubilant crowds greet Hitler's motorcade entering Vienna on 15 March 1938. Bundesarchiv_Bild_146-1985-083-10,_Anschluss_Österreich,_Wien.jpg žThe successfull Aster revolution in Budapest led to proclamation of democratic republic on November 16, 1918 žMihály Károlyi was named as the republic's Prime Minister žthe area of Hungary was of only one third of pre-war Hungary – dissatisfaction, attpemts to restore the Great Hungary žthe rapid rise of power of Hungarian Communist Party, the Hungarian Soviet Republic was proclaimed on March 21, 1919 – an attpemt to restore the Great Hungary ž the head of this republic was Béla Kun žHungarian communists wanted to connect with Soviet Russia žCzechoslovakia and Rumania felt threatened by Hungarian territorial demands → their armies attacked Hungary and the Romanians took the Hungarian capital city Budapest žthe Hungarian Soviet Republic was defeated žthe new Government – fascist party of former Austro-Hungarian Admiral Miklós Horthy ž1920 – the monarchy was restored in Hungary but no king žHorthy ruled over it as a regent between 1921 and1944 žthe Prime Minister was István Bethlen (till 1931) ž 04.jpg žHungary’s signing of the Treaty of Trianon on June 4, 1920 •ratified the country's dismemberment and establishing of the new borders of Hungary • the loss of territories (71 %) and population (66 %) •limited the size of its armed forces •required reparations payments •3.4 million of ethnic Hungarians lived outside the Hungarian state (minorities in neighboring states) •In Hungary it was seen as a „national disaster“ → revanchism ž ž1920s – „the white terror“ - led to the imprisonment, torture, and execution without a trial of communists, socialists, Jews, leftist intellectuals, sympathizers with the Károlyi and Kun regimes, and others who threatened the traditional Hungarian political order that the officers sought to reestablish žthe former Austrian Emperor, Charles I, unsuccessfully attempted to retake Hungary's throne in March and October 1921 žNo democracy – the suffrage – only 29 % of population, public vote ž žMiklos Horthy, the Regent of Hungary 1921–1944 žThe Jewish victims of Arrow Cross Party men in the Dohányi Street Synagogue in Budapest during WW 2 Horthy_the_regent.jpg Holocaust-ArrowCross-DohanySynagogue.jpg žThe interwar Hungary was semfascist, authoritarian and anti-Semitic (numerus clausu for the Jews at the universities etc.) ž1932–1936 – the Prime Minister was Guyla Gömbös – žthe radical right’s ascendancy in Hungarian politics ž1938 – territorial gains – from Czechoslovakia – so called First Vienna Award ž1939 – Hungary occupied Carpathian Ruthenia and parts of eastern Slovakia (earlier those were the parts of Czechoslovakia) žLater also terriotorial gains from Rumania – Second Vienna Award in 1940 ž1941 – Hungary occupied parts of Yugoslavia žHungarian nazism ž1939 – Arrow Cross Party (Hungarian Equivalent of Nazi Party) won the elections ž1940 – Hungary joined the Tripartite Pact (Germany, Italy and Japan) ž1941 – Hungary participated on the invasions of Yugoslavia and of the Soviet Union žHungary lost its territorial gains after the WW 2 ž ž 800px-TeritorialGainsHungary1920-41.svg.png