Migration in Central Europe Lenka Kissová CZS55 Wednesday 25 September 2019 What do you know about migration? Have you ever been a migrant? “We live in period of unprecedented migration” A person entering, staying or working in a country without the necessary authorization or documents required under immigration regulations. = irregular migrant lMovement that takes place outside the regulatory norms of the sending, transit and receiving countries. There is no clear or universally accepted definition of irregular migration. lFrom the perspective of destination countries it is entry, stay or work in a country without the necessary authorization or documents required under immigration regulations. lFrom the perspective of the sending country, the irregularity is for example seen in cases in which a person crosses an international boundary without a valid passport or travel document or does not fulfill the administrative requirements for leaving the country. lThere is, however, a tendency to restrict the use of the term "illegal migration" to cases of smuggling of migrants and trafficking in persons. Person seeking safety from persecution or serious harm in a country other than his or her own and awaits a decision on the application for refugee status under relevant international and national instruments. In case of a negative decision, the person must leave the country and may be expelled, as may any non-national in an irregular or unlawful situation, unless permission to stay is provided on humanitarian or other related grounds. = asylum seeker > Person who, "owing to a well-founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality, membership of a particular social group or political opinions, is outside the country of his nationality and is unable or, owing to such fear, is unwilling to avail himself of the protection of that country.” = refugee (Art. 1(A)(2), Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, Art. 1A(2), 1951 as modified by the 1967 Protocol). http://www.unhcr.org/3b66c2aa10 ☺ > Person from one State moving to another, or within his/her own country of residence, for the purpose of employment. = labour migrant lLabour migration is addressed by most States in their migration laws. lIn addition, some States take an active role in regulating outward labour migration and seeking opportunities for their nationals abroad. lILO > Persons or groups of persons who have been forced or obliged to flee or to leave their homes or places of habitual residence, in particular as a result of or in order to avoid the effects of armed conflict, situations of generalized violence, violations of human rights or natural or human-made disasters, and who have not crossed an internationally recognized State border. = internally displaced person Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement, UN Doc E/CN.4/1998/53/Add.2. > The country that is a source of migratory flows (regular or irregular). = country of origin Opposite? In between? > Factors which drive people to leave their country. = push factors - economic - political - social - cultural (religious) - environmental - others? > Factors attracting potential migrants to the country of destination. = pull factors - economic - political - social - cultural (religious) - environmental - social ties - others? > A migratory movement in which an element of coercion exists, including threats to life and livelihood, whether arising from natural or man-made causes = forced migration lmovements of refugees and internally displaced persons lpeople displaced by natural or environmental disasters, chemical or nuclear disasters, famine, or development projects > "The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harbouring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation" = trafficking in person -can take place within the borders of one State or may have a transnational character -Art. 3(a), UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 > "The procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a State Party of which the person is not a national or a permanent resident” = smuggling -Smuggling, contrary to trafficking, does not require an element of exploitation, coercion, or violation of human rights -Art. 3(a), UN Protocol Against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Sea and Air, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime, 2000 > Adaptation of one ethnic or social group – usually a minority – to another. It involves the subsuming of language, traditions, values, mores and behaviour or even fundamental vital interests. It’s the most extreme of acculturation. = assimilation -other forms of acculturation? > Granting by a State of its nationality to a non-national through a formal act on the application of the individual concerned. = naturalization International law does not provide detailed rules for naturalization, but it recognizes the competence of every State to naturalize those who are not its nationals and who apply to become its nationals. > European Border and Coast Guard Agency. The common European Unit controlling and regulating European borders. = FRONTEX - 1995 came into force the Schengen area ₌ EU territory without internal border controls -Since 1999 the European Council on Justice and Home Affairs has taken several steps towards strengthen cooperation in the area of migration, asylum and security → FRONTEX as a result -EUROSUR, EURODAC, TRITON > An EU law determining the State responsible for examining applications for asylum lodged in one of the member states. = Dublin Convention -only one country responsible for the asylum seeker’s application -country of the first entry -prevent double applications > Migration theories -theories explaining international migration (contribution of geographers, demographers, historians, economists, sociologists, political scientists) -micro, -meso, -macro level -importance of prior links → macro: colonisation (past historical development), political influence, trade, cultural ties micro & meso: family and social network(s), social capital, cultural capital (knowledge of other countries, capabilities for organising travel, finding work) -interaction of micro- (networks, beliefs, opportunities, choices of migrants themselves) and macro-structures (large scale institutional factors such as political economy, migration policies, inter-state relations, laws, structures and practices in countries (including integration, control, regulation)) Migration in the Czech Republic lforeigner = migrant (= non-CZ-national, non-EU-national) lMigration policy = immigration + integration + asylum lMigrant ≠ national minority member (Acts No. 273/2001 on rights of members of national minorities and amendment of some Acts) lMinistry of Interior Migration in Central Europe - homogeneous countries - most of their history → countries of origin (more emigration) - lower numbers of immigrants -in 2018: lCZ – 5,3% lHU – 3,23% lSK – 2,2% lPL – 0,8% After 1918 lFirst Czechoslovak Republic → ethnically mixed -Czech + Slovak (majority nations) -German minority (3 mil.) -Ruthenians, Hungarians, Jews, Poles lIncrease in migration and asylums lT. G. Masaryk (Minister of Foreign Affairs) → established a Refugee Assistance Fund World War II lforced migration -Persecution -Deportations -Removal of German Czechs/Czech Germans lJews, Germans, Roma, Slavs (?) 1948-1989 lhomogenization of the society → eradication of the cultural diversity lstudents and workers were coming (from Arab, African countries, Vietnam) lpolitical migrants (Greek political refugees) linternal migration – Roma workers from Slovakia lemigration → many people left CSSR (US, Canada) -discourse (paradox) - “our good” refugees vs. “incoming bad” refugees Share of non-nationals in the resident population Numbers lhttps://www.youtube.com/watch?v=umqvYhb3wf4