Course
Packet
student's version
Intelligent Business
Upper Intermediate
Angličtina I/2
Milan Boháček
spring 2009
1
Table of Contents:
Introductory information.............................................................................................. 3
Unit 8 ­ BRANDS ............................................................................................................. 6
Coursebook, page 68, exercise LISTENING 1................................................................ 6
Coursebook, page 69, exercise READING..................................................................... 6
Coursebook, page 72, exercise LISTENING 2................................................................8
Workbook, page 34, exercise READING .......................................................................8
Grammar exercises ....................................................................................................11
REVIEW TEST ...............................................................................................................14
Unit 9 ­ INVESTMENT .....................................................................................................16
Coursebook, page 77, exercise READING ....................................................................16
Coursebook, page 80, exercise LISTENING 1.............................................................. 18
Workbook, page 39, exercise LISTENING....................................................................19
Workbook, page 38, exercise READING .....................................................................20
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 23
REVIEW TEST .............................................................................................................. 25
Unit 10 ­ ENERGY.......................................................................................................... 27
Coursebook, page 87, exercise READING................................................................... 27
Coursebook, page 89, exercise LISTENING 1..............................................................30
Workbook, page 42, exercise LISTENING....................................................................31
Workbook, page 43, exercise READING ......................................................................31
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 35
REVIEW TEST .............................................................................................................. 43
Unit 11 ­ GOING PUBLIC ................................................................................................. 45
Coursebook, page 94, exercise PREVIEW................................................................... 45
Coursebook, page 95, exercise READING................................................................... 45
Coursebook, page 96, exercise LISTENING 1..............................................................49
Workbook, page 46, exercise LISTENING...................................................................50
Workbook, page 47, exercise READING ......................................................................51
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 57
REVIEW TEST ...............................................................................................................61
Unit 12 ­ COMPETITION ................................................................................................. 63
Coursebook, page 102, exercise PREVIEW ................................................................. 63
Coursebook, page 103, exercise READING ................................................................. 63
Coursebook, page 105, exercise LISTENING 1 ............................................................ 67
Workbook, page 49, exercise LANGUAGE CHECK........................................................ 67
Workbook, page 50, exercise LISTENING................................................................... 70
Workbook, page 50-51, exercise READING .................................................................71
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 75
REVIEW TEST ...............................................................................................................77
Unit 13 ­ BANKING ........................................................................................................ 79
Coursebook, page 112, exercise LISTENING 1............................................................. 79
Coursebook, page 113, exercise READING..................................................................80
Coursebook, page 115, exercise LISTENING 2.............................................................83
Workbook, page 55, exercise READING .....................................................................83
Workbook, page 55, exercise LISTENING ...................................................................86
Grammar exercises ...................................................................................................88
REVIEW TEST ...............................................................................................................91
2
Unit 14 ­ TRAINING ....................................................................................................... 93
Coursebook, page 121, exercise READING.................................................................. 93
Coursebook, page 122, exercise LISTENING 1 ............................................................ 97
Workbook, page 58, exercise LISTENING................................................................... 97
Workbook, page 59, exercise READING .....................................................................98
Grammar exercises ..................................................................................................101
REVIEW TEST ............................................................................................................ 103
Unit 15 ­ CONSULTING................................................................................................. 105
Coursebook, page 129, exercise READING ............................................................... 105
Coursebook, page 132, exercise LISTENING 1 .......................................................... 109
Workbook, page 62, exercise LISTENING..................................................................110
Workbook, page 62-63, exercise READING............................................................... 111
Grammar exercises ..................................................................................................118
3
EENNGGLLIISSHH II//22
spring 2009
Introductory information
teacher: Milan Boháček
floor: 7, office: 707
phone: 3544
e-mail: bohacek@mail.muni.cz, bohacek@econ.muni.cz
office hours: Tuesday 13 ­ 13.45
Wednesday 10.15 ­ 11
Course requirements:
minimum 80% attendance (maximum of 4 unexcused absences per
semester);
handing in two business letters (for details, see below);
active participation in seminars (systematic preparation for seminars and
fulfillment of assignments);
passing the credit test (minimum 60% of the total number of points) in the
last class of the semester, i.e., Thursday, May 14, 2009)
Electronic sources:
IS MU: PJI2A Jazyk I/2 ­ Angličtina (interactive syllabus + interactive syllabi
for groups number 4, 11 a 16).
web: http://www.econ.muni.cz/centra-a-strediska/centrum-jazykovehovzdelavani/
or ESF homepage  Rychlé odkazy  Centrum jazykového
vzdělávání
Primary sources:
* Trappe, T., Tullis, G.: Intelligent Business: Coursebook. Upper
Intermediate. Longman, Pearson Education Limited 2006. ISBN-10: 0-582-
84809-1
* Pile, L.: Intelligent Business: Workbook. Upper Intermediate.
Longman, Pearson Education Limited 2006. ISBN-10: 0-582-84685-4
* Boháček, M., Brandejská, Z., Trumpešová ­ Rudolfová, E.: Intelligent
Vocabulary. Glosář k učebnici Intelligent Business: Upper
Intermediate. Brno, MU, 2007. ISBN 978-80-210-4389-3
4
Business letters:
Your seminar work for this semester involves writing up and handing in two business letters.
The deadline for handing in the letters is Thursday, April 9, 2009. To meet the
requirements, you have to follow these guidelines:
* first, you have to find another classmate to make a pair because you will be
cooperating on the business letters;
* the letters are intended to be correspondence between two business partners
(i.e. you and your classmate) in the following way: one of you sends a letter  the other
person replies to it  the first one reacts to the reply  the other person replies to the
reply;
* the concrete topics of the letters is up to you but they have to be relevant, i.e. they
have to relate to your business activities (that you choose to perform) ­ e.g. a business
partner's complaint about badly performed work/services or a reaction to a supplier's
offer or a bid from a competing company for cooperation or a letter from a state
authority because of your breaking rules/norms or a claim for a refund because of
low-quality goods/services you delivered, etc.
* each of the letters should consists of at least 4 paragraphs plus formalities (i.e.
addresses, date, salutation, subject of the letter, closing sentence, your name, position
within the company and signature);
* don't forget to include your name and učo number;
* hand in your letters as a pair (i.e. 4 letters together) and mark each letter with
an appropriate number according to the logical sequence (first letter = 1, following
letter = 2, next letter = 3, final letter = 4);
* hand in your letters in time (within the deadline), in the required extent and in a
printed form.
Model business letters as well as additional information on how to write a proper and good
business letter are available in a booklet called Intelligent Business: Style guide (it is a
supplement to your Intelligent Business textbook) on pages 16 ­ 19. Use this source as a
useful way of drawing inspiration for your own seminar work.
Tips and examples (copied from the Style guide, page 16):
Formal business correspondence is usually done by letter as this leaves a written record
which can be kept for reference. Business letters can be of different types with different
purposes: to apply for a job, to inform people of developments, to request action, to make
an enquiry, to complain, etc. To write a successful business letter you need to use the right
tone and to communicate your message to the reader using straightforward language. The
way a letter is written reveals a lot about the person who is writing it and it also sends a
message about the organisation that he or she is working for. It is, therefore, very
important to make sure that the information, layout, style and spelling are all correct before
you send it.
* Language styles
Business letters are usually quite formal in style. A conversational style is therefore not
appropriate and you should avoid contractions, for example. Try to use verbs in the active
and not in the passive form as this will make your letter more dynamic. You should also
avoid writing sentences that are too long and that include complicated or unnecessary
language. A straightforward letter will get your message across more effectively than a long
wordy one. There are certain conventions concerning the correct way to address people
and to close your letter.
5
* Opening
Letters always start with Dear ... followed by the correct form of address. If the letter is
going to someone whose name you do not know, it starts with Dear Sir, or Dear
Madam, or Dear Sir or Madam, ... . But if you do know the name, then you can begin
with Dear Mr/Ms Taylor, or Dear Greg Taylor, ... .
* Closing
Letters are usually closed in standard ways. At the end of your letter you should include a
short sentence like I look forward to hearing from you. or Please do not hesitate
to contact me if you need further information. Below that, you should put a closing
phrase:
Yours sincerely, (formal, for letters beginning Dear + name)
Yours faithfully, (formal, for letters beginning Dear Sir/ Madam)
Yours truly, / Best regards, / Best wishes, (less formal)
* Useful phrases and notations
Following our recent telephone conversation ...
I am writing to you to confirm ...
Thank you for taking the time to ...
Regarding the question of ...
I think you will agree that ...
We are sorry for any inconvenience caused.
I am enclosing full contact details.
enc (shows that something is enclosed), cc (copy sent to another person), PS (for
additional sentence(s) included after the signature)
* Layout
When writing a business letter, you
should follow the standard format.
The letter opposite shows where
the following different components
should appear on the page.
a letterhead / address (but not
name) of writer
b name and address of
recipient
c references
d date
e opening
f subject heading
g body of the letter
h closing
i signature
j name and job title
k enclosures
6
Unit 8 ­ BRANDS
Coursebook, page 68, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in the summary of the speech:
According to the speaker, it isn't difficult to (1) _______________________ successful brands
(2) _________________ the top when they have become (3) _________________ (4) ________________
and when they have acquired (5) ________________ (6) _________________ from their buyers.
Several brands were able to (7) ______________________ scandals about (8) ___________________
while others were able to sell although the sports teams to (9) ______________________ them
lost their matches. However, the loss of the image of (10) ________________________ can even
(11) _______________________ a brand. For instance, if too many (12) _________________________
get a licence and sell the products at a price they see (13) _____________________. The advice
is simple: don't lose (14) _________________ of the (15) _________________ (16) _________________.
Coursebook, page 69, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
a person or company that supplies something to people,
especially food, services or information (paragraph 1)
2. _________________ =
a shop/store or an organization that sells goods made by a
particular company or of a particular type (par 1)
3. _________________ = a group of twelve of the same thing (par 1)
4. to _______________ = to produce or bring money for somebody (par 1)
5. _________________ =
something that a person has or owns that they think shows
their high social position and wealth (par 2)
6. _________________ =
here: a position of a company that people admire and see
as a symbol of a particular idea, style, way of doing things,
etc. (par 3)
7. _________________ = attractive, stylish, fascinating, appealing (par 3)
8. _________________ =
bringing something back, making it start being used again,
becoming or making something become strong and active
again (par 4)
9. _________________ =
a set of products of a particular type that are made or sold
by a company (par 4)
10. _________________ =
what people think or feel about a particular company; the
way that a company presents itself to the public (par 4)
7
11. _________________ =
praise or an award for an achievement that people admire
(par 4)
12. to _______________ =
to make a system, an organization, etc. work better,
especially in a way that saves money (par 5)
13. _________________ =
the part of a business that does not meet and deal directly
with customers (par 5)
14. _________________ =
changes to the form of something in order to improve its
appearance, how efficiently it works, etc. (par 6)
15. _________________ = an uneven journey, a way full of obstacles (par 6)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What is today's image of Gucci among people?
_____________________________________________________________
2. How is the Gucci Group described and what does the description mean?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What metaphor is used in the text to show that Gucci is a high-fashion covering brand
for other brands?
_____________________________________________________________
4. How, when and where did the company start?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What did Guccio Gucci do to build awareness of his brand with people?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What two important things did Gucci's sons do for the development of their firm?
____________________________________________________________
7. What exactly affected the reputation of the brand in 1980s?
____________________________________________________________
8. What metaphor is used to describe the fact that customers' interest in the brand
decreased?
____________________________________________________________
9. What change in the position of the Gucci brand took place thanks to Tom Ford?
____________________________________________________________
10. How did Domenico de Sole contribute to the success of Gucci in the past years?
____________________________________________________________
11. How was Gucci's successful transformation noticed on the European level?
____________________________________________________________
12. What metaphor is used in paragraph 6 to express the fact that Gucci started to live
again as a popular brand?
____________________________________________________________
13. What do stockbrokers think about the future development of Gucci's shares?
____________________________________________________________
8
Coursebook, page 72, exercise LISTENING 2
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
The manager talks about the way corporate identity and brand asset management are
(1) ___________. He points out that a corporate image has the power to (2) _________
and (3) _______________ one company from another. Identity of a company and a
brand is important as it serves as the company's (4) _____________ (5) ____________
to the world and it shows what its services and products (6) __________________
(7) ____________. There are many (8) ________________ companies have to face in
this area, so they stress the (9) ________________ (10) ______________ of identity i.e.
the right price. The price is a key (11) ________________ (12) ________________
for both expensive quality products and (13) ____________________ products. When a
company wants to check the (14) ___________________ of its corporate brand, it does a
(15) _______________ (16) ______________, i.e. (17) ______________ interviews
and (18) ____________ of many corporate artifacts (e.g. (19) __________________,
(20) ________________ (21) _____________, vehicles, (22) ________________,
(23) ____________________, ads, etc.). All these procedures should be carried out
(24) _________________ in, year (25) ____________. The manager also argues that
in many cases the brands and corporate name are (26) ________________. It is also
usual that many big (27) ______________ with many brands try to (28) ___________
a (29) ______________ corporate (30) ______________ while their brands are in the
(31) ___________________. Nevertheless, in case of any (32) __________________
or if their identity is (33) _________________, it can even affect the brand itself. Finally,
the corporate brand's reputation affects the product brand's reputation and (34) ________
(35) _____________.
Workbook, page 34, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. to _______________ = to shrink, diminish (paragraph 1)
2. _________________ =
a period when the process of making goods or materials,
especially large quantities, is started and finished (par 1)
3. _________________ = a piece of clothing (par 1)
4. to _______________ = to earn less money than the costs are (par 2)
5. _________________ =
an adjective used to describe goods that can be brought or
sent into a country without paying tax on them (par 2)
9
6. to _______________ =
an idiom expressing the fact that somebody ended
cooperation or relationship with somebody else (par 2)
7. _________________ =
insistently repetitive or continuous; existing or remaining
in the same state for a very long time; enduring (par 2)
8. _________________ = a small, undefined number or quantity (par 2)
9. _________________ = informal way of saying clothing industry (par 3)
10. _________________ = dependent, depending on something or someone (par 3)
11. to _______________ =
to support something so that it can exist further / so that it
does not disappear or die (par 3)
12. _________________ =
desperate, having dreadful or terrible consequences;
calamitous (par 4)
13. to _______________ = to end business because of bankruptcy (par 4)
14. to _______________ =
to do as well as or better than somebody else in
competition; to equal (par 5)
15. _________________ =
the amount of money that a company needs in order to pay
wages to its employees (par 5)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. Why is it so difficult to earn money on high-quality custom-made clothing?
____________________________________________________________
2. What did LVMH decide to do with one of its unsuccessful brands and what brand is it?
____________________________________________________________
3. Who makes high fashion survive and how do they do it?
____________________________________________________________
4. Which six possibilities did small and medium-sized companies use to fight their bad
situation?
1. ________________________________________________
2. ________________________________________________
3. ________________________________________________
4. ________________________________________________
5. ________________________________________________
6. ________________________________________________
5. What is the main reason for this situation?
____________________________________________________________
10
Adjectives and adverbs
Form of adverbs
* Many `how' adverbs are formed by adding -ly to an adjective. A few add -y, -ally, or
-ily, depending on the spelling of the original adjective.
slow ­ slowly slight ­ slightly careful ­ carefully
full ­ fully dramatic ­ dramatically steady ­ steadily
* Some adverbs and adjectives have the same form. Examples include fast, hard,
early, late, high, low, right, wrong, daily/weekly/monthly/quarterly.
This is a fast machine. (adj.) This machine goes very fast. (adv.)
It's a hard decision. (adj.) He's working very hard at the moment. (adv.)
* Note that the adverb hardly is not related to the meaning of hard.
It's so noisy I can hardly think. (`hardly' = almost not)
* Note that good is an adjective and well is an adverb.
She's a good negotiator. She negotiates well.
Adjectives ending -ing and -ed
* Adjectives ending -ing describe something we are reacting to (outside us).
Adjectives ending -ed describe our feelings and reactions (inside us).
The meeting was very interesting. I was interested in your idea about outsourcing.
Asia Online president Kevin Randolph says he does not concentrate on the number of
customers because he is not really interested in mass marketing. `I am interested in quality
marketing,' Randolph says. `We have 100,000 customers, which is an interesting number,
but I am not managing the business based on that.' (business review weekly website)
Other pairs like this are: bored/boring, confused/confusing, excited/exciting,
fascinated/fascinating, surprised/surprising, tired/tiring
I found her comments quite surprising. I was surprised by her comments.
Compare adjectives ending in -ing and -ed:
You can say:
* My job is
boring.
interesting.
tiring.
satisfying.
depressing. (etc.)
You can say:
* I'm bored with my job.
* I'm not interested in my job any more.
* I'm always tired when I finish work.
* I'm not satisfied with my job.
* My job makes me depressed. (etc.)
The -ing adjective tells you about the job. The -ed adjective tells you how somebody
feels (about the job).
Compare these examples:
interesting
* Julia thinks politics is very interesting.
* Did you meet anyone interesting at the
party?
surprising
* It was quite surprising that he passed the
examination.
disappointing
* The film was disappointing. I expected it to
be much better.
shocking
* The news was shocking.
interested
* Julia is very interested in politics.
(not `interesting in politics')
* Are you interested in buying a car? I'm
trying to sell mine.
surprised
* Everybody was surprised that he passed the
examination.
disappointed
* I was disappointed with the film. I expected it
to be much better.
shocked
* We were very shocked when we heard the
news.
11
Grammar exercises
1. Complete the sentences using one of the words in the box.
amusing / amused
annoying / annoyed
boring / bored
confusing / confused
disgusting / disgusted
exciting / excited
exhausting / exhausted
interesting / interested
surprising / surprised
1. He works very hard. It's not surprising that he's always tired.
2. I've got nothing to do. I'm _______________.
3. The teacher's explanation was _____________. Most of the students didn't understand it.
4. The kitchen hadn't been cleaned for ages. It was really _______________.
5. I seldom visit art galleries. I'm not particularly _______________ in art.
6. There's no need to get _______________ just because I'm a few minutes late.
7. The lecture was _______________. I fell asleep.
8. I asked Emily if she wanted to come out with us but she wasn't _______________.
9. I've been working very hard all day and now I'm _______________.
10. I'm starting a new job next week. I'm quite _______________ about it.
11. Tom is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very _______________.
12. Liz is a very _______________ person. She knows a lot, she's travelled a lot and
she's done lots of different things.
Look at these examples:
* Our holiday was too short ­ the time went very quickly.
* The driver of the car was seriously injured in the accident.
Quickly and seriously are adverbs. Many adverbs are made from an adjective + -ly:
adjective: quick serious careful quiet heavy bad
adverb: quickly seriously carefully quietly heavily badly
Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -ly too, for example:
friendly lively elderly lonely silly lovely
Fast / hard / late
These words are both adjectives and adverbs:
adjective adverb
* Jack is a very fast runner. Jack can run very fast.
* Ann is a hard worker. Ann works hard. (not `works hardly')
* The train was late. I got up late this morning.
Lately = `recently'
* Have you seen Tom lately?
We use adjectives after be / get / become / seem:
* Be careful! ˇ I'm tired and I'm getting hungry.
* As the film went on, it became more and more boring.
* Your friend seems very nice.
We also use adjectives to say how somebody/something looks, feels, sounds, tastes or smells:
* You look tired. / I feel tired. / She sounds tired.
* The dinner smells good. ˇ This tea tastes a bit strange.
But to say how somebody does something you must use an adverb:
* Drive carefully! (not `Drive careful')
* Susan plays the piano very well. (not `plays ... very good')
12
2. Complete each sentence with a verb (in the correct form) and an adjective
from the boxes.
feel look seem
smell sound taste
awful fine interesting
nice upset wet
1. Ann seemed upset this morning. Do you know what was wrong?
2. I can't eat this. I've just tried it and it __________________.
3. I wasn't very well yesterday but I __________________ today.
4. What beautiful flowers! They __________________ too.
5. You __________________. Have you been out in the rain?
6. Jim was telling me about his new job. It _____________ quite _____________, much better
than his old job.
3. Choose the correct word.
1. This tea tastes a bit strange. (strange/strangely)
2. I always feel ______________ when the sun is shining. (happy/happily)
3. The children were playing ______________ in the garden. (happy/happily)
4. The man became ______________ when the manager of the restaurant asked him to leave.
(violent/violently)
5. You look ______________! Are you all right? (terrible/terribly)
6. There's no point in doing a job if you don't do it ______________. (proper/properly)
4. Complete each sentence using a word from the list. Sometimes you need the adjective
(careful etc.) and sometimes the adverb (carefully etc.).
careful(ly) complete(ly) continuous(ly) financial(ly) fluent(ly)
happy/happily nervous(ly) perfect(ly) quick(ly) special(ly)
1. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very quickly.
2. Tom doesn't take risks when he's driving. He's always _______________.
3. Sue works _______________. She never seems to stop.
4. Alice and Stan are very _______________ married.
5. Monica's English is very _______________ although she makes quite a lot of mistakes.
6. I cooked this meal _______________ for you, so I hope you like it.
7. Everything was very quiet. There was _______________ silence.
8. I tried on the shoes and they fitted me _______________.
9. Do you usually feel _______________ before examinations?
10. I'd like to buy a car but it's _______________ impossible for me at the moment.
5. Are the underlined words right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
1. I'm tired because I've been working hard. RIGHT
2. I tried hard to remember her name but I couldn't. ________________________
3. This coat is practically unused. I've hardly worn it. ________________________
4. She's a good tennis player. She hits the ball hardly. ________________________
5. Don't walk so fast! I can't keep up with you. ________________________
6. Why are you walking so slow? Are you tired? ________________________
13
6. Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
1. There was a slight fall in profits in April.
In April profits fell slightly.
2. There was a dramatic improvement in our share price last month.
Last month our share price ________________________________________.
3. There has been a significant drop in demand for oil over the last few months.
Demand for oil ________________________________ over the last few months.
4. Let's have a brief pause for coffee.
Let's _________________________________________________ for coffee.
5. There has been a steady improvement in the inflation figures.
The inflation figures ____________________________________________.
6. There was a slow recovery in consumer confidence last year.
Consumer confidence ______________________________________ last year.
7. There has been a gradual rise in unemployment.
Unemployment ________________________________________________.
8. There has been considerable growth in Korean GDP over recent years.
Over recent years Korean GDP _____________________________________.
7. Complete the sentences with one word from the list A and one word from list B.
A: badly completely easily extremely heavily quite unexpectedly well
B: delayed designed helpful illegal late made promoted recognizable
1. This suitcase is very well made. It will last for years and years.
2. The new product is being ___________________. You see the adverts everywhere.
3. This website is very ___________________. I can't find the information I need.
4. You've been ___________________. I really appreciate it.
5. Our offices are ___________________. Look out for the large flags at the front.
6. I'm sorry, my flight has been ___________________. I'll call you when I arrive.
7. Taking bribes is ___________________. You'll lose your job if they catch you.
8. I arrived at the presentation ___________________ and missed the first part.
8. Read this report about the convergence of mobile phones and handheld computers.
Underline either the adjective or adverb each time.
The Net: anywhere,
anytime, in the palm
of your hand
It seems (1) strange/strangely, but
some people are walking around
with a mobile phone, a handheld
computer like a Palm, a pager, and
even a notebook computer with a
(2) conventional/conventionally
keyboard as well. These digital
devices are converging (3) rapid/
rapidly, but manufacturers are
finding it difficult to get all the parts
to integrate (4) proper/properly.
Contemporary mobile phones look
(5) good/well, are relatively
(6) good/well at sending short text
messages, but don't work (7) good/
well as handheld computers. They
lack memory, synchronize (8) bad/
badly with desktop PCs, and aren't
(9) easy/easily to use for
writing emails.
Searching for an address-book
entry or scrolling through a
contact list is (10) slow/
slowly, although once you find
the name you can call the
person (11) direct/directly by
just touching the phone
number. Of course the big
issue in the future is Internet
access ­ it needs to be fast,
(12) easy/easily and (13) cheap/
cheaply, but still allow phone
companies to make a profit.
Things are moving very
(14) quick/quickly in this area,
and the manufacturers who
succeed in getting everything
(15) right/rightly are going to
make (16) huge/hugely profits.
REVIEW TEST
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 8 ­ Brands
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
padělané výrobky oslabující značku (výrobku) ­ ________________________________________
dosáhnout u zákazníků věrnost značce ­ _____________________________________________
uvážlivě se vyhnout nadměrné publicitě (výrobku) ­ _____________________________________
čelit značně velkým výzvám v umění jednat s lidmi ­ ___________________________________
vybudovat si renomé za renovaci (vylepšení) zboží ­ _____________________________________
odlišit oděvy na zakázku od konfekce ­ ______________________________________________
úspěšně na sebe neupozorňovat jako firma ­ _________________________________________
ztrátové středně velké firmy jdoucí ke dnu ­ __________________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. using a successful brand name to sell new types of products; a new product that is sold
using an existing brand name:
2. the act of making changes to the form of something in order to improve its appearance,
how efficiently it works, etc.:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
CLIENT BASE, PRICE, CUSTOMERS,
LOLLIPOPS, PURVEYORS, ACCOLADE
1. Guccio Gucci deserved at least one _____________________ for building his successful
company.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. We have to fight against the diminishing of our ______________________________.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. None of our _____________________ was accused of contractual failure.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
STREAMLINE ­ DETRACT ­ EXPAND ­ ANTICIPATE
REVIVE ­ REINFORCE ­ SUSTAIN ­ CONVEY
1. IBM has decided _________________________ the idea of producing colorful laptops.
2. The message _________________________ to the public through mass media.
3. In my opinion, potential conflicts should always _________________________, if
possible.
4. Celebrity endorsement should _________________________ our main message in the
campaign.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. We came ___________________________ to the theater ­ the performance had already
started. (LATE)
2. The ___________________________ of our products is accompanied with an identifier.
(SIGN)
3. Retailers ___________________________ prefer checking their brand effectiveness.
(INCREASE)
4. The company wants to ___________________________ its production overseas.
(SOURCE)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. The management has approved ________ all our suggestions.
2. Bad news concerning the firm will result ________ the decrease in sales.
3. Brand extension can detract ________ your exclusivity image.
4. The new logo conjures ________ the idea of a strong and wealthy firm.
5. Coca-Cola is the biggest rival ________ Pepsi.
6. A few years ago the market was crowded ________ small firms.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones: (3 points each)
1. The taste of the soup was great although its appearance was quite bad.
The soup tasted ___________________ although it looked ________________________.
2. The successful promotion of this product caused that people started buying it.
The ____________________________________ product started being bought by people.
3. We have had a very friendly talk.
We talked _______________________________________________________________.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
Hugo Boss ______________________________________ (DECIDE, RISK, LAUNCH) a
new advertising campaign recently. There was no point ______________________ (WAIT) it
because the competitors were likely ______________________________________ (MAKE,
attempt, ATTACK) HB's position on the market. And they could ______________________
_____________________ (SUCCEED, THREATEN) HB by using celebrity endorsement.
D'Orsay, for example, ________________________________________________ (LOOK
FORWARD, COOPERATE) Jennifer Lopez, who is going to be their main star. Although
JLo __________________________________ (lately, DENY, USE) as the brand-attraction,
rumours still spread. Other companies _________________________________ (even, TRY,
TARNISH) the reputation of HB. It is obvious that HB always _______________________
________________________ (OBJECT, USE) such techniques but it is not always possible
_________________________________ (EXPECT, competitors, BEHAVE) in a fair way.
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 ­ 4.
(2 points each)
1. I think your speech was _____________________.
A: extremely dramatical B: extremely dramatic
C: made extremely dramatically D: made extremely dramaticly
2. The teacher was very _________________ and the students were _________________.
A: confusing ... boring B: confused ... bored
C: boring ... bored D: bored ... depressing
3. The idea which came too _________________ seems _________________.
A: late ... silly B: lately ... interesting
C: soon ... lovely D: fast ... well
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Hlavní příčiny neúspěchu firem v podnikání zahrnují slabou cenovou politiku, příliš mnoho
rozmanitých výrobků nebo poskytování licencí příliš mnoha obchodníkům; na druhou stranu
může vysoké povědomí o identitě značky udělat zázraky. Dalším faktorem jsou též rostoucí
mzdové náklady nutící firmy snižovat výrobu nebo ji přesunovat do zahraničí, protože pokud
chtějí masoví producenti přežít, nemohou si dovolit mít přetrvávající ztrátu.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
16
Unit 9 ­ INVESTMENT
Coursebook, page 77, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
the business of buying and selling shares in companies and
the place where this happens; a stock exchange
(paragraph 1)
2. _________________ =
the amount of profit or income that you get from a
particular investment (par 1)
3. _________________ =
an award or amount of money that is given to a person
who wins a competition, etc. or who does very good work
(par 2)
4. _________________ =
the desire or need of customers for goods or services which
they want to buy or use; a very firm request for something;
something that somebody needs or asks for (par 2);
the opposite = _________________
5. _________________ =
a person or company that buys things and sells them at a
profit (par 2)
6. _________________ =
a method of raising money by selling tickets by which a
winner is selected at random (par 3)
7. _________________ =
analytical and empirical data that are not dependent on
subjective judgments of people; statistical data (par 3)
8. _________________ =
knowledge of a person acquired by a relationship less
intimate than friendship (par 4)
9. _________________ =
a business project or activity, especially one that involves
taking risks (par 4)
10. _________________ = a price that somebody wants to sell something for (par 4)
11. _________________ = land and buildings; real estate (par 4)
12. _________________ =
formal discussions between people who are trying to reach
an agreement (par 4)
13. _________________ =
a number representing a particular amount, especially one
given in official information (par 4)
14. to _______________ = to use more of finances than is necessary or useful (par 5)
15. _________________ =
something or someone that shows the way by leading,
directing, or advising (par 6)
16. _________________ =
an adjective describing the fact that the value of something
is fixed at a level that is too high (par 6)
17. _________________ =
if somebody or something has it, they are likely to prefer or
dislike one thing, person or group rather than another, in
an unfair way (par 6)
17
18. _________________ =
a set of investments owned by a particular person or
organization (par 6)
19. _________________ =
a situation when your costs are higher than your returns
(par 7)
20. to _______________ =
to change something slightly to make it more suitable or
more accurate (par 8)
21. _________________ =
a situation in which different things exist in equal, correct
or good amounts (par 8)
22. to _______________ = to influence or affect something (par 9)
23. _________________ =
inconsistent; going against each other; in disagreement
(par 9)
24. _________________ = not based on logical reasoning (par 9)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What symptoms of people's bad dealing with uncertainty are mentioned?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What does behavioural finance deal with and what is professor Kahneman's relation to
this field?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What did surveys reveal as far as people's forecasts of stock market movements are
concerned? How do they decide?
_____________________________________________________________
4. How do people generally react to the first offering price when buying a house and why
can this price be problematic in some cases?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What generally excepted idea people don't want to abandon?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What "human weakness" can cost companies a lot of money?
_____________________________________________________________
7. What problem of investment is connected with people's experience? What example is
used in the text?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What does "home bias" mean and why is it a bad approach to investment?
_____________________________________________________________
18
9. What explanation and what metaphorical expression is used to describe the
irrationality people show when investing?
_____________________________________________________________
10. What problem does professor Kahneman see with respect to spending time on major
and minor decisions? What example is cited?
_____________________________________________________________
11. Why does regretting past decisions have also good sides? How is it shown on the
example of investors and companies?
_____________________________________________________________
12. What is the position of governments, on the other hand?
_____________________________________________________________
Coursebook, page 80, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
Bradley Hopper was interested in textiles and therefore he decided to invest his money in
this business. At first, he wanted to get into the (1) _____________ (2) _____________
but later he abandoned this idea and became an investor. As the interviewer points out, this
investment has (3) _____________ (4) ____________ since the (5) _____________
accounts for approximately a hundred million dollars. As far as Bradley is concerned, his
first (6) _____________ is making money, and that is the (7) _____________ to his
(8) _____________. Nevertheless, he cannot relax as he has to keep (9) ____________
himself and hope to get (10) _______________ by the best (11) _______________
(12) _____________. His competitors are (13) _____________ (14) _____________
because the market is very (15) ____________________. In the future, he plans to
(16) ________________ their first (17) _______________ (18) _______________
(19) ___________________ ­ a T-shirt made from (20) ___________________
(21) _______________ (22) _______________ that has been 100% grown in the USA.
Bradley thinks that the market for (23) _______________ (24) _______________
products is (25) __________________. However, he is thinking about becoming a
(26) ______________ (27) _______________, or rather a (28) _______________
(29) ______________. What he wants is the (30) _______________ at the beginning
of a (31) ______________, but he is also interested in the (32) _______________ part.
19
Workbook, page 39, exercise LISTENING
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
ART's main activity is providing (1) _________________ at (2) _________________
(3) _________________ to small businesses that have problems with finding funding
from (4) _________________ sources. The condition is that their business plans have to
be (5) _________________. This model has been (6) _________________ by even
other institution since it (7) ___________________ in 1997. However, their model for
(8) ______________ could not have been implemented without (9) _______________
information and support. It isn't easy to (10) _________________ one's own business
and entrepreneurs may feel (11) _________________ in case they decide to ask for
assistance. As far as Steve is concerned, he has directors (12) _________________ to
(13) ______________ him and he knows he can ask them for (14) _______________.
He also gives advice to businesspeople by claiming that being open to new ideas provides
them with a different (15) _________________ and they are thus able to see their
situation from a different (16) ______________, which produces (17) _____________
the best results.
ART cooperates with various types of (18) ________________ that may be, for example,
(19) ________________. Unlike a bank that lends money to (20) ________________
(21) _______________, ART's (22) _______________ is to (23) _______________
companies to (24) ________________ and help the (25) ________________ succeed.
Nevertheless, Steve made even a bad decision during the early (26) _________________
of ART: he planned to have 50,000 (27) _________________ printed up to
(28) _________________ their services. He wanted to (29) _________________
10,000 of them by (30) _________________ them into a magazine that goes out to the
(31) _____________ homes in the area. Unfortunately, he didn't (32) _____________
a single (33) _______________ from the (34) ________________. Later he learned
that this wasn't the correct way to (35) _________________ a new concept and he has
started to see what other (36) _________________ are (37) _________________. If
he had (38) ______________ advice from people who are more (39) ______________,
he could have (40) _________________ the situation better. So he says that his worst
decision (41) _________________ (42) _________________ with his best decision.
Steve also says that it's a bad thing to close yourself (43) ____________________ to
new ideas. Businesspeople should not be afraid to ask for help and take advice
(44) _________________ (45) _________________ because this will be not only
(46) _________________ for the business, but also for themselves.
20
Workbook, page 38, exercise READING
In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
an adjective referring to a person who makes money by
starting or running businesses, especially when this
involves taking financial risks
2. to _______________ =
to explode; to come open or fly apart suddenly or violently,
especially from internal pressure
3. _________________ =
a metaphor used to describe overoptimistic and
exaggerated expectations in relation to internet
companies' shares
4. _________________ = a newly founded company
5. _________________ = newly started business operations
6. _________________ =
a number of people or things taken from a larger group
using a process in which each person or thing has an equal
chance of being chosen
7. to _______________ =
to investigate the opinions or behavior of a group of people
by asking them a series of questions
21
Developing an argument
Words meaning and, but and so
* Words like and, but and so are usually used to join parts of sentences. We can use
longer words and phrases with the same meaning to link both across sentences and
within more complex sentences.
and: In addition, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore
but: However, Nevertheless, On the other hand
so: Therefore, Consequently, As a result
These words and phrases are typical of formal speech (for example presentations) and
writing. They usually come at the start of a sentence and have a comma afterwards, but
can come after a comma in the middle of a sentence.
Supplier A is cheaper, and their delivery times are good. However, supplier B has
better quality products and they have a good reputation in the market.
This new process produces less waste, and as a result it's much better for the
environment.
Our stocks are moving in a downwards spiral, therefore the Fed must cut interest rates to boost
our confidence. That, at least, is the theory among investors this week. (Forbes.com website)
Examples: for example, for instance, such as
* We can use for example or for instance. Note the possible positions.
Our costs have gone up. For example, the cost of steel has nearly doubled.
Our costs have gone up. The cost of steel, for example, has nearly doubled.
* We use such as in the middle of a sentence to give examples. It is the same as `like'.
Such as is followed by a noun phrase, not a whole clause.
Some delays, such as strikes or bad weather, are beyond our control.
Some delays are beyond our control, such as strikes or bad weather.
Additional/real information: in fact, actually
* We use In fact, Actually or As a matter of fact to add a piece of information to what we
just said. The second piece of information gives more details.
We have plenty in stock. In fact/As a matter of fact, we could deliver tomorrow.
We also use these words to emphasize what the real situation is. This is surprising or
different to what people imagine.
I thought we had some in stock, but in fact/actually we don't.
Sequence: first of all, as well as this, finally
* We can use First, Firstly, First of all to begin a series of points in a formal argument.
For other numbered points we say Second, Secondly, etc.
To add a point without numbering we can say As well as this, Besides this or In
addition. At the end we can say Finally.
Why choose the Czech Republic? Well, first of all, it has lower labour costs than other
neighbouring countries, and secondly, it has a stable currency. As well as this, it has
a trained workforce with good labour relations, and finally, it has a strong local market.
22
* To finish one point we can say Overall or Taking everything into consideration.
Overall, a record 67% of the adult population is employed or looking for work, mainly
because female participation in the labor force has jumped over the last two decades.
(Business Week website)
To finish a formal speech we can say In conclusion.
In conclusion, I'd just like to thank you all very much for coming, and I look forward to
seeing you again at our next meeting on 31 September.
Generalizing: in general, on the whole
* There are many words and phrases we can use to talk generally: In general, On the
whole, As a rule, Typically, All in all, Basically, Overall, Broadly speaking.
Organisations typically have five `customer' relationships: customers, business partners,
suppliers, employees, and shareholders. (e-business advisor website)
* If we want to make a balanced argument we often use one of these phrases followed
by a contrasting idea with a word like but.
In general the Japanese economy has not been very dynamic over recent years.
However, some technology and telecom companies are growing very fast.
On the whole, I think you're right, although I disagree with you about the level of risk.
Summarizing: so, to sum up, in summary
* We can use So, In short, To put it simply, To sum up and In summary to summarize.
So, to sum up the main points of my presentation so far, we are a truly international
company offering a full range of services to corporate and private clients in the areas
of finance, banking and insurance.
To put it simply, food processors will lose competitiveness as a direct result of EU
membership. (Business Central Europe website)
Either ... or ..., instead of, except for
* We use either to begin a list of possibilities. We do not begin with or. The other
possibilities are introduced with or.
Either we could cancel the product launch, or postpone it. (NOT Or we could cancel)
But in speech we can begin with or to complete the other person's idea.
A: `We could just cancel the launch.'
B: `Or perhaps postpone it.'
* We use instead (of) to mean `in the place of something else'. At the end of a sentence,
instead is used without of.
Can we have the meeting on Friday instead of Thursday?
Thursday is no good? OK, can we have it on Friday instead?
* We use except, except for or apart from to mean `not including'.
I have contacted everyone except (for) Margaret.
23
Grammar exercises
1. Underline the correct words.
1. If registered mail is too slow, we could use a courier instead/instead of.
2. The fall in share prices has made investors nervous. On the other side/hand, it's an excellent
buying opportunity if you're prepared to take a risk.
3. As a rule/Therefore I don't normally have a big lunch, but I'll come with you to the restaurant
today.
4. All commodity prices rose last week, also/except gold.
5. We can either/or wait for a train, or go by taxi.
6. I know Madrid very well. As a matter of fact/On the whole, I worked there for a short time
many years ago.
7. As a matter of fact/On the whole stocks are riskier than bonds, but stocks can give a better
return in the long term.
8. It's convenient for me to come to work by car. On the other hand/Besides, the train would
probably be quicker.
9. It's convenient for me to come to work by car. On the other hand/Besides, the company pays
for the parking.
10. Investment in areas for example/such as biotechnology can be risky.
11. Investment in some areas, for example/such as biotechnology, can be risky.
12. Can we send an email except for/instead of a fax?
2. Complete each sentence with a word or phrase from the list below.
actually as well as this either except instead
such as therefore nevertheless so in general
1. People think it's expensive, but actually over the long term it isn't.
2. The restaurant is open every day __________________ Monday.
3. She's out of the country and __________________ unable to attend the meeting.
4. I was going on Tuesday, but now I'm going on Monday __________________.
5. __________________ I think the meeting went very well, although we didn't manage
to agree on the composition of the new team.
6. Some areas, __________________ recruitment, are outsourced to other companies.
7. I'm sorry. __________________ you accept this price, or we can't do business.
8. It's reliable, safe and easy to use. _________________, it's excellent value for money.
9. It's reliable, safe and easy to use. _________________, the maintenance costs can be
quite high.
10. __________________, in short, it's reliable, safe and easy to use.
3. Put four commas in this short paragraph.
In general taking an MBA is a good idea for an ambitious young professional however you do
have to make some sacrifices. You miss out on two years' valuable work experience for example
and it can be very expensive.
24
4. Read this article about transport policy in city centres. Complete the article by
choosing the correct alternative from A, B, C or D below.
Want to enter the city?
Sorry, youSorry, youSorry, youSorry, you''''ll have to pay.ll have to pay.ll have to pay.ll have to pay.
Traffic congestion in city centres is
a big problem for both businesses
and residents. Policy makers are
being forced to think of solutions
based on public transport, road
pricing and restricted use of one
kind or another (1) c unlimited
access for cars at all times. What
are the reasons for this?
(2) __________, cars cause noise
and pollution in areas where people
walk, shop or go sightseeing, and
(3) ___________ this they are of
course quite dangerous. (4) ____,
cars cause traffic jams and
(5) ______ many hours of work
time are lost. (6) ______, people
need incentives before they change
their habits and alternatives to cars
are often not available or of poor
quality. The first thing is that
public transport must become more
reliable and more comfortable.
(7) _______, bicycle use should be
encouraged, (8) ______ by having
more cycle lanes. Some large cities,
(9) ________ Amsterdam, are
already organised in this way. But
the most radical measure is road
pricing. Asking motorists to pay to
enter city centres is controversial,
but is an increasingly common
solution. So, (10) _______, we can
see that imaginative and sometimes
unpopular measures will be needed
to make the city centre a more
pleasant place to work and live.
1 A but B except for C instead of D such as
2 A As well B First of all C In fact D As a result
3 A As well as B Also C For example D Except
4 A For example B However C And D Secondly
5 A either B both C as a result D instead of
6 A However B Therefore C So D In conclusion
7 A To sum up B In addition C Actually D For example
8 A to sum up B in addition C actually D for example
9 A such as B as well as C instead of D except
10 A thirdly B in conclusion C instead D also
5. Complete this speech made by the leader of a Korean trade delegation at the end
of a trip to Wales with the words and phrases from the list below.
first f all in conclusion in addition therefore
instead of as a rule however in fact
`Could I just say a few words? Thank you. Well, (1) first of all I'd like to thank everyone here at GNK for
organizing today's visit. We have enjoyed meeting all the staff, seeing your new products and looking
round your factory. (2) ________________, I would like to thank the local Chamber of Commerce who
made the whole trip possible. As you know, we see the European market as very important for our
company. (3) ________________, it is central to our future plans. (4) _______________, I'm sure
that we can look forward to even closer cooperation between our two companies in the future.
(5) _________________ I think it's better to keep the ceremonies short on occasions like this,
(6) ________________, I would just like to take this opportunity to leave you with something to
remember our visit, and so I have great pleasure in presenting this book with photographs of Korea to
your director, Chris Armstrong. (7) _________________, I hope that we may soon have the pleasure
of welcoming some of you to our country in the future. Perhaps the next time we meet it will be in Seoul
(8) ______________ Cardiff! Once again, thank you all very much.'
REVIEW TEST
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 9 ­ Investment
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
nespecializovat se na terminované obchody a opce ­ ___________________________________
utrpět obrovské ztráty ­ _________________________________________________________
rozvážný investor nikdy nejednající ukvapeně ­ _______________________________________
čelit rozporuplným politickým tlakům ­ _____________________________________________
právo, ale ne závazek uskutečnit transakci ­ __________________________________________
zaručený dluhopis vydaný vládou ­ _________________________________________________
znovu investovat (1 word) zisk do jiných riskantních podniků (1 word) a méněcenných dlupopisů ­
____________________________________________________________________________
mít nejlepší šanci na úspěch mezi absolventy MBA ­ ___________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. shares in a well-managed company with a record of paying profits to shareholders during
good and bad economic conditions:
2. an investor who helps new companies develop by lending them their own money, which
may involve a lot of risk:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
FUTURES, OPTIONS, BOOM YEARS,
INSIGHTS, BANKRUPTCY, PORTFOLIO
1. He is the infamous trader who caused the _______________________ of Barings Bank.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. During the _______________________, a period of wealth and success, companies tend
to waste their energy and resources.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. Behavioral finance is a science that applies psychological _______________________ to
economics.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
FORECAST ­ ASSESS ­ QUOTE ­ FALSIFY
AFFECT ­ PAY ­ LET ­ INVEST
1. He _____________________ accounts, i.e. deliberately put wrong data in them, and lost
a staggering total of 208m.
2. The asking price _______________________ the seller tends to become accepted as the
price around which negotiations take place.
3. Blue-chip shares will almost certainly ______________________ a minimum of 4% even
in poor economic conditions.
4. How does regretting bad decisions ________________________ stock market investors'
future decisions?
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. John has stopped all his ________________________ activities. (ENTREPRENEUR)
2. Have you ___________________________ the tasks you are supposed to do this week?
(PRIORITY)
3. Buying the shares now is ________________________: you can earn a lot of money but
you won't have any money for the production expansion at the moment. (PRODUCE)
4. This banker is my ________________________ ­ we met at a conference two years ago.
(ACQUAINT)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. Why don't companies abandon projects _______ which they are losing money?
2. Why are people more concerned _______ losses than profits?
3. Why is it irrational to invest only _______ your home country?
4. The industry is infamous _______ assessing value incorrectly.
5. It's difficult to overemphasize the risk involved _______ buying fine art as an investment.
6. What task can I delegate and assign _______ somebody else?
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones: (3 points each)
1. They shouldn't have expanded their portfolio on any account, because their track record
was very poor.
On no account ___________________________________________________________.
2. We don't want to raise prices as we'd lose some of our customers.
What we _______________________________________________________________.
3. Profit as well as satisfaction from well-done work drives him.
It _____________________________________________________________________.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
Many financial institutions are now _______________________________________ (HAVE
DIFFICULTY, FINANCE) their operations because of the financial crisis. Economists
mostly ________________________________________________ (ADVISE, they, PLAN,
GET READY) lower profit and higher risks. Governments __________________________
_______________________ (URGE, START, SUPPORT) foreign investments, as national
economies ____________________________________ (likely, EXPERIENCE) a decrease
in their GDP. Every effort ____________________________________ (AVOID, HIT) the
crisis is appreciated not only by experts. __________________________________________
________________ (DISCUSS, opportunities, INVEST, safe) has become a major issue for
many fund managers. Shareholders _____________________________________________
(recent, SURPRISE) managers' failure to earn the promised profits. The income __________
______________________________________ (SEEM, KEEP, DECREASE) last month,
which was bad news. However, a positive trend ____________________________________
(EXPECT, BEGIN) in the following quarter.
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 ­ 4.
(2 points each)
1. The investment fund could buy shares of _______ banks _______ insurance companies.
A: either ... and also B: either ... or
C: neither ... but D: neither ... nor
2. __________, the financial crisis can last longer than most people think.
A: In conclusion B: In general
C: Either D: On the whole
3. Certain measures, ____________ increasing the interest rate, refusing to lend money or
others, aren't very popular.
A: such as B: for example
C: like D: for instance
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Michael Connel se stal známým jako spoluzakladatel jednoho slavného a úspěšného investičního
fondu i svým výkonem v oblasti vyhledávání bezpečných a rychle rostoucích výnosů z
investovaného majetku. Spíše než tradičním metodám hodnocení rizika důvěřoval svému
instinktu a zkušenosti. Ačkoliv jeho předpovědi vývoje akciového trhu nebyly vždy zcela přesné,
většinou byl jeho úsudek správný a jeho rozhodnutí přinášela klientům vysoké příjmy.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
27
Unit 10 ­ ENERGY
Coursebook, page 87, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
the reduction of something by a large amount so that there
is not enough left
2. to _______________ = to reduce or cut drastically (paragraph 1)
3. _________________ =
an amount of a mineral, fossil fuel, or other resource
known to exist in a particular location and to be
exploitable (par 1)
4. _________________ =
an approximate evaluation or rough calculation, as of
worth, quantity, or size (par 1)
5. to _______________ = to rise very quickly (par 1)
6. _________________ =
represented as greater than is actually the case; overstated;
enlarged or increased to an abnormal degree (par 1)
7. _________________ =
having been demonstrated or verified without any doubt
(par 2)
8. _________________ =
something that encourages somebody to do something;
something, such as the expectation of reward or the fear of
punishment, that motivates effort or action (par 2)
9. to _______________ =
to make something appear to be more important or
impressive or bigger than it really is (par 2)
10. to __________ ____ = to include, incorporate something (par 2)
11. to _______________ =
to achieve a maximum of development, value, or intensity;
to culminate (par 3)
12. _________________ = dependent on something, relying on something (par 3)
13. _________________ = any substances that are used as food (par 3)
14. to _______________ = to cause to become; make (par 3)
15. _________________ =
being so expensive that people are generally unable to buy
it (par 3)
16. to _______________ =
to draw or pull out, often with great force or effort (e.g. oil
from the ground) (par 3)
17. ________ ________ =
a procedure of making holes to the ground to extract oil
from there (par 3)
18. to _______________ = to come to an end; stop (par 3)
19. to _______________ = to express doubt about; dispute; analyze; examine (par 4)
20. _________________ = complicating, increasing, worsening e.g. a problem (par 4)
21. _________________ = a deficiency in amount; an insufficiency; a lack (par 4)
28
22. to _______________ = to make a guess; to estimate (par 4)
23. to _______________ = to rise faster than something else (par 4)
24. _________________ = out of date; no longer useful (par 5)
25. to _______________ =
to believe something or someone to be bigger, more
important, or better than is the case (par 6)
26. _________________ = an imagined or expected sequence of future events (par 6)
27. to _______________ =
to increase the speed of something; to cause to develop or
progress more quickly (par 6)
28. ________ ________ =
an increase in the average temperature of the Earth's
atmosphere, sufficient to cause climatic change (par 6)
29. _________________ =
occurring at irregular intervals; having no pattern or order
in time (par 6)
30. _________________ =
a large-scale disruption in electric power supply; loss of
light, power, or communications due to electric power
failure (par 6)
31. _________________ =
an introductory or preliminary message, sample, or
overview; a foretaste (par 6)
32. ________ ________ =
a special interest in protecting or promoting something
which is to one's own personal advantage (par 7)
33. _________________ =
precision; exactness; faithful representation of the truth
(par 7)
34. to _____ ____ _____ =
to consider as true, real, unquestionable or forthcoming;
anticipate correctly (par 7)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. How have oil companies changed their predictions connected with how much
petroleum there is still left? What worries do people have due to rising oil prices?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What does geologists' warning tell us?
_____________________________________________________________
3. How is economic health of oil companies determined?
_____________________________________________________________
4. Why do oil companies try to exaggerate their claimed petroleum reserves?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What happened in the mid-1980s in the petroleum industry?
_____________________________________________________________
29
6. What is referred to as a "closely guarded secret"?
_____________________________________________________________
7. What impact does it have when a country claims more oil reserves than another country?
_____________________________________________________________
8. According to geologists, what is the consequence of boosting oil reserve estimates by
individual countries?
_____________________________________________________________
9. What would happen if there was no oil left or if it was too expensive and difficult to
extract from the ground?
_____________________________________________________________
10. Under what circumstance can oil cease to be an energy source?
_____________________________________________________________
11. What do the major players in the oil business predict?
_____________________________________________________________
12. When will the oil shortage occur, according to most governments and energy companies?
_____________________________________________________________
13. What does the predicted development of oil supply and demand look like for the future?
_____________________________________________________________
14. What is it that some oil-reserve estimates fail to consider?
_____________________________________________________________
15. How does the text describe China's oil imports and energy consumption in the past
year(s) as well as their forecasts for the future? What comparison is used to show this?
_____________________________________________________________
16. What is the most optimistic prediction of a situation when the oil supply has been
overestimated and there is no oil left?
_____________________________________________________________
17. What is the most pessimistic prediction of a situation when the oil supply has been
overestimated and there is no oil left?
_____________________________________________________________
18. Why can't we regard measurements of oil supplies performed by oil companies as true
and unquestionable?
_____________________________________________________________
30
Coursebook, page 89, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
Energy sources are usually divided into two types: (1) ______________________
and (2) ________________. The first group refers to energies dependent on using
(3) ____________ or (4) ______________ (5) _______________. An example is
given to illustrate that if you use a (6) ________________ of oil for the production of
electricity or (7) ______________, it is clear that it'll never be (8) ________________.
However, the second type of energy sources is dependent on (9) _________________
(10) _____________, such as (11) ______________, that are (12) ______________.
It means that the same (13) ________________ of energy will always be available.
People nowadays see many wind (14) ____________ or wind (15) ______________
that use wind (16) ______________ that originates from ­ like many other renewable or
(17) _______________ energies ­ (18) ________________. The sun not only creates
wind, but it also (19) ______________ heat, which makes water (20) _____________.
Other renewable sources include (21) _____________ (22) _____________, water and
(23) ______________ (24) ______________, and (25) ______________ energy.
Nevertheless, there are renewable energies that are not dependent on the sun, such as
(26) ________________ energy or (27) ________________ energy which uses the
(28) ________________ effect of the (29) ________________.
Mia says that alternative energy sources will play an important role in the future because
they are (30) __________________, unlike the traditional sources, and they are
(31) ________________ ­ you needn't (32) ________________ anything to produce
electricity. They produce no gases that (33) _____________ the (34) _____________
or (35) _______________ health problems. Unfortunately, there is no simply way people
can suddenly (36) _______________ to using these sources.
The problems associated with these energies include high costs, the fact that many of
these technologies are (37) _____________, and the nature itself because for example if
the wind doesn't (38) ________________, you have to (39) ________________ for
(40) _______________ in the (41) _______________ of energy that can be produced.
An example of the UK shows that the main uses of energy there are (42) ___________
(43) ____________ and (44) _____________. Then to a (45) ____________ degree
there is industry and services. If somebody wanted to (46) _______________ the energy
that the first two sectors (47) ________________ with electricity from wind, they would
have to build a huge number of wind (48) _______________, which is not nowadays
possible because of technical and (49) ________________ reasons. Therefore the UK
government has (50) ___________ a fairly (51) ____________ (52) ____________ ­
25% of energy from clean sources by (53) _____________. (54) _____________ energy
can be a solution but nobody wants to live next to a (55) ___________ (56) __________
(57) _________________. So it is obvious that alternative energy sources can help but
they won't (58) ______________ a (59) ______________ (60) _______________.
31
Workbook, page 42, exercise LISTENING
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in these summaries:
1. The speaker suggests using (1) ___________ (2) ___________ in their offices across
their (3) ___________ rather than installing (4) ___________ (5) ___________.
He also plans to introduce a car (6) ______________ (7) ______________ for
(8) ___________ living in the same area.
2. The speaker speaks (9) ___________ about (10) ___________ (11) ___________,
as well as products they (12) _____________ from it, e.g. (13) _____________ or
(14) ____________. Then she wants to discuss the problems of (15) ____________
on this fuel, e.g. as (16) ______________ are becoming (17) ______________, the
price is going up.
3. The speaker talks about a publication that was (18) ___________ by the Institute of
(19) ___________ (20) ___________. This book looks at a (21) ___________ of
alternative (22) ________________ of energy and makes the case for reducing the
(23) __________ of, and (24) __________ on, (25) _________ (26) _________.
These types of energy are (27) ___________ against a set of (28) ___________ that
include how much (29) ____________, (30) ____________, (31) ____________,
and (32) ____________ they are.
4. In the speaker's opinion, the world's (33) __________ (34) __________ will run
(35) _____________ low by (36) __________, which is the reason why countries
should be looking for (37) ____________ (38) __________ of energy. That includes
more (39) ___________ and (40) ___________ (41) __________ within 20 years
and maybe even sources like animal (42) ____________ or (43) ____________.
5. The speaker describes the procedure of the arrival of (44) _________ (45) ________
at the factory, taking it to a safe area for (46) _________ with other (47) _________,
bottling the final product and storing these bottles for (48) ______________. The
(49) _________ is then put into (50) _________ and collected for (51) _________.
Workbook, page 43, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ = the outline of a group of buildings seen against the sky
2. _________________ = adjective describing the fact that a line or a surface
deviates from straightness in a smooth, continuous fashion
32
3. _________________ = the ability to function well with no waste of energy
4. _________________ = designed or done in a clever way; skillfully mastered
5. _________________ =
executed with skill; complex and attractive; of superior
grade; fine
6. _________________ =
adjective describing excessive consumption of energy
(informal)
7. _________ _______ =
substances discharged into the air by a factory, car, etc.
that contribute to global warming
8. _________________ =
capable of being continued or used for a long time with
minimal long-term effect on the environment
9. _________________ =
one who argues in support of something; an advocate of
something
10. _________ _______ =
the amount of money a company has to spend to operate a
machine, vehicle, business, building, etc.
11. _________ _______ =
obligations under law arising from civil actions or under
contract; it can only be decided by courts even if the
settlement is made out of the court by mutual agreement
12. to _______________ =
to increase or raise something in strength, number or
value
13. _________ _______ =
money somebody receives for renting private or
commercial premises to somebody else
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What nickname does the Swiss Re Tower in London have and what is the reason for this
nickname?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What is the most remarkable feature of the building and what are the expectations
connected with this feature?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What statistics is cited to support the claim that traditional office building waste energy
and that they are not environmentally friendly?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What is the other term used to express "sustainable architecture", and what is the major
objective of this type of architecture?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What other benefits of sustainable architecture are claimed by its supporters?
_____________________________________________________________
33
Conditional clauses
If we sold ... (possible past)
When we want to talk about past events which possibly happened, we use If + past
simple in the condition clause, and any tense or modal in the result clause.
If you went to the meeting yesterday, you probably heard the news.
If you missed the TV programme last night, you can borrow the recording I made.
If we had sold ... (imaginary past)
When we want to talk about past events that are different to what really happened, we use:
If + past perfect, would + have + past participle
(condition) (result)
If Clinton and Gore had won the election, they would have promoted free trade agreements with
other nations in the same way as Bush. (Yahoo Business News website)
There is often a suggestion of criticism or regret:
If the economic situation had been better, we wouldn't have lost so many customers.
* A contracted 'd in speech can be had in the condition or would in the result.
If I'd done an MBA, I'd have had more opportunities.
* The examples above are about two actions in the past. If the result clause refers to the
present we use would + infinitive.
If I had done an MBA, I would be on a higher salary now.
Conditionals without if
* We use if for something that might happen in the future, or something imaginary. We
use when for something that we know will happen.
I'll call you if I get a chance. (I'm not sure if I will phone you)
I'll call you when I arrive. (I will definitely phone you)
We can use either if or when where the meaning is `every time'.
If/When anyone rings my mobile, I get a photograph of the person on the screen.
* In informal speech we sometimes use imagine or supposing in place of if.
Imagine/Supposing you had a million dollars, how would you invest it?
* We can use provided that, providing, on condition that, as long as and so long as for
emphasis. The meaning is `if and only if'.
As long as there is new technology, consultants will continue to be in demand. (Sunday
Times website)
* We can use in case to talk about doing something to avoid a possible problem later.
The result clause usually comes first and often uses going to.
I'm going to give you my mobile number in case you need to contact me.
* We use unless to mean If not.
34
Wish
* We use I wish to express regret or dissatisfaction.
* For the present and future, use I wish followed by the past simple or continuous.
I wish we didn't have so many meetings.
I wish / wasn't working next weekend.
* For the past, use I wish followed by the past perfect.
I wish we had advertised on television.
I wish I hadn't eaten the oysters.
* If the wish is a good one, use I hope followed by the present simple or will.
I hope your presentation goes well.
I hope the merger will be a success.
* If the wish is about doing something that is difficult or impossible, use I wish I could.
I wish I could contact him, but he hasn't got a mobile phone.
* We can replace I wish with If only for emphasis. We stress only in speech.
If only I hadn't eaten the oysters.
If only I could contact him.
Modal verbs in conditionals
* The examples in unit 17 were with will. But other modal verbs like can, could, may might,
must and should are common in conditional sentences and have their normal meanings.
If you deal with the Middle East you must be available to your customers on Saturdays and
Sundays. (Overseas Trade magazine)
If the euro were weak in the long term, companies might slow down their drive to increase
productivity and governments might put the brake on their structural reforms. (Le Monde
diplomatique website)
Compaq CEO Michael Capellas commented on the recent decline of dot.com firms, which were so
popular on the U.S. stock market a few months ago. `If you don't have a sound business plan, you
cannot succeed.' (International Herald Tribune website)
* We often use present forms like will and can with likely futures, and past forms like would
(`d) and could with imaginary futures.
If you sign now, we'll/can deliver by Friday. (likely future)
If you signed now, we'd/could deliver by Friday. (imaginary future)
* But it is also common to find mixed tense sequences because modals keep their normal
meanings:
If Hungarian farmers respond to competition by improving productivity and becoming more efficient
at marketing, they could have a bigger share of the market. (Business Central Europe website)
With a present form (respond) we might expect can. However could is used here with
its normal meaning of uncertainty (can does not express uncertainty).
If I were you, ...
* We can use If I were in place of If I was in imaginary futures, particularly when we give
advice with the phrase If I were you.
If I were you, I'd wait until tomorrow.
I'd be more careful, if I were you.
35
Grammar exercises
1. Underline the correct words.
1. If we're/we would be late, they'll start/they'd start without us.
2. If we will take/take a taxi, we'll arrive/we arrive sooner.
3. If we worked/would work for ADC, we'll get/we'd get a better salary.
4. When inflation will go/goes up, there would be/is usually pressure on salaries.
5. If we don't hurry/won't hurry, we would be/we'll be late.
6. If you change/are changing your mind, give me/you will give me a ring.
7. Unless you click/would click on that icon, it didn't/it won't print out.
8. If you ordered/order on the Net, we always will send/send an email confirmation.
9. If I lend/will lend you this book, when do you return/will you return it?
10. If you heard/hear anything in the next few days, let me/letting me know.
2. Read these sentences and decide if the events are likely or imaginary. Complete
the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the present simple + will or the
past simple + would. Use contracted forms where possible.
1. It's not far. If you follow (follow) this road, you'll come (come) to the station.
2. If I was (be) on the Board of this company, I'd argue (argue) against the merger.
3. If you ________________ (have) any questions, I ______________ (deal) with them at
the end of my presentation.
4. If the council ______________ (ban) all cars from the city centre, there ____________
(not be) so much pollution.
5. A: I have no idea what the other side are going to propose in the negotiation tomorrow.
B: Neither do I. If I ____________ (know), I ___________ (tell) you.
6. A: My train leaves in forty minutes.
B: It only takes ten minutes to the station by taxi. If you _______________ (leave) now, you
_______________ (catch) it.
7. A: Is that the time? I really should be going.
B: If you ________________ (wait) a moment, I _________________ (give) you a lift.
8. A: Would you like to go to English evening classes with me?
B: I'm sorry, but I can't. I'm really busy. If I _____________________ (have) more time, I
________________ (love) to.
3. Complete the sentences with the correct pair of possible forms, a) or b).
1. If the bank lends us the money, a) it in new machinery.
a) we'll invest/we're going to invest b) we'd invest/we were investing
2. When ________ a lot of orders, we always employ extra staff in the factory.
a) we'll get/we got b) we get/we've got
3. If ________ this project again, I think I'd do it differently.
a) I was starting/l started b) I'll start/I've started
4. If the computer crashes, _________ someone from the IT department.
a) you'd call/you are calling b) call/you'll have to call
36
4. Paula, a marketing manager of a car manufacturing company, is talking to her colleague
Luis, a production manager. Complete their conversation with the words from the list
below.
will (x2) won't (x2) would (x2) wouldn't unless (x2) be is is going to be don't didn't
PAULA: Luis. Aren't you worried about the proposed strike?
LUIS: Well, sure ...
PAULA: You see, if the factory workers go on strike, we (1)'ll lose a lot of production. If we lose production,
we (2) ____________ be able to supply all our customers.
LUIS: Yes, I know, but ...
PAULA: And if we (3) ____________ supply our customers, they'll probably buy other makes of car. If
that happens, our market share (4) ___________ go down. It's not looking good.
LUIS: Well, that's right, but ...
PAULA: And what's more, in my experience, when workers go on strike there (5) _____________ a bad
atmosphere for months afterwards.
LUIS: Yes.
PAULA: So, (6) _____________________ you can come to an agreement with the workers soon, there
(7) __________________________________ a lot of trouble ahead. If you want my advice,
(8) _____________ very careful.
LUIS: Look, don't worry.
PAULA: Don't worry?
LUIS: Yes. Look, the workers know that the success of the company depends on this new model.
(9) _______________ they're stupid, they (10) ______________ go on strike.
PAULA: Oh?
LUIS: Now, just imagine ­ if it sold really well, we (11) _________________ increase our market
share and our profits. If that happened, we (12) _________________ need to make so many job
cuts. And if we (13) _______________________________ have to cut jobs, the trade unions
(14) __________________ be much happier.
PAULA: Well, I suppose you've got a point.
5. You are talking to a friend about your new job. Use your thoughts to complete the
sentences you say. Put the verb in brackets into either the present simple, past simple,
imperative, will + infinitive or would + infinitive.
You think: People say that hard work usually results in promotion in this company.
You say: (1) They say that if you work (work) hard, you get (get) promoted.
You think: I want to show them that I'm good at my job so that I can have more job security.
You say: (2) I hope that if I ________________ (do) my best, they _________________ (give) me a
permanent contract after a few months.
You think: I've been late in the morning a few times. I wish I could work at the Leiria site which is nearer
my home.
You say: (3) I'm sometimes late for work. If I _______________ (work) at the Leiria site, it __________
(not be) such a problem.
You think: One thing worries me. I had a health problem a few years ago, but it's very unlikely that it will
reoccur.
You say: (4) I wonder what _____________ (happen) if my health problem _____________ (reoccur)?
You think: Maybe it's not a problem. In general they seem to be very reasonable about illness.
You say: (5) Actually, if you _____________ (miss) one or two days because of illness, they ___________
(not seem) to mind.
You think: Goodbye. I hope I'll see you soon.
You say: (6) If you ______________ (fancy) a drink one evening, just ______________ (give) me a ring.
37
6. Underline the correct words. This exercise includes revision of imaginary futures.
1. If you phoned/had phoned me yesterday, I had told/would have told you.
2. If you took/would have taken more exercise, you might feel/had felt better.
3. If Tim would have listened/had listened more carefully, he wouldn't have made/didn't make
that mistake.
4. If we'd found/we found suitable premises, we'd have moved/we had moved earlier.
5. If people kept/had kept their offices more tidy, it might present/presented a better image to our
visitors.
6. If I'd known/I would know about their financial problems, I wouldn't do/wouldn't have done
business with them.
7. If our side had been/was better prepared, we succeeded/could have succeeded in the
negotiations.
8. I wouldn't/won't worry if I am/were you.
7. Complete the sentences with the words from the list below. Each word is used twice.
when as long as in case unless
1. I'll speak to you again when I've looked at the contract in detail.
2. Leave your return flight open ____________ the negotiations take an extra day.
3. We can start the project next week ____________ everyone agrees.
4. We can start the project next week ____________ anyone disagrees.
5. The Board will be happy ____________ our share price remains high.
6. Keep your receipt ____________ you need to return the goods.
7. The new stock will arrive ____________ the Christmas sales are finished.
8. We'll probably make a loss this year ____________ sales improve in the last quarter.
8. Underline the correct words.
1. I wish I hadn't drunk/didn't drink so many whiskies last night.
2. There's so little space in here. I wish I have/had a bigger office.
3. I don't feel well. I wish I could stay/will stay in bed this morning.
4. I hope you enjoyed/enjoy yourselves at the theatre tonight.
5. I've been waiting thirty minutes for the bus. I wish I took/had taken a taxi.
6. I must get in touch with Sue. If only I know/knew her number!
7. I'm not a good typist. I wish I could type/would type better.
8. I wish Jim didn't interrupt/doesn't interrupt so often in meetings.
9. I have to finish this report by tomorrow. If only I would have/had more time.
10. Enjoy your holiday. I hope you have/could have a good time.
11. That presentation was a disaster! I wish I could do/would do it all again!
12. I'm disappointed with this camera. I wish I didn't buy/hadn't bought it.
38
9. Patrick and Jurgen are discussing a negotiation that went wrong. Complete the dialogue
with words from the list below.
if as long as in case unless (x2) 'll 'd (x2)
can would have 'd have wouldn't have
PATRICK: Jurgen, (1) if you've got a moment, (2) ______________ I have a word with you?
JURGEN: Sure. (3) _____________ it doesn't take too long, I've got a meeting in five minutes. Is it
about that contract that we lost?
PATRICK: Yes. What went wrong? Do you think we (4) ______________________ got the deal if we
(5) _______________ offered a better price? Maybe we (6) ________________ lost the
business.
JURGEN: No, I don't think the problem was the price.
PATRICK: No? Well, was it a problem with the delivery time? If we (7) _______________ given a
shorter delivery time, (8) ______________ we ______________been more successful?
JURGEN: No, the delivery time was OK.
PATRICK: Hmm, this is strange. We really should find out what went wrong (9) _______________ a
situation like this happens in the future. You know, (10) _________________ we learn from
our mistakes, we (11) _________________ lose more orders. Now, Jurgen, tell me what do
you think could really have happened?
JURGEN: Well, nothing, (12) ________________ they didn't like our sales rep.
PATRICK: Oh?
JURGEN: Do you know who it was?
PATRICK: Er, it was me.
10.
A supplier is thinking about a negotiation in the future. Match his thoughts 1­4 with his words a)­d).
1. We're likely to offer a lower price. If
we do, success is possible. b
a) If we offer a lower price, we'll get the
contract.
2. We're likely to offer a lower price. If
we do, success is certain. ___
b) If we offer a lower price, we might get
the contract.
3. Perhaps we'll offer a lower price. If we
do, success is possible. ___
c) If we offered a lower price, we'd get the
contract.
4. Perhaps we'll offer a lower price. If we
do, success is certain. ___
d) If we offered a lower price, we might
get the contract.
The same supplier is thinking about a negotiation in the past. Match his thoughts 5­8 with his words
e) ­h).
5. We offered a lower price. That's why
we succeeded. ___
e) If we'd offered a lower price, we'd have
got the contract.
6. We offered a lower price. That's
probably why we succeeded. ___
f) If we'd offered a lower price, we might
have got the contract.
7. We didn't offer a lower price. That's
why we failed. ___
g) If we hadn't offered a lower price, we'd
have lost the contract.
8. We didn't offer a lower price. That's
probably why we failed. ___
h) If we hadn't offered a lower price, we
might have lost the contract.
39
Mixed Conditionals
Sometimes Unreal Conditional sentences are mixed. This means that the time in the if-clause
is not the same as the time in the result. Study the examples below to learn how to mix
conditional verb forms like a native speaker.
Verbs in green are in the Present Unreal Conditional.
Verbs in red are in the Past Unreal Conditional.
Verbs in purple are in the Future Unreal Conditional.
Mixed Conditional Patterns
PAST PRESENT
Examples:
* If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
BUT I DIDN'T WIN THE LOTTERY IN THE PAST AND I AM NOT RICH NOW.
* If I had taken French in high school, I would have more job opportunities.
BUT I DIDN'T TAKE FRENCH IN HIGH SCHOOL AND I DON'T HAVE MANY JOB OPPORTUNITIES.
* If she had been born in the United States, she wouldn't need a visa to work here.
BUT SHE WASN'T BORN IN THE UNITED STATES AND SHE DOES NEED A VISA NOW TO WORK HERE.
PAST FUTURE
Examples:
* If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining us tomorrow.
BUT SHE DIDN'T SIGN UP FOR THE SKI TRIP LAST WEEK AND SHE ISN'T GOING TO JOIN US TOMORROW.
* If Mark had gotten the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to Shanghai.
BUT MARK DIDN'T GET THE JOB AND MARK IS NOT GOING TO MOVE TO SHANGHAI.
* If Darren hadn't wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas, he would go
to Mexico with us next month.
BUT DARREN WASTED HIS CHRISTMAS BONUS GAMBLING IN LAS VEGAS AND HE WON'T GO TO
MEXICO WITH US NEXT MONTH.
PRESENT PAST
Examples:
* If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
BUT I AM NOT CURRENTLY RICH AND THAT IS WHY I DIDN'T BUY THE FERRARI YESTERDAY.
* If Sam spoke Russian, he would have translated the letter for you.
BUT SAM DOESN'T SPEAK RUSSIAN AND THAT IS WHY HE DIDN'T TRANSLATE THE LETTER.
* If I didn't have to work so much, I would have gone to the party last night.
BUT I HAVE TO WORK A LOT AND THAT IS WHY I DIDN'T GO TO THE PARTY LAST NIGHT.
PRESENT FUTURE
Examples:
* If I didn't have so much vacation time, I wouldn't go with you on the cruise to
Alaska next week.
BUT I DO HAVE A LOT OF VACATION TIME AND I WILL GO ON THE TRIP NEXT WEEK.
* If Cindy were more creative, the company would send her to New York to work on
the new advertising campaign.
BUT CINDY IS NOT CREATIVE AND THE COMPANY WON'T SEND HER TO NEW YORK TO WORK ON THE
NEW CAMPAIGN.
* If Dan weren't so nice, he wouldn't be tutoring you in math tonight.
BUT DAN IS NICE AND HE IS GOING TO TUTOR YOU TONIGHT.
40
FUTURE PAST
Examples:
* If I weren't going on my business trip next week, I would have accepted that
new assignment at work.
BUT I AM GOING TO GO ON A BUSINESS TRIP NEXT WEEK, AND THAT IS WHY I DIDN'T ACCEPT THAT
NEW ASSIGNMENT AT WORK.
* If my parents weren't coming this weekend, I would have planned a nice trip
just for the two of us to Napa Valley.
BUT MY PARENTS ARE GOING TO COME THIS WEEKEND, AND THAT IS WHY I DIDN'T PLAN A TRIP FOR
THE TWO OF US TO NAPA VALLEY.
* If Donna weren't making us a big dinner tonight, I would have suggested that
we go to that nice Italian restaurant.
BUT SHE IS GOING TO MAKE US A BIG DINNER TONIGHT, AND THAT IS WHY I DIDN'T SUGGEST THAT
WE GO TO THAT NICE ITALIAN RESTAURANT.
FUTURE PRESENT
Examples:
* If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very excited.
BUT I AM NOT GOING TO GO TO THAT CONCERT TONIGHT AND THAT IS WHY I AM NOT EXCITED.
* If Sandy were giving a speech tomorrow, she would be very nervous.
BUT SANDY IS NOT GOING TO GIVE A SPEECH TOMORROW AND THAT IS WHY SHE IN NOT NERVOUS.
* If Seb didn't come with us to the desert, everyone would be very disappointed.
BUT SEB WILL COME WITH US TO THE DESERT AND THAT IS WHY EVERYONE IS SO HAPPY.
Exercise:
1. She will take care of the children for us next weekend because her business trip was
canceled.
But, she (take, not) would not be taking care of the children for us next weekend if her
business trip (be, not) had not been canceled.
2. Tom is not going to come to dinner tomorrow because you insulted him yesterday.
But, he (come) ___________________ if you (insult, not) ________________
him.
3. Marie is unhappy because she gave up her career when she got married.
But, Marie (be) __________________ happy if she (give, not) ______________
up her career when she got married.
4. Dr. Mercer decided not to accept the research grant at Harvard because he is going to
take six months off to spend more time with his family.
But, Dr. Mercer (accept) ___________________ the research grant at Harvard if he
(take, not) _________________ six months off to spend more time with his family.
5. Professor Schmitz talked so much about the Maasai tribe because she is an expert on
African tribal groups.
But, Professor Schmitz (talk, not) __________________ so much about the Maasai
tribe if she (be, not) ______________________ an expert on African tribal groups.
41
6. I am unemployed because I had a disagreement with my boss and I was fired.
But, I (be, not) ______________ unemployed if I (have, not) _______________
a disagreement with my boss and I (be, not) __________________ fired.
7. Nicole speaks Chinese fluently because she lived in China for ten years.
But, Nicole (speak, not) __________________________ Chinese fluently if she
(live, not) __________________________ in China for ten years.
8. I will not help you study for your test because you have spent the last two weeks partying
and wasting time.
But, I (help) _________________________ you study for your test if you (spend,
not) __________________________ the last two weeks partying and wasting time.
9. Eleanor and Ben are not going skiing with us this year because Eleanor just had a baby.
But, Eleanor and Ben (go) _________________________ skiing with us this year if
Eleanor (have, not, just) _________________________ a baby.
10. I am completely exhausted, so I will not go with you to the movies tonight.
But, if I (be, not) _________________________________ completely exhausted,
I (go) ____________________________ with you to the movies tonight.
11. She is not worried about the conference tomorrow because she is not giving a speech.
But, she (be) ______________________________ worried about the conference
tomorrow if she (give) _________________________ a speech.
12. Frank is not going to the graduation ceremony because he broke his leg snowboarding
last week.
But, Frank (go) ___________________________ to the graduation ceremony if he
(break, not) _________________________ his leg snowboarding last week.
13. They are not releasing the prisoner next month because there was so much public
opposition to his release.
But, they (release) _____________________________ the prisoner next month if
there (be) ___________________________ so much opposition to his release.
14. The hotels filled up months in advance because the festival is going to include jazz artists
from around the globe.
But, the hotels (fill, not) _________________________ up months in advance if
the festival (include, not) ______________________________ jazz artists from
around the globe.
42
15. We are not worried about the recent string of robberies in the neighborhood because the
police have started regularly patrolling the area.
But, we (be) _________________ worried about the recent string of robberies in the
neighborhood if the police (start, not) ______________ regularly patrolling the area.
Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Kdybych začal studovat o rok dříve, mohl bych příští rok získat práci v zahraničí.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. Všechny bych vás včera odvezl domů, kdybych vlastnil větší auto.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. Kdyby generální ředitel zítra neodjížděl do Kanady, mohli jsme včera jít dřív domů.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. Mohli bychom koupit našeho konkurenta, kdybychom loni neutrpěli ztrátu.
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
5. Dnes bych měl milióny, kdybych byl správně investoval ty vyhrané peníze!
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
REVIEW TEST
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 10 ­ Energy
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
odhady zmenšujících se zásob ropy ­ _________________________________________
průkazné provozní náklady jaderné elektrárny ­ _________________________________
nedokonalý scénář udržitelného rozvoje ­ _____________________________________
odkázaný na spotřebu neobnovitelných zdrojů ­ ________________________________
zastaralé nešetrné (agresivní) těžební techniky ­ __________________________________
přejít na hojnou solární a příbojovou energii ­ __________________________________
poptávka předstihující nabídku ­ ____________________________________________
snížit emise skleníkových plynů ­ ____________________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. a large-scale disruption in electric power supply, loss of light, power, or communications:
2. a situation or state when people are able to buy a product because it does not cost too
much money:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
ENVIRONMENT, TIDAL ENERGY, LEGACY,
RENTAL RETURNS, DEPLETION, TRANSMISSION
1. The __________________________ of oil resources will bring our civilization close to a
disaster.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. Boosting property values will result in higher __________________________________.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. One day we'll be able to use methods such as satellite power ______________________
to the Earth.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
ABANDON ­ SHRINK ­ SOAR ­ USE UP
SURMISE ­ AFFECT ­ CEASE ­ INTERRUPT
1. John was directly _________________________ by the construction of the new factory.
2. The EU has decided ____________________________ the policy of penalizing member
states.
3. Unfortunately, supplies of electricity were often ______________________________ by
power cuts.
4. Scientists in general __________________________ that the planet will become warmer
soon.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. The judge was _____________________________ when deciding the complicated case.
(PART)
2. This architecture is very practical and also _______________________________. (ART)
3. When prices of new products are _____________________________ high, people can't
buy them. (PROHIBIT)
4. The increasing petroleum consumption is very _________________________________
worldwide. (NOTICE)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. All the study results were taken ________ granted by everybody.
2. NASA will conduct a research ________ the possibility of flying to Mars.
3. Oil reserves will probably be used ________ in 20 to 30 years.
4. A steep rise ________ the price of oil could be devastating.
5. Let's get Mary ________ the energy consumption research, she'll do it.
6. Europe will soon have to compensate ________ the oil it imports from Russia.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones: (3 points each)
1. I didn't accept the job last year and therefore I can't go for a business trip to Alaska now.
If I _____________________________, I _________________________________ now.
2. The machine won't keep making the noise if you turn it off.
The machine __________________________ unless ____________________________.
3. Jane didn't marry Paul in the past because she is always so indecisive.
Jane _______________________________ if she _______________________________.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
The problem of increasing energy consumption __________________________ (CAN, not,
SOLVE) countries individually. Citizens of these countries ___________________________
________________________ (SHOULD, MAKE, governments, THINK) it and try to find
a solution. Austria, for example, ________________________________________ (AVOID,
CONSIDER, RUN) a nuclear power station for many years but the shortage of electricity
____________________________________ (soon, FORCE, they, START) a public debate
about this option. Especially if countries like Russia _________________________________
(likely, THREATEN, USE) their energetic potential as a way of influencing Europe's policy.
It ___________________________________ (no use, WAIT) a miracle here, we have to act
quickly. It is true that if Norway __________________________ (DECIDE, JOIN) the EU
in 1995, Europe ____________________________________ (CAN, RISK, HAVE) a much
stricter policy towards Russia now. So these countries will surely make every effort _________
______________________________ (POSTPONE, BE, dependent) energy from abroad.
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 ­ 4.
(2 points each)
1. Veronica would definitely tell us the answer if she _________________.
A: were here B: was here
C: had studied for the exam D: could speak
2. If I _____________ you, I _____________ the unknown food.
A: was ... would never eat B: were ... would have never eaten
C: were ... would never have eaten D: were ... would never eat
3. ____________ oil had never been discovered.
A: If only B: I wish
C: Only if D: Provided that
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Zastánci využívání fosilních paliv nadsazují údaje o odhadech světových zásob ropy a plynu a
nepřipouštějí, že se tyto zásoby ztenčují; propagují také jadernou energii a vůbec se nezaměřují
na záležitost uložení jaderného odpadu. Podporují rozvoj nealternativních zdrojů a tvrdí, že
větrná, vodní, solární ani přílivová energie nebudou schopny pokrýt (vyrovnávat) naše vzrůstající
požadavky, což povede k situaci, kdy většina zboží bude cenově nedostupná a neekonomická.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
45
Unit 11 ­ GOING PUBLIC
Coursebook, page 94, exercise PREVIEW
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Examples of corporations that have (1) _____________ (2) _____________ recently
(or announced their (3) ____________ to do so) exhibit some quite (4) ____________
(5) ____________. E.g. in the case of DreamWorks, it's clear that the (6) ___________
(7) ______________ is to allow the original investors to (8) ______________ their
(9) ____________. However, in the case of Virgin Blue, the (10) ____________ is more
directly (11) ____________ (12) ____________ to the (13) ____________ of the
business ­ airlines need a lot of (14) _________ to (15) __________ (16) __________,
and getting it from the public can be very (17) ____________. On the other hand, the
priorities of Domino's Pizza are slightly different as the firm is primarily interested in
(18) _____________ (19) _____________ some of its (20) _____________ and in
(21) ____________ some of its (22) ____________ (23) ____________.
Coursebook, page 95, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
a group of separate companies that agree to increase
profits by fixing prices and not competing with each other
2. _________________ =
a person who starts (or sets up) an organization, a
company, etc. (paragraph 1)
3. to _______ ________ = to ask somebody not to interfere with your business (par 1)
4. to _______________ =
to engage the temporary use of somebody or something (or
their services) for a fee; to rent something (par 2)
5. _________________ =
a reduction from the full or standard amount of a price or
debt (par 2)
6. the ________ ______ =
here: a small group of investors that were given a special
honor or advantage for some reason (par 2)
7. _________________ =
the money that you make in business or by selling things,
especially after paying the costs involved (par 2)
8. _________________ =
an amount of money that is paid to somebody for selling
goods or services and which usually increases with the
quantity they sell (par 2)
46
9. _________________ =
an amount of money that you pay for professional advice
or services (par 2)
10. to _____ ____ _____ = to accept without complaint (par 3)
11.
BrE ______________ =
AmE _____________ =
here: a dishonest or illegal way of getting money; a
dishonest business or practice, especially one that obtains
money through fraud or extortion (par 3 BrE + par 4 AmE)
12. _________ _______ =
the amount of money paid for goods or services which was
established on the basis of the demand and supply of these
goods or services (par 3)
13. to _______________ = to deal with something or to cope with something (par 3)
14. _________________ =
a public event at which things are sold to the person who
offers the most money for them (par 3)
15. to _______________ = to make or become smaller, fewer, or less; to reduce (par 3)
16. _________________ =
someone who risks loss or injury in the hope of gain or
excitement (par 4)
17. _________________ =
here: a company whose business is buying and selling
things, for example, shares, etc., for other people (par 4)
18. _________________ =
exclusive control by one group of the means of producing
or selling a commodity or service (par 4)
19. _________________ =
here: a person that buys and sells things, for example
shares, bonds, etc., for other people (par 4)
20. _________________ =
a general term for shares in companies, especially ordinary
shares (par 4)
21. _________ _______ =
a financial institution that collects regular contributions
from employers to provide retirement income for
employees when they retire (par 4)
22. _________ _______ = a financial institution that sells insurance (par 4)
23.
AmE _____________ =
BrE ______________ =
a return of a percentage of a sum of money already received,
typically as a result of pressure or a secret agreement;
money paid illegally to somebody who has helped you do
something or gain an advantage (par 4)
24. to _________ ______ = to include, especially among those profiting (par 4)
25. _________________ = a partial split or break; disagreement (par 5)
26. to _______________ = to start or develop something new (par 5)
27. _________________ =
an adverb expressing the fact that somebody or something
is well-known for being bad or dishonest (par 5)
28. to _______________ =
to market or promote (a commodity) using intensive or
exaggerated publicity (par 5)
29. _________________ =
false appearance; pretense; a statement that is different
from reality and hides the truth about something (par 5)
47
30. _________________ =
the state of having good sense and sound judgment; logic
(par 5)
31. to _______________ = to bring about a radical change in; to change radically (par 5)
32. to _______________ =
to go around or avoid (an obstacle) by using an alternative
channel, passage, or route (par 6)
33. _________________ =
acting in secret to achieve a fraudulent, illegal, or deceitful
goal (par 6)
34. _________________ =
marked by immorality; dishonest; open to or involving
bribery or other dishonest practices (par 6)
35. _______ ____ _____ =
an idiom expressing the act of believing or trusting in
something intangible or incapable of being proved (par 6)
36. to _______________ = to cause a friend to become unfriendly or hostile (par 6)
37. to _________ ______ =
to go after someone or to pursue them relentlessly so as to
overcome or destroy them (par 6)
38. _________________ =
a country, person, or group with an agreement to help and
support another one (par 6)
39.
_________ _________
_________ _______ =
an idiom meaning that being clever and intelligent will
prevail over (or win against) power or force (par 7)
40. to _______________ =
to take the place of something; to displace and substitute
for something (par 7)
41. _________________ =
categorization of a group of people according to ability or
status; here: a body of persons having authority (par 7)
42. _________________ = the basic or most important part; the essence (par 7)
43. _________________ =
being able to face and deal with danger or fear without
fear; fearless (par 7)
44. _________________ = the most active or prominent position; the very front (par 7)
45. _________________ = a kind; a sort; a type (par 7)
46. _________________ =
a technical expert, especially one in a managerial or
administrative position (par 7)
47. to _______________ =
to bet on an uncertain outcome; to take a risk in the hope
of gaining a benefit (par 7)
48. to _______________ =
to think deeper, faster, or more brightly than someone else
(par 7)
49. to _______________ =
to gain a tactical advantage over (a competitor, for
example); to do better than an opponent by gaining an
advantage over them (par 7)
50. __________ ______ = the existing situation or state of affairs (par 7)
48
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What did the founders of Google tell Wall Street?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What was the traditional (or pre-Google) procedure if a company wanted to go public?
_____________________________________________________________
3. How much money did the investment firms take for the IPOs (both as the total amount
of money and as a percentage)?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What is Page's and Brin's strategy for the IPO? Who are their potential buyers?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What will be the role of e.g. Morgan Stanley in the IPO? How high will the fee paid to
them be (with respect to the traditional way of going public)?
_____________________________________________________________
6. Why was it impossible for Bill Gates or Steve Jobs to act like Page and Brin when they
wanted to go public?
_____________________________________________________________
7. Who were the usual buyers of equities and what did they pay the brokerage firms for?
_____________________________________________________________
8. Why did the cartel start falling apart in the late 1990s and whose fault was it?
_____________________________________________________________
9. Why did many founders and CEOs decided not to choose an auction for their IPO?
_____________________________________________________________
10. What did the investment firms' "analysts" very frequently do?
_____________________________________________________________
11. What might be the outcome of the application of Page's and Brin's logic to the IPO
industry?
_____________________________________________________________
49
12. Why is it possible for Google to avoid using Wall Street and what are Google's founders
relying on?
_____________________________________________________________
13. What will happen in Wall Street when Google announces disappointing results?
_____________________________________________________________
14. Explain the two principles Google is based on in simple English.
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
15. What does the "new breed of technocrat kings" try to do?
_____________________________________________________________
Coursebook, page 96, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Jonathan thinks that the Google IPO wasn't very successful even if they did (1) _________
(2) ___________ dollars from the (3) ___________ of almost 20m (4) ___________,
because originally Google had thought the IPO would bring in almost (5) ___________
dollars. If you compare the price they actually sold for with what the firm had (6) __________,
then it's obvious that it didn't really (7) ___________ (8) ___________ that well. He
also thinks that the (9) ___________ (10) ___________ made some mistakes, which is
the reason why they didn't make their (11) ______________. One of them was the
(12) ________________ of the IPO because summer is not the best time to get the
(13) ___________ (14) ___________ (15) __________ (16) __________. Secondly,
there was the (17) ___________ concerning the (18) ___________ of their plans ­ they
were never published in (19) ______________ detail and investors were left in some
(20) ___________. Lastly, the (21) ___________ process of the (22) ___________
was complicated and instead of (23) ___________ things it made it more difficult to buy
the (24) _________. Overall, the Google IPO was a great (25) __________ for investors.
50
Workbook, page 46, exercise LISTENING
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
* part 1:
The major development by Google is (1) ___________ (2) ___________ that is
based on an (3) ___________ approach. As Google and Yahoo! make most of their money
from advertising, (4) ___________ (5) ___________ (6) ___________ has become
very (7) ___________. Moreover, (8) ___________ like paid-search because they are
(9) ___________ when someone (10) ___________ on their (11) ___________.
Together with their (12) ___________ (13) ___________, e.g. MSN or Ask Jeeves, they
are developing much (14) ___________ (15) ___________ of (16) ___________
services. AdSense can serve as an example as it works like an (17) _______________
(18) ___________ that automatically places (19) ___________ (20) ___________ on
(21) ___________ websites. Google then (22) ___________ the (23) ___________
with the (24) ___________ of the websites, who can include (25) ___________ or even
individuals publishing (26) ___________.
* part 2:
New services (27) ______________ AdSense in several ways: instead of analyzing
websites to (28) ____________ from their (29) __________ what (30) ___________
ads to (31) ____________ on them, (32) _____________ will be able to choose sites on
which they want their ads to appear. This approach provides more (33) ___________ and
(34) ___________ because companies trying to (35) ___________ (36) ___________
of a (37) ______________ want a high level of control of their ads.
The second (38) _____________ involves (39) ____________. Potential customers
must (40) _____________ for their ad to appear on a CPM (41) ____________. This is
what makes it similar to TV (42) ______________.
The third change means that Google will be offering (43) ____________ ads although
this company has long been very (44) ___________ about the use of (45) ___________.
It still intends to use small, (46) _____________ ads on its own (47) ______________
sites. However, many of its partners may be (48) ___________ by the (49) __________
of earning a (50) ____________ of (51) _____________ from (52) ______________
and (53) _____________ ads, particularly those that can be more (54) _____________
to some of the (55) ______________ customers.
Overall, there is a lot more (56) ______________ to come as companies start using
more online (57) ______________. Many big firms still (58) ______________ only
(59) __________ of their (60) _______________ (61) ____________ to the internet
even though it accounts for about 15% of (62) _______________ (63) _____________
(64) ______________. If Google can (65) _____________ that (66) ____________
for display ads works, then its rivals are (67) _______________ to follow, which could
(68) ______________ the industry up even further.
51
Workbook, page 47, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. to ______ ___ _____ =
to seem familiar; to remind you of something you have
heard before, though you may not be able to remember it
very well (paragraph 1)
2. _________________ =
one injured or killed in an accident; one that is harmed or
eliminated as a result of an action or a circumstance (par 1)
3. _________________ =
a failure; a fall; a time or period of widespread financial
depression (par 1)
4. _________________ = strong; rising; flourishing (par 1)
5. _________________ = rising to a level markedly higher than the usual (par 1)
6. _________________ =
trust or faith in a person or thing; the state or quality of
being certain (par 1)
7. _________________ =
adjective meaning exposing to hazard, risking, playing a
game of chance (par 1)
8. to _______________ =
to determine or estimate the worth of something; to rate
according to relative estimate of worth; to evaluate (par 1)
9. _________________ =
assigned as a characteristic; attributed to somebody or
something (par 2)
10. _______ _________ =
the total value of all a company's shares, calculated by
multiplying the number of shares by their price on the
stock exchange (par 2)
11. _________ _______ =
a computer program or a company running such a
program that searches the Internet for information,
especially by looking for documents containing a
particular word or group of words (par 2)
12. to _______________ =
to become greater in number, amount or importance than
something else (par 2)
13. _________________ =
a company or person that is new in a business, but may
already be becoming important (par 2)
14. _________________ = a person who doubts generally accepted beliefs (par 2)
15. _________________ =
excessive publicity; exaggerated or extravagant claims made
especially in advertising or promotional material (par 2)
16. _________________ = extremely bad; terrible; calamitous; catastrophic (par 3)
17. to _______ ________ = to work together on a common enterprise of project (par 3)
18. to _______ ________ = to persuade (someone) to go somewhere (par 3)
19. _________________ = serious, stable (par 3)
52
20.
to ___________ _____
_____ ____________ =
to be as good or positive as you expected something would
be (par 3)
21. _________________ = extremely large; huge; immense (par 3)
22. to ________ _______ = to disappear; to vanish (par 3)
23. _________________ =
the act of forming a new, independent company from part
of an existing one; a company formed in this way (par 3)
24. _________________ =
not making as much money as expected or as somebody or
something else (par 3)
25. _________________ = marked by or causing misfortune; unlucky; doomed (par 3)
26. _________________ =
a business project or activity, especially one that involves
taking risks (par 3)
27. to _______ ________ =
to make a comparison or an analogy with something that
seems to be similar (par 4)
28. to _______________ = to lose power or strength or energy; to stop growing (par 4)
29. _________________ = to be hit heavily and repeatedly; to get damaged (par 4)
30. _________________ = the end of existence or activity; termination; death (par 4)
31. _________________ =
insufficiently thought out; ill-conceived; exhibiting a lack
of good judgment or common sense (informal) (par 4)
32. _______ _________ =
a business that is the first to offer a new product or service
or to use a new technology (par 4)
33. to _________ ______ = enter a computer; access a website (par 4)
34. to _________ ______ =
to start a new project; to begin doing or using something
(par 4)
35. _________________ =
the hypothetical environment which contains all the data
stored in computers and where online communication
takes place (par 4)
36. _________________ =
realization of something desired or worked for;
accomplishment (par 5)
37. to _______________ = to fall or sink heavily; to decline suddenly (par 5)
38. _________________ = many, amounting to a large number (par 5)
39. _________________ = a very large sum of money (par 5)
40. _________________ = adequate; satisfactory; substantial; considerable (par 5)
41. _________________ = beyond question; undisputedly (par 6)
42. _________________ = basis or foundation (par 6)
43. _________________ = an available supply; a group (par 6)
44. _________________ =
very keen to have or do something; having or showing
keen interest or intense desire (par 6)
53
45. _________________ =
so unlikely or surprising as to have been thought
impossible; unbelievable (par 6)
46. _________________ = here: too high but not justified for being so high (par 6)
47. to __________ _____ = to grow rapidly; to increase dramatically (par 6)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What happened to the companies described as victims of the dotcom crash?
_____________________________________________________________
2. Why are the firms that survived the dotcom crisis experiencing an increase of their
values?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What was the consequence of the rise in Google's share price over $80m with regard to
(1) its competitor, (2) its position on the market, and (3) its current share price?
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________
4. What do the sceptics think about the current rise?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What were the expectations of the deal between AOL and Time Warner? Were the
expectations fulfilled?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What was Time Warner considering doing with AOL after the unsuccessful merger?
_____________________________________________________________
7. What are now investors unlikely to do after the dotcom crash?
_____________________________________________________________
8. How has the consumers' behavior on the internet changed since the burst of the dotcom
bubble?
_____________________________________________________________
9. What were Google's financial results last year?
_____________________________________________________________
10. What is typical for current customers of Google and similar internet companies?
_____________________________________________________________
54
will
* We can use will + the infinitive (without to) to refer to the future. Will is usually
shortened in speech and informal writing to 'll. The negative of will is won't.
* We use will to talk about future events that we see as facts:
In June we will bring out two new models.
Next year I'll be 45.
The government will soon impose an obligation on all electricity supply companies to buy a
specified percentage of their power from renewable sources. (Guardian website)
* We use will to talk about future beliefs:
Lynch believes that globalization and consolidation in the technology sector will create a
greater demand for large and powerful bourses. `Stock markets will have to cover a lot more
market capitalisation and smaller markets will have less of a role' says Lynch. (Observer
website)
* We can add perhaps/maybe or probably to make the belief less certain:
The first wave of losses resulting from the mergers in German banking will probably be in the
City of London. (BusinessWeek website)
Notice that probably comes after will but before won't:
He'll probably agree with you.
He probably won't agree with you.
* We can use will with an introductory phrase to give other meanings. For example, a
personal opinion (I think) or a hope (I hope):
I think we'll probably open a subsidiary in Russia next year.
I hope he'll agree with you.
* Will can be used for instant decisions and thoughts that come into our head at the
moment of speaking.
I'll wait for you outside.
I'll phone you tomorrow.
I think I'll stop now.
Going to
* We use the verb be + going to + the infinitive to make a connection between the
present and the future.
* We use going to for plans and intentions. These are things we have already decided to
do.
I believe that Greenspan is going to lower rates. There are some signs of liquidity problems in
the credit markets at this point in time, and a smart central bank responds by casing credit.
(New York Times website)
The time in the future can be near or distant:
I'm going to call Fiona Clarke this afternoon.
We're going to open a factory in Hungary next year.
* We use going to to make predictions when there is some evidence in the present
situation:
Be careful! It's going to fall. (I can see it)
I think we're going to lose this deal. (I've just heard some news)
Future forms
55
Present continuous
* We can use the present continuous tense to talk about things we have arranged to do
in the future. There is nearly always a time expression.
Ann is leaving tomorrow morning.
HSBC are moving to new premises next year.
The arrangements are often social arrangements or appointments.
What are you doing on Tuesday afternoon?
I'm seeing Jack at two, and after that I'm meeting my bank manager.
Will or going to?
* Will is used for instant decisions. Going to is used for plans and intentions.
Compare:
OK, I know what to do. I'll call Jane. (an instant decision)
Do you have the information for Jane? I'm going to call her this afternoon. (an intention)
* Will is used for general beliefs, opinions, hopes and things the speaker sees as facts.
I'm sure they'll like the new design.
In the future, more people will work from home.
* When will is used with a phrase like I think and/or words like probably then the
belief/opinion becomes less certain, like a prediction.
I think you'll like this idea.
The world will probably end in about five billion years.
But if there is strong evidence in the present situation then going to is usually used for
predictions:
I think it's going to rain. (I can see black clouds)
We're going to make a loss on this project. (I have the figures in front of me)
* There are occasions when we can use either form:
In my presentation I'll talk/I'm going to talk about three main areas. First, ...
Here the speaker could see it as a fact (will) or an intention (going to).
* Will is more usual in writing. 'll and going to are more usual in speech.
Going to or present continuous?
* For future plans and arrangements there is often little difference between going to and
the present continuous.
I'm going to give/I'm giving my presentation on Friday.
* Going to can suggest that the details of the arrangement have not been finalized. The
present continuous can suggest that the arrangement is more fixed, with a time and a
place.
I'm going to meet him next week. (just a plan -- time and place are still unknown)
I'm meeting him at ten in my office. (a definite, fixed arrangement)
Time expressions
* Common time expressions for the future include: tomorrow, the day after tomorrow,
on Friday, at the weekend, next week, in a few days' time.
56
Future: time expressions
* We use the present simple or the present perfect (not will) to refer to the future after these
words: when, after, before, unless, in case, as soon as, until, by the time, the next time:
When I see her, I'll tell her you called.
We'll discuss it again after you get back.
As soon as I've finished the report, I'll email it to you.
You can wait here until she comes back.
Notice that a future form (will, can) is used in the other part of the sentence.
Present simple / continuous
* We often use the present simple (or present continuous) when we talk about events in the
future based on a fixed timetable, programme or calendar:
Jim's plane leaves (is leaving) at 12.15.
Our boss retires (is retiring) next year.
Future continuous
* The future continuous is formed with will + be + the -ing form of the verb:
One thing that is clear is that more and larger Taiwanese companies will be investing in China
and that the new government will allow them to. (Asiaweek website)
* The future continuous describes an activity in progress in the future.
We often use it when we compare what we are doing now with what we will be doing in
the future. There is nearly always a time expression.
Next year I'll be working in our Sao Paulo office.
Where will you be working in six months' time?
* The future continuous is often used to say that something will definitely happen:
We'll be holding a meeting soon, so we can make a decision then.
Future perfect
* The future perfect is formed with will + have + past participle:
By the time I retire, I'll have been in banking for over thirty years.
By the year 2020 the volume of goods produced by traditional manufacturing worldwide will
probably be at least twice what it is today. But in the US, the share of manufacturing in GDP,
which is still around 15% or so, will have shrunk to 5%. (IndustryWeek website)
* We use the future perfect to look back from one point in the future to an earlier event or
period of time. We often use by or by the time with the future perfect:
By the time we prepare our proposal they'll have found another supplier.
By the end of the year we'll have sold around 1,000 units.
* It is common to use a simple will form in place of the future perfect, although some people
think this is not grammatically correct:
By the time we've prepared our proposal they'll find another supplier.
By the end of the year we'll sell around 1,000 units.
* We use the continuous form of the future perfect to look back from one point in the future
at an activity in progress:
Next year we'll have been manufacturing the same model for ten years.
57
Grammar exercises
1. Match sentences 1-6 with their uses a)­f).
a) a future fact d) a future plan or intention
b) an opinion about the future e) a prediction with evidence in the present situation
c) an instant decision f) a future arrangement
1. I'm going to ask my boss for a pay rise next week. __d__
2. I'm sorry to hear that. I'll find out what the problem is right now. _____
3. I'm sorry, but I won't be here tomorrow. I'll be in Paris. _____
4. I'm meeting Angela for lunch. Do you want to join us? _____
5. Their share price will probably rise when the market recovers. _____
6. With so much competition it's going to be difficult to increase sales. _____
Was going to
* Was/were going to is not a future form. We use it to refer to something that we planned
in the past but did not do:
I'm sorry, I was going to phone you this morning, but I had to see one of our clients.
Other ways to talk about the future
* We often use modals and related verbs like should, be likely to, could, may, might to
refer to the future.
* We use the verbs expect, hope, intend, would like, plan, want followed by an infinitive
(to do) to refer to the future:
German automaker BMW is planning to build a production plant in Central or Eastern Europe
by the middle of 2001 ­ and the Czech Republic is hoping to get the contract. (praguepost
website)
Notice the negative forms:
I expect/hope I won't ...
We don't intend/plan/want to ...
I wouldn't like to ...
* We can use the verb think followed by 'll:
I think/don't think I'll change my Internet Service Provider.
* We can use be due to for things that we expect to happen:
Mr Welch, who hits GE's mandatory retirement age of 65 next month, has built GE into
America's No. 1 company in stock market valuation. He is due to name the next chairman and
chief executive of GE in the next few days. (Wall Street Journal Europe website)
* We can use be about to for things that will (will not) happen very soon:
A look at the stock-market valuations of big software houses such as Cisco and Oracle show that
the pace of development in new technology is not about to slow. (Forbes.com website)
* In modern English Shall I/we ...? are used to make suggestions, not to refer to the future.
Shall I open the window?
Shall we meet again next week?
Shall is still used for the future in formal situations, for example legal documents.
58
2. Underline the correct words in each mini-dialogue.
1. A: Are you free next Tuesday morning?
B: Sorry, I'll have/I'm having a meeting with Sue.
A: Oh, right. Well, what about Thursday?
2. A: What are your plans for next year?
B: We'll open/We're going to open a new factory in Hungary.
A: That sounds interesting.
3. A: What do you think about their new marketing campaign?
B: I think it'll probably succeed/it's probably succeeding.
A: Do you really?
4. A: What about tomorrow at around five thirty?
B: OK, I'll see you then./I'm seeing you then.
A: Bye.
5. A: So as you can see, I've been thinking about this problem quite a lot.
B: Yes, I see. So, what are you going to do?/what are you doing?
A: Resign!
6. A: It would be nice to see you next week.
B: Yes, it would. Are you doing anything/Will you do anything on Wednesday?
A: No, I'm free.
3. Underline the correct words.
1. Tomorrow I'll interview/I'll be interviewing candidates all morning.
2. We will have moved/will be moving to our new premises in August.
3. We will have moved/will be moving to our new premises by August.
4. What time does your train/will your train leave?
5. Don't forget to turn off the lights before you are leaving/you leave.
6. We can't send the goods until we've received/we will receive a firm order.
7. We will be repaying/will have repaid the bank loan by December.
8. Unless they're/they'll be more reasonable, we'll have to break off negotiations.
9. I was going to write/was writing to them, but I forgot.
10. I hope/I will hope to be able to speak at the press conference myself.
11. Our visitors are due to arrive/due arriving at 10.30.
12. I hope I won't/I don't hope I'll be late for the meeting.
13. I think I won't/I don't think I'll be late for the meeting.
14. When the contract is/will be ready, I'll let you know.
15. Will we/Shall we break for coffee now?
16. Sorry, I can't speak now, I'll just have/I'm just about to have a meeting.
4. Complete each sentence 1-8 with an ending a)--h).
1. Please take a seat until _b_ a) a) you leave.
2. They won't accept our order unless ___ b) Dr Rihal is ready to see you.
3. Helen wants to see you before ___ c) you'll have left.
4. You won't see Helen. By the time she arrives ___ d) we give a bank guarantee.
5. As soon as Helen arrives ___ e) have finished and we can talk.
6. I can't wait! This time next week I'll ___ f) I'll ask her to phone you.
7. I'll have a suntan next time we meet! I'll ___ g) have just come back from Greece.
8. Sorry about this. In a few moments I'll ___ h) be lying on a beach in Greece.
59
5. Complete this dialogue by putting each of the verbs in brackets into the future.
Choose between will and going to. Sometimes either answer may be possible, but
decide which form is the most natural. Use contractions where possible.
JOANNA: Please, come in, have a seat. Would you like a drink? Coffee? Mineral water?
GREG: Oh, I (1)'ll have (have) a coffee please.
JOANNA: Lucy ... could you make two coffees? (sighs) Well, thanks for coming this morning. I
(2) ________________ (tell) you why I asked you here. Um, as you know, there
(3) ________________ (be) some big changes in the company. In fact, we
(4) ____________________ (restructure) the whole department.
GREG: Yes, I know. When (5) ____________________ (it/happen)?
JOANNA: Everything (6) _______________ (be) finished by the summer. Um, the thing is,
under the new structure your job (7) ________________ (probably/disappear).
GREG: Really? Is that certain?
JOANNA: Well, we (8) _____________ (have) a meeting next week to finalize all the plans,
and of course I (9) ________________ (let) you know what we decide. Anyway,
you don't have to worry.
GREG: Oh?
(coffee arrives)
JOANNA: Well, as I was saying, you don't have to worry. We (10) _______________ (offer)
you a new job. You (11) ________________ (have) more responsibility, and the
salary (12) ________________ (be) much better.
GREG: That's wonderful, thank you very much. What exactly (13) _________________
(the new job/involve)?
JOANNA: Well, we (14) __________________ (expand) the whole customer services area.
If you accept the job, you (15) _________________ (be) responsible for the new
team. Um, it (16) _________________ (mean) a lot more work, of course. What
do you think?
GREG: It sounds great, but I (17) ______________ (need) a day or two to think about it.
JOANNA: Of course, no problem. Look, I (18) __________________ (not/be) in the office
for the next few days -- I (19) ____________________ (visit) our subsidiary in
Hungary. (20) ________________ (you/have) an answer for me by next week?
GREG: Yes, I (21) _________________ (give) you my decision on Monday.
6. Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the most appropriate
future form. Choose between will, going to and the present continuous.
1. Have you heard the news? Vivendi is going to buy (buy) Seagram.
2. I _________________ (meet) Andrea at nine next Thursday morning outside the station.
3. I've just had a call from Richard ­ he _________________ (be) late.
4. Next year _________________ (be) the company's centenary year.
5. This taxi driver is terrible. He _________________ (have) an accident.
6. In the future video-conferences _________________ (probably replace) many
international meetings.
7. We _________________ (test) the new machine sometime next week.
8. I _________________ (go) to Manchester on Friday.
9. Would you mind waiting for a moment? I _________________ (not be) long.
60
7. An economist has prepared a short report about his country next year. Read it,
then choose the correct alternative from A, B, C or D below to complete the report.
12 month economic forecast
The Central Bank (1) c keep interest rates low next year in order to stimulate economic growth, and so
we (2) ______ the economy to continue growing at about 4%. This means that unemployment
(3) ______ in most sectors of the economy next year. Exchange rates are very difficult to predict, but
the currency (4) ______ remain stable.
Some important events are (5) ______ take place in the political field. The president (6) ______ call
elections within the next twelve months, and so by the middle of next year the election campaign
(7) ______. The government (8) ______ on a platform of honesty and competence, and it
(9) ______ introduce reforms to the legal system so that judges can investigate the misuse of public
funds more easily. When that (10) ______ international investor confidence should increase rapidly.
1 A is wanting to B is liking to C would like to D due to
2 A predict B expect C believe D hope
3 A will be fallen B will been falling C will falling D will fall
4 A probably will B will probably C probably is D is probably
5 A about to B soon C being D expecting
6 A dues to B due to C is due to D is duing to
7 A will have begun B will be begun C has begun D will begin
8 A will be fought B will be fighting C will fighting D will have fight
9 A is planning B planning to C is planned to D is planning to
10 A happening B will happen C happens D happen
8. The Human Resources Manager of a large company is explaining the appraisal
system to a group of new employees. Complete his talk by putting the verbs in
brackets into the right tense. Choose between the present simple (I do), future
continuous (I'll be doing), future perfect (I'll have done) and was going to.
`Your appraisal interviews (1) are (be) in March. Er, I'm sorry, they (2) _______________
(be) in February but we had to postpone them. Sorry about that. Um, during February your line
managers (3) _____________________ (collect) all the information they need from you, and
by the time you meet for the interview, they (4) ___________________ (produce) a checklist
of points for discussion.
Right. Um, in the interview you (5) _____________________ (discuss) your performance
during the past year and any issues relating to your future needs, er, such as training. By the end
of the meeting I hope that you and your line managers (6) ___________________ (agree) on
your personal objectives for next year, both in terms of sales targets and professional
development. Is that clear? Yep, OK, good. Of course there is some flexibility in the targets, in
case anything (7) ____________________ (happen) to the market that we cannot predict.
We may also have a budget for you to do some training, after you (8) ___________________
(come) back from your summer holidays but before work (9) _____________________ (get)
really busy in September. Is that OK? Yeah. Good.
After that, the next time that we all (10) ____________________ (meet) again will be in
October, when I'd like some feedback on your training, as by then any courses that you do
(11) _________________ (finish). Is that OK? Yeah. I (12) ___________________ (send)
you feedback forms nearer the time. Well, er, unless you (13) ____________________ (have)
any questions, I think that's all. Oh, no. Er, yes -- I (14) _______________ (have) a word with
you about your holiday plans, but you probably don't know them yet. Could you email me with
your request as soon as you know them.'
REVIEW TEST
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 11 ­ Going public
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
jednoduše řečeno ­ __________________________________________________________
podat lepší výkon (1 word) než poradenská agentura ­ __________________________________
troufalá a podvodná provize (legální) ­ _____________________________________________
uplatnit opci na akcie a splatit dluhy ­ _____________________________________________
mít zaručeny rychlé zisky ­ _____________________________________________________
znepřátelit si zkorumpovaného kupujícího ­ ________________________________________
mít monopol na upisování kmenových akcií ­ _______________________________________
poukázat na podobnosti mezi internetovými vyhledávači ­ ______________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. the act of forming a new, independent company from part of an existing one; a company
formed in this way:
2. an official financial record that gives details of all a company's income and expenses for a
particular period and shows if it has made a profit or a loss:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
CRACKS, PROSPECTUS, VALUATION,
CASUALTIES, KICKBACK, DEMISE
1. The accumulated debts resulted in the final ______________________________ of our
company.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. There were many _____________________________ of the dotcom crash in late 1990s.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. It's illegal and unethical to accept a ____________________________ for any service we
provide.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
SLUMP ­ PEAK ­ HYPE ­ BYPASS
DISCLOSE ­ REVOLUTIONIZE ­ OUTBID ­ RUMOUR
1. Prices of shares of internet companies have _____________________ to their minimum.
2. Auction participant number 17 finally ________________________ its biggest opponent
yesterday.
3. Nokia's new impulses _______________________ the mobile phone market.
4. You can ________________________ paying a commission to a stockbroker by holding
a public auction.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. Yahoo's shares were worth $98 ____________________________ last Friday. (PIECE)
2. It's absolutely _______________________________ that Microsoft would go bankrupt.
(CONCEIVE)
3. The ___________________________ of confidential financial information can hurt our
firm. (DISCLOSE)
4. The CEO has led the company through _________________________________ crises.
(NUMBER)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. The government's measures have to comply _________ the EU's regulations.
2. There's no way I could offer you the stock _________ a discount.
3. Our firm has embarked _________ a long but hopefully successful journey.
4. I tried to bid _________ my rival but finally I didn't have enough money.
5. I think we should hold a vote _________ the issue of employing foreigners.
6. Investors usually start trading _________ the exchange at 9 a.m.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones; try to use the
most suitable future form: (3 points each)
1. We will receive the money and after that I will let you know.
I ___________________________ as soon as _________________________ the money.
2. Brokers will try to sell your shares. On Monday next week.
The brokers __________________________________ your shares on Monday next week.
3. Will the company be sold? By January next year?
______________________________________________________ by January next year?
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
Going public can _________________________________ (ENABLE, a company, RAISE)
the necessary capital. But before the existing owners ________________________________
(BEGIN, CONSIDER, SELL) part of their stakes, they should ______________________
_________________________ (prepared, FOCUS, MAXIMIZE) the company's value first.
Future shareholders will ______________________________ (interested, LEARN) as much
as possible about the firm's financial position. Also, if a chosen strategy _________________
__________________________ (URGE, buyers, PURCHASE) shares is well-chosen, it will
be much easier ______________________________________ (MAKE, they, FIND OUT)
everything about the perspective IPO. Sometimes it is good __________________________
__________________ (RISK, TAKE OVER) a bigger competitor but one never knows what
will happen afterwards. ______________________________________ (GET USED, USE)
a new brand can be quite difficult for the original staff too. Nevertheless, this has to be done if
the company ___________________________________________ (SEEM, THREATEN)
the lack of available capital for expansion.
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 ­ 4.
(2 points each)
1. The teacher ________________ about three topics in her presentations.
A: will talk B: will be talking
C: will have talked D: is going to talk
2. Wait, I ____________ find out when the train _____________.
A: will ... will arrive B: will ... leaves
C: ­ ... will have left D: am going to ... is arriving
3. My brother ________________ for ten years next April.
A: is going to be married B: is married
C: will have been married D: will be married
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Nadcházející primární emise akcií (1 word) nových makléřských firem nepochybně způsobí
nadhodnocení ceny akcií takových společností; přehnaně optimistické prognózy předpokládají,
že zájem investorů je udrží v popředí po dlouhou dobu. Na druhou stranu pokud zavedené
firmy nevylepší v dalším čtvrtletí finanční výsledky, budou čelit tlaku akcionářů, aby získaly víc
financí buď zvýšením cen vyráběného zboží, nebo snížením nákladů či dokonce upisováním
dalších akcií.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
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63
Unit 12 ­ COMPETITION
Coursebook, page 102, exercise PREVIEW
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Competition is a (1) _____________ factor for businesses as knowing your position in
relation to your rivals is (2) _____________. This has become a (3) _____________
(4) ________________ for many firms. To find it out, there are various ways you can
(5) _____________ it: one of the (6) _____________ (7) _____________ is based
on Michael Porter's theory. He claims there are five (8) _____________ forces affecting a
company's (9) ___________ position. If we put this into the form of a (10) __________,
we would mark several key concepts there: (11) `_____________ (12) _____________',
(13) `_____________ of (14) _____________' (i.e. the (15) _____________ that
others will (16) ____________ to enter your (17) ____________), (18) `___________
of (19) _____________', (20) `_____________ of (21) _____________' (this is quite
(22) _______________ and it just refers to the (23) _____________ both these groups
can (24) _____________ ­ e.g. if a company is selling to a major (25) _____________
(26) _____________, buyers can (27) _____________ certain conditions on you while
if a supplier depends on one source, they don't have much (28) ________________ for
(29) _____________), and (30) `_____________' or (31) `_____________ products'.
In practice the theory is helpful as it (32) _____________ a number of ways that firms
can (33) _____________ (34) _____________ to (35) _____________ others from
entering the market. For of these ways are important: (36) _____________ (making your
product (37) ______________), (38) ______________ of (39) ______________ (a
(40) _____________ advantage), (41) _____________, and (42) _____________
(43) _____________ (making it (44) _____________ expensive for customers to
change to a (45) _____________ product or service.
Coursebook, page 103, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
aware of or knowledgeable about the latest trends or
developments (paragraph 1)
2. _________________ = calmly and unemotionally (par 1)
3. to _______________ = get up on; to climb onto something (par 1)
64
4. to _______________ = to disclose; reveal (par 1)
5. _________________ =
an adverb meaning that something is impossible to avoid
or prevent (par 1)
6. _________________ = of a strikingly attractive appearance; impressive (par 1)
7. to _______________ =
to strongly advise someone to do something; o give
support; stimulate (par 2)
8. _________________ =
happening very easily or quickly and not able to be
controlled (par 2)
9. _________________ = a fourth of a year; a period of three months (par 2)
10. to __________ _____ =
to accept something although it is not exactly what you
want (par 2)
11. _________________ =
a market in which there is little or no competition for a
particular type of product or service, for which there is
limited demand (par 2)
12. to _______________ = to compete for something, to struggle for something (par 2)
13. to _______________ =
to give (something such as ownership) to someone else,
especially unwillingly or because forced to do so (par 2)
14. _________________ =
an invitation to compete or take part, especially in a game
or argument; a call to engage in a contest, fight, or
competition (par 3)
15. _________________ = possible although difficult to imagine (par 3)
16. _________________ = completely, wholly (par 3)
17. to _______________ =
to mix a set of playing cards without seeing their values
before beginning a game; to move things from one place to
another, often without any particular reason (par 4)
18. to _______________ =
to take a slight and not very serious interest in a subject;
try a particular activity for a short period (par 4)
19. _________________ = clearly and exactly; openly (par 4)
20. _________________ =
never having happened or existed in the past; unheard of
(par 4)
21. to _______________ = to be sold in greater quantities than something else (par 5)
22. to _______________ = to repair; solve (par 5)
23. _________________ = lasting for an extensive period of time (par 5)
24. _________________ = central; main (par 5)
25. _________________ = fixed, blocked, checked, or obstructed (par 5)
26. to _______________ =
to persuade users to change from one product to another
(par 5)
27. _________________ =
representing the prevalent attitudes, values, and practices
of a society or group (par 5)
28. _________________ = departing markedly from the usual; extreme (par 6)
29. _________________ =
having a complete structure or quality; of a complete value
(par 6)
30. _________________ = extremely small (par 6)
65
31. _________________ = a change in direction; a turn (par 6)
32. to __________ _____ = to connect (an appliance) to an electrical outlet (par 6)
33. _________________ =
computer devices, such as a printer or modem, distinct
from a computer's central processing unit and working
memory, and often connected externally (par 6)
34. _________________ = a small piece, portion, or quantity (par 6)
35. _________________ = sincerely; genuinely; really; indeed (par 6)
36. __________ ______ =
a label attached to a piece of merchandise indicating how
much it costs (par 7)
37. _________________ =
intelligent and making good judgments; characterized by
sharp intelligence, and often a sense of the practical (par 7)
38. to _______________ =
to take parts of something and use them for something else;
to draw revenues from one product in favor of another one
(par 7)
39. _________ _______ =
the difference between the cost of buying or producing
something and the price that it is sold for, calculated as a
percentage of the selling price (par 7)
40. to ________ _______ =
to move someone swiftly and smartly out of something
(par 7)
41. _________________ = inactivity, apathy, passivity (par 7)
42. _________________ = an exchange or swap; a sudden quick change (par 7)
43. _________________ = in a perfectly consistent and coherent way (par 8)
44. _________________ =
a variety of things of a particular type; a set of products of
a particular type (par 8)
45. _________________ = profoundly honored (par 8)
46. _________________ = carefully selected (par 8)
47. _________________ =
a system formed by the interaction of a community of
organisms with their physical environment (par 8)
48. _________________ = supplementary parts or objects (par 8)
49. to _______________ = to grow or flourish; to appear or expand suddenly (par 8)
50. _________ _______ =
a wheel turned by the driver of a vehicle in order to change
direction (par 8)
51. to _______________ = to promote or sell (a product); to force (one's way) (par 9)
52. _________________ =
the arrangement of data on disk or magnetic tape to
comply with a computer's input device (par 9)
53. _________________ =
an accepted example of something against which others
are judged or measured (par 9)
54. _________________ = cautious and careful not to take risks (par 9)
55. _________ _______ =
a formal business agreement to buy or sell a company's
products in the best possible way (par 9)
56. to _________ ______ = to drive away (an attacker); to struggle to avoid (par 9)
57. _________________ = a very senior military (here: company) officer (par 9)
66
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What does Mr Jobs typically do every January?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What encouraged Mr Jobs so much that he announced a new corporate strategy?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What does the new corporate strategy involve?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What made the challenge possible? How has the market position of iPod developed?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What does Mr Jobs want to do to attack the remaining part of the market, and why is
this step regarded as unprecedented?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What is the long-lasting problem of Apple and how can it be solved?
_____________________________________________________________
7. How is the Mac mini computer described?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What are users expected to do when they buy the Mac mini?
_____________________________________________________________
9. What are the two risks that are minimized by leaving out the peripherals?
_____________________________________________________________
10. What will be the consequence of the growth in the range of seamlessly integrated
products, according to Mr Jobs?
_____________________________________________________________
11. What else will support the growth of Apple's products in the near future?
_____________________________________________________________
12. What is Pixar, what is Mr Jobs's relationship to this company, and what can you say
about his understanding of entertainment?
_____________________________________________________________
13. What is the situation on the online music market with respect to Apple and Microsoft?
_____________________________________________________________
14. What other things did Mr Jobs do that he is described as "more circumspect this time
around"?
_____________________________________________________________
67
Coursebook, page 105, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Honda has successfully entered new markets by using a (1) _____________ combination
of quality (2) ____________, (3) ____________ production, and (4) ____________
(5) ______________. The original company, set up in 1946, was (6) ______________
just a small (7) _______________ (8) _______________ of (9) _______________
(10) _____________. Their first (11) _____________ product came out a year later and
it was a small (12) _____________ (13) _____________ to be (14) _____________
to bikes. Ten years later they produced the Supercub, the first really successful
(15) ______________ (16) ______________. They introduced it to the US market in
(17) _____________. It was then followed by a whole (18) _____________ of new
models. The company also started to move into a new (19) _________________ ­ the
(20) _________________ industry. After producing a (21) _________________ of
(22) _____________ cars like Civic, the Accura model became the (23) ____________
car in America. They had (24) ___________ taken the car market by (25) ___________.
Honda also focused on other activities, such as (26) ____________, (27) ___________,
and (28) ____________. One of their most (29) _____________ (30) ____________
was into (31) _____________(32) _____________. A (33) _____________ of their
plane, the Honda Jet, has already (34) ____________ and with 441 (35) ____________
supporting the company's (36) _________________ worldwide, Honda represents a
(37) _____________ impossible to (38) _____________.
Workbook, page 49, exercise LANGUAGE CHECK
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. to _______________ =
to write or speak about something with great enthusiasm
(paragraph 1)
2. _________________ =
the metal casing enclosing a set of gears in a motor vehicle
(par 1)
3. _________________ = the act of increasing speed (par 1)
4. ________ ________ =
the ability to function with as low waste of petrol as
possible (par 1)
5. _________________ = manipulation (par 1)
6. _________________ = a system of beliefs or principles (par 1)
7. ________ ________ =
an official formulation of the aims and objectives of a
business or other organization (par 1)
68
8. to _______________ = to learn; acquire; accept; take in; assimilate (par 1)
9. __________ ______ =
a factory where manufactured parts are put together into a
finished product (par 2)
10. _________________ =
encircled or enclosed; extended on all sides of something
simultaneously (par 2)
11. _________________ =
connected with the parts of a country that do not include
the capital city (par 2)
12. _________________ =
relating to farming; agricultural; connected to the
countryside (par 2)
13. _________________ =
the surroundings or environment in which something is
located (par 2)
14. _________________ =
a small piece of ground, generally used for a specific
purpose; a measured area of land (par 2)
15. to _______________ =
to have the care of; watch over; look after; to apply one's
attention (par 2)
16. _________________ =
a period of time worked by a group of workers who start
work as another group finishes (par 2)
17. _________________ =
a student under the direct supervision of a teacher or
professor (par 2)
18.
__________ _______
_________ _______=
a supervisor who is in charge of checking the quality of
manufactured goods (par 2)
19. _________________ =
an environment conducive to vigorous growth or
development; a heated greenhouse for plants (par 2)
20. _________________ =
the department of a company that is responsible for selling
things; the amount of goods or services sold (par 3)
21. _________________ =
the feeling that accompanies an experience of not being
able to reach your goals (par 3)
22. to _______________ = to believe (something) to be the case; think probable (par 3)
23. to _______________ = to label; identify; mark (par 4)
24. _________ _______ =
the amount of money a dealer would offer you for your
used car when buying a new one (par 4)
25. _________________ = trust or faith in a person or thing (par 4)
26. _________________ =
a person or shop whose business is buying and selling a
particular product (par 4)
27. _________________ =
believing strongly in the existence of a god; extremely
scrupulous and conscientious (par 5)
28. _________________ =
great warmth and intensity of emotion; the state of being
emotionally excited (par 5)
29. _________________ = acting or moving quickly (par 6)
30. _________________ =
thinking too much about one particular person or thing;
showing this (par 6)
31. _________________ =
strong dedication to or affection for someone or something
(par 6)
69
32. _________________ = lasting; continuing; not stopping (par 6)
33. _________________ = flavor or interest; added interest, flavor, or charm (par 6)
34. to _______________ = to keep two positions at the same time (par 6)
35. _________________ =
a recognized leader in a field; a trusted counselor and
adviser; a mentor (par 6)
36. to _______________ = to watch attentively; to take notice (par 6)
37. _________________ =
requiring more than usually expected or thought effort;
especially great patience and effort and skill (par 6)
38. _________________ =
not stopping or getting less strong; steady and persistent
(par 6)
39. _________________ =
the act of chasing or pursuing; the act of looking for and
trying to find something (par 6)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What makes Toyota different from its rivals in terms of what they are interested in?
_____________________________________________________________
2. Why is Toyota's culture so unique, according to Mr Cho?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What did Toyota's workers used to have and do after returning from work when the
company started?
_____________________________________________________________
4. Why does Mr Cho talks about so-called hothouse culture?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Why did Jim Press leave Ford and choose Toyota?
_____________________________________________________________
6. Does Toyota have its own production factory in America? What happens to the cars
when they come off the line?
_____________________________________________________________
7. Why is Toyota's trade-in value higher than GM's?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What does it mean that Toyota is a "customer's company"?
_____________________________________________________________
9. Who is Tetsuo Agata and what does his friend say about Toyota's winning culture?
_____________________________________________________________
70
Workbook, page 50, exercise LISTENING
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
Consumer power is important as it has (1) _____________ (2) _____________ for
companies. Many of them already describe themselves as (3) `__________________' or
(4) `________________'. Because of the existence of the internet their (5) ___________
will be (6) _____________ as never before ­ for example (7) _____________ on
(8) ___________ (9) ___________ will no longer be possible because people will find out
that (10) ___________ in a different place are cheaper or that certain (11) ___________
are (12) ___________. The internet is working (13) ___________ in (14) ___________
standards.
Another aspect is that (15) ___________ (16) ___________ takes place online, i.e.
people can (17) ___________ products, prices and (18) ___________. They can read
about the products and even discover what (19) _____________ (20) _____________
have to say. In addition, (21) ______________ and (22) ______________ constantly
(23) ___________ the products.
In the past, people would often visit a (24) _____________ (25) _____________ or
(26) ___________ to (27) ___________ around, (28) ___________ out products and
(29) _____________ (30) _____________ from a (31) ______________, look at the
(32) _________________ from him and buy or go to a (33) ___________. Nowadays,
however, each of these steps is (34) ___________. For example, 80% of Ford's customers
know what they want to buy before they arrive at a (35) ___________, which means that
having (36) _____________ (37) _____________ is of little (38) _____________.
People now spend as much time (39) ___________ the (40) ___________ as they do
with other activities, but (41) _____________ the (42) _____________ of information
(43) ______________ available, consumers are (44) ______________ ever to become
(45) ___________ (46) ___________. (47) ___________ and (48) ___________ will
(49) ___________. Although brands will probably stay popular, brand (50) ___________
are (51) ___________. A (52) ___________ or a (53) ___________ can cost companies
(54) ___________ and (55) ___________ the advantage to an (56) _____________
(57) _________. This is what happened to Apple when its iPod (58) _________ from Sony
the (59) __________ (60) __________ in (61) ___________ music (62) __________.
Pat (the interviewer) says that many firms do not yet seem (63) ___________ of the
(64) _____________ (65) _____________ of newly (66) ___________ consumers and
Rob adds that, on the other hand, some businesses have (67) _____________ the internet
(68) _________________ and they have been (69) ___________ for it. For instance,
Dell has (70) ___________ retailers and used (71) ___________ (72) ___________.
The internet is also (73) ____________ the (74) ___________ business as people are able
71
to (75) ___________ flights, cars and hotels directly. And it has also allowed many small
businesses, from (76) ___________ stores to (77) ___________ of (78) ___________
on eBay, to (79) ___________ a (80) ___________ market.
Internet search firms are now offering more (81) ___________ services ­ i.e. services
that consumers are sure to (82) ___________ up. At a (83) ___________, they will be
able to check the (84) ___________ from (85) ___________ (86) ___________ even as
they (87) ___________ the (88) ___________.
Workbook, page 50-51, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ = chief; principal; main (paragraph 1)
2. to _______________ =
to put arms around somebody and hold them tightly; to
embrace (par 1)
3. to _______________ = get up on; to climb onto something (par 1)
4. to _______________ =
to hold close with the arms, usually as an expression of
affection; to hug (par 1)
5. _________________ =
a person or thing having the same function or
characteristics as another; one that closely resembles
another (par 1)
6. _________________ = a period of ten years (par 1)
7. _________________ =
a solid substance that conducts electricity in particular
conditions (par 2)
8. _________________ = at an earlier time; once; some time ago (par 2)
9. _________________ =
a small computer that can work without wires and be
easily carried (par 2)
10. to _______________ =
to change quickly and suddenly; to exchange (places) or
swap (something for something else) (par 2)
11. _________________ =
a small piece of semiconductor material, such as silicon,
processed to form an integrated circuit (par 2)
12. _________________ =
resembling an exclusive group of persons sharing an
esoteric, usually artistic or intellectual interest (par 2)
13. _________________ = a group of spectators or listeners at a concert or play (par 2)
14. to _______________ =
to disclose (something damaging or inconvenient to
oneself); admit (par 2)
15. _________________ = a renewal; restoration; revival (par 3)
16. _________________ =
a metaphorical expression meaning a plan for the future
(par 3)
17. to _______________ = to come or bring to an end, e.g. a speech (par 3)
72
18. _________________ =
meeting the requirements of something; fitting; made
appropriate or suitable; adapted (par 3)
19. to _______________ =
to fall (behind) in movement, progress, or development
(par 3)
20. _________________ = here: parameters (par 3)
21. _________________ = production, esp. of electricity or heat (par 3)
22. _________________ =
a period of inactivity or waiting before something happens
or continues (par 3)
23. to _______________ = to ask urgently for something; to require something (par 3)
24. _________________ =
a difficulty or problem that delays or prevents something,
or makes a situation worse (par 4)
25. _________________ =
the money that is received by a business usually from
selling goods or services (par 4)
26. _________ _______ =
an interactive entertainment computer or electronic device
that produces a video and audio signal to display a video
game (par 4)
27. _________________ =
a person whose job involves examining facts, systems,
companies, markets, etc. in order to give an opinion on
them (par 4)
28. to _______________ = to cause to appear small by comparison (par 4)
29. _________________ = amount; quantity (par 4)
30. _________ _______ =
the amount of money that is a profit or a loss after
everything has been calculated (par 5)
31. to _______________ = to acquire, obtain (par 5)
32. _________________ =
the admiration and respect that goes with a particular
achievement or position (par 5)
33. _________________ = stylish or elegant (par 5)
34. _________________ =
a piece of equipment designed to do a particular job; a
machine used for a particular purpose (par 5)
35. to _______________ = to adjust (par 6)
36. _________________ =
a difficulty or obstacle that makes it uneasy to continue in
a normal way (par 6)
37. to ________ _______ =
to cause someone or something to go or stay away from
something (par 6)
38. _________________ = potential, possible (par 6)
39. _________________ = a probable consequence (of something) (par 7)
40. _________________ = something established as inevitable or sure to happen (par 7)
41. to _______________ = to dismiss from employment (par 7)
42. to _______________ = to desert or leave (par 7)
43. _________________ =
a person or thing of exceptional size, ability, or importance
(par 7)
73
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. Where and when did Jobs and Otellini hug, which was considered as surprising?
_____________________________________________________________
2. How can be the relationship between "Wintel" and Apple described?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What did Mr Jobs and Mr Otellini announce as far as they future plans are concerned?
_____________________________________________________________
4. Why was the decision to start using Intel's chips a shock for Apple's supporters?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Why were Intel's chips more suitable for Apple, according to Mr Jobs?
_____________________________________________________________
6. In what parameters was IBM worse, and what did this company refuse to give Mr Jobs?
_____________________________________________________________
7. What are the two reasons explaining why the loss of contract with Apple won't be so
painful for IBM?
1. ___________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
8. What market share of Intel is mentioned in the text?
_____________________________________________________________
9. In which two areas is Apple the most innovative player of the industry?
_____________________________________________________________
10. How did some of the software developers react to the new Apple-Intel alliance?
_____________________________________________________________
11. What does Ms Conigliaro thinks about the fact that many applications will have to be
rewritten?
_____________________________________________________________
12. What examples are given to show that "old certainties are gone", and what metaphor
illustrates such a situation?
_____________________________________________________________
13. Who are the other potential partners "to hug"?
_____________________________________________________________
74
When I do / When I've done When and if
Study these examples:
A: What time will you phone me tomorrow?
B: I'll phone you when I get home from work.
`I'll phone you when I get home from work' is a sentence with two parts:
the main part: `I'll phone you'
and the when-part: `when I get home from work (tomorrow)'
The time in the sentence is future (`tomorrow') but we use a present tense (get) in the
when-part of the sentence.
We do not use will in the when-part of the sentence:
* We'll go out when it stops raining. (not `when it will stop')
* When you are in London again, you must come and see us. (not `when you will be')
* (said to a child) What do you want to be when you grow up? (not `will grow')
The same thing happens after: while before after as soon as until or till
* I'm going to read a lot of books while I'm on holiday. (not `while I will be')
* I'm going back home on Sunday. Before I go, I'd like to visit the museum.
* Wait here until (or till) I come back.
You can also use the present perfect (have done) after when, after, until, as soon as:
* Can I borrow that book when you've finished it?
* Don't say anything while Ian is here. Wait until he has gone.
It is often possible to use the present simple or the present perfect:
* I'll come as soon as I finish. or I'll come as soon as I've finished.
* You'll feel better after you have or You'll feel better after you've had
something to eat. something to eat.
But do not use the present perfect if two things happen together. The present perfect
shows that one thing will be complete before the other (so the two things do not happen
together). Compare:
* When I've phoned Kate, we can have dinner.
(= First I'll phone Kate and after that we can have dinner.)
* When I phone Kate this evening, I'll invite her to the party. (not `when I've phoned')
(In this example, the two things happen together.)
After if, we normally use the present simple (if I do / if I see etc.) for the future:
* It's raining hard. We'll get wet if we go out. (not `if we will go')
* Hurry up! If we don't hurry, we'll be late.
Compare when and if:
We use when for things which are sure to happen:
* I'm going shopping this afternoon. (for sure) When I go shopping, I'll buy some food.
We use if (not `when') for things that will possibly happen:
* I might go shopping this afternoon. (it's possible) If I go shopping, I'll buy some food.
* If it is raining this evening, I won't go out. (not `when it is raining')
* Don't worry if I'm late tonight. (not `when I'm late')
* If they don't come soon, I'm not going to wait. (not `when they don't come')
Time clauses
75
Grammar exercises
1. Complete these sentences using the verbs in brackets. All the sentences are about
the future. Use will/won't or the present simple (I see / he plays / it is etc.).
1. I'll phone (phone) you when I get (get) home from work.
2. I want to see Margaret before she _________________ (go) out.
3. We're going on holiday tomorrow. I _________________ (tell) you all about it when we
_________________ (come) back.
4. Brian looks very different now. When you ____________________ (see) him again, you
_________________ (not/recognize) him.
5. We must do something soon before it _________________ (be) too late.
6. I don't want to go without you. I ____________________________ (wait) until you
_________________ (be) ready.
7. Sue has applied for the job but she isn't very well qualified for it. I _________________ (be)
surprised if she _________________ (get) it.
8. I'd like to play tennis tomorrow if the weather _________________ (be) nice.
9. I'm going out now. If anybody _________________ (phone) while I _______________
(be) out, can you take a message?
2. Make one sentence from two.
1. You will be in London again. You must come and see us then.
You must come and see us when you are in London again.
2. I'll find somewhere to live. Then I'll give you my address.
I ____________________________ when _____________________________.
3. I'll do the shopping. Then I'll come straight back home.
_____________________________ after _____________________________.
4. It's going to start raining. Let's go home before that.
_____________________________ before ____________________________.
5. She must apologize to me first. I won't speak to her until then.
_____________________________ until _____________________________.
3. Read the situations and complete the sentences.
1. A friend of yours is going to visit London. You want to know where she is going to stay.
You ask: Where are you going to stay when you are in London?
2. A friend of yours is visiting you. She has to go soon but maybe there's time for a cup of tea.
You ask: Would you like a cup of tea before ________________________________?
3. Your friend is reading the newspaper. You'd like it after her.
You ask: Can I have the newspaper when __________________________________?
4. You want to sell your car. Jim is interested in buying it but he hasn't decided yet.
You ask: Can you let me know as soon as __________________________________?
5. There are serious traffic problems in your town but they are building a new road.
You say: I think it will be better when ____________________________________.
76
4. Put in when or if.
1. Don't worry if I'm late tonight.
2. Tom might phone while I'm out this evening. _______ he does, can you take a message?
3. I'm going to Rome next week. _______ I'm there, I hope to visit a friend of mine.
4. I think Jill will get the job. I'll be very surprised _______ she doesn't get it.
5. I'm going shopping. _______ you want anything, I can get it for you.
6. I'm going away for a few days. I'll phone you _______ I get back.
7. I want you to come to the party but _______ you don't want to come, that's all right.
8. We can eat at home or, _______ you prefer, we can go to a restaurant.
Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Vedení firmy nepodpoří fúzi, dokud nebude jasné, jaké budou finanční náklady.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Budeme inzerovat naše služby v časopise Week, pokud bude jejich nabídka přijatelná.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Jakmile začneme investovat více peněz do vědy a výzkumu, bude to pro naše zákazníky a
akcionáře pozitivní signál.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Zákazníci obvykle změní své chování předtím, než je změna daňového systému plně zasáhne.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Poté, co se centrální banka rozhodne, jestli sníží úrokové sazby, budou ratingové agentury
vedět, jaké hodnocení mají dát České republice.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
REVIEW TEST
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 12 ­ Competition
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
neslýchaná a doslova ohromující kupní síla ­ ________________________________________
nevyhnutelně se vyvíjející překážky vstupu (do odvětví) ­ _________________________________
neúnavné usilování o dokonalost ­ _______________________________________________
úspory z rozsahu díky skulině na trhu ­ ____________________________________________
neúnavné a neustávající kouzlo poselství ­ _________________________________________
představitelná úprava ziskových marží ­ ___________________________________________
narazit na hlubokou oddanost a rivalitu ­ __________________________________________
postupně přepustit distribuční řetězec podřízeným prodejcům ­ __________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. the amount of money that a customer needs to spend when they change from one
supplier, system, etc. to another:
2. a situation where a company is in a position to be more successful than its competitors;
something that helps a company be in this position:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases and translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
TRIAL, PRICE TAG, ACCESSORIES,
SETBACKS, VOLUME, COURSE OF ACTION
1. We'll have to overcome a number of __________________________ before we become
profitable.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. The ____________________________ of orders has exceeded 500 a month, which is an
increase of 27%.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. I hope the firm is able to determine its further ____________________________ in this
difficult time.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
SET ASIDE ­ FIGHT OFF ­ CONFESS ­ ATTEMPT
ENTITLE ­ WONDER ­ WANDER ­ UNVEIL
1. None of our subordinates _______________________ to sign contracts on behalf of the
firm.
2. Last week IBM finally _______________________ to negotiating a new deal with Apple.
3. Toyota is considering ________________________ its new model at the Frankfurt trade
fair.
4. _______________________ competition is never easy but you can do it by cutting costs.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. We __________________________________ welcome you at our today's presentation!
(HEART)
2. Your activities may have serious _______________________________ for you, George.
(IMPLY)
3. We don't have enough people ­ we are seriously _______________________________.
(STAFF)
4. I think Jack should be ___________________________ to impose the critical decisions.
(POWER)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. Toyota and Honda contest _________ the leading position on the market.
2. The sight _________ my bank statement scared me.
3. We have to sell the production and we'll do it _________ all costs.
4. Microsoft has to compete _________ Apple on all markets.
5. Nokia now outsells Motorola's mobile phones _________ volume.
6. The cost _________ production is relatively low in this factory.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones: (3 points each)
1. Greg will buy the shares. The price must go down by 5%.
Greg ________________________ as soon as the _______________________________.
2. Lucy is going to leave for Jamaica. She must be given a visa first.
Lucy __________________________ until ____________________________________.
3. I must finish my studies first. Then I plan to leave the country.
I _____________________________ after ____________________________________.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
Whenever Apple _________________________________ (CONSIDER, RISK, EXPAND)
its operations abroad in the previous decade, its biggest opponent, Microsoft, _______________
____________________________ (ATTEMPT, PERSUADE, buyers, not FOCUS) Apple's
products. It _______________________________________ (INTEND, MAKE, customers,
THINK) that its operation system ______________________________________ (WOULD,
unable, COOPERATE) Apple's programs. Finally users ______________________________
_______________________ (GET USED, PREFER, OFFER) products by Microsoft rather
than by Apple. However, things _________________________________________ (BEGIN,
CHANGE) recently. Nowadays Apple ____________________________________ (DENY,
REFER) as the "always second" player and the company ______________________________
_______________________________ (ADVISE, computer users, SWITCH) its software and
hardware. It ____________________________________________________ (not, easy, LET,
their systems, WIN) in the future but the preliminary results are promising.
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 ­ 4.
(2 points each)
1. The bank made its biggest losses _____________________ money to unreliable firms.
A: as soon as it has lent B: after it lent
C: when it lends D: whenever it had lent
2. The machine stops making the noise _____________________.
A: when you will turn it off B: as you turned it off
C: once you turn it off D: as soon as you have turned it off
3. We _________________ you by the time the courses _______________.
A: will call ... begin B: are going to call ... began
C: will have called ... begun D: call ... will have begun
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
IBM konečně odhalila své plány uvést v posledním čtvrtletí na zavedený počítačový trh nový
model; tento postup zabrání konkurenci v získání konkurenční výhody. Navíc přiostří soupeření
mezi dominantními výrobci. Výsledkem je, že konkurenti uposlechli radu poradenské firmy a v
zájmu úspor z rozsahu se rozhodli najmout dočasné zaměstnance, aby se vyhnuli podstavu
(zaměstnanců), což by mělo vést ke zvýšení objemu produkce, tržeb i ziskových marží.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
79
Unit 13 ­ BANKING
Coursebook, page 112, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summaries:
Frank:
The department specializes in (1) ________________ and (2) ________________
(3) ____________ for (4) ____________ clients. They are businesses needing specialist
(5) ____________ with the management of their (6) ____________. Their help could
include (7) ____________ for a company to (8) ____________ (9) ____________ or
(10) ___________ (11) __________ to (12) __________ a firm to (13) ___________
another company. They also assist corporations that need to find new (14) ____________
of (15) ____________. In such a case they put together a plan to (16) ____________
(17) ____________ and to find out how the company could be (18) ____________.
Matt:
His department specializes in (19) ________________ businesses, i.e. companies
(20) ___________ markets with new products or services. His job is to (21) __________
the businesses with the development (22) _______________ and arrange for
(23) ___________ to take a (24) ____________ in the company's (25) ___________.
Their advising includes e.g. how to develop more (26) ___________ (27) ___________
solutions or how to find (28) ____________ partners. They can also (29) ___________
them in preparing for a (30) ____________ (31) ____________ of their stocks.
Claudia:
Claudia helps customers when they are considering (32) ____________ their
businesses or (33) ____________ (34) ____________ in new markets. Their job is to
(35) ____________ the chances of (36) ____________. They offer information about
market (37) ____________, (38) ____________, etc., as well as (39) ____________
for their sector. If the (40) ____________ look good, they (41) ____________ their
clients to go (42) ____________ with their projects.
80
Coursebook, page 113, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
the state of being poor; the state of lacking adequate food
or money (paragraph 1)
2. _________________ =
someone who owns a business together with someone else
(par 1)
3. _________________ =
the practice of providing financial services, such as credit,
savings or insurance to poor people (par 1)
4. _________________ =
an amount of money that is saved or collected for a particular
purpose, especially for investing in companies, projects, etc.;
an organization that controls this money (par 1)
5. _________________ =
money that an organization such as a bank lends and
somebody borrows (par 1)
6. _________________ =
the money that you make in business or by selling things,
especially after paying the costs involved (par 1)
7. _________________ =
the extra money that you have to pay when you borrow
money or the extra money that you receive when you
invest money (par 1)
8. _________________ =
a sum of money paid; the act of paying a person, paying a
bill or debt (par 1)
9. to _______________ = to refuse to pay attention to; disregard (par 2)
10. __________ ______ =
a bank with branches in many different places, that
provides a range of services, especially related to current
accounts, loans and saving money, for people and
businesses (par 2)
11. to _______________ = to provide with financial or moral support; support (par 2)
12. _________________ =
property or something valuable that you promise to give
somebody if you cannot pay back money that you borrow
(par 2)
13. _________________ =
a return to a normal condition; restoration to a former and
better condition (par 2)
14. _________________ = someone who provides credit in business matters (par 2)
15. to _______________ = to refund or reimburse; pay back (par 2)
16. _________________ =
someone who receives money or credit on the promise to
return it or its equivalent (par 2)
17. _________ _______ =
a record of the loans and payments that somebody has
received and whether they have paid back the amounts
that they owe in the right way (par 2)
18. _________________ = here: allocated; dedicated (par 2)
19. _________________ =
a judgment based on one's impressions; an opinion; a
tentative evaluation or rough calculation (par 2)
20. to _______________ = to recognize or admit the truth of a statement (par 3)
81
21. _________________ =
a business project or activity, especially one that involves
taking risks (par 3)
22. _________________ =
generous in assistance to the poor; organized to provide
humanitarian or charitable assistance (par 3)
23. the ______________ = being the second of two persons or things mentioned (par 3)
24. _________________ =
something that is of interest or importance to a person
(par 3)
25. to _______________ =
to come near or nearer; to make a proposal; to begin to
deal with or work on (par 3)
26. to _______________ = to establish or set up (e.g. an institution) (par 3)
27. _________________ = at some time in the past; former; once (par 3)
28. _________________ =
money, equipment, or services provided for people in
need; assistance; help (par 4)
29. _________ _______ = a survey done or performed at the concrete place (par 4)
30. _________________ =
a part or region that is on the inside; located on the inside;
inner (par 4)
31. _________________ =
supplying dry land with water by means of canals, etc.
(par 4)
32. _________________ =
the small hard part produced by a plant, from which a new
plant can grow (par 4)
33. _________________ =
a businessperson who transports goods abroad (for sale)
(par 4)
34. to _______________ = to change completely in form or function; to convert (par 4)
35. _________________ =
small dry particles of earth, sand, or dirt; something of no
worth (par 4)
36. _________________ =
a sense of dignity and self-respect; satisfaction in one's
own or another's success or achievements (par 4)
37. to _______________ =
to require payment for goods or services; to ask (an
amount of money) as a price (par 5)
38. _________________ =
a standard, usually of quality or performance, that other
things can be compared to; a set of rates that are used to
judge the performance of other rates (par 5)
39. ________ ________ =
the cost of borrowing money, usually expressed as a
percentage of the amount borrowed (par 5)
40. _________________ =
the act of judging or evaluating a person or situation or
event (par 5)
41. ________ ________ =
an element that contributes to a result and contains the
possibility of loss (par 5)
42. _________________ =
a sum of money borrowed from a bank, available for a
person's use, that has to be later repaid (par 5)
43. _________________ = not yet used or exploited (par 6)
44. to _______________ =
to take in or incorporate; to use up a large supply of
something, especially money or time (par 6)
45. to ________ _______ = to get rid of as useless; discard; dispose (par 6)
82
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. Why does Mr de Lesseps lend money to poor people in developing countries?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What is BlueOrchard, what are its activities, and where does its profit come from?
_____________________________________________________________
3. Do the borrowers of microcredits have to provide something in return, and is there any
risk involved for the lender?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What are the statistical figures about loans that are not repaid in developing and
developed countries?
_____________________________________________________________
5. How much money is being used for microfinancing and what is its potential?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What are the two real goals of Mr de Lesseps's microfinancing activities? Which of them
should be more important for him?
_____________________________________________________________
7. How and when did Mr de Lesseps's engagement in microfinance start?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What does the team do after the arrival in a developing country, and what example is
used to show the success of microfinancing?
_____________________________________________________________
9. What is the local people's attitude to repaying their microcredit loans?
_____________________________________________________________
10. How are the interest rates charged and what do they depend on?
_____________________________________________________________
11. Why don't local people use other locally available credit possibilities?
_____________________________________________________________
12. How much of the potential for microfinancing remains unused, and how much would it
be able to use up?
_____________________________________________________________
83
Coursebook, page 115, exercise LISTENING 2
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
The alliance has been very interesting for the media because Cazenove has been in
London for (1) ___________ years and it is one of the few British (2) ______________
banks. Therefore people are (3) _____________ to be interested. The deal started when
Chase bought Robert Fleming for (4) ___________ pounds (i.e. (5) ___________
dollars) and later bought JP Morgan for (6) ___________ dollars. JP Morgan Chase is
now paying (7) ___________ pounds to Cazenove for a half (8) ___________ of the
investment-banking (9) __________ (10) __________ and putting in (11) __________
pounds of (12) ___________ and (13) ___________ of its (14) ___________.
According to the recent press (15) ___________, Cazenove is a (16) ___________
wonderful bank that (17) _____________ all (18) _____________ of the City of old and
(19) ____________ of its (20) ____________, and its (21) ____________ list is the
(22) ___________ of its competitors.
According to a (23) ______________ for JP Morgan, all of Cazenove's clients are
(24) ___________ about it. It is a good deal for the bank's (25) ______________ ­ and
most of them are its (26) ____________, who will (27) _____________ control of the
business. They will also see the (28) ___________ of another (29) ___________ pounds
of (30) ___________ from the bank, with the (31) ___________ of a lot more in the
(32) ___________. After five years, JP Morgan will be able to buy Cazenove out at a price
they (33) ___________ independently. Even though there are some (34) ___________
involved, it is clear that the American (35) ___________ will benefit from it.
Workbook, page 55, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
expression from the computer industry meaning imitated or
duplicated according to something else (paragraph 1)
2. _________________ =
the act of joining two or more businesses or organizations
into one (par 1)
3. _________________ =
an act of acquiring a company by buying most of its shares
(par 1)
4.
to ______ ___ _______
________ ________ =
a metaphor meaning that unverified or uncertain
information has started to spread (par 1)
5. _________________ =
willing to do things that may be dangerous; bold;
courageous (par 1)
6. _________ _______ =
a generally spread and believed piece of information or
knowledge (par 1)
84
7. _________________ =
an idea of what something is like or that something is
going to happen (par 1)
8. to _______________ = to handle roughly; hurt (par 1)
9. _________________ =
one that has the same functions and characteristics as
another; a corresponding person or thing (par 1)
10. to _______________ = to rise swiftly or powerfully (par 1)
11. to _______________ = to consider carefully; to think deeply about (par 2)
12. to _______________ = to decline suddenly and steeply; to plunge (par 2)
13. _________________ = commonly regarded as being something; supposed (par 2)
14.
to _________ _______
_______ _________ =
a metaphor meaning to stop thinking about something
because it is not regarded as interesting any more (par 2)
15. _________________ = a suggestion or offer put forward for consideration (par 2)
16. _________________ =
a state of mind or emotion; a prevailing atmosphere or
feeling (par 2)
17. _________________ =
an adjective meaning that a company's shares may be
bought and sold on a stock exchange (par 3)
18. _________________ =
a subsidiary or subordinate organization that is connected
with another organization (par 3)
19. _________________ = situated farthest south (par 3)
20. _________________ =
here: doubling; a situation when there are at least two
identical work positions, which is seen as unwanted (par 3)
21. _________________ =
the process of reducing the number of people who are
employed by an organization by not replacing people who
leave their jobs (par 3)
22. _________________ = likely to become or be; potential; possible (par 4)
23. _________________ =
the person who leads a company's board of directors; the
head of an official committee or organization (par 4)
24. to _______________ = to fight (par 4)
25. _________________ = broken into small parts or pieces (par 4)
26. _________________ =
something handed down from an ancestor or a predecessor
or from the past (par 4)
27. __________ ______ =
a legal agreement by which a bank or similar organization
lends you money to buy a house, flat, etc. or land, and you
pay the money back over a number of years; the sum of
money that you borrow; a mortgage (par 4)
28. _________________ = here: relatively small (par 4)
29. _________________ =
the total value of all a company's shares, calculated by
multiplying the number of shares by their price on the stock
exchange (par 4)
30. _________ _______ =
the amount of money or shares, bonds, etc. that can easily
be changed into money (liquid assets) that a bank has,
expressed as a percentage of the money it has lent and
therefore risks losing (par 4)
85
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What information caused that rumors started to spread and when did it happen?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
2. What was the traditional belief as far as cross-border deals were concerned?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
3. What happened to the share price of UniCredit and HVB after the announcement of the
deal?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
4. Who was the potential partner four years ago when UniCredit was considering a similar
deal, and what happened at that time?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
5. Why did share prices of Dexia and Sanpaolo IMI fall a year ago?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
6. How much will UniCredit pay for the takeover and what are the mentioned parts of
HVB that will also be taken over?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
7. What will happen as far as the number of jobs is concerned after the takeover?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
8. What is meant by "a good business mix" and who supports this opinion?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
9. What problems will the group face in Germany, and what is its biggest weakness?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
86
Workbook, page 55, exercise LISTENING
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in this summary:
The speaker has (1) ________________ about the (2) ________________ of the
(3) ________________ between the two banks and the (4) ________________ of
dealing with differences in cultures and languages. However, what can help the plan is
HVB's (5) ________________ need to (6) ________________ and Mr Profumo's
(7) ________________ (8) _______________ in (9) _______________ UniCredit
out of some small Italian banks. Moreover, no other alliance (10) ________________
western and eastern Europe could expect such a good (11) ________________. The
speaker also mentions an example showing that (12) ________________ partnerships
can indeed be successful.
In the past, Italy's (13) ________________ (14) ________________ has
(15) ________________ on foreign banks buying in Italy. But because UniCredit has
(16) ________________ (17) ________________, it might be less strict to one of two
other (18) ________________ (19) ________________.
As far as Commerzbank is concerned, it spent last year (20) ________________ its
(21) ________________ in (22) ________________ (23) ________________. The
speaker is convinced this bank will also (24) _________________________ soon.
(25) ________________ have (26) ________________ it with for example Deutsche
or WestLB, a (27) ________________ bank.
Deutsche decided to refuse the chance to (28) _____________ (29) ____________
Postbank, a (30) ________________ bank (31) ________________ by Deutsche Post.
However, there are (32) ________________ now that it is (33) ________________ to
(34) ________________ ­ it is interested in Banca Comerciala Romana. Although it has
several (35) ____________________ in central Europe, this would be its first big
(36) ________________ in the (37) ________________.
87
Determiners
Determiners
* A determiner is a word used in front of a noun to show which thing you mean, or to
show the quantity of something. Determiners include: a/the, my/your, this/that,
all/most/some/any, no/none, much/many/a little/a few, each/every, both/either/neither.
* We do not use a determiner if we are talking generally.
Our/Those/Some computers are expensive. (particular computers)
Computers are a part of everyone's life. (computers in general)
All, most, many, some, a few
* Before a plural noun we can use all/most/many/some/a few. Note the structures:
All/most/many/some/a few employees have 25 days' paid holiday.
All/most/many/some/a few of the employees have 25 days' paid holiday.
All the employees have 25 days paid holiday. (NOT Most the ... /Many the ... etc.)
We can use my, your, etc., in place of the, and we can use pronouns:
All/most/many/some/a few of our employees have 25 days' paid holiday.
All/most/many/some/a few of them have 25 days' paid holiday.
* Before an uncountable noun similar structures are possible. We use much in place of
many, a little in place of a few, and it for the pronoun.
All/most/much/some/a little of the information in this report is useful.
All/most/much/some/a little of it is useful.
* With singular nouns we do not use the words above, except for a few special
expressions: all day, all night
All meaning `everything' or `the only thing'
* We can use all + subject + verb to mean `everything' or `the only thing':
That's all I know about it. (all = everything)
All we need is a signature. (all = the only thing)
* In modern English it is unusual to use all as a single-word subject or object. Instead we
use everything.
All the preparations are/Everything is going well. (NOT All is going well.)
I want to hear all your news/everything. (NOT I want to hear all.)
Both, either, neither
* We use both, either and neither to refer to two things.
* Both means `the one and the other'. Note the structures:
Both emails/both the emails/both of the emails/both of them are important.
The emails are both important. I've read them both.
* Either means `the one or the other'. Neither means `not the one or the other'.
Monday or Tuesday? Yes, either day/either of the days is fine.
Monday or Tuesday? I'm sorry but neither day/neither of the days is convenient.
This is a hell of a gamble ­ one that may pay off for both, one, or neither of the two
companies. (Fortune website)
88
Grammar exercises
1. Match the phrases from the list below with an approximate value.
none of them most of them a few of them many of them some of them all of them
1 0% ___________________ 4 50-75% ___________________
2 5-25% ___________________ 5 75-95% ___________________
3 25-50% ___________________ 6 100% ___________________
No, none
* We can use no with a singular noun, plural noun or uncountable noun.
No employee has more than 25 days' paid holiday.
No new ideas were put forward at the meeting.
There was no useful information in the report.
* We do not use no if there is another negative word. In this case we use any.
We haven't dismissed any employees. (NOT We haven't dismissed no employees.)
* We do not use no of. Instead, we use none of or none on its own as a pronoun.
None of the employees have more than 25 days' paid holiday.
None have more than 25 days' paid holiday.
* To emphasize the idea of none we can use None at all or Not one or Not a:
A: How many people came?
B: None at all!/Not one!/Not a single person!
Germany's Neuer Markt All Share index dropped below the 1,500 mark for the first time
yesterday. Not a single stock in the top 20 stocks showed a gain. (Yahoo Business News website)
Each, every
* The meaning of each and every is similar and often either word is possible. They are
both followed by a singular noun.
* We use each when we think of the members of a group as individuals, one by one. It is
more usual with smaller groups and can mean only two.
Make sure that each parcel has a label.
Samsung and Globetronics know they have to raise their brand profile. Management
consultants will debate each firm's strategy, but in the end consumers will determine
whether these companies are successful in a more globalized world. (asiaweek website)
* We use every when we think of all the members together, and it is usual with a larger
number.
Sales have increased every year for the last five years.
I believe every word he says.
* We can use each of, but we cannot use every of.
Each of the parcels needs a label.
* Each can be used after the subject, or at the end of a sentence.
The parcels each need a label.
The parcels need a label each.
89
2. Complete the sentences with a word or phrase from the list below.
all (x2) any no not one none each (x2) every (x2) both either (x2) neither
1. We sent letters to sixty customers, but not one replied!
2. I can't go. There are only two flights, and there are ________ seats left on ________ of them.
3. I can't go. There are only two flights, and ________ of them has any seats left.
4. ________ I want is a bit of peace and quiet to finish writing this report.
5. I've phoned ________ store in the Yellow Pages and they are ________ out of stock.
6. We have three models, and ________ one has its own special features.
7. I was nervous at the start of my talk, but after that I enjoyed ________ minute.
8. I got three letters, but there were ________ for you, I'm afraid.
9. I got three letters, but there weren't ________ for you, I'm afraid.
10. The Trade Fair is important. We need ________ Sue and Mike on the stand.
11. Both roads lead to the city centre. You can take ________ one.
12. You've been six of the best trainees that we've ever had on this course. The best of luck to ______
of you in your future careers.
3. Complete this article by choosing the correct alternative A, B or C below.
TRANSLATION ON THE NETTRANSLATION ON THE NETTRANSLATION ON THE NETTRANSLATION ON THE NET
The world of online translation is
dominated by Amsterdam-based
Aquarius.net and Californiabased
Proz.com (1) B maintain a
list of translators who bid for jobs
posted on the site, but (2) _____
has a different business plan.
(3) _______ charges clients to
post translation jobs on the site,
but Aquarius has started charging
translators to register, and also
charges transaction fees of up to
7.5% to the translator who gets
the job. Meanwhile Proz is still a
free site, and gets (4) ______
revenue from advertising.
(5) _______ trying to deal with
the problem of quality assurance,
and (6) ________ translator has
their diplomas and qualifications
online. And what about the Old
Economy off-line translation
agencies? They offer better
guarantees of quality and
(7) ______ them haven't looked
to the Internet for a solution yet,
but (8) ______ is changing very
fast, and the Net offers significant
cost benefits to clients.
1 A Both them B Both of them C Every of them
2 A each one B every one C all of them
3 A Either of them B Neither of company C Neither company
4 A all its B most its C much its
5 A Each they are B Both they are C They are both
6 A all B all of C every
7 A most B most of C every of
8 A all B the only thing C everything
90
4. Underline the correct words.
1. There were none/no messages on the answering machine.
2. The key account managers each/every have their own list of clients.
3. Not one/Not no question has been answered.
4. Some of/Some the restaurants have service included in the price.
5. Some of/Some restaurants have service included in the price.
6. Sorry, but I can't hear either/neither of you properly.
7. Each our customers/Our customers each have a separate file on the database.
8. I can't come at the weekend. I'm busy both days/every day.
9. All of/Every of the files are corrupted by the virus.
10. I can't see no/any solution to the problem, I'm afraid.
11. The flight and hotel are booked. All/Everything is organized.
12. We gave the sales reps each a mobile phone/a mobile phone each.
13. Every option has been/Every options have been explored.
14. OK, I think that covers all/everything on that point. Shall we move on?
5. Rewrite the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence and
contains the word/s in brackets. Some sentences have two possible answers.
1. We only have a week left. (all)
All we have left is a week.
2. All the participants will be sent an agenda. (every)
________________________________________ will be sent an agenda.
3. Nobody at all asked a question. (single person)
________________________________________ asked a question.
4. This idea won't work, and the other one also won't work. (neither)
________________________________________ will work.
5. Not all the audience understood his talk. (some)
________________________________________ understand his talk.
6. Not one of my colleagues speaks German. (none)
________________________________________ speak German.
7. We only want a weaker dollar. (all)
________________________________________ a weaker dollar.
8. No documents were inside this parcel. (any)
There ________________________________________ inside this parcel.
9. The hotels were both unsuitable. (neither)
________________________________________ suitable.
10. The two proposals are interesting. (both)
________________________________________ interesting.
11. These items aren't expensive. (none)
________________________________________ expensive.
12. I'm sorry, we have absolutely none. (all)
I'm sorry, we have ________________________________________.
REVIEW TEST
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 13 ­ Banking
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
mít pochyby o domnělém vžitém názoru ­ _________________________________________
úroková míra založená na ohodnocení rizika ­ ______________________________________
využít potenciál vysoce rizikové půjčky ­ ___________________________________________
úvěrové zdroje jištěné zárukou ­ _________________________________________________
být shovívavý k mikroúvěrům a zadluženosti podniků ­ ________________________________
provést bankovní transakci na pobočce ­ __________________________________________
získat rozsáhlou kontrolu nad spravovaným fondem ­ _________________________________
kótovaná banka pro drobné střadatele ­ ___________________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. money that is invested in a new company to help it develop or expand, which may involve
a lot of risk but can also bring good profits:
2. the activity of controlling a group of investments with the aim of making the most profit
with the least risk:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases and translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
SAVINGS, MONETARY POLICY, CHECKBOOK,
AFFILIATE, ASSET MANAGEMENT, COERCION
1. The biggest investment bank had to close its ________________________ because of its
insolvency.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. It is illegal to use ________________________ to make debtors repay their debts before
they are due.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. We provide the service of ___________________________________ for investors and
investment funds.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
MAKE A HABIT ­ CHARGE ­ EXERT ­ IMPLEMENT
ISSUE ­ PUT FORWARD ­ SOAR ­ SEEK DAMAGES
1. Monetary policy _____________________________ by the central bank in this country.
2. If you borrow some money, the bank will definitely _____________________________
interest.
3. The management _________________________________ a proposal concerning hiring
more staff.
4. Moneylenders frequently _________________________________ their influence on the
interest borrowers have to pay.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. Stability and prosperity help increase market _________________________. (CREDIT)
2. The bank __________________________________ that it had made some loss-making
loans. (KNOW)
3. The potential of the Chinese market is still rather _______________________________.
(TAP)
4. I think the ______________________________ will soon be approved of. (ACQUIRE)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. Let me talk __________ behalf __________ the company's management now.
2. The interest payment __________ your loan has to be conducted every month.
3. Our bank can arrange __________ you to borrow a big sum of money.
4. The institution acts __________ a financial adviser __________ investments.
5. Some people in Africa have to live __________ less than $5 a month!
6. The insurance company will approach you __________ the damage investigation.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones: (3 points each)
1. There are many factors that influence the demand. They include price and quality.
There are many factors that influence the demand. ____________ include price and quality.
2. He presented his view. But a view of this kind was unacceptable for us.
It was clear after his presentation that ______________________ was unacceptable for us.
3. We produce cars in all colors. However, we are now out of red cars.
We produce cars in all colors. However, we are now out of the ______________________.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
It is always _______________________________________ (worth, TRY, ATTRACT) new
clients for banks because these will bring money to them. Banks will ____________________
____________________ (hard, DENY, GIVE priority) rich clients but they can't _________
__________________ (REFUSE, AIM) others either. _____________________________
____________________ (BE USED, TREAT) safe institutions helps them make use of this
reputation and they _____________________________________ (START, OFFER) a new
range of banking services. However, banks ________________________________________
(recent, WARN, clients, AVOID) internet banking since the security has become a problem. It is
obvious that clients have to __________________________________________________
(TEACH, and, TRAIN, SECURE) their computers. Anyway, people __________________
___________________________ (ENJOY, SPEND, money) various goods and nobody can
________________________________________ (PREVENT, they, DO) so.
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 ­ 4.
(2 points each)
1. You can choose between IBM and Dell. _______ is cheaper while _______ looks better.
A: A former ... a latter B: The former ... the later
C: The latter ... a former D: The first ... another
2. Do you like movies? I like especially __________________.
A: the old ones B: old one
C: old ones D: old those
3. It's absolutely impossible to hire __________________ person.
A: such irresponsible B: such the irresponsible
C: such a irresponsible D: a such irresponsible
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Jakákoliv fúze nebo převzetí v bankovním sektoru musí být schválena centrální bankou, která
kromě toho v rámci měnové politiky dohlíží také na stabilitu měny; jejím hlavním hodnotícím
kritériem je inflace, která by neměla trvale překročit úroveň 2 %. To však neznamená, že nemá
i další cíle a neposkytuje bankovní služby. Ačkoliv je centrální banka nezávislá na vládě, vede
běžné účty státních institucí a provádí platby ze a do státního rozpočtu.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
93
Unit 14 ­ TRAINING
Coursebook, page 121, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
a person or group having administrative or managerial
authority in an organization (paragraph 1)
2. to _______________ = to come or bring together; meet (par 1)
3. _________________ =
adhering to ethical and moral principles; deserving respect
and admiration (par 1)
4. _________________ = a person who betrays friends, country, etc. (par 1)
5. to _______________ =
to kill someone intentionally and unlawfully; to kill
brutally or inhumanly (par 1)
6. ____ ______ ______ = in a cold unemotional manner (par 1)
7. _________________ =
an opinion or position reached by a group as a whole;
general agreement (par 1)
8. _________________ = a ruthless, cruel, harsh, or unrelenting act (par 1)
9. to _______________ = to make a picture of; to depict or describe in words (par 1)
10. to _______________ = to officially approve of or allow; to confirm (par 1)
11. _________________ = a secret plan to carry out an illegal or harmful act (par 1)
12. _________________ = nevertheless; however (par 1)
13. _________________ = a person of greater rank or status (par 1)
14. to _______________ =
to carry out or comply with (a command, for example);
follow (par 1)
15. ______ ___ _______ =
a system where authority passes down from the top through
a series of executive positions or military ranks in which
each is responsible to the one directly superior (par 1)
16. to _______________ =
to take on a certain form, attribute, or aspect; to take on;
adopt (par 2)
17. _________________ = widely known; famous; noticeable (par 2)
18. _________________ = a trusted counselor and adviser; a mentor (par 2)
19. _________________ = original; unusual; uncommon; inventive (par 2)
20. to _______________ = to make the best use of (par 2)
21. _________________ =
accumulated knowledge or learning; common sense; good
judgment (par 2)
22. _________ _______ =
the purposes of an action that should bring some financial
benefits (par 2)
23. _________________ = an expert who gives tips or offers solutions (par 2)
94
24. _________________ =
doing something out of interest, not for money; not
professional (par 2)
25. _________________ = a specialist in a given branch of knowledge (par 2)
26. _________________ =
any strongly felt emotion; a strong enthusiasm for
something (par 2)
27. to _______________ = to hold; organize (par 2)
28. _________________ = by the year; every year (par 2)
29. _________________ = an amount of twelve (par 2)
30. _________ _______ =
an administrative unit of the executive policy-making body
of a country or state (par 2)
31. _________________ =
a meeting of a small group of students, held regularly under
the guidance of a tutor for study and discussion (par 3)
32. ________ ________ =
a detailed intensive study of a unit, such as a corporation
or a corporate division, that stresses factors contributing
to its success or failure; an exemplary model (par 3)
33. _________________ =
acting or done in a secret or dishonest way, often intending
to trick people; cunning (par 3)
34. _________________ =
the act of doing or saying something deliberately in order
to make somebody angry or upset (par 3)
35. _________________ = weapons (par 3)
36. ________ ________ =
relating to the groundwork or source of something;
fundamental (par 3)
37. _________________ =
a ceremony at which a dead person is buried or cremated
(par 3)
38. _________________ =
a formal speech, given especially on a ceremonial occasion
(par 3)
39. _________________ =
the factual content or reason of a matter, apart from
emotional, contextual, or formal considerations (par 3)
40. _________________ =
causing one to believe the truth of something; convincing
(par 3)
41. to _______________ = to comply with accepted standards, rules, or customs (par 4)
42. _________________ =
a feature (or the order or arrangement of features) of
anything having a complex structure; an outline (par 4)
43. to _______________ =
to repeat (a poem or passage) aloud from memory before
an audience (par 4)
44. _________________ = a short extract from a film or videotape (par 4)
45. ____ ____________ = here: currently discussed; relevant; concerned (par 4)
46. to _______________ = to address an earnest or urgent request to someone (par 4)
47. _________________ = theatrical properties (par 4)
48. _________________ = motivated or caused to do something (par 4)
49. _________________ = armor plate that protects the head (par 4)
95
50. _________________ =
a garment worn by citizens of ancient Rome, consisting of
a piece of cloth draped around the body (par 4)
51. _________________ =
the events or circumstances that help to explain
something; information that is essential to understanding
a situation or problem (par 5)
52. _________ _______ =
the successful art of the planning and conduct of a war
leading to a victory (par 5)
53. _________________ =
a preference or an inclination, especially one that inhibits
impartial judgment; mental tendency, esp. prejudice (par 5)
54. _________________ =
belief that people only do things to help themselves rather
than for good or honest reasons (par 5)
55. _________________ = improper use; misuse (par 5)
56. _________________ =
a young person, especially a young male in late
adolescence (par 5)
57. to _______________ =
to take hold of forcibly or quickly; grab; to take immediate
advantage of (par 5)
58. _________________ =
showing great skill; able to control people or situations in a
way that shows confidence as a leader (par 5)
59. _________________ =
having or showing high moral qualities; belonging to a
class of people who hold titles and high social rank (par 5)
60. _________________ = relating to the matter at hand; relevant (par 6)
61. _________________ =
the behavior of a person when they feel that they are more
important than others, so that they are rude to them or do
not consider them (par 6)
62. _________________ =
a person who is involved in a secret plan to carry out an
illegal or harmful act (par 6)
63. _________________ = a murder of a public figure by surprise attack (par 6)
64. to ______ __ ______ =
to bring about or provoke an enquiry about something; to
lead to a situation when an enquiry emerges (par 6)
65. _________________ = extremely significant or important; decisive (par 6)
66. to _______________ = to stand firm against or oppose someone (par 6)
67. to _______________ = to manage to avoid something; to become unnoticed (par 7)
68. _________________ =
an uprising, especially against state authority; a rebellion;
an act of protest or rejection (par 7)
69. _________________ =
a consequence, especially of a disaster or misfortune; a
period of time following a disastrous event (par 7)
70. _________________ = exhaustively complete; very accurate or careful (par 7)
71. _________________ = of the greatest concern or importance (par 7)
72. to _______________ =
to remove from an office or position of power; to dethrone
(par 7)
73. ________ ________ =
a way of escaping one's current situation, typically an
unfavorable situation (par 7)
74. to _______________ =
to develop or achieve gradually; to undergo change and
development (par 7)
96
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What did the executives do in the Aspen Institute and how much time did they spend
there?
_____________________________________________________________
2. How did the participants assess Brutus and what did they agree on with regard to
Brutus?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What argument did one of the participants use to say that Brutus was not supposed to
commit Caesar's murder?
_____________________________________________________________
4. How has Shakespeare's position within leadership courses developed in the recent
years, and why did the coaches start to use Shakespeare as an example?
_____________________________________________________________
5. Who are Kenneth and Carol Adelman, and what are their activities in this field?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What is the format of the Adelmans' seminars?
_____________________________________________________________
7. What two debates did play Julius Caesar provoke?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What does the final exercise look like, and what other aids or instruments do they use?
_____________________________________________________________
9. What is the aim of the Henry V seminar?
_____________________________________________________________
10. What do the Adelmans minimize and emphasize in Henry V's behavior?
_____________________________________________________________
11. What part or aspect of the Julius Caesar play raised questions about serving in a
hierarchy and resisting the boss?
_____________________________________________________________
12. What was the main problem of the conspirators' act in the play, and what conclusion
did the seminar participants make for managing their subordinates?
_____________________________________________________________
97
Coursebook, page 122, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Listeners should notice how the king uses `we' (1) ________________. This puts him in
the position of a (2) ______________ (3) _____________. It is very (4) __________
for the team to feel the leader is working (5) ______________________ the same
(6) __________________. They are `a (7) ________________ of brothers'. He makes
them feel part of an (8) _________________ (9) ________________. Indeed they are
(10) _______________ to be part of his team. They have been (11) _______________
while others have been (12) ________________________. And the people who really
(13) _______________ time and energy and make (14) __________________ will be
(15) _______________. They will be (16) ______________ as (17) _____________
and become gentlemen. If you put it in the (18) __________________ of a manager
today (19) __________________ e.g. his (20) __________________ team, you have
all the necessary (21) ______________________. It's like saying `We have a difficult
(22) __________________ to complete but I wouldn't ask you if I didn't think you could
do it ­ and there are big (23) __________________ and (24) __________________
in it for us all if we (25) __________________.'
Workbook, page 58, exercise LISTENING
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
If you ask a (1) __________________ business schools or management books what
makes a good (2) __________________ and you may get 13 answers. However, they may
agree that a leader is able to (3) __________________ others, offer a plan that people
follow, (4) _______________ (5) _______________ and (6) _______________.
But should they be (7) __________________ or (8) __________________? Should
they allow their (9) __________________ enough room to look after the small thing?
The Centre was (10) __________________ in 1970 in (11) __________________
(12) __________________ and it is (13) ________________ of anyone of the different
(14) __________________ about (15) __________________. It is now one of the
best-known business (16) __________________ (17) __________________ not
(18) __________________ with a university. In the Financial Times' most recent
(19) __________________, the centre (20) __________________ in the top 20. 
98
In 2002-2003 some (21) _________________ students, (22) ________________
of them American and nearly one-quarter (23) __________________, took classes at the
centre's five (24) _______________. The institute listed its 2002 (25) ______________
at nearly (26) __________________ dollars.
The centre provides education mainly in the form of (27) __________________,
short programmes, including (28) __________________ (29) __________________
sessions. Its clients are Citigroup, (30) _________________, (31) ________________,
(32) __________________ and several (33) __________________ of the American
(34) __________________.
Before students set (35) __________________ on (36) __________________,
they take a (37) ________________ of (38) _________________ aimed at measuring
their (39) __________________ and (40) __________________. The same is done
by people close to the students so that the students hear how others see them, with
(41) __________________ on hand to help (42) __________________ the results
and make (43) __________________.
The centres take an (44) __________________ (45) __________________ to
students' development. It (46) ________________ access to (47) _________________
and runs (48) __________________ where students can (49) __________________
out new roles. This offers the (50) ____________ to try out the idea of (51) ___________
a leader in new (52) __________________, which can be (53) __________________
as new business (54) __________________ (55) __________________ up. The
centre also takes a (56) _________________ and (57) _________________ approach.
Unlike business schools, it tends not to (58) ________________ (59) ______________
about how its (60) __________________ go on to win big (61) __________________.
Workbook, page 59, exercise READING
3. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ = lacking interest; uninteresting and tiresome
2. _________________ = opposed; completely different
3. _________________ = inspiring new ideas or enthusiasm
4. _________________ = inexact or inaccurate
5. _________________ =
a blend of diverse elements; an event that combines
various things
99
6. _________________ = careful or long consideration
7. _________________ = a mistake; an error
8. _________________ =
special importance or significance given to something,
such as an object or idea; stress on something
9. _________________ = wild, excited, and uncontrolled
10. _________ _______ =
a detailed intensive study of a unit, such as a corporation
or a corporate division, that stresses factors contributing
to its success or failure; an exemplary model
11. _________________ =
not enough in amount or extent; deficient in amount or
quality or extent
12. _________________ = here: dull and uninteresting
13. to _______________ = to make possible
14. _________________ = a person who has received a university or college degree
15. _________________ =
in a way that makes somebody believe something;
persuasively
16. to _______________ = to jump over something
4. Based on the text, decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
Find an adequate passage in the text that supports your answer:
1. Views held by professor Mintzberg comply with the views of other experts in the field.
T F
2. Reading his book is very exciting and keeps a reader's attention all the time.
T F
3. In the first part, he expresses an opinion that the traditional business degree, Master of
Arts, is not a suitable way.
T F
4. He says blending personal reflection with sharing experience is the second best choice.
T F
5. Case studies requiring students to find quick solutions should not be stressed in
business education.
T F
6. The case studies requested from students are scarcely based on data that are incomplete.
T F
7. Another criticism involves the fact that the analyses are uninteresting and even useless.
T F
8. Graduates from such courses think they can do without experience.
T F
100
Purpose & Concession clauses
To..., for... and so that... (purpose)
We use to... to say why somebody does something (= the purpose of an action):
* `Why did you go out?' `To post a letter.'
* A friend of mine phoned to invite me to a party.
* We shouted to warn everybody of the danger.
So that
Sometimes you have to use so that for purpose. We use so that (not to...):
i) when the purpose is negative (so that ... won't/wouldn't):
* I hurried so that I wouldn't be late. (= because I didn't want to be late)
* Leave early so that you won't (or don't) miss the bus.
ii) with can and could (so that ... can/could)
* She's learning English so that she can study in Canada.
* We moved to London so that we could visit our friends more often.
iii) when one person does something so that another person does something else:
* I gave her my address so that she could contact me.
* He wore glasses and a false beard so that nobody would recognize him.
Although / though / even though; In spite of / despite (concession)
After although we use a subject + verb:
* Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
* I didn't get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications.
Compare the meaning of although and because:
* We went out although it was raining.
* We didn't go out because it was raining.
After in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or -ing:
* In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.
* I didn't get the job in spite of having all the necessary qualifications.
* She wasn't well, but in spite of this she went to work.
* In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you.
Despite is the same as in spite of. Note that we say `in spite of', but despite (without `of'):
* She wasn't well, but despite this she went to work. (not `despite of this')
You can say `in spite of the fact (that)...' and `despite the fact (that)...':
in spite of the fact (that)
* I didn't get the job
despite the fact (that)
I had all the necessary qualifications.
Compare in spite of and because of:
* We went out in spite of the rain. (or ...despite the rain.)
* We didn't go out because of the rain.
101
Grammar exercises
1. Complete these sentences using a suitable verb.
1. The President has a team of bodyguards to protect him.
2. I didn't have enough time ________________ the newspaper today.
3. I came home by taxi. I didn't have the energy ________________.
4. `Would you like something ________________?' `Yes, please. A cup of coffee.'
5. We need a bag ________________ these things in.
6. There will be a meeting next week ________________ the problem.
7. I wish we had enough money ________________ a new car.
8. I saw Helen at the party but we didn't have a chance ________________ to each
other.
9. I need some new clothes. I haven't got anything nice ________________.
10. They've just passed their exams. They're having a party ________________.
11. I can't do all this work alone. I need somebody ________________ me.
2. Write sentences with so that.
1. I hurried. I didn't want to be late.
I hurried so that I wouldn't be late.
2. We wore warm clothes. We didn't want to get cold.
We wore ___________________________________________________.
3. The man spoke very slowly. He wanted me to understand what he said.
The man ___________________________________________________.
4. I whispered. I didn't want anybody else to hear our conversation.
_________________________ nobody ___________________________.
5. Please arrive early. We want to be able to start the meeting on time.
Please _____________________________________________________.
6. She locked the door. She didn't want to be disturbed.
__________________________________________________________.
7. I slowed down. I wanted the car behind to be able to overtake.
__________________________________________________________.
102
3. Complete the sentences with although / in spite of / because / because of.
1. Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
2. a _____________ all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
b _____________ we had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
3. a I went home early _____________ I was feeling unwell.
b I went to work the next day _____________ I was still feeling unwell.
4. a She only accepted the job _____________ the salary, which was very high.
b She accepted the job _____________ the salary, which was rather low.
5. a I managed to get to sleep _____________ there was a lot of noise.
b I couldn't get to sleep _____________ the noise.
Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences:
6. a He passed the exam although _________________________________.
b He passed the exam because __________________________________.
7. a I didn't eat anything although __________________________________.
b I didn't eat anything in spite of _________________________________.
4. Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences.
1. I couldn't sleep. I was tired. (despite)
I couldn't sleep despite being tired.
2. They have very little money. They are happy. (in spite of)
In spite of __________________________________________________.
3. My foot was injured. I managed to walk to the nearest village. (although)
_________________________________________________________.
4. I enjoyed the film. The story was silly. (in spite of)
_________________________________________________________.
5. We live in the same street. We hardly ever see each other. (despite)
_________________________________________________________.
6. I got very wet in the rain. I had an umbrella. (even though)
_________________________________________________________.
REVIEW TEST
PJI2A
Intelligent Business: Unit 14 ­ Training
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
specializované kurzy vyvinuté zkušenými školiteli ­ ___________________________________
mít úzké vazby na úsekové ředitele ­ ______________________________________________
vzít si na starost problematiku špatné docházky ­ ____________________________________
vzbudit zájem účastníků kurzu (1 word) o případovou studii ­ ____________________________
ryzí a všestranně rovnostářský přístup ­ ___________________________________________
chopit se příležitosti a vznést otázku ­ _____________________________________________
upravit kurzy vnitropodnikového školení na míru ­ ___________________________________
vydávat rozkazy shromážděným začátečníkům ­ _____________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. the work of keeping an accurate record of the accounts of a business:
2. a company that expanded its operations worldwide, became a multinational company and
runs its subsidiaries in a number of countries all around the world:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
PAYROLL, DOZEN, TUTOR,
PREMISES, VIRTUE, AFTERMATH
1. The American economy has to deal with the _______________________ of the financial
crisis.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. Students were assigned a __________________ to consult their study matters with them.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. The _________________ includes all the employees and others who get a salary from us.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
ASCERTAIN ­ UPDATE ­ GET ON TO ­ STICK TO
ACT OUT ­ SCHEDULE ­ ENROL ­ OBEY
1. The roles must _____________________________ carefully and honestly.
2. I decided ________________________________ for the course on the development of
economic theories.
3. I'd like you _________________________ all your colleagues on the training course you
attended.
4. The classes _____________________________ for all members of junior management.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. Management issues include for instance crisis management or _____________________
planning. (SUCCEED)
2. It must be __________________________________ that we are a successful company.
(KNOW)
3. People will believe you if you speak _________________________________________.
(CONVINCE)
4. You'll have to sell more to be given an _______________________________________
commission. (ADD)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. You should empower ________ your subordinate to make some decisions for you.
2. I'll never sign up ________ such a class.
3. Tom always has little good to say ________ his boss.
4. The BBC analyzed responses ________ a standard questionnaire.
5. How would you feel ________ participating ________ a role-play session?
6. What does your report refer ________?
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones: (3 points each)
1. John invested all his money although his financial situation wasn't very good.
In spite of ___________________________, John ______________________________.
2. I went to bed early so that I would be able to get up at 5 a.m.
I went to bed early to ______________________________________________________.
3. You weren't at home yesterday so I didn't visit you.
I ________________________________ if you ________________________________.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
Training courses enhance the employees' effort ___________________________ (LEARN,
COPE) various situations at work. They _________________________________ (TRAIN,
PREPARE) stressful as well as unpleasant situations. A good employee should ___________
________________________ (able, IMAGINE, USE) new approaches at work and training
should _____________________________________ (HELP, they, ACHIEVE) this. Many
people ________________________________ (recent, PRACTISE, BE responsible) many
areas but they rarely succeed without proper training. Despite _________________________
_____________________ (RECOMMEND, TAKE) courses, consulting firms also suggest
______________________________________________ (INVITE, staff, OBSERVE) real
decision-making within a company. The management should not ______________________
____________________ (MAKE, workers, ENROL) these classes but ideally the employees
would ___________________________________________ (DEMAND, VOLUNTEER,
TAKE PART) them.
D. Choose suitable words or phrases that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 0 ­ 4.
(2 points each)
1. The manager resigned _____________ she was accused of fraud.
A: since B: because
C: despite D: as
2. The manager resigned __________________________________.
A: despite of being innocent B: even though of being innocent
C: in spite of that she was innocent D: although her innocence
3. The person ________________________ is my boss.
A: , who you met last Monday, B: you met on Wednesday
C: , that you met on Sunday, D: who met you on Tuesday
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Tato firma poskytuje rady ohledně vhodného školení a také nabízí praktické zkušenosti od
začátečnické po expertní úroveň, což má účastníkům umožnit aplikovat získané znalosti na své
pracovní životy. Toho využívají významné firmy, které ví, že je v jejich zájmu převzít plnou
odpovědnost za zlepšování klíčových dovedností zaměstnanců, protože oni potom budou
pociťovat osobní význam dosaženého úspěchu a jejich uspokojení z práce vzroste.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
105
Unit 15 ­ CONSULTING
Coursebook, page 129, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ = a person who assists people or institutions (paragraph 1)
2. to _______________ = to go with; to go or travel along with someone (par 1)
3. _________________ =
very old; of the far past, esp. before the collapse of the
Western Roman Empire (par 1)
4. _________________ =
an organized walk by many people (e.g. soldiers) from one
place to another (par 1)
5. to _______________ = to become larger, greater, or bigger (par 1)
6. _________________ = a large company operating in several countries (par 1)
7. _________________ =
a person whose job is to keep or check the financial
records of a person, a company or an organization and give
financial advice (par 1)
8. to _______________ = to determine; to calculate; to estimate (par 1)
9. _________________ =
something that logically or naturally follows from an
action or condition; a logical result or effect (par 1)
10. _________________ = extremely exciting; thrilling; stimulating (par 2)
11. _________________ = a thing (informal); here: moment; time period (par 2)
12. to _____ __________ =
to start international operations; to become an
international company (par 2)
13. to _______________ = to send off to a destination or to perform a task (par 2)
14. _________________ = a representative or messenger (par 2)
15. to _______________ =
to show to be reasonable or provide adequate ground for
something (par 2)
16. __________ ______ =
a company whose work is checking the financial records,
and providing accounting and auditing services for a fee
(par 2)
17. _________________ =
a company that has expanded or intends to expand to the
international level (par 2)
18. to _______________ = to consider or describe as similar; to compare (par 2)
19. _________________ =
a number of establishments, such as hotels or shops, that
have the same owner or management (par 2)
20. _________ _______ =
a store or office providing a comprehensive selection of
goods or services at a single location (par 2)
106
21. _________________ =
the way a person thinks, feels and behaves about
something (par 2)
22. _________________ = a legal proceeding in a court; lawsuit (par 2)
23. _________________ =
organizing something such as a company, an industry, etc.
in a different way in order to make it more efficient (par 2)
24. _________________ =
extraordinarily large in size or extent; extensive; immense
(par 3)
25. _________________ = here: a large amount of something (par 3)
26. _______ ___ ______ =
a situation when an individual or organization has a
concern or involvement that might compromise their
reliability (par 3)
27. _________________ =
having the power to control an area of business or industry
and make sure that it is operating fairly (par 3)
28. the ______________ = similar people (par 3)
29. _________________ =
an accident that causes great distress or destruction;
catastrophe (par 3)
30. to _______________ = to prohibit or forbid officially (par 3)
31. _________________ =
a rule or situation that limits or controls something or
someone; limitation (par 3)
32. _________________ = the activity of supplying something (par 3)
33. ____ ______ ______ =
for the most part; generally; in general; on the whole;
usually; as a rule (par 4)
34. _________________ = a surrounding or nearby region; vicinity (par 4)
35. _________________ =
a book listing names, addresses, and telephone numbers of
individuals or business companies (par 4)
36. _________________ = without variation or change, in every case; constantly (par 4)
37. _________________ = of very high quality; as good as possible (par 4)
38. _________________ =
a person living away from his or her native country; an
exile (par 5)
39. _________________ =
a person in the same group or condition; a person that is
similar to the one mentioned (par 5)
40. _________________ = inhabitants of a specified locality (par 5)
41. _________________ = acquired with huge effort (par 5)
42. _________________ = a large group of soldiers (par 5)
43. _________________ = progressively; more and more (par 6)
44. _________________ =
involving or operating in several nations or nationalities;
multinational (par 6)
45. _________________ =
a business whose work involves doing something for
customers but not producing goods and supplying it to the
customers (par 6)
107
46. _________________ =
a person who officially examines the business and financial
records of a company to see that they are true and correct
(par 6)
47. _________ _______ =
here: a metaphor referring to a relatively small group of
privileged or outstanding companies (par 6)
48. _________________ =
an adjective describing shares of the best-known companies
on the stock market, which are considered to be a safe
investment (par 6)
49. _________________ =
the quality of being so good that others want it too;
desirable (par 6)
50. _________________ = the known facts about a person's achievements (par 6)
51. _________________ =
the state of making money; the situation when incomes
exceed costs (par 6)
52. _________________ =
not very large, expensive, important, etc.; moderate;
decent (par 6)
53. _________________ =
assessed very high within its field; among the best firms
within an industry (par 6)
54. _________________ = shared by or belonging to two or more parties (par 6)
55. _________________ =
the act of persuading someone to do something or to
believe something (par 6)
56. _________________ =
without reference to any individual person; without
human warmth or sympathy (par 6)
57. _________________ =
an order given with authority; an authoritative instruction
that something must be done (par 6)
58. to _______________ =
to be shown or be found to be; to use facts, evidence, etc.
to show that something is true (par 6)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What are professional-service firms compared to in the beginning of the text?
_____________________________________________________________
2. Who followed western multinationals when they wanted to found a subsidiary abroad?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What are the four mentioned matters that consultancy firms are ready to advise on?
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
108
4. What did it involve when a consultancy company went global?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What did the behavior of accounting firms look like when going global, and what did
they want to be compared with?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What changes did accounting firms make after having gone global, and what was their
business attitude?
_____________________________________________________________
7. What else did this strategy create ­ besides huge managerial problems?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What concrete restrictions are listed in the American legislation, and what is the name
of the relevant law?
_____________________________________________________________
9. Why is the global strategy a problem for professional-service firms?
_____________________________________________________________
10. What do the multinational customers want when buying professional services?
_____________________________________________________________
11. What does it mean that managers of multinationals' foreign operations are less likely to
be expatriates?
_____________________________________________________________
12. What happened after the ancient battles were over?
_____________________________________________________________
13. Why is there a limited need for professional-service firms to be international?
_____________________________________________________________
14. What is the "Charmed Circle", and what activities are the "Charmed Circle" companies
engaged in?
_____________________________________________________________
109
Coursebook, page 132, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
The managing director explains that their (1) _______________ (2) ______________
has been falling in the past years. He knows he is partly to (3) _______________ since he
failed to see the need to (4) _________________ their (5) _________________
(6) _________________ according to the competition. The consultant then asks if the
company has done any customer (7) _______________ (8) ______________ recently.
The director answers that they did ­ and it really was a (9) _________________. Their
(10) _______________ of excellent customer service in their shops is expensive because
they aimed to make (11) _______________ a pleasant (12) _______________ but it
turns out that customers prefer the (13) _______________ (14) _______________
and cheaper (15) _________________ they find in the (16) _________________. The
director is thinking of two options: selling out to the hypermarket (they have made them an
(17) _______________) or possibly trying to (18) _______________ with them. The
company feels it needs a (19) _______________ to (20) _______________ them on
the best (21) _______________ of action. The consultant says he will have to do a full
(22) ___________________ before answering but his (23) __________________
(24) _____________ is: they should not sell. They will look at the (25) _____________
(26) _________________ a bit more and possibly even (27) _________________
(28) _________________ prices. The consultant's job is to turn what seems to be a
(29) _________________ on its (30) _________________ and make it an
(31) _________________. It is a (32) _________________ and they may need to
(33) _______________ in a huge (34) _______________ (35) _______________
to (36) _________________ buyers back ­ but it often (37) _________________
(38) _______________.
110
Workbook, page 62, exercise LISTENING
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
In the summer 2004, Nokia found itself on the (1) ___________. Its (2) __________
(3) _____________ had fallen to (4) _____________ percent, having hovered around
(5) ___________ percent. The company (6) ___________ prices but it was only a shortterm
(7) ___________. Then it started addressing the (8) ______________ causes. The
(9) ___________ of its latest (10) ___________ of handsets (11) ___________ new
(12) ___________ that Nokia has decided for a change.
Nokia's (13) ___________ had two causes: (14) _________________ products
failing to address consumers' (15) ______________ for (16) `_____________' or `flipphone'
and (17) ________________ Nokia's (18) _____________ of leadership in
(19) _____________, and the company's (20) ________________ to manufacture
(21) _____________ versions for mobile (22) _____________. Other manufacturers
have been able to supply custom handsets that are often sold by (23) _____________
under their own (24) _____________, to help (25) __________________ themselves.
The seven new handsets (26) ________________ by Nokia were telling. Four were
(27) `____________' designs where the (28) ____________ can be (29) __________
under the display, and two were (30) _____________. What's (31) _____________ is
to see Nokia becoming a fast (32) _____________.
This follows the (33) _____________ in April of a new line of (34) _____________
handsets, the most (35) ___________________ of which includes iPod-style music
(36) _____________ from a (37) _____________ hard disk.
Nokia has also changed its approach to (38) _____________. Besides offering to
(39) _____________ the software on its phones to (40) _____________ particular
operators, it has started to offer (41) _____________ handsets. And having traditionally
been (42) _____________ to (43) _____________ manufacturing, it has started to use
ODMs to (44) _____________ any (45) _____________ in the product line.
(46) ____________ remain, however. Nokia had a weaker first (47) ____________
this year, mainly because of poor (48) _____________ in the USA. Nokia is said to have
done a (49) ____________ with a South Korean manufacturer, for (50) ____________
under its own brand. This would (51) _____________ up its (52) _____________ in
America, but would also be an (53) _____________ that Nokia's own CDMA products are
not up to (54) _____________.
Nokia has changed its ways. The company has even (55) _________________
(56) ____________ and media-playback (57) ____________ from (58) __________,
its (59) _____________ rival in the field of (60) _____________ ­ something that
would have been (61) _____________ a year ago. Nokia is so (62) _____________ to
stay on top, it would seem, that nothing is (63) _____________.
111
Workbook, page 62-63, exercise READING
* PART ONE:
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ = a great deal of trouble
2. _________________ =
an unforeseen or unexpected or surprising difficulty or
danger (paragraph 1)
3. _________________ = of or at the beginning (par 1)
4. _____ ___________ =
a statement of how much money a company or person has
earned and their expenses, used by the government to
calculate how much tax they have to pay; the form on
which this statement is made (par 1)
5. _________________ =
a company's statement of money paid, received or owed
over a period of time (par 1)
6. _________________ = a project or activity that involves risk or danger (par 1)
7. _________________ = respectable; honorable (par 2)
8. _________ _______ =
a business that gives expert advice on a particular subject
(par 2)
9. _________________ = very important; absolutely necessary; fundamental (par 2)
10. _______ ___ ______ =
opinion about what could or should be done about a
situation or problem; counsel; advice (par 2)
11. _________________ =
arranging something into an organized system or pattern;
implementing an organized method of working (par 2)
12. _________________ = being an essential part of a whole; inseparable (par 2)
13. _________________ =
a person who gives professional advice to a company about
a particular subject (par 2)
14. _________________ = the knowledge or skill of an expert (par 2)
15. to _______________ =
to provide with knowledge, especially in a methodical way
(par 2)
16. _________________ = an obstacle or difficulty to be overcome (par 2)
17. to _______________ = to meet unexpectedly; to be faced with (par 2)
18. _________________ = at last; in the end; eventually (par 2)
19. _________________ = a specialist who gives expert professional advice (par 3)
20. _________________ = customized; custom-made (par 3)
21. _________________ =
a large amount of money and valuable material
possessions; all goods and resources having value in terms
of exchange or use (par 3)
112
22. to _______________ = to cover or extend over an area or time period (par 3)
23. _________________ = careful and thorough approach to work or effort (par 3)
24. _________________ = oriented at buyers; aimed at consumers (par 3)
25. _________________ =
based on a system of moral beliefs about right and wrong; in
accordance with principles of professional conduct (par 3)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What activities does financial management include?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What can an efficient consultancy company help with?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What are the prerequisites of a good financial advisor, and what types of advice should
they be able to provide?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What types of advice does Oakwood Financial Management provide, and who are its
customers?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What qualities does the consultancy use to achieve a high level of success, and in what
way are their clients' needs dealt with?
_____________________________________________________________
* PART TWO:
3. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
something which provides proof of a fact about someone
or something (paragraph 1)
2. _________________ =
not biased; unprejudiced; not favoring one side or the
other (par 1)
3. _________________ = calculated; estimated; predicted; planned; intended (par 1)
4. _________________ =
the total value of goods or services sold by a company
during a particular period of time (par 1)
5. _________________ = approaching; going to happen (par 1)
6. _________________ =
a remark or sign that shows that something is happening
or what someone is thinking or feeling (par 1)
113
7. _________________ =
the hard work and effort that someone puts into an activity
or purpose because they think it is important (par 1)
8. _________________ = urgent claims or demands (par 2)
9. ____ ____________ =
under consideration or discussion; someone or something
being discussed (par 2)
10. to ________ _______ = to build on; to serve as a basis for something (par 2)
11. to _______________ =
to judge the worth or importance of something; to evaluate
(par 2)
12. _________________ =
anxiety or worry; something that is of interest or
importance to someone (par 2)
13. to __________ _____ =
to mention something in order to give someone
information about it or make them notice it (par 2)
14. to ________ _______ =
to do something; to perform an activity in order to achieve
or change something (par 2)
15. to ________ _______ =
to move ahead; to make changes in order to improve the
quality of something (par 2)
16. _________________ = welfare; prosperity (par 3)
17. to _______________ = to include; to involve; to incorporate; to comprise (par 3)
18. _________________ =
a regular payment made by the state or a former employer
to a person who has retired or to a widowed or disabled
person (par 3)
19. _________________ = question (par 3)
20. _________________ =
being able to reduce the amount of money a person or
business has to pay to a government every year (par 3)
21.
______ _____ ______
____ ____ ________ =
a metaphor describing a situation when somebody does
not want to face an unpleasant situation or decision and
therefore they pretend it does not exist (par 4)
22. _________________ = in a very important or absolutely necessary way (par 4)
23. _________________ = trustworthy; respectable; honorable (par 4)
24. _________________ =
having or showing or requiring special ability or expertise
(par 4)
25. to __________ _____ = here: to remove; to put away (par 4)
26. _________________ = a list or program of things to be done or considered (par 4)
27. _________________ =
specialized language relating to a particular subject,
profession, or group (par 4)
28. _________________ = a law or a set of laws passed by a parliament (par 4)
29. _____ ___________ = for someone's benefit; for the benefit of somebody (par 4)
114
4. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What is the company built on, and in what manner do they conduct business?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What does the projected turnover suggest about the company's dedication?
_____________________________________________________________
3. Why is it sometimes uneasy to find out the real financial needs of a business?
_____________________________________________________________
4. Why can it be beneficial for a company to use the services of a consultant?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What can the company advise on to its clients?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What other possibilities does the company highlight in order to help its clients?
_____________________________________________________________
7. What do the financial planning skills, built up over the years, enable to the consultancy
firm?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What do some businesspeople do when they don't understand the financial situation of
their business entirely, and what consequences does it have in the future?
_____________________________________________________________
9. What will a client avoid if they hire a reputable and highly skilled consultancy firm?
_____________________________________________________________
10. What can the clients do instead of dealing with all the financial matters?
_____________________________________________________________
115
Reported speech
* We often tell people what other people have said. This is called reported or indirect
speech. We very rarely try to report the exact words that someone says. Usually we
give the general meaning with a summary.
`Look, I've been phoning all day and he's always in a meeting. Can you tell him that I'll
give him a call sometime next week, please?' (actual words)
 Sandra phoned. She said she'd call you next week. (report)
`From what I can see, the advertising campaign is a great success.' (actual words)
 He said the campaign was a success. (report)
* Note the change of tense in the above examples: will to would and is to was.
It is not always necessary to change tenses. If the statement is still true we can keep
the same tense as the original. (See further for more details.)
He said the campaign was a great success. (the campaign is finished)
He said the campaign is/was a great success. (the campaign is still happening)
* In writing we can repeat the exact words using speech marks (` ... `).
`I have no further comment to make at this stage,' said the company press officer
when he spoke to our reporter yesterday.
These examples use said as the reporting verb. See further for other reporting verbs.
Tense changes
* When the verb tense changes it `moves back' in time.
Actual words Report (Indirect speech)
`I work for IBM.' She said she worked for IBM.
`I'm working for IBM.' She said she was working for IBM.
`I've worked for IBM.' She said she had worked for IBM.
`I've been working for IBM.' She said she had been working for IBM.
`I worked for IBM.' She said she had worked for IBM.
`I had worked for IBM.' She said she had worked for IBM.
`I'm going to work for IBM.' She said she was going to work for IBM.
`I can/will/may work for IBM.' She said she could/would/might work for IBM.
Kiwwi, a Vienna-based telecoms company, said on Friday it was entering the Czech market by
offering cheaper voice services through the Internet. (czechtoday website)
Earlier in the week, a labor union report said that 751 deaths had occurred `on the job' in Italy
during the first six months of this year, up from 621 for the same period last year. (International
Herald Tribune website)
The Shading Aluminum Industry Co. said last week it would issue 160 million shares for listing
on the Shanghai Stock Exchange. (Shanghai Daily website)
* There is no change for must, might, could, should, would.
* Note that there is no change for the past perfect (had worked).
No tense change
* We do not need to change tense if the information is still true.
`The sales team are doing very well at the moment.'
He says/said the team are doing very well.
* We do not need to change tense if we report something which is always true.
`There is always a period of uncertainty after a merger.'
He says/said there is always a period of uncertainty after a merger.
Reported speech
116
People, places, times and things
* In reported speech references to people, places, times and things often change,
because the point of view changes.
`I'll see you here tomorrow,' said Sue. `I've read your report about this project,' he said.
Sue said she'd see me there the next day. He said he'd read my report about the project.
* The examples in the previous paragraph show some of these typical changes:
People: I he/she
you me
my his/her
your my
Place: here there, at the office
Times: now then, at that time
today that day, on Monday
yesterday the day before, the previous day
tomorrow the next day, the following day, on Monday
this afternoon that afternoon
last week the week before, the previous week
next week the week after, the following week
a few days ago a few days before, a few days earlier
Things: this project that/the project
Say or tell
* We say something and we tell somebody.
Simon said he was confident about the success of the Beta project.
Simon told me the project was going well.
* We never use to between tell and the object.
He told me what happened in the meeting. (NOT told to me)
We can use to after say, especially when the actual words are not reported.
What did he say to you?
I think the boss wanted to say something to Susan.
It + passive of a reporting verb
* We use It + passive of a reporting verb + that to report what people in general feel or
believe. This is a formal use, for example in a newspaper story, a scientific report or a
written summary of a meeting.
It was announced at the conference that Argentina was losing Pesos $3, 000 million per annum
on grain prices compared with the average in the last ten years. It was pointed out that
international prices had not improved in two years, but this stability had allowed an increase in
production. (LatinTrade website)
Verbs that are often used in this way are:
be agreed, be announced, be believed, be claimed, be confirmed, be considered, be
decided, be estimated, be expected, be feared, be felt, be found, be pointed out, be
proposed, be reported, be rumoured, be said, be shown, be suggested, be thought.
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Other reporting verbs
* There are many verbs to report what people say. Each verb has one or more possible
patterns. Common reporting verbs include:
Verb + -ing form admit, deny, mention, propose, suggest
Verb + to infinitive agree, ask, demand, decide, offer, promise, refuse,
threaten
Verb + object + to infinitive advise, ask, convince, encourage, invite, order,
persuade, remind, tell, warn
Verb + that clause admit, agree, announce, answer, claim, complain,
confirm, deny, explain, mention, promise, propose,
reply, say, suggest
Verb + object + that clause advise, assure, convince, inform, notify, persuade,
promise, reassure, remind, tell
They denied doing anything wrong.
I suggested changing our export agency.
She promised to call me tomorrow.
They refused to lower their price.
He advised us to wait until next year.
They invited me to come for lunch.
They agreed (that) they'd wait.
She promised (that) she'd call me tomorrow.
I reminded them (that) they had to pay a 25% deposit.
I told him (that) I couldn't make the meeting next week.
* We use the same tense change rules as in the case of said.
Greek telecom giant OTE won the privatisation contract with Rom Telecom. OTE promised that
70 per cent of the telephone system would be digital within three years. (Bucharest Business
Week website)
* We can also report what people think or know. Verbs include: know, notice, think,
realize, etc.
Sorry, I didn't realize you were busy. I thought you had finished.
Reporting questions
* The word order in reported questions is like a normal statement (this is the same rule
as for indirect questions). Tense changes follow those given above.
`Where is it?' He asked me where it was. (NOT where was it)
* When we report question word questions (when, what, why, where, how, etc.) we use
the question word.
`When will the goods arrive?' They asked me when the goods would arrive.
`Why have your sales gone down?' I was asked why our sales had gone down.
A year ago, I was asked how this wonderful merger between Daimler and Chrysler would work,
and I said I was waiting for the interpersonal problems. They were bound to happen, as our
experiences with Seat had shown.' ­ CEO of Volkswagen (Der Spiegel website)
* When we report yes/no questions (Do you, Did you, Are you, etc.) we use if or whether.
`Do you speak French?' She asked me if I spoke French.
`Are you going to pay in cash?' He asked me whether I was going to pay in cash.
* Notice in the examples that reported questions have no question mark in writing.
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Grammar exercises
1. Write the actual words that each person says. Use contractions where possible.
1. Anna said that she had already finished.
(Anna's actual words) `I've already finished.'
2. She said he would be back after lunch.
(Her actual words) `_______________________________________________.'
3. He said she was going to contact the printers.
(His actual words) `_______________________________________________.'
4. Paul said that he wanted to make a phone call.
(Paul's actual words) `______________________________________________.'
5. She said she was meeting the bank manager at eleven.
(Her actual words) `_______________________________________________.'
6. Pierre said he had found out about the problem a long time ago.
(Pierre's actual words) `_____________________________________________.'
7. David said he had to be back in the office by three thirty.
(David's actual words) `_____________________________________________.'
8. Jan said she would let me know.
(Jan's actual words) `______________________________________________.'
2. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech. Use contractions where possible.
1. `I won't put it in the sales because it's selling very well,' she said.
She said she wouldn't put it in the sales because it was selling very well.
2. `I've read the report and I don't understand section 4,' he said.
He said _______________________________________________________.
3. `When I finish my presentation, I'm going to have a drink,' he said.
He said that when ________________________________________________.
4. `I'm preparing the figures but I won't be long,' she said.
She said _______________________________________________________.
5. `I like playing tennis, but I don't do it very often,' she said.
She said _______________________________________________________.
6. `I'm going to visit our Polish subsidiary, but I'm not sure when,' she said.
She said _______________________________________________________.
Reporting commands and requests
* Commands are reported with tell and the infinitive.
`Take us to the airport.' She told the driver to take us to the airport.
`Don't worry. I'll deal with it.' She told me not to worry.
* Requests are reported with ask and the infinitive.
`Would you mind waiting for a moment?' He asked me to wait.
`Please don't wait for me, I'll come along later.' He asked us not to wait.
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3. Look at the actual words spoken. Underline the correct words in the reported
version.
1. (Helen's words) `I won't do it until tomorrow.'
Helen said I/she wouldn't do it until the previous/following day.
2. (Peter's words) `It's very busy in here. I'll call you later.'
Peter said it was very busy here/there, and he'd call me/him later.
3. (The sales manager's words) `We received your order last week.'
He said they'd/we'd received our/their order the week after/before.
4. (Mel Bowen's words) `I'm sorry about the delay, I'll deal with this now.'
She said she/I was sorry about the delay, and she'd deal with it right then/later.
4. Read the words spoken in a conference presentation about the role of the Chief
Executive Officer.
`Jack Welch, one of the most famous CEOs of all time, was head of General Electric for twenty
years. But he was an exception. In fact, two-thirds of all major companies worldwide have
replaced their CEO over the last five years. What's the reason? The reason is that expectations
of CEO performance are far too high. Boards of companies look at their CEO as a kind of
superhero who can solve all the company's problems. This process started in the 1980s, and
the prototype was Lee Iaccoca, "the man who saved Chrysler Corp". Then in the 1990s, we had
CEOs from the technology sector, like Microsoft's Bill Gates, or Cisco's John Chambers, who
managed to produce constantly rising share prices. But the situation is very different now and
economic growth is slowing down.'
Now look at ways to report the words to a colleague. By each sentence write P/TC (if the
sentence is Possible because of Tense Change rules), P/ST (if the sentence is Possible because
it is Still True) or I (if the sentence is Incorrect).
The speaker said that ...
1. Jack Welch was CEO of General Electric for twenty years. P/TC
2. Jack Welch had been CEO of General Electric for twenty years. _______
3. Boards of companies look at their CEOs as superheroes. _______
4. Boards of companies looked at their CEOs as superheroes. _______
5. Boards of companies had looked at their CEOs as superheroes. _______
6. Lee Iaccoca started it all in the 1980s. _______
7. Lee Iaccoca had started it all in the 1980s. _______
8. Lee Iaccoca had been started it all in the 1980s. _______
9. The situation is different now. _______
10. The situation was different now. _______
5. Underline the correct words.
1. Sally told/told me that she had lost the catalogue.
2. This is confidential, please don't say/tell anything about it.
3. This is confidential, please don't say/tell anyone about it.
4. Chris said/said me he must leave early.
5. I said/told them about the meal, and they said/told they would come.
6. `You see,' told/said Steve, `I always told/said you'd get a promotion.'
7. `You see,' told/said Steve, `I always told/said you you'd get a promotion.'
8. `Look,' I told to/said to her, `why don't you tell/say me what you mean?'
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6. On Friday morning you had a meeting with someone from your advertising
agency at his offices. The words he spoke are on the left. The next week you tell a
colleague about the discussion. Underline the correct words on the right.
The advertising person's words:
`Did you get my email I sent yesterday
about this campaign we've been
working on? I hope so. I'm sorry to ask
you to come here at such short notice,
but it's quite urgent. The situation is
this: we use an outside printing
company, and a few days ago the
workers there went on strike. I'm having
a meeting with a union representative
this afternoon, but I thought I should
talk to you first.'
What you say to your colleague:
`He said he (1) hopes/hoped I'd got
(2) his/my email that (3) he'd send/he'd sent
(4) yesterday/the day before about
(5) the/this advertising campaign
(6) they've/we've been working on. And he
apologized for asking (7) me/you to go
(8) here/there at such short notice ­ he said
it (9) is/was urgent. Well, apparently a few
days (10) ago/before the printers they use
(11) have gone/had gone on strike, and he
(12) is/was meeting them (13) this/that
afternoon. He said he thought he should talk
to (14) me/you about it first.'
7. Read the extract from a meeting, chaired by Claudia. Then underline the most
appropriate reporting verbs in the written summary below.
CLAUDIA: Oh, hi. Take a seat ... Um, I'd like to hear your views on the talks we're having with
BCP about the possible merger. Do you think we should go ahead with the
discussions?
NIGEL: Well, no actually. I don't think we should. Our company cultures are totally different,
and I can't see many opportunities to cut costs in a combined operation. I'm sorry, but
I'm against it.
TONY: But, Nigel, can't you see that we're too small to stand alone in the global economy.
There's going to be rationalization in our market and now is the right time to act.
CLAUDIA: Um, right. How long do you think it would take to integrate the two companies?
TONY: Probably about six months, maybe more.
NIGEL: That's six months of complete chaos and falling investor confidence. It's just too risky.
CLAUDIA: Well, I don't think we have enough information at the moment. Perhaps we could set
up a task force to look into the whole issue in more detail?
TONY: Hmm.
CLAUDIA: Tony -- would you be willing to chair it?
TONY: OK, I'll chair a task force, but I'll need representatives from the other departments as
well.
CLAUDIA: That shouldn't be a problem. When do you think you'll be able to get the report done?
TONY: Um, in about six weeks.
NIGEL: Six weeks! That's ridiculous.
TONY: OK, we'll try to get all the information together in four weeks.
CLAUDIA: Right, that's settled. We'll meet again a month from today, same time same place.
1. It was estimated/announced that it would take about six months to integrate the two
companies in the event of a merger.
2. It was rumoured/suggested that we could set up a task force to produce a report on
the implications of the merger.
3. It was proposed/ claimed that the task force would be chaired by Tony, with
representatives from other departments.
4. It was shown/agreed that the task force should produce its report in four weeks.
5. It was claimed/decided that the next meeting would be on July 28th at 9 am in the
main conference room.
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8. Nigel (from Exercise 7) is talking to a colleague about the same meeting later in
the week. Underline the correct words in his report.
`Claudia asked us (1) that we give/to give our opinions about the merger talks. I (2) told them/told to
them that I thought the whole thing was a bad idea, but they refused (3) to listen/listening. Of course
Tony disagreed, as usual. He (4) told/said that we were too small for the global market. Then Claudia
asked how long (5) would it/it would take to integrate the two companies, and Tony claimed it would
(6) take/to take six months. Claudia suggested (7) setting up/to set up a task force to look into the
whole thing. I decided (8) not saying/not to say anything. Tony offered (9) to chair/that he would
chair the task force. He proposed that the task force (10) reporting/should report back in six weeks,
but I (11) reminded them that/reminded that we'd need the report much sooner. Anyway, we decided
(12) to meet/meeting again in a month.'
9. Match the actual words in sentences 1-12 with the reported statements a)­l).
1. `Well done! You've done it!' c a) He advised me to do it.
2. `Who me? No, I never did it.' ___ b) He apologized for not doing it.
3. `I'm really sorry I didn't do it ­ I just forgot.' ___ c) He congratulated me on doing it.
4. `If I were you, I'd do it.' ___ d) He invited me to do it.
5. `Would you like to do it?' ___ e) He denied doing it.
6. `Don't forget to do it!' ___ f) He mentioned that he'd done it.
7. `Oh, I see that you've done it.' ___ g) He didn't realize I'd done it.
8. `Oh, by the way, I've done it.' ___ h) He promised that he'd do it.
9. `Oh! I thought you hadn't done it!' ___ i) He noticed that I'd done it.
10. `I really wouldn't do it. It could be a disaster.' ___ j) He refused to do it.
11. `I'll do it, you can count on me.' ___ k) He reminded me to do it.
12. `No, I won't do it. It's out of the question.' ___ l) He warned me not to do it.
10. Rewrite each sentence in reported speech.
1. `Are you on holiday for the whole of August?' she asked me.
She asked me if/whether I was on holiday for the whole of August.
2. `What do the letters `URL' mean?' I asked him.
I asked him ______________________________________________________.
3. `Have you prepared the figures?' my boss asked me.
My boss asked me __________________________________________________.
4. `When is your birthday?' I asked Francesca.
I asked Francesca __________________________________________________.
5. `Did you remember to back up the file?' she asked him.
She asked him ____________________________________________________.
6. `Why have you turned off the air conditioning?' Ellen asked me.
Ellen asked me ____________________________________________________.
7. `Do you speak Italian?' they asked me at the interview.
They asked me at the interview _________________________________________.
8. `How much did you pay for your car?' I asked Pablo.
I asked Pablo _____________________________________________________.