To..., for... and so that... (purpose) We use to... to say why somebody does something (= the purpose of an action): • 'Why did you go out?' 'To post a letter.' • A friend of mine phoned to invite me to a party. • We shouted to warn everybody of the danger. So that Sometimes you have to use so that for purpose. We use so that (not to...): i) when the purpose is negative (so that...won't/wouldn't): • I hurried so that I wouldn't be late. (= because 3 didn't want to be late) • Leave early so that you won't {or don't) miss the bus. ii) with can and could (so that...can/could) • She's learning English so that she can study in Canada. • We moved to London so that we could visit our friends more often. iii) when one person does something so that another person does something else: • I gave her my address so that she could contact me. • He wore glasses and a false beard so that nobody would recognise him. 63.2 Complete these sentences using a suitable verb. 1 The President has a team of bodyguards ..Mprotect... him. 2 I didn't have enough time...................................................the newspaper today. 3 1 came home by taxi. I didn't have the energy.................................................... 4 'Would you like something...................................-...............?' 'Yes, please. A cup of coffee.' .5 We need a bag.....................................-.............these things in. 6 There will be a meeting next week................ ........................the problem. 7 I wish we had enough money...................................................a new car. 8 I saw Helen at the party but we didn't have a chance.........................................to each other. 9 1 need some new clothes. I haven't got anything nice................................................. 10 They've just passed their exams. They're having a party..................................................... 11 1 can't do all this work alone. I need somebody ................................................me. 63.4 Write sentences with so that. 1 I hurried. 1 didn't want to be late. JMrf\edsgthatiwouMtbe_}ate..... 2 We wore warm clothes. We didn't want to get cold. We wore................................................................................................................ ..................... ...... 3 The man spoke very slowly. He wanted me to understand what he said. The man..................................................................................................................................................... 4 I whispered. 1 didn't want anybody else to hear our conversation. ..........____........................................................nobody................. ---------...... ................. 5 Please arrive early. We want to be able to start the meeting on time. Please.................................................................................. ........................................................................... 6 She locked the door. She didn't want to be disturbed. Although / though / even though In spite of / despite After although we use a subject + verb; • Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday. • I didn't get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications. Compare the meaning of although and because: • We went out although it was raining. • We didn't go out because it was raining. After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or -tng: • In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday. • I didn't get the job in spite of having all the necessary qualifications. • She wasn't well, but in spite of this she went to work. • In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you. Despite is the same as in spite of. Note that we say 'in spite of, but despite (without 'of'): • She wasn't well, but despite this she went to work, {not 'despite of this') You can say 'in spite of the fact (that)...' and 'despite the fact (that)...': • I didn't get the,ob í "i spite of the fact (that) 1 , had all the necessary qualifications. 6 [ despite the fact (that) J Compare in spite of and because of: • We went out in spite of the rain, (or ...despite the rain.) • We didn't go out because of the rain, 112.2 Complete the sentences with although / in spite of / because / because of. 1 ...Although... it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday. 2 a ...................................................al! our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong. b...............................................we had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong 3 a I went home early...........................................-......- I was feeling unwell. b 1 went to work the next day...................................................1 was still feeling unwell. 4 a She only accepted the job...................................................the salary, which was very high. b She accepted the job...................................................the salary, which was rather low. 5 a I managed to get to sleep___............................................there was a lot of noise. b I couldn't get to sleep...................................................the noise. Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences: 6 a He passed the exam although...................................................-.............................................................. b He passed the exam because.................................................................................................................... 7 a 1 didn't eat anything although.................................................................................................................. b ,1 didn't eat anything in spite of................................................................................................................ 112,3 Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences. 1 I couldn't sleep. I was tired, (despite) ...J couldn't slflep.despite being,tired... 2 They have very little money. They are happy, (in spite of) In spite of -----.........-........................................................................................................... 3 My foot was injured. 1 managed to walk to the nearest village, (although) 4 I enjoyed the film. The story was silly, (in spite of) 5 We live in the same street. We hardly evet see each other, (despite) 6 I got very wet in the rain. I had an umbrella, (even though)