Intelligent
Business
Course Packet
student’s version
English I/2
Milan Boháček
spring 2011
1
Table of Contents:
Introductory information.............................................................................................. 2
Unit 8 – BRANDS ............................................................................................................. 6
Coursebook, page 69, exercise READING..................................................................... 6
Coursebook, page 72, exercise LISTENING 2................................................................8
Grammar exercises ....................................................................................................11
REVIEW TEST ...............................................................................................................15
Unit 9 – INVESTMENT .....................................................................................................17
Coursebook, page 77, exercise READING ....................................................................17
Coursebook, page 80, exercise LISTENING 1...............................................................19
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 22
REVIEW TEST .............................................................................................................. 24
Unit 10 – ENERGY..........................................................................................................26
Coursebook, page 87, exercise READING...................................................................26
Coursebook, page 89, exercise LISTENING 1..............................................................28
Grammar exercises ....................................................................................................31
REVIEW TEST ..............................................................................................................40
Unit 11 – GOING PUBLIC ................................................................................................. 42
Coursebook, page 95, exercise READING................................................................... 42
Coursebook, page 96, exercise LISTENING 1.............................................................. 44
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 47
REVIEW TEST ...............................................................................................................51
Unit 12 – COMPETITION ................................................................................................. 53
Coursebook, page 102, exercise PREVIEW ................................................................. 53
Coursebook, page 103, exercise READING ................................................................. 54
Grammar exercises ...................................................................................................58
REVIEW TEST ..............................................................................................................60
Unit 13 – BANKING ........................................................................................................62
Coursebook, page 113, exercise READING..................................................................62
Coursebook, page 115, exercise LISTENING 2.............................................................64
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 67
REVIEW TEST .............................................................................................................. 70
Unit 14 – TRAINING ....................................................................................................... 72
Coursebook, page 121, exercise READING.................................................................. 72
Coursebook, page 122, exercise LISTENING 1 ............................................................ 74
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 76
REVIEW TEST .............................................................................................................. 79
Unit 15 – CONSULTING................................................................................................... 81
Coursebook, page 129, exercise READING ................................................................. 81
Coursebook, page 132, exercise LISTENING 1 ............................................................83
Grammar exercises ...................................................................................................86
2
EENNGGLLIISSHH II//22
spring 2011
Introductory information
teacher: Milan Boháček
floor: 7, office: 707
phone: 3544
e-mail: bohacek@mail.muni.cz, bohacek@econ.muni.cz
office hours: Tuesday 1 – 1.45 p.m.
Wednesday 1.45 – 2.30 p.m.
Course requirements:
minimum 80% attendance (maximum of 4 unexcused absences per
semester);
delivering a powerpoint presentation of a product or service or company
in front of the class (for details, see below);
active participation in seminars (systematic preparation for seminars and
fulfillment of assignments);
passing the credit test (minimum 60% of the total number of points) in the
last class of the semester, i.e., Thursday, May 19, 2011)
Electronic sources:
IS MU: BPJ_JI2A Jazyk I/2 – Angličtina (interactive syllabus + interactive
syllabi for groups number 3 and8).
web: http://www.econ.muni.cz/katedry/oddeleni-jazyku-na-esf/ or ESF
homepage → Katedry → Oddělení jazyků
Primary sources:
• Trappe, T., Tullis, G.: Intelligent Business: Coursebook. Upper
Intermediate. Longman, Pearson Education Limited 2006. ISBN-10: 0-582-
84809-1
• Pile, L.: Intelligent Business: Workbook. Upper Intermediate.
Longman, Pearson Education Limited 2006. ISBN-10: 0-582-84685-4
• Boháček, M., Brandejská, Z., Trumpešová – Rudolfová, E.: Intelligent
Vocabulary. Glosář k učebnici Intelligent Business: Upper
Intermediate. Brno, MU, 2007. ISBN 978-80-210-4389-3
3
Powerpoint presentation:
Your seminar work for this semester involves preparing a powerpoint presentation of a product
or service or a company, and delivering this presentation in class on one of the scheduled dates:
Thursday, April 14
Thursday, April 21
Thursday, April 28
When preparing and delivering your presentation, you should follow these guidelines:
• you should prepare a presentation of a product, service or company you like or
know or own or are interested in,
• the presentation will be seriously minded, well-prepared and well-delivered,
• it will take between 5 - 7 minutes, not longer,
• it will be structured (introduction of the presenter and the topic, introduction of the
service/product/company, body of the presentation, finally thanking for the
audience’s attention, offering them to ask questions),
• it will have a form of power-point presentation which you will prepare at home
and bring on a flash disc (a data projector and a laptop without the internet access
will be available),
• it will be delivered in English and it will not be read (tip: you can include points,
dates or items that are difficult to remember directly into your ppt presentation),
• please use the guidelines posted in the interactive syllabus in the IS or copied below
in the Tips & Examples section,
• other students will be evaluating the presentation (they will use the evaluation
sheet available in the interactive syllabus in the IS),
• each student will upload his/her presentation to the IS (Odevzdávárny →
Presentations – Seminar groups taught by Milan Boháček) no later than on
his/her presentation day.
Tips & Examples (available in the interactive syllabus in the IS):
HOW TO BECOME A GOOD PRESENTER
1. LEAVE NOTHING TO CHANCE
Check everything before you are due to speak — room, seating, visibility, acoustics
and equipment.
2. KNOW EXACTLY HOW TO START
Plan the first minute of your presentation down to the last detail. Try to memorize
your opening words. This will help you to sound confident and in control.
3. GET STRAIGHT TO THE POINT
Don’t waste time on long boring introductions. Try to make at least one powerful
statement in the first two minutes.
4. TALK TO YOUR AUDIENCE
Many of the best presentations sound more like conversations. So, keep referring back
to your audience, ask them questions, respond to their reactions.
5. KNOW WHAT WORKS
Certain things are always popular with an audience: personal experiences, stories
with a message, dramatic comparisons, amazing facts they didn’t know. Use them to
the full.
4
6. BE CONCISE
Keep your sentences short and simple. Use deliberate pauses to punctuate your
speech.
7. SPEAK NATURALLY
Don’t be afraid to hesitate when you speak, but make sure you pause in the right
places. Remember, you are not an actor trying to remember lines. A certain amount of
hesitation is actually quite natural.
8. KNOW YOUR AUDIENCE
Speak for your audience, not yourself. Take every opportunity to show how much
common ground you share with them. Address their goals, their needs, their concerns.
9. TREAT YOUR AUDIENCE AS EQUALS
Never talk down (or up)-to-your audience. Treat them as equals, no matter who they
are.
10. BE YOURSELF
As far as possible, speak to five hundred people in much the same way you would
speak to five. You will obviously need to project yourself more, but your personality
shouldn’t change.
11. TAKE YOUR TIME
Whenever you make a really important point, pause and let the full significance of
what you have said sink in ... before you move on.
12. DON’T MAKE A SPECIAL EFFORT TO BE FUNNY
If you make a joke, don’t stop and wait for laughs. Keep going and let the laughter (if
it comes) interrupt you.
13. LET YOUR VISUALS SPEAK FOR THEMSELVES
Good visuals are just that – visual. Don’t put boring tables of figures and long lines of
text on the overhead and read them out. Stick to the main points. Experiment with
three-dimensional charts, cartoons, interesting typefaces – anything to catch your
audience’s attention.
14. NEVER COMPETE WITH YOUR VISUALS
When showing a visual, keep quiet and give people time to take it in. Then make brief
comments only. Point to the relevant parts of the visual as you speak. If you want to
say more, switch off your projector to do so.
15. DEVELOP YOUR OWN STYLE
Learn from other public speakers, but don’t try to copy them. Be comfortable with
your own abilities. Don’t do anything that feels unnatural for you, just because it
works for someone else.
16. ENJOY THE EXPERIENCE
The secret of being an excellent speaker is to enjoy the experience of speaking – try to
enjoy the experience!
17. WELCOME QUESTIONS FROM YOUR AUDIENCE
When members of your audience ask you a question, it is usually because they have a
genuine interest in what you are saying and want to know more. Treat questions as
an opportunity to get your message across better.
18. FINISH STRONGLY
When you are ready to finish your presentation, slow down, and lower your voice.
Look at the audience and deliver your final words slowly and clearly. Pause, let your
words hang in the air a moment longer, smile, say Thank you and then sit down.
5
PRESENTATION SKILLS – GUIDELINES
1. Stating your purpose:
OK, let’s get started. Good morning, everyone. Thanks for coming. I’m….
This morning I’m going to be: talking to you about... / showing you how... / taking a look
at... / reporting on... / telling you about...
…so, I’ll begin by: filling you in on... / making a few observations about... / outlining
company policy... / giving you an overview of... / bringing you up-to-date on...
…and then I’ll go on to: highlight what I see as... / put the situation into some kind of
perspective... / make detailed recommendations regarding... / discuss in more depth sth...
2. Signposting – telling what comes next in a presentation:
make your next point To move on to our next point
change direction To turn to last year’s figures
refer to an earlier point To go back to what I said earlier
repeat the main points To recap on the main figures
give a wider perspective To expand on this a bit more
do a deeper analysis To elaborate on this particular feature
give the basics To summarize the points
depart from your plan To digress from
when
you
want
to
finish your talk
you
say
To conclude
vocab.
digress from – odbočit od
3. Commenting on visuals:
To highlight important information in a visual, you can use the following:
us to look at this part of the graph in more detail.
us to focus our attention on one particularly important feature.
you to think about the significance of this figure here.
to point out one or two interesting details.
I’d
like
to draw your attention to to the upper half of the chart.
4. To conclude:
Thank you for your attention and if you have any questions, I’ll be happy to answer them.
You can also ask the audience to ask questions during your speech by saying: If you have
any questions during my talk, don’t hesitate to interrupt me/feel free to ask.
5. To ask your colleague to carry on:
Now I would like to hand over to Mark.
Source: Powell, M.: Presenting in English – how to give successful presentation, Thomson
Heinle.2002.
6
Unit 8 – BRANDS
Coursebook, page 69, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
a person or company that supplies something to people,
especially food, services or information (paragraph 1)
2. _________________ =
a shop/store or an organization that sells goods made by a
particular company or of a particular type (par 1)
3. _________________ = a group of twelve of the same thing (par 1)
4. to _______________ = to produce or bring money for somebody (par 1)
5. _________ _______ =
something that a person has or owns that they think shows
their high social position and wealth (par 2)
6. _________ _______ =
here: a position of a company that people admire and see
as a symbol of a particular idea, style, way of doing things,
etc. (par 3)
7. _________________ = attractive, stylish, fascinating, appealing (par 3)
8. _________________ =
bringing something back, making it start being used again,
becoming or making something become strong and active
again (par 4)
9. _________ _______ =
a set of products of a particular type that are made or sold
by a company (par 4)
10. _________ _______ =
what people think or feel about a particular company; the
way that a company presents itself to the public (par 4)
11. _________________ =
praise or an award for an achievement that people admire
(par 4)
12. to _______________ =
to make a system, an organization, etc. work better,
especially in a way that saves money (par 5)
13. _________________ =
the part of a business that does not meet and deal directly
with customers (par 5)
14. _________________ =
changes to the form of something in order to improve its
appearance, how efficiently it works, etc. (par 6)
15. __________ ______ = an uneven journey, a way full of obstacles (par 6)
7
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What is today’s image of Gucci among people?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What metaphor is used in the text to show that Gucci is a high-fashion covering brand
for other brands?
_____________________________________________________________
3. When, where and how did the company start?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What two important things did Gucci’s sons do for the development of their firm?
____________________________________________________________
5. What metaphor is used to describe the fact that customers’ interest in the brand
decreased?
____________________________________________________________
6. What change in the position of the Gucci brand took place thanks to Tom Ford?
____________________________________________________________
7. How was Gucci’s successful transformation noticed on the European level?
____________________________________________________________
8. What metaphor is used in paragraph 6 to express the fact that Gucci started to live
again as a popular brand?
____________________________________________________________
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Coursebook, page 72, exercise LISTENING 2
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
The manager talks about the way corporate identity and brand asset management are
(1) _____________. He points out that a good corporate image can (2) _____________
and (3) ______________ one company from another. Identity of a company and a brand
is important as it serves as the company’s (4) _____________ (5) _____________ to
the world and it shows what its services and products (6) ___________ (7) __________.
There are many (8) _______________ companies have to face in this area, so they stress
the (9) _______________ (10) _______________ of identity – i.e. the right price. Are
they (11) ________________ products or expensive products? The price is a key
(12) _____________ (13) _____________ in this case.
When a company wants to check the (14) ______________ of its corporate brand, it
does a (15) _____________ (16) _____________, i.e. conducting interviews and
(17) ______________ of many corporate artifacts (e.g. letterheads, business cards,
vehicles, (18) _______________, (19) ____________, ads, etc.). The visual materials
should be reviewed year in, year out. The manager also argues that in many cases the brands
and corporate name are (20) __________________. It is also usual that many big
(21) ______________________ with many brands try to (22) ________________ a
(23) _______________ corporate (24) ______________ while their brands are in the
(25) _______________. Nevertheless, in case of any (26) ______________ or if their
identity is (27) ______________, it can even affect the brand itself. Finally, the corporate
brand’s reputation affects the product brand’s reputation and (28) _______________
(29) _______________.
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Workbook, page 35, exercise LISTENING
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
InterContinental operates internationally under its own name as well as through other
famous brands. It used to be part of Six Continents, a British (1) ________________, pub
and hotel group. InterContinental was (2) ________________ in April 2003. Many of its
(3) ________________ hotels were (4) ________________, but those hotels the
company owned were (5) ________________ more than 6 billion dollars. Since the
(6) ________________ it has sold 28 and put 13 others on the market. The sales have
been (7) ________________ as it included various countries worldwide. The recently
(8) ________________ list of hotels includes InterContinentals in Chicago and Miami.
The question is why sell now when the trade is (9) ________________ getting back
on its feet after three (10) ________________ years. The answer is that the bad times
have taught (11) ________________ a lesson, except in the (12) ________________
late-1990s, their return on the billions (13) _______________ (14) _______________
in bricks and mortar was (15) ________________. It is much more sensible to sell and
return some money to shareholders quickly.
In 1993, American-owned Marriott International (16) ________________ all its
hotels, together with much of its large (17) _____________________, into a
(18) ________________ investment (19) ________________, which allows publicmarket
investors to invest their money in (20) ________________. Hilton Group, the
(21) ________________ owner of the brand outside North America, is a better example.
Since 2000 it has (22) ________________ (23) ________________ the four billion
dollars value of hotels it used to own. It still owns about 70 hotels, but this is under close
review.
Sale-and-(24) ________________ is the obvious exit (25) ________________
and can easily attract financial institutions too that are (26) ________________ for
(27) ________________ that let them (28) ________________ out of shares and
bonds. Hilton sold several hotels to Royal Bank of Scotland and even more to a rival Scottish
Bank. Royal Bank of Scotland had (29) ________________ put a further 1.75 billion
dollars into a deal with (30) ________________ Le Meridien.
10
ADJECTIVES & ADVERBS – additional information
1. Adjectives ending in –ing and –ed
Adjectives ending -ing describe something we are reacting to (outside us).
Adjectives ending -ed describe our feelings and reactions (inside us).
interesting
Julia thinks that politics is very
interesting.
Did you meet anyone interesting at the
party?
surprising
It was quite surprising that he passed the
examination.
disappointing
The film was disappointing. I expected it
to be much better.
shocking
The news was shocking.
interested
Julia is very interested in politics.
(not ‘interesting in politics’)
Are you interested in buying a car? I’m
trying to sell mine.
surprised
Everybody was surprised that he passed
the examination.
disappointed
I was disappointed with the film. I
expected it to be much better.
shocked
We were very shocked when we heard the
news.
2. Irregular forms of adverbs and adjectives
Not all words ending in -ly are adverbs. Some adjectives end in -ly too, for example:
friendly lively elderly lonely silly lovely
Jane is a very friendly, lovely and lively person.
This is such a lonely place. I don’t want to live here.
On the other hand, some adverbs have irregular forms:
better well hard fast early late worse worst
Jack hit me hard with his baseball bat.
Anne can run really fast.
However, it is always possible to make an adverb from an adjective by using the phrase “in a ....
way”:
He spoke in a very silly way.
She discussed the topic in an interesting way / interestingly.
The fund manages my portfolio in an effective way / effectively.
3. Comparison of adjectives and adverbs
Adjectives: a) so-called short adjectives use –er and the ...-est:
big – bigger – the biggest; small – smaller – the smallest
b) so-called long adjectives use more + adjective and the most + adjective:
comfortable – more comfortable – the most comfortable
Adverbs: except irregular adverbs, they all use more + adverb and most + adverb (without
the) OR in a more ... way (in a ...-er way) and in the most ... way (in the ...-est way):
11
Tom spoke more interestingly than Jim. He spoke the most interestingly of all.
This car goes more slowly than than one. It goes most slowly of all.
Jane talked in a more exciting way than Susan. She talked in the most exciting way.
She managed the test in a quicker way. She managed it in the quickest way.
Irregular verbs: She runs faster/better than him. She runs fastest of all.
He works harder than anyone else. He works hardest of all.
She came later than you. She came latest of all.
If you want to compare two adjectives/adverbs of the same intensity or level, you can use “as ... as”
or “not as/so ... as”:
adjectives: Our dog is as quick as yours. / Tim is as reliable, responsible and hardworking
as nobody else in this office.
Your car is not as/so fast as mine. / Your information was not as/so
important and relevant for our future research as Tom’s.
adverbs: I can’t walk as quickly as you. / You should be sitting as comfortably as
possible.
My children are not playing as/so happily as yours. / I can’t sit as/so
quietly and calmly as Sarah.
Another way of comparing is by using “the ...-er, the ...-er” or “the more ..., the more ...”,
i.e. ČÍM – TÍM in Czech:
The faster you run, the sooner you will be tired. / The more experienced you are, the more
money you get. / The more distant our goal is, the bigger our expenses will be.
4. Adjectives and verbs of perception
Verbs of perception are not followed by adverbs but adjectives in a sentence:
look feel seem sound smell taste
The soup smells good. (NOT smells well)
You look bad today, what’s happened? (NOT look badly)
This idea seems interesting to me. (NOT seems interestingly)
The pizza we ordered yesterday tasted really awful. (NOT tasted really awfully)
Adjectives are also used after verbs “be” and “become”:
All of us are very happy and satisfied.
Mary has become famous because of her books.
Grammar exercises
1. Complete the sentences with one word from list A and one word from list B.
A: badly completely easily extremely heavily quite unexpectedly well
B: delayed designed helpful illegal late made promoted recognizable
1. This suitcase is very well made. It will last for years and years.
2. The new product is being ___________________. You see the adverts everywhere.
3. This website is very ___________________. I can’t find the information I need.
4. You’ve been ___________________. I really appreciate it.
5. Our offices are ___________________. Look out for the large flags at the front.
6. I’m sorry, my flight has been ___________________. I’ll call you when I arrive.
7. Taking bribes is ___________________. You’ll lose your job if they catch you.
8. I arrived at the presentation ___________________ and missed the first part.
12
2. Complete the sentences using one of the words in the box.
amusing / amused
annoying / annoyed
boring / bored
confusing / confused
disgusting / disgusted
exciting / excited
exhausting / exhausted
interesting / interested
surprising / surprised
1. He works very hard. It’s not surprising that he’s always tired.
2. I’ve got nothing to do. I’m _______________.
3. The teacher’s explanation was _____________. Most of the students didn’t understand it.
4. The kitchen hadn’t been cleaned for ages. It was really _______________.
5. I seldom visit art galleries. I’m not particularly _______________ in art.
6. There’s no need to get _______________ just because I’m a few minutes late.
7. The lecture was _______________. I fell asleep.
8. I asked Emily if she wanted to come out with us but she wasn’t _______________.
9. I’ve been working very hard all day and now I’m _______________.
10. I’m starting a new job next week. I’m quite _______________ about it.
11. Tom is very good at telling funny stories. He can be very _______________.
12. Liz is a very _______________ person. She knows a lot, she’s travelled a lot and
she’s done lots of different things.
3. Complete each sentence using a word from the list. Sometimes you need the adjective
(careful etc.) and sometimes the adverb (carefully etc.).
careful(ly) complete(ly) continuous(ly) financial(ly) fluent(ly)
happy/happily nervous(ly) perfect(ly) quick(ly) special(ly)
1. Our holiday was too short. The time passed very quickly.
2. Tom doesn’t take risks when he’s driving. He’s always _______________.
3. Sue works _______________. She never seems to stop.
4. Alice and Stan are very _______________ married.
5. Monica’s English is very _______________ although she makes quite a lot of mistakes.
6. I cooked this meal _______________ for you, so I hope you like it.
7. Everything was very quiet. There was _______________ silence.
8. I tried on the shoes and they fitted me _______________.
9. Do you usually feel _______________ before examinations?
10. I’d like to buy a car but it’s _______________ impossible for me at the moment.
4. Are the underlined words right or wrong? Correct the ones that are wrong.
1. I’m tired because I’ve been working hard. RIGHT
2. I tried hard to remember her name but I couldn’t. ________________________
3. This coat is practically unused. I’ve hardly worn it. ________________________
4. She’s a good tennis player. She hits the ball hardly. ________________________
5. Don’t walk so fast! I can’t keep up with you. ________________________
6. Why are you walking so slow? Are you tired? ________________________
13
5. Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence.
1. There was a slight fall in profits in April.
In April profits fell slightly.
2. There was a dramatic improvement in our share price last month.
Last month our share price
3. There has been a significant drop in demand for oil over the last few months.
Demand for oil ___________________________________________ over the last few months.
4. Let’s have a brief pause for coffee.
Let’s _____________________________________________________________ for coffee.
5. There has been a steady improvement in the inflation figures.
The inflation figures
6. There was a slow recovery in consumer confidence last year.
Consumer confidence __________________________________________________ last year.
7. There has been a gradual rise in unemployment.
Unemployment
8. There has been considerable growth in Korean GDP over recent years.
Over recent years Korean GDP
6. Complete each sentence with a verb (in the correct form) and an adjective
or adverb made from the adjectives in the box.
feel look seem
walk sound work
smell sing taste
play become do
sleep learn answer
awful fine quick
easy interesting prompt
nice beautiful long
upset wet hard
happy violent proper
1. Ann seemed upset this morning. Do you know what was wrong?
2. There’s no point in doing a job if you don’t _____________ it _____________.
3. Did you hear Peter? He _____________ really _____________ and everyone loved it.
4. I can’t eat this. I’ve just tried it and it _____________ _____________.
5. Jim is able to _____________ _____________ because he can remember almost anything he reads.
6. Jane can _____________ _____________ so it doesn’t take her long to get to school.
7. Yesterday, the children _____________ _____________ in the garden for two hours.
8. I wasn’t very well yesterday but I _____________ _____________ today.
9. What beautiful flowers! They _____________ _____________ too.
10. Can you _____________ the phone call _____________? The customer needs our answer as soon
as possible.
11. You _____________ _____________. Have you been out in the rain?
12. I _____________ very _____________ recently so I think I deserve a break.
13. The man _____________ _____________ when the manager of the restaurant asked him to leave,
therefore they called for the police.
14. My brother _____________ very _____________ every day – he gets up at about 10 o’clock.
15. Jim was telling me about his new job. It _____________ quite _____________, much better than
his old job.
14
7. Rewrite each sentence so that it has the same meaning as the sentence above it.
1. Denmark is equally rich compared to Sweden.
Denmark ________________________________________________________ Sweden.
2. I can read very quickly and my sister can read comparably quickly.
My sister ___________________________________________________________ me.
3. Tim is more intelligent than Jim.
Jim _______________________________________________________________ Tim.
4. When people spend more money, then the economy grows even more.
The ______________________________, the _________________________________.
5. When people are becoming richer, they can also become less dissatisfied.
The ______________________________, the _________________________________.
6. Germany is richer and more powerful than Greece.
Greece __________________________________________________________ Germany.
7. If the professor is more sharply criticized, he looks less friendly.
The ______________________________, the _________________________________.
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI2A
Unit 8 – Brands
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
padělané výrobky oslabující značku (výrobku) – ________________________________________
dosáhnout u zákazníků věrnost značce – _____________________________________________
uvážlivě se vyhnout nadměrné publicitě (výrobku) – _____________________________________
čelit značně velkým výzvám v umění jednat s lidmi – ___________________________________
vybudovat si renomé za renovaci (vylepšení) zboží – _____________________________________
odlišit oděvy na zakázku od konfekce – ______________________________________________
úspěšně na sebe neupozorňovat jako firma – _________________________________________
ztrátové středně velké firmy jdoucí ke dnu – __________________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. using a successful brand name to sell new types of products; a new product that is sold using
an existing brand name:
2. the act of making changes to the form of something in order to improve its appearance,
how efficiently it works, etc.:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
CLIENT BASE, PRICE, CUSTOMERS,
LOLLIPOPS, PURVEYORS, ACCOLADE
1. Guccio Gucci deserved at least one _____________________ for building his successful
company.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. We have to fight against the diminishing of our ______________________________.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. None of our _____________________ was accused of contractual failure.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
STREAMLINE, DETRACT, EXPAND, ANTICIPATE,
REVIVE, REINFORCE, SUSTAIN, CONVEY
1. IBM has decided _________________________ the idea of producing colorful laptops.
2. Lately, the message _________________________ to the public through mass media.
3. In my opinion, potential conflicts should always _________________________, if
possible.
4. Celebrity endorsement should _________________________ our main message in the
campaign.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. We came ___________________________ to the theater – the performance had already
started. (LATE)
2. The ___________________________ of our products is accompanied with an identifier.
(SIGN)
3. Retailers ___________________________ prefer checking their brand effectiveness.
(INCREASE)
4. The company wants to ___________________________ its production overseas.
(SOURCE)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. The management has approved ________ all our suggestions.
2. Bad news concerning the firm will result ________ the decrease in sales.
3. Brand extension can detract ________ your exclusivity image.
4. The new logo conjures ________ the idea of a strong and wealthy firm.
5. Coca-Cola is the biggest rival ________ Pepsi.
6. A few years ago the market was crowded ________ small firms.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones; use the
underlined words as adverbs or adjectives, if necessary: (2 points each)
1. The taste of the soup was great although its appearance was quite bad.
The soup tasted ___________________ although it looked ________________________.
2. The international promotion of this product caused that people started buying it.
The ____________________________________ product started being bought by people.
3. We have had a very friendly talk.
We talked _______________________________________________________________.
4. We made a really extreme and hard effort to pass the exam with success.
We tried ____________________________ to pass the exam ______________________.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
Hugo Boss ______________________________________ (DECIDE, RISK, LAUNCH) a
new advertising campaign recently. There was no point ______________________ (WAIT) it
because the competitors were likely ______________________________________ (MAKE,
attempt, ATTACK) HB’s position on the market. And they could ______________________
_____________________ (SUCCEED, THREATEN) HB by using celebrity endorsement.
D’Orsay, for example, ________________________________________________ (LOOK
FORWARD, COOPERATE) Jennifer Lopez, who is going to be their main star. Although
JLo __________________________________ (lately, DENY, USE) as the brand-attraction,
rumours still spread. In the past, other companies __________________________________
(even, TRY, TARNISH) the reputation of HB. It is obvious that HB always _____________
________________________ (OBJECT, USE) such techniques but it is not always possible
_________________________________ (EXPECT, competitors, BEHAVE) in a fair way.
The main goal of every company is, however, the effort ______________________________
______________________ (MAKE, customers, PURCHASE) their products.
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. I think your speech was _____________________.
A: extremely dramatical B: extremely dramatic
C: made extremely dramatically D: made extremely dramaticly
2. The teacher was very _________________ and the students were _________________.
A: confusing ... hardly boring B: totally confused ... bored
C: hardly boring ... bored D: bored ... depressing hard
3. The idea which came too _________________ seems _________________.
A: late ... silly B: lately ... interesting
C: soon ... lovely D: fast ... well
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Hlavní příčiny neúspěchu firem v podnikání zahrnují slabou cenovou politiku, příliš mnoho
rozmanitých výrobků nebo poskytování licencí příliš mnoha obchodníkům; na druhou stranu
může vysoké povědomí o identitě značky udělat zázraky. Dalším faktorem jsou též rostoucí
mzdové náklady nutící firmy snižovat výrobu nebo ji přesunovat do zahraničí, protože pokud
chtějí masoví producenti přežít, nemohou si dovolit mít přetrvávající ztrátu.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
17
Unit 9 – INVESTMENT
Coursebook, page 77, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
the business of buying and selling shares in companies and
the place where this happens; a stock exchange
(paragraph 1)
2. _________________ =
the amount of profit or income that you get from a
particular investment (par 1)
3. _________________ =
an award or amount of money that is given to a person
who wins a competition, etc. or who does very good work
(par 2)
4. _________________ =
the desire or need of customers for goods or services which
they want to buy or use; a very firm request for something;
something that somebody needs or asks for (par 2);
the opposite = _________________
5. _________________ =
a person or company that buys things and sells them at a
profit (par 2)
6. _________________ =
analytical and empirical data that are not dependent on
subjective judgments of people; statistical data (par 3)
7. _________________ =
knowledge of a person acquired by a relationship less
intimate than friendship (par 4)
8. _________________ =
a business project or activity, especially one that involves
taking risks (par 4)
9. _________________ = a price that somebody wants to sell something for (par 4)
10. _________________ = land and buildings; real estate (par 4)
11. _________________ =
formal discussions between people who are trying to reach
an agreement (par 4)
12. _________________ =
a number representing a particular amount, especially one
given in official information (par 4)
13. to _______________ = to use more of finances than is necessary or useful (par 5)
14. _________________ =
an adjective describing the fact that the value of something
is fixed at a level that is too high (par 6)
15. _________________ =
if somebody or something has it, they are likely to prefer or
dislike one thing, person or group rather than another, in
an unfair way (par 6)
16. _________________ =
a set of investments owned by a particular person or
organization (par 6)
17. _________________ =
a situation when your costs are higher than your returns
(par 7)
18
18. to _______________ =
to change something slightly to make it more suitable or
more accurate (par 8)
19. _________________ =
a situation in which different things exist in equal, correct
or good amounts (par 8)
20. to _______________ = to influence or affect something (par 9)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What symptoms of people’s bad dealing with uncertainty are mentioned?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What did surveys reveal as far as people’s forecasts of stock market movements are
concerned? How do they decide?
_____________________________________________________________
3. How do people generally react to the first offering price when buying a house and why
can this price be problematic in some cases?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What generally excepted idea people don’t want to abandon?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What does “home bias” mean and why is it a bad approach to investment?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What explanation and what metaphorical expression is used to describe the
irrationality people show when investing?
_____________________________________________________________
7. What problem does professor Kahneman see with respect to spending time on major
and minor decisions? What example is cited?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What is the position of governments, on the other hand?
_____________________________________________________________
19
Coursebook, page 80, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
Bradley Hopper was interested in textiles and therefore he decided to invest his money in
this business. At first, he wanted to get into the (1) _____________ (2) _____________
but later he abandoned this idea and became an investor. As the interviewer points out, this
investment has (3) _____________ (4) ____________ since the (5) _____________
accounts for approximately a hundred million dollars. As far as Bradley is concerned, his
first (6) _____________ is making money, and that is the (7) _____________ to his
success. Nevertheless, he cannot relax as he has to keep (8) ____________ himself and
hope to get noticed by the best (9) _______________ (10) _____________. His
competitors are (11) _____________ (12) _____________ because the market is very
(13) ____________________. In the future, he plans to (14) ________________
their first (15) ______________ product line – a T-shirt made from (16) ___________
(17) _______________ (18) _______________ that has been 100% grown in the USA.
Bradley thinks that the market for (19) _______________ (20) _______________
products is huge. However, he is thinking about becoming a (21) _________________
(22) _______________, or rather a (23) _______________ (24) ______________.
What he wants is the (25) ______________ at the beginning of a (26) _____________,
but he is also interested in the (27) _______________ part.
20
EMPHASIS & DEVELOPING AN ARGUMENT
1. Emphasis
There are two basic types of emphasizing sentences:
1. The first type begins with What or It and it keeps the word order of an affirmative statement:
subject / subject clause + verb + other clause elements
What ... is/are that ... What the market survey revealed is that customers want a change.
It is ... that ... It is the market report that provided us with detailed information.
2. The second type begins with a negative adverbial (or an adverbial whose meaning is negative
although its form is positive, such as rarely or little) and its word order changes; the
word order is the same as if it was a question, i.e.:
auxiliary verbs (do/does/did) or modal verb + subject + other clause elements
Never ... Never did he experience such a terrible audit.
(Question: Did he experience such a terrible audit?)
No sooner ... than ... No sooner will we sell the firm than they give us a final offer.
(Question: Will we sell the firm...?)
On no account ... On no account does Mary walk outside alone in the dark.
(Question: Does Mary walk outside alone in the dark?)
Under no circumstances ... Under no circumstances will I call him and apologize.
(Question: Will I call him and apologize?)
Not only ... but also ... Not only did we make a loss but also lost our key accounts.
(Question: Did we make a loss but also lost our key accounts?)
Only ... Only in the private sector can people expect a payrise.
(Question: Can people expect a payrise?)
Rarely ... Rarely did investing in art prove to be loss-making.
(Question: Did investing in art prove to be loss-making?)
Little ... Little had Jack expected that the GDP would increase.
(Question: Had Jack expected that the GDP would increase?)
Be careful about negatives – there may be only one at most in each clause:
You shouldn’t apply for a job in that company on any account.
= On no account should you apply for a job in that company. RIGHT
≠ On no account shouldn’t you apply for a job in that company. WRONG
The same is true for “... not ... under any circumstances” and “Under no circumstances...”.
2. Developing an argument
• Words meaning and, but and so
These words and phrases are typical of formal speech (for example presentations) and writing. They
usually come at the start of a sentence and have a comma afterwards, but can come after a comma in
the middle of a sentence.
and: In addition, Besides, Moreover, Furthermore
but: However, Nevertheless, On the other hand
so: Therefore, Consequently, As a result
Supplier A is cheaper, and their delivery times are good. However, supplier B has better quality
products and they have a good reputation in the market.
This new process produces less waste, and as a result it’s much better for the environment.
21
Our stocks are moving in a downwards spiral, therefore the Fed must cut interest rates to boost
our confidence. That, at least, is the theory among investors this week.
• Sequence: first of all, as well as this, finally
We can use First, Firstly, First of all to begin a series of points in a formal argument. For other
numbered points we say Second, Secondly, etc. To add a point without numbering we can say As
well as this, Besides this or In addition. At the end we can say Finally.
Why choose the Czech Republic? Well, first of all, it has lower labour costs than other
neighbouring countries, and secondly, it has a stable currency. As well as this, it has a trained
workforce with good labour relations, and finally, it has a strong local market.
• Generalizing: in general, on the whole
There are many words and phrases we can use to talk generally: In general, On the whole, As a
rule, Typically, All in all, Basically, Overall, Broadly speaking.
Organisations typically have five ‘customer’ relationships: customers, business partners,
suppliers, employees, and shareholders.
If we want to make a balanced argument we often use one of these phrases followed by a
contrasting idea with a word like but.
In general the Japanese economy has not been very dynamic over recent years. However,
some technology and telecom companies are growing very fast.
On the whole, I think you’re right, although I disagree with you about the level of risk.
• Summarizing: so, to sum up, in summary
We can use So, In short, To put it simply, To sum up and In summary to summarize.
So, to sum up the main points of my presentation so far, we are a truly international company
offering a full range of services to corporate and private clients in the areas of finance, banking
and insurance.
To put it simply, food processors will lose competitiveness as a direct result of EU membership.
• Either ... or ..., instead of, except for, besides
We use either to begin a list of possibilities. We do not begin with or. The other possibilities are
introduced with or.
Either we could cancel the product launch, or postpone it. (NOT Or we could cancel)
In a negative sentence, we use Neither ... nor; the verb in a sentence must be positive to avoid
double negatives:
We can neither visit Jane nor go to the cinema because I feel sick.
(NOT We cannot neither visit Jane nor go to the cinema...)
We use instead (of) to mean ‘in the place of something else’. At the end of a sentence, instead is
used without of.
Can we have the meeting on Friday instead of Thursday?
Thursday is no good? OK, can we have it on Friday instead?
We use except, except for or apart from to mean ‘not including’:
I have contacted everyone except (for) Margaret. (= Margaret has not been contacted)
On the other hand, besides means ‘including’:
I have contacted everyone besides Margaret. (= I have contacted Margaret as well as others)
Except (for), apart from and besides are all translated as “kromě”; however, except (for) and
apart from mean “excluding” whereas besides means “including”.
22
Grammar exercises
1. Rewrite the following sentences using the words given (use emphasis).
1. Several central banks became successful in their efforts in the past because of focusing on price
stability.
Only ____________________________________________________________.
2. Governments consider a stable and predictable economic environment as the most vital and
significant factor for the economic growth.
What ____________________________________________________________.
3. Equity funds are not about to invest in developers’ shares on any account.
On no account ______________________________________________________.
4. It’s the first time the countries that have open economies have been experiencing such a deep
economic crisis.
Never ____________________________________________________________.
5. Our firm will spend a fortune on new technologies as well as on hiring new highly skilled
personnel.
Not only __________________________________________________________.
6. We were not going to sell our branch for so little money under any circumstances.
Under no circumstances ________________________________________________.
7. The investors almost didn’t realize that their shares would be losing value so quickly.
Little _____________________________________________________________.
8. The development in the third-world countries concerns the World Bank very much.
It _______________________________________________________________.
9. Trading with commodities almost never represents a serious threat for price stability.
Rarely ____________________________________________________________.
2. Fill the gaps with either, or, neither, nor, except (for), apart, instead or besides.
1. I don’t know Jack. Mary says she also knows all these people ____________ Jack.
2. I know the restaurant is open on Monday. Jane told me the restaurant is open even on the other
days of a week. It means that the restaurant is open every day ____________ Monday.
3. We will visit you ____________ on Friday, ____________ on Saturday because we are
both ill.
4. I have passed all my exams ____________ from public economics.
5. I was going on Tuesday, but now I’m going on Monday ____________.
6. Jim plans to take ____________ the swimming course ____________ the diving course
____________ of paragliding.
7. Everyone came ____________ the leader, so we’re all here.
8. We can’t begin although everyone has come ____________ from the boss.
9. I’m sorry. ____________ you accept this price, ____________ we can’t do business.
10. All EU members have good relations with Turkey ____________ Cyprus, which has
problems with the Turkish invasion in 1970s.
11. I want to relax. I will ____________ clean the house, ____________ walk the dog now.
23
3. Read this article about transport policy in city centres. Complete the article by
choosing the correct alternative from A, B, C or D below.
Want to enter the city?
Sorry, youSorry, youSorry, youSorry, you’’’’ll havell havell havell have to pay.to pay.to pay.to pay.
Traffic congestion in city centres is
a big problem for both businesses
and residents. Policy makers are
being forced to think of solutions
based on public transport, road
pricing and restricted use of one
kind or another (1) C unlimited
access for cars at all times. What
are the reasons for this?
(2) __________, cars cause noise
and pollution in areas where people
walk, shop or go sightseeing, and
(3) ___________ this they are of
course quite dangerous. (4) ____,
cars cause traffic jams and
(5) ______ many hours of work
time are lost. (6) ______, people
need incentives before they change
their habits and alternatives to cars
are often not available or of poor
quality. The first thing is that
public transport must become more
reliable and more comfortable.
(7) _______, bicycle use should be
encouraged, (8) ______ by having
more cycle lanes. Some large cities,
(9) ________ Amsterdam, are
already organised in this way. But
the most radical measure is road
pricing. Asking motorists to pay to
enter city centres is controversial,
but is an increasingly common
solution. So, (10) _______, we can
see that imaginative and sometimes
unpopular measures will be needed
to make the city centre a more
pleasant place to work and live.
1 A but B except for C instead of D such as
2 A As well B First of all C In fact D As a result
3 A As well as B Also C For example D Except
4 A For example B However C And D Secondly
5 A either B both C as a result D instead of
6 A However B Therefore C So D In conclusion
7 A To sum up B In addition C Actually D For example
8 A to sum up B in addition C actually D for example
9 A such as B as well as C instead of D except
10 A thirdly B in conclusion C instead D also
4. Complete this speech made by the leader of a Korean trade delegation at the end
of a trip to Wales with the words and phrases from the list below.
first f all in conclusion in addition therefore
instead of as a rule however in fact
‘Could I just say a few words? Thank you. Well, (1) first of all I’d like to thank everyone here at GNK for
organizing today’s visit. We have enjoyed meeting all the staff, seeing your new products and looking
round your factory. (2) ________________, I would like to thank the local Chamber of Commerce who
made the whole trip possible. As you know, we see the European market as very important for our
company. (3) ________________, it is central to our future plans. (4) _______________, I’m sure
that we can look forward to even closer cooperation between our two companies in the future.
(5) _________________ I think it’s better to keep the ceremonies short on occasions like this,
(6) ________________, I would just like to take this opportunity to leave you with something to
remember our visit, and so I have great pleasure in presenting this book with photographs of Korea to
your director, Chris Armstrong. (7) _________________, I hope that we may soon have the pleasure
of welcoming some of you to our country in the future. Perhaps the next time we meet it will be in Seoul
(8) ______________ Cardiff! Once again, thank you all very much.’
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI2A
Unit 9 – Investment
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
nespecializovat se na termínované obchody a opce – ___________________________________
utrpět obrovské ztráty – _________________________________________________________
rozvážný investor nikdy nejednající ukvapeně – _______________________________________
čelit rozporuplným politickým tlakům – _____________________________________________
právo, ale ne závazek uskutečnit transakci – __________________________________________
zaručený dluhopis vydaný vládou – _________________________________________________
znovu investovat (1 word) zisk do jiných riskantních podniků (1 word) a méněcenných dluhopisů –
____________________________________________________________________________
mít nejlepší šanci na úspěch mezi absolventy MBA – ___________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. shares in a well-managed company with a record of paying profits to shareholders during
good and bad economic conditions:
2. an investor who helps new companies develop by lending them their own money, which
may involve a lot of risk:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
FUTURES, OPTIONS, BOOM YEARS,
INSIGHTS, BANKRUPTCY, PORTFOLIO
1. He is the infamous trader who caused the _______________________ of Barings Bank.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. During the _______________________, a period of wealth and success, companies tend to
waste their energy and resources.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. Behavioral finance is a science that applies psychological _______________________ to
economics.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
FORECAST, ASSESS, QUOTE, FALSIFY,
AFFECT, PAY, LET, INVEST
1. He _____________________ accounts, i.e. deliberately put wrong data in them, and lost a
staggering total of €208m.
2. The asking price _______________________ the seller tends to become accepted as the
price around which negotiations take place.
3. Blue-chip shares will almost certainly ______________________ a minimum of 4% even
in poor economic conditions.
4. How does regretting bad decisions ________________________ stock market investors’
future decisions?
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. John has stopped all his ________________________ activities. (ENTREPRENEUR)
2. Have you ___________________________ the tasks you are supposed to do this week?
(PRIORITY)
3. Buying the shares now is ________________________: you can earn a lot of money but
you won’t have any money for the production expansion at the moment. (PRODUCE)
4. This banker is my ________________________ – we met at a conference two years ago.
(ACQUAINT)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. Why don’t companies abandon projects _______ which they are losing money?
2. Why are people more concerned _______ losses than profits?
3. Why is it irrational to invest only _______ your home country?
4. The industry is infamous _______ assessing value incorrectly.
5. It’s difficult to overemphasize the risk involved _______ buying fine art as an investment.
6. What task can I delegate and assign _______ somebody else?
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones: (2 points each)
1. They shouldn’t have expanded their portfolio on any account, because their track record was
very poor.
On no account ___________________________________________________________.
2. We don’t want to raise prices as we’d lose some of our customers.
What we _______________________________________________________________.
3. Profit as well as satisfaction from well-done work drives him.
It _____________________________________________________________________.
4. Students hadn’t almost remembered to take the test before the teacher told them to do so.
Little __________________________________________________________________.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
Many financial institutions are now _______________________________________ (HAVE
DIFFICULTY, FINANCE) their operations because of the financial crisis. Economists
mostly ________________________________________________ (ADVISE, they, PLAN,
GET READY) lower profit and higher risks. Governments __________________________
_______________________ (URGE, START, SUPPORT) foreign investments, as national
economies ____________________________________ (likely, EXPERIENCE) a decrease
in their GDP. Every effort ____________________________________ (AVOID, HIT) the
crisis is appreciated not only by experts. __________________________________________
________________ (DISCUSS, opportunities, INVEST, safe) has become a major issue for
many fund managers. Shareholders _____________________________________________
(recent, SURPRISE) managers’ failure to earn the promised profits. The income __________
______________________________________ (SEEM, KEEP, DECREASE) last month,
which was bad news. However, a positive trend ____________________________________
(EXPECT, BEGIN) in the following quarter, and shareholders can ____________________
______________________________ (LOOK FORWARD, START, EARN) money again.
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. The investment fund could buy shares of _______ banks _______ insurance companies.
A: either ... and also B: either ... or
C: neither ... but D: neither ... nor
2. __________, the financial crisis can last longer than most people think.
A: In summary B: In general
C: Either D: On the whole
3. All of them __________ Jane came to the meeting, so we didn’t miss anyone.
A: except for B: besides
C: instead of D: apart from
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Michael Connel se stal známým jako spoluzakladatel jednoho slavného a úspěšného investičního
fondu i svým výkonem v oblasti vyhledávání bezpečných a rychle rostoucích výnosů z
investovaného majetku. Spíše než tradičním metodám hodnocení rizika důvěřoval svému
instinktu a zkušenosti. Ačkoliv jeho předpovědi vývoje akciového trhu nebyly vždy zcela přesné,
většinou byl jeho úsudek správný a jeho rozhodnutí přinášela klientům vysoké příjmy.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
26
Unit 10 – ENERGY
Coursebook, page 87, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
the reduction of something by a large amount so that there
is not enough left
2. to _______________ = to reduce or cut drastically (paragraph 1)
3. _________________ =
an amount of a mineral, fossil fuel, or other resource
known to exist in a particular location and to be
exploitable (par 1)
4. _________________ =
an approximate evaluation or rough calculation, as of
worth, quantity, or size (par 1)
5. _________________ =
having been demonstrated or verified without any doubt
(par 2)
6. _________________ =
something that encourages somebody to do something;
something, such as the expectation of reward or the fear of
punishment, that motivates effort or action (par 2)
7. to _______________ =
to make something appear to be more important or
impressive or bigger than it really is (par 2)
8. to __________ _____ = to include, incorporate something (par 2)
9. _________________ = dependent on something, relying on something (par 3)
10. _________________ = any substances that are used as food (par 3)
11. to _______________ = to cause to become; make (par 3)
12. _________________ =
being so expensive that people are generally unable to buy
it (par 3)
13. to _______________ =
to draw or pull out, often with great force or effort (e.g. oil
from the ground) (par 3)
14. to _______________ = to come to an end; stop (par 3)
15. to _______________ = to express doubt about; dispute; analyze; examine (par 4)
16. _________________ = complicating, increasing, worsening e.g. a problem (par 4)
17. _________________ = a deficiency in amount; an insufficiency; a lack (par 4)
18. to _______________ = to make a guess; to estimate (par 4)
27
19. to _______________ = to rise faster than something else (par 4)
20. _________________ = out of date; no longer useful (par 5)
21. ________ ________ =
an increase in the average temperature of the Earth’s
atmosphere, sufficient to cause climatic change (par 6)
22. _________________ =
a large-scale disruption in electric power supply; loss of
light, power, or communications due to electric power
failure (par 6)
23. _________ _______ =
a special interest in protecting or promoting something
which is to one’s own personal advantage (par 7)
24.
to ____________ ____
_________________ =
to consider as true, real, unquestionable or forthcoming;
anticipate correctly (par 7)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. How have oil companies changed their predictions connected with how much
petroleum there is still left? What worries do people have due to rising oil prices?
____________________________________________________________
2. Why do oil companies try to exaggerate their claimed petroleum reserves?
____________________________________________________________
3. What is referred to as a “closely guarded secret”?
____________________________________________________________
4. According to geologists, what is the consequence of boosting oil reserve estimates by
individual countries?
____________________________________________________________
5. What would happen if there was no oil left or if it was too expensive and difficult to
extract from the ground?
____________________________________________________________
6. Under what circumstance can oil cease to be an energy source?
____________________________________________________________
7. When will the oil shortage occur, according to most governments and energy companies?
____________________________________________________________
8. How does the text describe China’s oil imports and energy consumption in the past
year(s) as well as their forecasts for the future? What comparison is used to show this?
____________________________________________________________
9. What is the most pessimistic prediction of a situation when the oil supply has been
overestimated and there is no oil left?
____________________________________________________________
28
Coursebook, page 89, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
Energy sources are usually divided into two types: (1) ___________________ and
(2) ___________________. The first group refers to energies dependent on using
(3) _________________ or (4) ___________________ (5) _________________.
An example is given to illustrate that if you use a (6) _________________ of oil for the
production of electricity or (7) _________________, it is clear that it’ll never be replaced.
However, the second type of energy sources is dependent on (8) _________________
(9) ______________, such as (10) ______________, that are unlimited. It means that
the same quantity of energy will always be available.
People nowadays see many wind (11) _______________ or wind (12) ___________
that use wind power that originates from – like many other renewable or
(13) _________________ energies – sunlight. The sun not only creates wind, but it also
(14) _________________ heat, which makes water (15) _________________. Other
renewable sources include (16) ______________ power, water and (17) ____________
power, and (18) ______________ energy. Nevertheless, there are renewable energies that
are not dependent on the sun, such as (19) ___________________ energy or
(20) ______________ energy which uses the (21) ______________ effect of the moon.
Mia says that alternative energy sources will play an important role in the future because
they are (22) ______________, unlike the traditional sources, and they are non-polluting
– you needn’t burn anything to produce electricity. They produce no gases that
(23) ______________ the environment or cause health problems. Unfortunately, there is
no simple way people can suddenly (24) ______________ to using these sources.
The problems associated with these energies include high costs, the fact that many of
these technologies are experimental, and the nature itself because for example if the wind
doesn’t (25) _________________ all the time, you have to (26) _________________
for (27) ______________ in the amounts of energy that can be produced.
An example of the UK shows that the main uses of energy there are (28) ___________
(29) ______________ and transport. Then to a (30) ______________ degree there is
industry and services. If somebody wanted to replace the energy that the first two sectors
(31) ______________ with electricity from wind, they would have to build a huge number
of wind turbines, which is not nowadays possible because of technical and environmental
reasons. Therefore the UK government has set a fairly (32) _________________ target –
25% of energy from clean sources by 2025. (33) ______________ energy can be a
solution but nobody wants to live next to a nuclear power station. So it is obvious that
alternative energy sources can help but they won’t provide a (34) ______________
(35) ______________.
29
CONDITIONAL CLAUSES – additional information
1. Conditionals without if
We use if for something that might happen in the future, or something imaginary (i.e. zero or first
conditional). We use when for something that we know will happen (not a conditional clause):
I’ll call you if I get a chance. (I’m not sure if I will phone you)
I’ll call you when I arrive. (I will definitely phone you)
We can use either if or when where the meaning is ‘every time’.
If/When anyone rings my mobile, I get a photograph of the person on the screen.
In informal speech we sometimes use imagine or supposing in place of if (second or third
conditional):
Imagine/Supposing you had a million dollars, how would you invest it?
We can use provided that, providing, on condition that, as long as and so long as for emphasis.
The meaning is ‘if and only if’ (first conditional):
As long as there is new technology, consultants will continue to be in demand.
We can use in case to talk about doing something to avoid a possible problem later. The result
clause usually comes first and often uses going to.
I’m going to give you my mobile number in case you need to contact me.
We use unless to mean If not in zero or first conditionals:
If you don’t meet all the criteria, we won’t hire you. = Unless you meet all the criteria, we...
2. Omitting if
In formal style, it is possible to leave out if in an if-clause; in this case, the word order changes: the
auxiliary verb comes before the subject ⇒ this structure is used in conditional clauses with
auxiliary verbs:
Had I known this news, I would buy the car.
(instead of: If I had known this news, I would buy the car.)
Were you my daughter, I wouldn’t let you go for the festival.
(instead of: If you were my daughter, I wouldn’t let you go for the festival.)
If a conditional clause contains no auxiliary verb, should is used at the beginning of a sentence
instead of an auxiliary:
Should you need my advice, you can reach me in my office.
(instead of: If you need my advice, you can reach me in my office.)
Should you possess a car, you could get to work faster.
(instead of: If you possessed a car, you could get to work faster.)
3. Wish clauses
We use I wish to express regret or dissatisfaction. For the present and future, use I wish followed
by the past simple or continuous (like in the second conditional):
I wish we didn’t have so many meetings.
I wish I wasn’t working next weekend.
For the past, use I wish followed by the past perfect (like in the third conditional):
I wish we had advertised on television.
I wish I hadn’t eaten the oysters.
If the wish is a good one, use I hope followed by the present simple or will (like in the first
conditional):
I hope your presentation goes well. OR I hope the merger will be a success.
30
If the wish is about doing something that is difficult or impossible, use I wish I could.
I wish I could contact him, but he hasn’t got a mobile phone.
We can replace I wish with If only for emphasis. We stress only in speech.
If only I hadn’t eaten the oysters. = I wish I hadn’t eaten the oysters.
If only I could contact him. = I wish I could contact him.
4. Modal verbs in conditionals
The previous examples of the zero or first conditional were with will. But other modal verbs like
can, could, may, might, must and should are common in conditional sentences and have their
normal meanings:
If you deal with the Middle East you must be available to your customers on weekends.
If you don’t carry out a market research, you cannot succeed.’
The previous examples of the second conditional were with would. But other modal verbs like
could, might and should are common in conditional sentences and have their normal meanings:
If the euro were weak in the long term, companies might slow down their productivity.
If you had more time, we could go for dinner tonight.
If you found out when she was born, you should let me know.
5. If I were you
We use If I were in place of If I was in imaginary futures, particularly when we give advice with the
phrase If I were you:
If I were you, I’d wait until tomorrow.
I’d be more careful, if I were you.
6. Summary of conditionals
reálná (uskutečnitelná) podmínka nereálná (neuskutečnitelná) podmínka
budoucnost
podmínková věta:
If I see him, I will let you know.
= first conditional
přací věta:
I hope you will like the concert tomorrow.
podmínková věta:
If I didn’t have free time next week, I
wouldn’t be going out with you.
= second conditional
přací věta:
I wish / If only John came for a visit
tomorrow.
přítomnost
podmínková věta:
If inflation rises, companies increase prices.
= zero conditional
přací věta:
(I hope you have some money on you.)
podmínková věta:
If I were rich, I wouldn’t work as a car
seller.
= second conditional
přací věta:
I wish / If only I was rich.
minulost
X
podmínková věta:
If I had moved to China in 2008, I
would have seen the Olympic games.
= third conditional
přací věta:
I wish / If only I had moved to
China in 2008.
.
31
Grammar exercises I
1. Underline the correct words.
1. If we’re/we would be late, they’ll start/they’d start without us.
2. If we will take/take a taxi, we’ll arrive/we arrive sooner.
3. If we worked/would work for ADC, we’ll get/we’d get a better salary.
4. When inflation will go/goes up, there would be/is usually pressure on salaries.
5. If we don’t hurry/won’t hurry, we would be/we’ll be late.
6. If you change/are changing your mind, give me/you will give me a ring.
7. Unless you click/would click on that icon, it didn’t/it won’t print out.
8. If you ordered/order on the Net, we always will send/send an email confirmation.
9. If I lend/will lend you this book, when do you return/will you return it?
10. If you heard/hear anything in the next few days, let me/letting me know.
2. Read these sentences and decide if the events are likely or imaginary. Complete
the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the present simple + will or the
past simple + would. Use contracted forms where possible.
1. It’s not far. If you follow (follow) this road, you’ll come (come) to the station.
2. If I was (be) on the Board of this company, I’d argue (argue) against the merger.
3. If you ________________ (have) any questions, I ______________ (deal) with them at
the end of my presentation.
4. If the council ______________ (ban) all cars from the city centre, there ____________
(not be) so much pollution.
5. A: I have no idea what the other side are going to propose in the negotiation tomorrow.
B: Neither do I. If I ____________ (know), I ___________ (tell) you.
6. A: My train leaves in forty minutes.
B: It only takes ten minutes to the station by taxi. If you _______________ (leave) now, you
_______________ (catch) it.
7. A: Is that the time? I really should be going.
B: If you ________________ (wait) a moment, I _________________ (give) you a lift.
8. A: Would you like to go to English evening classes with me?
B: I’m sorry, but I can’t. I’m really busy. If I _____________________ (have) more time, I
________________ (love) to.
3. Underline the correct words.
1. I wish I hadn’t drunk/didn’t drink so many whiskies last night.
2. There’s so little space in here. I wish I have/had a bigger office.
3. I don’t feel well. I wish I could stay/will stay in bed this morning.
4. I hope you enjoyed/enjoy yourselves at the theatre tonight.
5. I’ve been waiting thirty minutes for the bus. I wish I took/had taken a taxi.
6. I must get in touch with Sue. If only I know/knew her number!
7. I’m not a good typist. I wish I could type/would type better.
8. I wish Jim didn’t interrupt/doesn’t interrupt so often in meetings.
9. I have to finish this report by tomorrow. If only I would have/had more time.
10. Enjoy your holiday. I hope you have/could have a good time.
11. That presentation was a disaster! I wish I could do/would do it all again!
12. I’m disappointed with this camera. I wish I didn’t buy/hadn’t bought it.
32
4. Paula, a marketing manager of a car manufacturing company, is talking to her colleague
Luis, a production manager. Complete their conversation with the words from the list
below.
will (x2) won’t (x2) would (x2) wouldn’t unless (x2) be is is going to be don’t didn’t
PAULA: Luis. Aren’t you worried about the proposed strike?
LUIS: Well, sure ...
PAULA: You see, if the factory workers go on strike, we (1)’ll lose a lot of production. If we lose production,
we (2) ____________ be able to supply all our customers.
LUIS: Yes, I know, but ...
PAULA: And if we (3) ____________ supply our customers, they’ll probably buy other makes of car. If
that happens, our market share (4) ___________ go down. It’s not looking good.
LUIS: Well, that’s right, but ...
PAULA: And what’s more, in my experience, when workers go on strike there (5) _____________ a bad
atmosphere for months afterwards.
LUIS: Yes.
PAULA: So, (6) _____________________ you can come to an agreement with the workers soon, there
(7) __________________________________ a lot of trouble ahead. If you want my advice,
(8) _____________ very careful.
LUIS: Look, don’t worry.
PAULA: Don’t worry?
LUIS: Yes. Look, the workers know that the success of the company depends on this new model.
(9) _______________ they’re stupid, they (10) ______________ go on strike.
PAULA: Oh?
LUIS: Now, just imagine – if it sold really well, we (11) _________________ increase our market
share and our profits. If that happened, we (12) _________________ need to make so many job
cuts. And if we (13) _______________________________ have to cut jobs, the trade unions
(14) __________________ be much happier.
PAULA: Well, I suppose you’ve got a point.
5. Rewrite the sentences as shown; keep the same meaning.
1. I regret that I didn’t start my studies a year later.
I wish ___________________________________________________________.
2. Tom and Lucy regret that they were living together for so long.
If only ___________________________________________________________.
3. It’s a shame that I cannot be in your position as it would be good for me.
I wish ___________________________________________________________.
4. I regret that the new French movie everybody is talking about wasn’t filmed in Slovakia.
If only ___________________________________________________________.
5. I regret that we have met Phillip because he is a very annoying person.
I wish ___________________________________________________________.
6. I want the new American president to come to Europe to settle all disputes.
If only ___________________________________________________________.
7. I regret that my sister cannot spend much money on holiday this year.
I wish ___________________________________________________________.
8. It’s a shame that the university couldn’t buy the new equipment.
If only ___________________________________________________________.
33
6. Rewrite the following sentences so that they mean the same as the original ones.
1. You don’t have any money on you so you cannot buy the tickets.
If _____________________________, you ______________________________.
2. Coca-Cola didn’t buy Pepsi in the 1930s and therefore it didn’t become the market leader.
If _____________________________, it ________________________________.
3. You will be given a pay rise as long as you pass the test.
Unless ____________________________, you ____________________________.
4. Mike has been living in Spain for 8 years so he is experiencing a different culture.
If _____________________________, he _______________________________.
5. I regret that my sister wasn’t born a year later.
If only ___________________________________________________________.
6. Our firm will go bankrupt or it will be bought by its biggest rival.
Unless ___________________________, it ___________________________ rival.
7. It’s a pity that Jane doesn’t have enough money to buy a new car.
I wish ____________________________________________________________.
8. The employees are lazy and that’s why they can’t earn more money.
If _____________________________, they ______________________________.
9. My grandmother studied geology and that’s why she met my grandfather.
If _____________________________, she ______________________________.
10. Everyone will be surprised in case you come to the party.
Should _________________________, everyone ___________________________.
7. Rewrite the following sentences in the way shown (i.e. omit if) while keeping the
same meaning.
1. If I had seen the accident, I would have called police immediately.
Had I seen the accident, I would have called police immediately.
2. If I were you, I wouldn’t have invested the money in property.
_________________________________________________________________.
3. If Thomas Dillon borrows any money from you, charge him no interest.
_________________________________________________________________.
4. If Citi Group was about to go bankrupt, it would damage the whole US economy.
_________________________________________________________________.
5. If the weather prohibits us from leaving the town, we will have to stay over night.
_________________________________________________________________.
6. If Masaryk University had been founded later, it would have fewer students now.
_________________________________________________________________.
7. If John and Mary were about to get married, they wouldn’t be leaving for a vacation.
_________________________________________________________________.
8. If the student whose study results had been worsening had been here, he would have failed.
_________________________________________________________________.
34
8. Underline the correct words. This exercise includes revision of imaginary futures.
1. If you phoned/had phoned me yesterday, I had told/would have told you.
2. If you took/would have taken more exercise, you might feel/had felt better.
3. If Tim would have listened/had listened more carefully, he wouldn’t have made/didn’t make
that mistake.
4. If we’d found/we found suitable premises, we’d have moved/we had moved earlier.
5. If people kept/had kept their offices more tidy, it might present/presented a better image to our
visitors.
6. If I’d known/I would know about their financial problems, I wouldn’t do/wouldn’t have done
business with them.
7. If our side had been/was better prepared, we succeeded/could have succeeded in the
negotiations.
8. I wouldn’t/won’t worry if I am/were you.
9. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Jestli Jana neudělá zkoušku z makroekonomie, bude muset studovat déle.
2. Kdybys nevěděl jak vyřešit tento případ, měl by ses podívat do učebnice.
3. Kdyby druhá světová válka nikdy nezačala, mohli jsme žít v demokracii většinu 20. století.
4. Kéž bych se nikdy nenarodil!
5. Pokud se nezačneš pořádně učit, nikdy tu školu nedokončíš.
6. Kdybych tak měl milion korun a mohl cestovat po světě.
35
Mixed Conditionals
jejich podstata spočívá v tom, že každá věta ze souvětí odkazuje do jiného času, např.
hlavní věta do minulosti a vedlejší věta do přítomnosti či budoucnosti
jedná se vždy o podmínky nereálné; to znamená, že z pohledu gramatiky se zde „míchají“
pouze tzv. druhá podmínka (nereálná podmínka v přítomnosti – If I was there, I would
know it.) s tzv. třetí podmínkou (nereálná podmínka v minulosti – If she had died a year later,
she would have met the new people.)
vzhledem k tomu, že jde o nereálné podmínky, není v těchto větách možné použít pro
vyjádření podmínky v budoucnosti tzv. první podmínku (I will go outside if it doesn’t rain.),
protože se jedná o podmínku reálnou (uskutečnitelnou); místo toho se využívá podmínka
druhá (přítomná), která často vyjadřuje budoucnost průběhovým tvarem -ing (poznámka:
ne každý –ing tvar znamená budoucnost, může se samozřejmě jednat o pouhé trvání děje)
z podstaty podmínkových vět vyplývá, že odkazuje-li sloveso do minulosti (k minulému
ději), používá se tzv. třetí podmínka; pokud však sloveso v mixed conditionals odkazuje do
přítomnosti či budoucnosti (viz výše), používá se tzv. druhá podmínka; odkazuje-li tedy
každá část (věta) souvětí do jiného času logicky i gramaticky (tj. každá z těchto vět
používá jiný typ podmínkové věty = jedna věta obsahuje druhou podmínku a druhá věta
třetí podmínku), je možné nazvat takovéto mixed conditionals pravými:
PAST PRESENT
If I had won the lottery last week, I would be rich.
PRESENT PAST
If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
PAST FUTURE
If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining
us tomorrow.
FUTURE PAST
If I weren’t going on a business trip next week, I would have accepted
that new assignment at work.
schematicky lze tyto pravé mixed conditionals znázornit takto:
SAW TELL druhý kondicionál
If I it, I WOULD you.
HAD SEEN HAVE TOLD třetí kondicionál
kromě pravých mixed conditionals, kde v jednom souvětí dochází ke kombinacím druhé a třetí
podmínky, je možné vydělit i nepravé mixed conditionals, které jsou „mixed“ pouze logicky,
nikoliv však gramaticky; jedná se o to, že jedna část věty odkazuje do přítomnosti a druhá
36
do budoucnosti, avšak jak již bylo řečeno výše, gramaticky se pro vyjádření nereálné
přítomnosti i budoucnosti využívá druhá podmínka; tudíž se jedná o čistou druhou
podmínku (tj. minulý čas po If, v hlavní větě pak would s přítomným infinitivem):
PRESENT FUTURE
If I didn’t have so much vacation time, I wouldn’t be going with
you on the cruise to Alaska next week.
FUTURE PRESENT
If Sandy were giving a speech tomorrow, she would be very nervous.
Mixed Conditional Patterns
PAST PRESENT
Examples:
• If I had won the lottery, I would be rich.
BUT I DIDN’T WIN THE LOTTERY IN THE PAST AND I AM NOT RICH NOW.
• If I had taken French in high school, I would have more job opportunities.
BUT I DIDN’T TAKE FRENCH IN HIGH SCHOOL AND I DON’T HAVE MANY JOB OPPORTUNITIES.
• If she had been born in the United States, she wouldn’t need a visa to work here.
BUT SHE WASN’T BORN IN THE UNITED STATES AND SHE DOES NEED A VISA NOW TO WORK HERE.
PAST FUTURE
Examples:
• If she had signed up for the ski trip last week, she would be joining us tomorrow.
BUT SHE DIDN’T SIGN UP FOR THE SKI TRIP LAST WEEK AND SHE ISN’T GOING TO JOIN US TOMORROW.
• If Mark had got the job instead of Joe, he would be moving to Shanghai.
BUT MARK DIDN’T GET THE JOB AND MARK IS NOT GOING TO MOVE TO SHANGHAI.
• If Darren hadn’t wasted his Christmas bonus gambling in Las Vegas, he would go
to Mexico with us next month.
BUT DARREN WASTED HIS CHRISTMAS BONUS GAMBLING IN LAS VEGAS AND HE WON’T GO TO
MEXICO WITH US NEXT MONTH.
PRESENT PAST
Examples:
• If I were rich, I would have bought that Ferrari we saw yesterday.
BUT I AM NOT CURRENTLY RICH AND THAT IS WHY I DIDN’T BUY THE FERRARI YESTERDAY.
• If Sam spoke Russian, he would have translated the letter for you.
BUT SAM DOESN’T SPEAK RUSSIAN AND THAT IS WHY HE DIDN’T TRANSLATE THE LETTER.
• If I didn’t have to work so much, I would have gone to the party last night.
BUT I HAVE TO WORK A LOT AND THAT IS WHY I DIDN’T GO TO THE PARTY LAST NIGHT.
PRESENT FUTURE
Examples:
• If I didn’t have so much vacation time, I wouldn’t go with you on the cruise to
Alaska next week.
BUT I DO HAVE A LOT OF VACATION TIME AND I WILL GO ON THE TRIP NEXT WEEK.
• If Cindy were more creative, the company would send her to New York to work on
the new advertising campaign.
BUT CINDY IS NOT CREATIVE AND THE COMPANY WON’T SEND HER TO NEW YORK TO WORK ON THE
NEW CAMPAIGN.
• If Dan weren’t so nice, he wouldn’t be tutoring you in math tonight.
BUT DAN IS NICE AND HE IS GOING TO TUTOR YOU TONIGHT.
37
FUTURE PAST
Examples:
• If I weren’t going on my business trip next week, I would have accepted that
new assignment at work.
BUT I AM GOING TO GO ON A BUSINESS TRIP NEXT WEEK, AND THAT IS WHY I DIDN’T ACCEPT THAT
NEW ASSIGNMENT AT WORK.
• If my parents weren’t coming this weekend, I would have planned a nice trip
just for the two of us to Napa Valley.
BUT MY PARENTS ARE GOING TO COME THIS WEEKEND, AND THAT IS WHY I DIDN’T PLAN A TRIP FOR
THE TWO OF US TO NAPA VALLEY.
• If Donna weren’t making us a big dinner tonight, I would have suggested that
we go to that nice Italian restaurant.
BUT SHE IS GOING TO MAKE US A BIG DINNER TONIGHT, AND THAT IS WHY I DIDN’T SUGGEST THAT
WE GO TO THAT NICE ITALIAN RESTAURANT.
FUTURE PRESENT
Examples:
• If I were going to that concert tonight, I would be very excited.
BUT I AM NOT GOING TO GO TO THAT CONCERT TONIGHT AND THAT IS WHY I AM NOT EXCITED.
• If Sandy were giving a speech tomorrow, she would be very nervous.
BUT SANDY IS NOT GOING TO GIVE A SPEECH TOMORROW AND THAT IS WHY SHE IS NOT NERVOUS.
• If Seb didn’t come with us to the desert, everyone would be very disappointed.
BUT SEB WILL COME WITH US TO THE DESERT AND THAT IS WHY EVERYONE IS SO HAPPY.
Grammar exercises II
1. Finish each sentence with the correct form of the verbs in brackets so that it
means the same as the original sentence.
1. She will take care of the children for us next weekend because her business trip was
canceled.
But, she (take, not) would not be taking care of the children for us next weekend if her
business trip (be, not) had not been canceled.
2. Tom is not going to come to dinner tomorrow because you insulted him yesterday.
But, he (come) ___________________ if you (insult, not) ________________
him.
3. Marie is unhappy because she gave up her career when she got married.
But, Marie (be) __________________ happy if she (give, not) ______________
up her career when she got married.
4. Dr. Mercer decided not to accept the research grant at Harvard because he is going to
take six months off to spend more time with his family.
But, Dr. Mercer (accept) ___________________ the research grant at Harvard if he
(take, not) _________________ six months off to spend more time with his family.
5. Professor Schmitz talked so much about the Maasai tribe because she is an expert on
African tribal groups.
But, Professor Schmitz (talk, not) __________________ so much about the Maasai
tribe if she (be, not) ______________________ an expert on African tribal groups.
38
6. I am unemployed because I had a disagreement with my boss and I was fired.
But, I (be, not) ______________ unemployed if I (have, not) _______________
a disagreement with my boss and I (be, not) __________________ fired.
7. Nicole speaks Chinese fluently because she lived in China for ten years.
But, Nicole (speak, not) __________________________ Chinese fluently if she
(live, not) __________________________ in China for ten years.
8. I will not help you study for your test because you have spent the last two weeks
partying and wasting time.
But, I (help) _________________________ you study for your test if you (spend,
not) __________________________ the last two weeks partying and wasting time.
9. Eleanor and Ben are not going skiing with us this year because Eleanor just had a baby.
But, Eleanor and Ben (go) _________________________ skiing with us this year if
Eleanor (have, not, just) _________________________ a baby.
10. I am completely exhausted, so I will not go with you to the movies tonight.
But, if I (be, not) _________________________________ completely exhausted,
I (go) ____________________________ with you to the movies tonight.
11. She is not worried about the conference tomorrow because she is not giving a speech.
But, she (be) ______________________________ worried about the conference
tomorrow if she (give) _________________________ a speech.
12. Frank is not going to the graduation ceremony because he broke his leg snowboarding
last week.
But, Frank (go) ___________________________ to the graduation ceremony if he
(break, not) _________________________ his leg snowboarding last week.
13. They are not releasing the prisoner next month because there was so much public
opposition to his release.
But, they (release) _____________________________ the prisoner next month if
there (be, not) __________________________ so much opposition to his release.
14. The hotels filled up months in advance because the festival is going to include jazz
artists from around the globe.
But, the hotels (fill, not) _________________________ up months in advance if
the festival (include, not) ______________________________ jazz artists from
around the globe.
39
15. We are not worried about the recent string of robberies in the neighborhood because
the police have started regularly patrolling the area.
But, we (be) _________________ worried about the recent string of robberies in the
neighborhood if the police (start, not) ______________ regularly patrolling the area.
2. Rewrite the following sentences so that they mean the same as the original
ones.
1. I didn’t finish my studies five years ago and therefore I can’t be working in a
multinational company now..
If __________________________________________________________,
I __________________________________________________________.
2. The company isn’t owned by Americans so we couldn’t get the order from the American
government last week.
If __________________________________________________________,
we _________________________________________________________.
3. The students didn’t study harder and That’s why they aren’t going for a trip to England
next month.
If __________________________________________________________,
they ________________________________________________________.
4. I was developing my language skills in the past year so I am eligible now for the study
program in USA.
If __________________________________________________________,
I __________________________________________________________.
5. Mary isn’t as clever as Jill so she was fooled by Jack last night.
If _________________________, she _____________________________.
3. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Kdybych začal studovat o rok dříve, mohl bych příští rok získat práci v zahraničí.
____________________________________________________________
2. Všechny bych vás včera odvezl domů, kdybych vlastnil větší auto.
____________________________________________________________
3. Kdyby generální ředitel zítra neodjížděl do Kanady, mohli jsme včera jít dřív domů.
____________________________________________________________
4. V současné době bychom mohli koupit našeho konkurenta, kdybychom loni neutrpěli
ztrátu.
____________________________________________________________
5. Dnes bych měl milióny, kdybych byl správně investoval ty vyhrané peníze!
____________________________________________________________
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI2A
Unit 10 – Energy
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
odhady zmenšujících se zásob ropy – _________________________________________
průkazné provozní náklady jaderné elektrárny – _________________________________
nedokonalý scénář udržitelného rozvoje – _____________________________________
odkázaný na spotřebu neobnovitelných zdrojů – ________________________________
zastaralé nešetrné (agresivní) těžební techniky – __________________________________
přejít na hojnou solární a příbojovou energii – __________________________________
poptávka předstihující nabídku – ____________________________________________
snížit emise skleníkových plynů – ____________________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. a large-scale disruption in electric power supply, loss of light, power, or communications:
2. a situation or state when people are able to buy a product because it does not cost too much
money:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
ENVIRONMENT, TIDAL ENERGY, LEGACY,
RENTAL RETURNS, DEPLETION, TRANSMISSION
1. The __________________________ of oil resources will bring our civilization close to a
disaster.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. Boosting property values will result in higher __________________________________.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. One day we’ll be able to use methods such as satellite power ______________________ to
the Earth.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
ABANDON, SHRINK, SOAR, USE UP,
SURMISE, AFFECT, CEASE, INTERRUPT
1. John was directly _________________________ by the construction of the new factory.
2. The EU has decided ____________________________ the policy of penalizing member
states.
3. Unfortunately, supplies of electricity were often ______________________________ by
power cuts.
4. Scientists in general __________________________ that the planet will become warmer
soon.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. The judge was _____________________________ when deciding the complicated case.
(PART)
2. This architecture is very practical and also _______________________________. (ART)
3. When prices of new products are _____________________________ high, people can’t
buy them. (PROHIBIT)
4. The increasing petroleum consumption is very _________________________________
worldwide. (NOTICE)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. All the study results were taken ________ granted by everybody.
2. NASA will conduct a research ________ the possibility of flying to Mars.
3. Oil reserves will probably be used ________ in 20 to 30 years.
4. A steep rise ________ the price of oil could be devastating.
5. Let’s get Mary ________ the energy consumption research, she’ll do it.
6. Europe will soon have to compensate ________ the oil it imports from Russia.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones: (2 points each)
1. I didn’t accept the job last year and therefore I can’t go for a business trip to Alaska now.
If I _____________________________, I _________________________________ now.
2. The machine won’t keep making the noise if you turn it off.
The machine __________________________ unless ____________________________.
3. Jane didn’t marry Paul in the past because she is always so indecisive.
Jane _______________________________ if she _______________________________.
4. If economists had known about the crisis, the economy would be in a better condition now.
Had ___________________________________________________________________.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
The problem of increasing energy consumption __________________________ (CAN, not,
SOLVE) countries individually. Citizens of these countries ___________________________
________________________ (SHOULD, MAKE, governments, THINK) it and try to find
a solution. Austria, for example, ________________________________________ (AVOID,
CONSIDER, RUN) a nuclear power station for many years but the shortage of electricity
____________________________________ (soon, FORCE, they, START) a public debate
about this option. Especially if countries like Russia _________________________________
(likely, THREATEN, USE) their energetic potential as a way of influencing Europe’s policy.
It ___________________________________ (no use, WAIT) a miracle here, we have to act
quickly. It is true that if Norway __________________________ (DECIDE, JOIN) the EU
in 1995, Europe ____________________________________ (CAN, RISK, HAVE) a much
stricter policy towards Russia now. So these countries will surely make every effort _________
______________________________ (POSTPONE, BE, dependent) energy from abroad
because they ______________________________________________ (CAN’T, AFFORD,
THREATEN) their economies.
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. Veronica would definitely tell us the answer if she _________________.
A: were here B: was here
C: had studied for the exam D: can speak
2. If I _____________ you, I _____________ the unknown food.
A: was ... would never eat B: were ... would have never eaten
C: were ... would never have eaten D: were ... would never eat
3. ____________ oil had never been discovered.
A: If only B: I wish
C: Only if D: Provided that
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Zastánci využívání fosilních paliv nadsazují údaje o odhadech světových zásob ropy a plynu a
nepřipouštějí, že se tyto zásoby ztenčují; propagují také jadernou energii a vůbec se nezaměřují
na záležitost uložení jaderného odpadu. Podporují rozvoj nealternativních zdrojů a tvrdí, že
větrná, vodní, solární ani přílivová energie nebudou schopny pokrýt (vyrovnávat) naše vzrůstající
požadavky, což povede k situaci, kdy většina zboží bude cenově nedostupná a neekonomická.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
42
Unit 11 – GOING PUBLIC
Coursebook, page 95, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
2. to ________ _______ = to ask somebody not to interfere with your business (par 1)
3.
the ______________
_____________ =
here: a small group of investors that were given a special
honor or advantage for some reason (par 2)
4. _________________ =
an amount of money that is paid to somebody for selling
goods or services and which usually increases with the
quantity they sell (par 2)
5.
BrE ______________ =
AmE _____________ =
here: a dishonest or illegal way of getting money; a
dishonest business or practice, especially one that obtains
money through fraud or extortion (par 3 BrE + par 4 AmE)
6. _________________ =
someone who risks loss or injury in the hope of gain or
excitement (par 4)
7. _________________ =
here: a company whose business is buying and selling
things, for example, shares, etc., for other people (par 4)
8. _________________ =
here: a person that buys and sells things, for example
shares, bonds, etc., for other people (par 4)
9. _________________ =
a general term for shares in companies, especially ordinary
shares (par 4)
10.
AmE _____________ =
BrE ______________ =
a return of a percentage of a sum of money already received,
typically as a result of pressure or a secret agreement;
money paid illegally to somebody who has helped you do
something or gain an advantage (par 4)
11. to _________ ______ = to include, especially among those profiting (par 4)
13. to _______________ =
to market or promote (a commodity) using intensive or
exaggerated publicity (par 5)
14. _________________ =
false appearance; pretense; a statement that is different
from reality and hides the truth about something (par 5)
15. to _______________ =
to go around or avoid (an obstacle) by using an alternative
channel, passage, or route (par 6)
16. _________________ =
acting in secret to achieve a fraudulent, illegal, or deceitful
goal (par 6)
18. _______ ____ _____ = an idiom expressing the act of believing or trusting in
something intangible or incapable of being proved (par 6)
43
19. to _______________ = to cause a friend to become unfriendly or hostile (par 6)
20. to ________ _______ =
to go after someone or to pursue them relentlessly so as to
overcome or destroy them (par 6)
21. _________________ =
a country, person, or group with an agreement to help and
support another one (par 6)
22.
__________ ________
_________ _______ =
an idiom meaning that being clever and intelligent will
prevail over (or win against) power or force (par 7)
23. to _______________ =
to take the place of something; to displace and substitute
for something (par 7)
24. _________________ =
being able to face and deal with danger or fear without
fear; fearless (par 7)
27. to _______________ =
to bet on an uncertain outcome; to take a risk in the hope
of gaining a benefit (par 7)
28. to _______________ =
to think deeper, faster, or more brightly than someone else
(par 7)
29. to _______________ =
to gain a tactical advantage over (a competitor, for
example); to do better than an opponent by gaining an
advantage over them (par 7)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What was the traditional (or pre-Google) procedure if a company wanted to go public?
____________________________________________________________
2. What is Page’s and Brin’s strategy for the IPO? Who are their potential buyers?
____________________________________________________________
3. Why was it impossible for Bill Gates or Steve Jobs to act like Page and Brin when they
wanted to go public?
____________________________________________________________
4. Who were the usual buyers of equities and what did they pay the brokerage firms for?
____________________________________________________________
5. Why did the cartel start falling apart in the late 1990s and whose fault was it?
____________________________________________________________
44
6. What might be the outcome of the application of Page’s and Brin’s logic to the IPO
industry?
____________________________________________________________
7. Why is it possible for Google to avoid using Wall Street and what are Google’s founders
relying on?
____________________________________________________________
8. Explain the two principles Google is based on in simple English.
____________________________________________________________
Coursebook, page 96, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Jonathan thinks that the Google IPO wasn’t very successful even if they did (1) _________
(2) ___________ dollars from the (3) ___________ of almost 20m (4) ___________,
because originally Google had thought the IPO would bring in almost (5) ___________
dollars. If you compare the price they actually sold for with what the firm had (6) __________,
then it’s obvious that it didn’t really work out that well. He also thinks that the
(7) ___________ (8) ___________ made some mistakes, which is the reason why they
didn’t make their (9) ______________. One of them was the (10) ________________
of the IPO because summer is not the best time to get the financial (11) ______________
(12) ____________ (13) ____________. Secondly, there was the (14) ____________
concerning the (15) ________________ of their plans – they were never published in
(16) ______________ detail and investors were left in some (17) ______________.
Lastly, the actual process of the (18) ________________ was complicated and instead of
(19) _______________ things it made it more difficult to buy the (20) ____________.
Overall, the Google IPO was a great opportunity for investors.
45
FUTURE FORMS – review & additional information
1. Will
We use will to talk about future events that we see as facts; we also use will to talk about future
beliefs or predictions:
In June we will bring out two new models.
Next year I’ll be 45.
I suppose the company will go bankrupt this year.
Will can be used for instant decisions and thoughts that come into our head at the moment of
speaking:
I’ll wait for you outside.
I’ll phone you tomorrow.
I think I’ll stop now.
2. Going to
We use going to for plans and intentions. These are things we have already decided to do:
I’m going to call Fiona Clarke this afternoon.
We’re going to open a factory in Hungary next year.
We use going to to make predictions when there is some evidence in the present situation:
Be careful! It’s going to fall. (I can see it)
I think we’re going to lose this deal. (I’ve just heard some news)
3. Present continuous
We can use the present continuous tense to talk about things we have arranged to do in the
future, which means that its use is basically the same as the use of going to. However, unlike with
going to, there is nearly always a time expression:
Ann is leaving tomorrow morning.
HSBC are moving to new premises next year.
The arrangements are often social arrangements or appointments:
What are you doing on Tuesday afternoon?
I’m seeing Jack at two, and after that I’m meeting my bank manager.
Going to can suggest that the details of the arrangement have not been finalized. The present
continuous can suggest that the arrangement is more fixed, with a time and a place:
I’m going to meet him next week. (just a plan — time and place are still unknown)
I’m meeting him at ten in my office. (a definite, fixed arrangement)
4. Future continuous
The future continuous describes an activity in progress in the future. We often use it when we
compare what we are doing now with what we will be doing in the future. There is nearly always
a time expression:
Next year I’ll be working in our Sao Paulo office.
Where will you be working in six months’ time?
The future continuous is often used to say that something will definitely happen:
We’ll be holding a meeting soon, so we can make a decision then.
46
5. Present simple (or continuous)
We often use the present simple (or present continuous) when we talk about events in the future
based on a fixed timetable, programme or calendar:
Jim’s plane leaves (is leaving) at 12.15.
Our boss retires (is retiring) next year.
6. Future perfect
The future perfect is formed with will + have + past participle:
By the time I retire, I will have been in banking for over thirty years.
We use the future perfect to look back from one point in the future to an earlier event or
period of time. We often use by or by the time with the future perfect. What we are saying is that
“until some time in the future, something will happen”:
By the time we prepare our proposal they’ll have found another supplier.
By the end of the year we’ll have sold around 1,000 units.
It is common to use a simple will form in place of the future perfect, although some people think
this is not grammatically correct:
By the time we’ve prepared our proposal they’ll find another supplier.
By the end of the year we’ll sell around 1,000 units.
We use the continuous form of the future perfect to look back from one point in the future
at an activity in progress:
Next year we’ll have been manufacturing the same model for ten years.
7. Was going to
Was/were going to is not a future form. We use it to refer to something that we planned in
the past but did not do:
I’m sorry, I was going to phone you this morning, but I had to see one of our clients.
8. Other future forms
TO BE BOUND TO DO
Something that is bound to happen will almost certainly happen:
If you have problems at home, it is bound to affect your work.
The kids are out late, so of course she is bound to worry.
TO BE ABOUT TO DO
Be about to is a less common form of the future and means that the speaker is on the point of
doing (starting) something at that very moment:
I'm sorry sir, you can’t come in now because I’m about to close my shop.
TO BE TO DO
To be to is used to talk about formal or official arrangements, formal instructions, and to
give orders:
You are to stay here until I send for you.
The ceremony is to take place in the garden.
47
Grammar exercises
1. Match sentences 1-6 with their uses a)–f).
a) a future fact d) a future plan or intention
b) an opinion about the future e) a prediction with evidence in the present situation
c) an instant decision f) a future arrangement
1. I’m going to ask my boss for a pay rise next week. __d__
2. I’m sorry to hear that. I’ll find out what the problem is right now. _____
3. I’m sorry, but I won’t be here tomorrow. I’ll be in Paris. _____
4. I’m meeting Angela for lunch. Do you want to join us? _____
5. Their share price will probably rise when the market recovers. _____
6. With so much competition it’s going to be difficult to increase sales. _____
2. Underline the correct words in each mini-dialogue.
1. A: Are you free next Tuesday morning?
B: Sorry, I’ll have/I’m having a meeting with Sue.
2. A: What are your plans for next year?
B: We’ll open/We’re going to open a new factory in Hungary.
A: That sounds interesting.
3. A: What do you think about their new marketing campaign?
B: I think it’ll probably succeed/it’s probably succeeding.
A: Do you really?
4. A: What about tomorrow at around five thirty?
B: OK, I’ll see you then./I’m seeing you then.
5. A: So as you can see, I’ve been thinking about this problem quite a lot.
B: Yes, I see. So, what are you going to do?/what are you doing?
A: Resign!
6. A: It would be nice to see you next week.
B: Yes, it would. Are you doing anything/Will you do anything on Wednesday?
A: No, I’m free.
3. Underline the correct words.
1. Tomorrow I’ll interview/I’ll be interviewing candidates all morning.
2. We will have moved/will be moving to our new premises in August.
3. We will have moved/will be moving to our new premises by August.
4. What time does your train/will your train leave?
5. Don’t forget to turn off the lights before you are leaving/you leave.
6. We can’t send the goods until we’ve received/we will receive a firm order.
7. We will be repaying/will have repaid the bank loan by December.
8. Unless they’re/they’ll be more reasonable, we’ll have to break off negotiations.
9. I was going to write/was writing to them, but I forgot.
10. I hope/I will hope to be able to speak at the press conference myself.
11. Our visitors are due to arrive/due arriving at 10.30.
12. I hope I won’t/I don’t hope I’ll be late for the meeting.
13. I think I won’t/I don’t think I’ll be late for the meeting.
14. When the contract is/will be ready, I’ll let you know.
15. Will we/Shall we break for coffee now?
16. Sorry, I can’t speak now, I’ll just have/I’m just about to have a meeting.
48
4. Fill the gaps with the correct form of to be bound to, to be about to or to be to.
1. It’s been decided that the students ____________ take the exam at 3 p.m.
2. Look at the plane! It ____________ take off.
3. We have to spot talking as the presentation ____________ begin.
4. The boss is leaving for Canada. I think she ____________ enjoy her stay there.
5. None of you ____________ leave the room before the police come.
6. The performance ____________ begin tomorrow at 7 p.m.
7. Mary is so forgetful! In my opinion, she ____________ forget about the party tonight.
8. I’ll come down in a minute. I ____________ quit studying.
9. The teacher has told me that I ____________ sit here for an hour.
10. If the students fail the exam, they ____________ ask you for a re-take.
5. Complete this dialogue by putting each of the verbs in brackets into the future.
Choose between will and going to. Sometimes either answer may be possible, but
decide which form is the most natural. Use contractions where possible.
JOANNA: Please, come in, have a seat. Would you like a drink? Coffee? Mineral water?
GREG: Oh, I (1)’ll have (have) a coffee please.
JOANNA: Lucy ... could you make two coffees? (sighs) Well, thanks for coming this morning. I
(2) ________________ (tell) you why I asked you here. Um, as you know, there
(3) ________________ (be) some big changes in the company. In fact, we
(4) ____________________ (restructure) the whole department.
GREG: Yes, I know. When (5) ____________________ (it/happen)?
JOANNA: Everything (6) _______________ (be) finished by the summer. Um, the thing is,
under the new structure your job (7) ________________ (probably/disappear).
GREG: Really? Is that certain?
JOANNA: Well, we (8) _____________ (have) a meeting next week to finalize all the plans,
and of course I (9) ________________ (let) you know what we decide. Anyway,
you don’t have to worry.
GREG: Oh?
(coffee arrives)
JOANNA: Well, as I was saying, you don’t have to worry. We (10) _______________ (offer)
you a new job. You (11) ________________ (have) more responsibility, and the
salary (12) ________________ (be) much better.
GREG: That’s wonderful, thank you very much. What exactly (13) _________________
(the new job/involve)?
JOANNA: Well, we (14) __________________ (expand) the whole customer services area.
If you accept the job, you (15) _________________ (be) responsible for the new
team. Um, it (16) _________________ (mean) a lot more work, of course. What
do you think?
GREG: It sounds great, but I (17) ______________ (need) a day or two to think about it.
JOANNA: Of course, no problem. Look, I (18) __________________ (not/be) in the office
for the next few days — I (19) ____________________ (visit) our subsidiary in
Hungary. (20) ________________ (you/have) an answer for me by next week?
GREG: Yes, I (21) _________________ (give) you my decision on Monday.
49
6. An economist has prepared a short report about his country next year. Read it,
then choose the correct alternative from A, B, C or D below to complete the report.
12 month economic forecast
The Central Bank (1) c keep interest rates low next year in order to stimulate economic growth, and so
we (2) ______ the economy to continue growing at about 4%. This means that unemployment
(3) ______ in most sectors of the economy next year. Exchange rates are very difficult to predict, but
the currency (4) ______ remain stable.
Some important events are (5) ______ take place in the political field. The president (6) ______ call
elections within the next twelve months, and so by the middle of next year the election campaign
(7) ______. The government (8) ______ on a platform of honesty and competence, and it
(9) ______ introduce reforms to the legal system so that judges can investigate the misuse of public
funds more easily. When that (10) ______ international investor confidence should increase rapidly.
1 A is wanting to B is liking to C would like to D due to
2 A predict B expect C believe D hope
3 A will be fallen B will been falling C will falling D will fall
4 A probably will B will probably C probably is D is probably
5 A about to B soon C being D expecting
6 A dues to B due to C is due to D is duing to
7 A will have begun B will be begun C has begun D will begin
8 A will be fought B will be fighting C will fighting D will have fight
9 A is planning B planning to C is planned to D is planning to
10 A happening B will happen C happens D happen
7. The Human Resources Manager of a large company is explaining the appraisal
system to a group of new employees. Complete his talk by putting the verbs in
brackets into the right tense. Choose between the present simple (I do), future
continuous (I’ll be doing), future perfect (I’ll have done) and was going to.
‘Your appraisal interviews (1) are (be) in March. Er, I’m sorry, they (2) _______________
(be) in February but we had to postpone them. Sorry about that. Um, during February your line
managers (3) _____________________ (collect) all the information they need from you, and
by the time you meet for the interview, they (4) ___________________ (produce) a checklist
of points for discussion.
Right. Um, in the interview you (5) _____________________ (discuss) your performance
during the past year and any issues relating to your future needs, er, such as training. By the end
of the meeting I hope that you and your line managers (6) ___________________ (agree) on
your personal objectives for next year, both in terms of sales targets and professional
development. Is that clear? Yep, OK, good. Of course there is some flexibility in the targets, in
case anything (7) ____________________ (happen) to the market that we cannot predict.
We may also have a budget for you to do some training, after you (8) ___________________
(come) back from your summer holidays but before work (9) _____________________ (get)
really busy in September. Is that OK? Yeah. Good.
After that, the next time that we all (10) ____________________ (meet) again will be in
October, when I’d like some feedback on your training, as by then any courses that you do
(11) _________________ (finish). Is that OK? Yeah. I (12) ___________________ (send)
you feedback forms nearer the time. Well, er, unless you (13) ____________________ (have)
any questions, I think that’s all. Oh, no. Er, yes — I (14) _______________ (have) a word with
you about your holiday plans, but you probably don’t know them yet. Could you email me with
your request as soon as you know them.’
50
8. Complete the sentences by putting the verbs in brackets into the most appropriate
future form. Choose between will, going to and the present continuous.
1. Have you heard the news? Vivendi is going to buy (buy) Seagram.
2. I _________________ (meet) Andrea at nine next Thursday morning outside the station.
3. I’ve just had a call from Richard – he _________________ (be) late.
4. Next year _________________ (be) the company’s centenary year.
5. This taxi driver is terrible. He _________________ (have) an accident.
6. In the future video-conferences _________________ (probably replace) many
international meetings.
7. We _________________ (test) the new machine sometime next week.
8. I _________________ (go) to Manchester on Friday.
9. Would you mind waiting for a moment? I _________________ (not be) long.
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI2A
Unit 11 – Going public
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
jednoduše řečeno – __________________________________________________________
podat lepší výkon (1 word) než poradenská agentura – __________________________________
troufalá a podvodná provize (legální) – _____________________________________________
uplatnit opci na akcie a splatit dluhy – _____________________________________________
mít zaručeny rychlé zisky – _____________________________________________________
znepřátelit si zkorumpovaného kupujícího – ________________________________________
mít monopol na upisování kmenových akcií – _______________________________________
poukázat na podobnosti mezi internetovými vyhledávači – ______________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. the act of forming a new, independent company from part of an existing one; a company
formed in this way:
2. an official financial record that gives details of all a company’s income and expenses for a
particular period and shows if it has made a profit or a loss:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
CRACKS, PROSPECTUS, VALUATION,
CASUALTIES, KICKBACK, DEMISE
1. The accumulated debts resulted in the final ______________________________ of our
company.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. There were many _____________________________ of the dotcom crash in late 1990s.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. It’s illegal and unethical to accept a ____________________________ for any service we
provide.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
SLUMP, PEAK, HYPE, BYPASS,
DISCLOSE, REVOLUTIONIZE, OUTBID, RUMOUR
1. Prices of shares of internet companies have _____________________ to their minimum.
2. Auction participant number 17 finally ________________________ its biggest opponent
yesterday.
3. Nokia’s new impulses _______________________ the mobile phone market.
4. You can ________________________ paying a commission to a stockbroker by holding a
public auction.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. Yahoo’s shares were worth $98 ____________________________ last Friday. (PIECE)
2. It’s absolutely _______________________________ that Microsoft would go bankrupt.
(CONCEIVE)
3. The ___________________________ of confidential financial information can hurt our
firm. (DISCLOSE)
4. The CEO has led the company through _________________________________ crises.
(NUMBER)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. The government’s measures have to comply _________ the EU’s regulations.
2. There’s no way I could offer you the stock _________ a discount.
3. Our firm has embarked _________ a long but hopefully successful journey.
4. I tried to bid _________ my rival but finally I didn’t have enough money.
5. I think we should hold a vote _________ the issue of employing foreigners.
6. Investors usually start trading _________ the exchange at 9 a.m.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones; try to use the
most suitable future form: (2 points each)
1. The boss has decided that the new computers will have to be checked by the IT staff.
The boss has decided that the new computers are ____________________ by the IT staff.
2. Brokers will try to sell your shares. On Monday next week.
The brokers __________________________________ your shares on Monday next week.
3. Will the company be sold? By January next year?
______________________________________________________ by January next year?
4. In July 2011 I will celebrate 10 years of working in this company.
I ________________________________________ 10 years in this company by July 2011.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
Going public can _________________________________ (ENABLE, a company, RAISE)
the necessary capital. But before the existing owners ________________________________
(BEGIN, CONSIDER, SELL) part of their stakes, they should ______________________
_________________________ (prepared, FOCUS, MAXIMIZE) the company’s value first.
Future shareholders will ______________________________ (interested, LEARN) as much
as possible about the firm’s financial position. Also, if a chosen strategy _________________
__________________________ (URGE, buyers, PURCHASE) shares is well-chosen, it will
be much easier ______________________________________ (MAKE, they, FIND OUT)
everything about the perspective IPO. Sometimes it is good __________________________
__________________ (RISK, TAKE OVER) a bigger competitor but one never knows what
will happen afterwards. ______________________________________ (GET USED, USE)
a new brand can be quite difficult for the original staff too. Nevertheless, this has to be done if
the company ___________________________________________ (SEEM, THREATEN)
the lack of available capital for expansion. Therefore shareholders ______________________
________________________ (URGE, managers, KEEP) the company’s cash-flow positive.
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. The teacher ________________ about three topics in her presentations.
A: will talk B: will be talking
C: will have talked D: is going to talk
2. I can’t do anything else as I’m very tired. I ________________ fall asleep.
A: am to fall B: am about to fall
C: am bound to fall D: am falling
3. My brother ________________ for ten years next April.
A: is going to be married B: is married
C: will have been married D: will be married
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Nadcházející primární emise akcií (1 word) nových makléřských firem nepochybně způsobí
nadhodnocení ceny akcií takových společností; přehnaně optimistické prognózy předpokládají,
že zájem investorů je udrží v popředí po dlouhou dobu. Na druhou stranu pokud zavedené
firmy nevylepší v dalším čtvrtletí finanční výsledky, budou čelit tlaku akcionářů, aby získaly víc
financí buď zvýšením cen vyráběného zboží, nebo snížením nákladů či dokonce upisováním
dalších akcií.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
53
Unit 12 – COMPETITION
Coursebook, page 102, exercise PREVIEW
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Competition is a (1) ________________ factor for businesses as knowing your position
in relation to your rivals is (2) ______________. This has become a (3) ____________
(4) ________________ for many firms. To find it out, there are various ways you can
approach it: one of the (5) ________________ (6) _______________ is based on
Michael Porter’s theory. He claims there are five (7) ________________ forces affecting
a company’s (8) ________________ position. If we put this into the form of a
(9) ______________, we would mark several key concepts there: (10) _____________
(11) ________________’, (12) ‘________________ of (13) _______________’ (i.e.
the probability that others will (14) ________________ to enter your sector), ‘power of
(15) ________________’, ‘power of (16) ________________’ (this is quite
(17) ________________ and it just refers to the power both these groups can
(18) _______________ – e.g. if a company is selling to a major (19) ______________
(20) ________________, buyers can (21) ________________ certain conditions on
you while if a supplier depends on one source, they don’t have much room for
(22) ______________), and (23) ‘_______________’ or (24) ‘________________
products’. In practice the theory is helpful as it suggests a number of ways that firms can
build (25) ________________ to prevent others from entering the market. Four of these
ways are important: (26) _______________ (making your product (27) ___________),
(28) ______________ of (29) _____________ (a cost advantage), distribution, and
(30) ________________ costs (making it (31) ________________ expensive for
customers to change to a rival product or service.
54
Coursebook, page 103, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
aware of or knowledgeable about the latest trends or
developments (paragraph 1)
2. to _______________ = get up on; to climb onto something (par 1)
3. _________________ = of a strikingly attractive appearance; impressive (par 1)
4. _________________ =
happening very easily or quickly and not able to be
controlled (par 2)
5. to _________ ______ =
to accept something although it is not exactly what you
want (par 2)
6. _________________ =
a market in which there is little or no competition for a
particular type of product or service, for which there is
limited demand (par 2)
7. to _______________ =
to give (something such as ownership) to someone else,
especially unwillingly or because forced to do so (par 2)
8. _________________ = possible although difficult to imagine (par 3)
9. to _______________ =
to mix a set of playing cards without seeing their values
before beginning a game; to move things from one place to
another, often without any particular reason (par 4)
10. to _______________ =
to take a slight and not very serious interest in a subject;
try a particular activity for a short period (par 4)
11. _________________ =
never having happened or existed in the past; unheard of
(par 4)
12. to _______________ = to be sold in greater quantities than something else (par 5)
13. to _______________ =
to persuade users to change from one product to another
(par 5)
14. _________________ =
having a complete structure or quality; of a complete value
(par 6)
15. _________________ =
computer devices, such as a printer or modem, distinct
from a computer’s central processing unit and working
memory, and often connected externally (par 6)
16. _________________ =
intelligent and making good judgments; characterized by
sharp intelligence, and often a sense of the practical (par 7)
17. to _______________ =
to take parts of something and use them for something else;
to draw revenues from one product in favor of another one
(par 7)
55
18. _________ _______ =
the difference between the cost of buying or producing
something and the price that it is sold for, calculated as a
percentage of the selling price (par 7)
19. to _________ ______ =
to move someone swiftly and smartly out of something
(par 7)
20. _________________ = inactivity, apathy, passivity (par 7)
21. _________________ = in a perfectly consistent and coherent way (par 8)
22. _________________ = profoundly honored (par 8)
23. _________________ = cautious and careful not to take risks (par 9)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What does Mr Jobs typically do every January?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What does the new corporate strategy involve?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What made the challenge possible? How has the market position of iPod developed?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What is the long-lasting problem of Apple and how can it be solved?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What are users expected to do when they buy the Mac mini?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What are the two risks that are minimized by leaving out the peripherals?
_____________________________________________________________
56
7. What else will support the growth of Apple’s products in the near future?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What is Pixar, what is Mr Jobs’s relationship to this company, and what can you say
about his understanding of entertainment?
_____________________________________________________________
9. What other things did Mr Jobs do that he is described as “more circumspect this time
around”?
_____________________________________________________________
57
TIME CLAUSES – review & additional information
1. Future after time conjunctions
We don’t use “will” in time clauses; instead the present tense is used after the following conjunctions:
when while before after as soon as until (till)
A: What time will you phone me tomorrow?
B: I’ll phone you when I get home from work.
The time in the sentence is future (‘tomorrow’) but we use a present tense (get) in the when-part of
the sentence.
The same applies to the following examples:
We’ll go out when it stops raining. (not ‘when it will stop’)
When you are in London again, you must come and see us. (not ‘when you will be’)
(said to a child) What do you want to be when you grow up? (not ‘will grow’)
The same thing happens after the other conjunctions:
I’m going to read a lot of books while I’m on holiday. (not ‘while I will be’)
I’m going back home on Sunday. Before I go, I’d like to visit the museum.
Wait here until (or till) I come back.
2. Present perfect after time conjunctions
You can also use the present perfect (have done) after when, after, until, as soon as:
Can I borrow that book when you’ve finished it?
Don’t say anything while Ian is here. Wait until he has gone.
It is often possible to use the present simple or the present perfect:
I’ll come as soon as I finish. or I’ll come as soon as I’ve finished.
You’ll feel better after you have or You’ll feel better after you’ve had
something to eat. something to eat.
But do not use the present perfect if two things happen together. The present perfect shows that
one thing will be complete before the other (so the two things do not happen together).
Compare:
When I’ve phoned Kate, we can have dinner.
(= First I’ll phone Kate and after that we can have dinner.)
When I phone Kate this evening, I’ll invite her to the party. (not ‘when I’ve phoned’)
(In this example, the two things happen together.)
3. Time clauses and if
After “if”, we normally use the present simple (if I do / if I see etc.) for the future:
It’s raining hard. We’ll get wet if we go out. (not ‘if we will go’)
Hurry up! If we don’t hurry, we’ll be late.
Compare “when” and “if”: we use when for things which are sure to happen but we use if (not
‘when’) for things that will possibly happen (in this case, it is not a time clause but the first
conditional – see unit 10):
I’m going shopping this afternoon. (for sure) When I go shopping, I’ll buy some food.
I might go shopping this afternoon. (it’s possible) If I go shopping, I’ll buy some food.
If it is raining this evening, I won’t go out. (not ‘when it is raining’)
Don’t worry if I’m late tonight. (not ‘when I’m late’)
If they don’t come soon, I’m not going to wait. (not ‘when they don’t come’)
58
Conditional (and time) clauses do not contain “will” and use the present tense instead; however,
“if” can be also used in an object cluase and in such a case “will” is possible to use:
I will come if I have time. (conditional clause, “will” is not possible)
I don’t know if I will come to the party. (object clause, “will” is possible)
We will see if Jim will arrive tonight.
Grammar exercises
1. Make one sentence from two.
1. You will be in London again. You must come and see us then.
You must come and see us when you are in London again.
2. I’ll find somewhere to live. Then I’ll give you my address.
I ____________________________ when _____________________________.
3. I’ll do the shopping. Then I’ll come straight back home.
_____________________________ after _____________________________.
4. It’s going to start raining. Let’s go home before that.
_____________________________ before ____________________________.
5. She must apologize to me first. I won’t speak to her until then.
_____________________________ until _____________________________.
2. Read the situations and complete the sentences.
1. A friend of yours is going to visit London. You want to know where she is going to stay.
You ask: Where are you going to stay when you are in London?
2. A friend of yours is visiting you. She has to go soon but maybe there’s time for a cup of tea.
You ask: Would you like a cup of tea before ________________________________?
3. Your friend is reading the newspaper. You’d like it after her.
You ask: Can I have the newspaper when __________________________________?
4. You want to sell your car. Jim is interested in buying it but he hasn’t decided yet.
You ask: Can you let me know as soon as __________________________________?
5. There are serious traffic problems in your town but they are building a new road.
You say: I think it will be better when ____________________________________.
3. Put in when or if.
1. Don’t worry _______ I’m late tonight.
2. Tom might phone while I’m out this evening. _______ he does, can you take a message?
3. I’m going to Rome next week. _______ I’m there, I hope to visit a friend of mine.
4. I think Jill will get the job. I’ll be very surprised _______ she doesn’t get it.
5. I’m going shopping. _______ you want anything, I can get it for you.
6. I’m going away for a few days. I’ll phone you _______ I get back.
7. I want you to come to the party but _______ you don’t want to come, that’s all right.
8. We can eat at home or, _______ you prefer, we can go to a restaurant.
59
4. Complete these sentences using the verbs in brackets. All the sentences are about
the future. Use will/won’t or the present simple (I see / he plays / it is etc.).
1. I _________________ (phone) you when I _________________ (get) home from work.
2. I want to see Margaret before she _________________ (go) out.
3. We’re going on holiday tomorrow. I _________________ (tell) you all about it when we
_________________ (come) back.
4. Brian looks very different now. When you ____________________ (see) him again, you
_________________ (not/recognize) him.
5. We must do something soon before it _________________ (be) too late.
6. I don’t want to go without you. I ____________________________ (wait) until you
_________________ (be) ready.
7. Sue has applied for the job but she isn’t very well qualified for it. I _________________ (be)
surprised if she _________________ (get) it.
8. I’d like to play tennis tomorrow if the weather _________________ (be) nice.
9. I’m going out now. If anybody _________________ (phone) while I _______________
(be) out, can you take a message?
5. Finish these sentences with the correct form of the verbs in brackets:
1. Susan plans to go shopping if it ____________ (stop) raining.
2. I have no idea if the teacher ____________ (explain) the theory again next week.
3. Do you happen to know if next year ____________ (be) as bas as this one?
4. They are both leaving for Paris if the boss ____________ (not + have) any objections.
5. I want you to make it clear if we ____________ (not + have to) take the test again.
6. Please, decide quickly if you ____________ (take) a break next week.
7. Jim intends to visit Mary tomorrow if Jack ____________ (not + be) there either.
8. If you ____________ (not + send) the letters tomorrow, the boss might ask you if you
____________ (not + deliver) them personally.
6. Translate the following sentences into English:
1. Vedení firmy nepodpoří fúzi, dokud nebude jasné, jaké budou finanční náklady.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
2. Budeme inzerovat naše služby v časopise Week, pokud bude jejich nabídka přijatelná.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
3. Jakmile začneme investovat více peněz do vědy a výzkumu, bude to pro naše zákazníky a
akcionáře pozitivní signál.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
4. Zákazníci obvykle změní své chování předtím, než je změna daňového systému plně zasáhne.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
5. Poté, co se centrální banka rozhodne, jestli sníží úrokové sazby, budou ratingové agentury
vedět, jaké hodnocení mají dát České republice.
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI2A
Unit 12 – Competition
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
neslýchaná a doslova ohromující kupní síla – ________________________________________
nevyhnutelně se vyvíjející překážky vstupu (do odvětví) – _________________________________
neúnavné usilování o dokonalost – _______________________________________________
úspory z rozsahu díky skulině na trhu – ____________________________________________
neúnavné a neustávající kouzlo poselství – _________________________________________
představitelná úprava ziskových marží – ___________________________________________
narazit na hlubokou oddanost a rivalitu – __________________________________________
postupně přepustit distribuční řetězec podřízeným prodejcům – __________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. the amount of money that a customer needs to spend when they change from one supplier,
system, etc. to another:
2. a situation where a company is in a position to be more successful than its competitors;
something that helps a company be in this position:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases and translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
TRIAL, PRICE TAG, ACCESSORIES,
SETBACKS, VOLUME, COURSE OF ACTION
1. We’ll have to overcome a number of __________________________ before we become
profitable.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. The ____________________________ of orders has exceeded 500 a month, which is an
increase of 27%.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. I hope the firm is able to determine its further ____________________________ in this
difficult time.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
SET ASIDE, FIGHT OFF, CONFESS, ATTEMPT,
ENTITLE, WONDER, WANDER, UNVEIL
1. None of our subordinates _______________________ to sign contracts on behalf of the
firm.
2. Last week IBM finally _______________________ to negotiating a new deal with Apple.
3. Toyota is considering ________________________ its new model at the Frankfurt trade
fair.
4. _______________________ competition is never easy but you can do it by cutting costs.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. We __________________________________ welcome you at our today’s presentation!
(HEART)
2. Your activities may have serious _______________________________ for you, George.
(IMPLY)
3. We don’t have enough people – we are seriously _______________________________.
(STAFF)
4. I think Jack should be ___________________________ to impose the critical decisions.
(POWER)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. Toyota and Honda contest _________ the leading position on the market.
2. The sight _________ my bank statement scared me.
3. We have to sell the production and we’ll do it _________ all costs.
4. Microsoft has to compete _________ Apple on all markets.
5. Nokia now outsells Motorola’s mobile phones _________ volume.
6. The cost _________ production is relatively low in this factory.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones: (2 points each)
1. Greg will buy the shares. The price must go down by 5%.
Greg ________________________ as soon as the _______________________________.
2. Lucy is going to leave for Jamaica. She must be given a visa first.
Lucy __________________________ until ____________________________________.
3. I must finish my studies first. Then I plan to leave the country.
I _____________________________ after ____________________________________.
4. People will withdraw all their savings and FDR Bank is about to go bankrupt.
FDR Bank _____________________ when ____________________________________.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
Whenever Apple _________________________________ (CONSIDER, RISK, EXPAND)
its operations abroad in the previous decade, its biggest opponent, Microsoft, _______________
____________________________ (ATTEMPT, PERSUADE, buyers, not FOCUS) Apple’s
products. It _______________________________________ (INTEND, MAKE, customers,
THINK) that its operation system ______________________________________ (WOULD,
unable, COOPERATE) Apple’s programs. Finally users ______________________________
_______________________ (GET USED, PREFER, OFFER) products by Microsoft rather
than by Apple. However, things _________________________________________ (BEGIN,
CHANGE) recently. Nowadays Apple ____________________________________ (DENY,
REFER) as the “always second” player and the company ______________________________
_______________________________ (ADVISE, computer users, SWITCH) its software and
hardware. It ____________________________________________________ (not, easy, LET,
their systems, WIN) in the future but the preliminary results are promising. Moreover, Apple
________________________________________ (not, BE AFRAID, SUPPORT) additional
devices, such as mobiles or mp3 players.
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. The bank made its biggest losses _____________________ money to unreliable firms.
A: as soon as it has lent B: after it lent
C: when it lends D: whenever it had lent
2. The machine stops making the noise _____________________.
A: when you will turn it off B: as you turned it off
C: once you turn it off D: as soon as you have turned it off
3. We _________________ you by the time the courses _______________.
A: will have called... begin B: are going to call ... began
C: will have called ... begun D: call ... will have begun
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
IBM konečně odhalila své plány uvést v posledním čtvrtletí na zavedený počítačový trh nový
model; tento postup zabrání konkurenci v získání konkurenční výhody. Navíc přiostří soupeření
mezi dominantními výrobci. Výsledkem je, že konkurenti uposlechli radu poradenské firmy a v
zájmu úspor z rozsahu se rozhodli najmout dočasné zaměstnance, aby se vyhnuli podstavu
(zaměstnanců), což by mělo vést ke zvýšení objemu produkce, tržeb i ziskových marží.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
62
Unit 13 – BANKING
Coursebook, page 113, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ =
the practice of providing financial services, such as credit,
savings or insurance to poor people (par 1)
2. _________________ =
money that an organization such as a bank lends and
somebody borrows (par 1)
3. _________________ =
the money that you make in business or by selling things,
especially after paying the costs involved (par 1)
4. _________________ =
the extra money that you have to pay when you borrow
money or the extra money that you receive when you
invest money (par 1)
5. _________________ =
property or something valuable that you promise to give
somebody if you cannot pay back money that you borrow
(par 2)
6. _________________ =
a return to a normal condition; restoration to a former and
better condition (par 2)
7. _________________ = someone who provides credit in business matters (par 2)
8. _________________ =
someone who receives money or credit on the promise to
return it or its equivalent (par 2)
9. ________ ________ =
a record of the loans and payments that somebody has
received and whether they have paid back the amounts
that they owe in the right way (par 2)
10. _________________ = here: allocated; dedicated (par 2)
11. to _______________ = to recognize or admit the truth of a statement (par 3)
12. _________________ =
a business project or activity, especially one that involves
taking risks (par 3)
13. the ______________ = being the second of two persons or things mentioned (par 3)
14. _________________ =
something that is of interest or importance to a person
(par 3)
15. ________ ________ = a survey done or performed at the concrete place (par 4)
16. _________________ =
a part or region that is on the inside; located on the inside;
inner (par 4)
63
17. _________________ =
supplying dry land with water by means of canals, etc.
(par 4)
18. to _______________ =
to require payment for goods or services; to ask (an
amount of money) as a price (par 5)
19. _________________ =
a standard, usually of quality or performance, that other
things can be compared to; a set of rates that are used to
judge the performance of other rates (par 5)
20. _________ _______ =
the cost of borrowing money, usually expressed as a
percentage of the amount borrowed (par 5)
21. _________________ = not yet used or exploited (par 6)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. Why does Mr de Lesseps lend money to poor people in developing countries?
_____________________________________________________________
2. Do the borrowers of microcredits have to provide something in return, and is there any
risk involved for the lender?
_____________________________________________________________
3. What are the statistical figures about loans that are not repaid in developing and
developed countries?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What are the two real goals of Mr de Lesseps’s microfinancing activities? Which of them
should be more important for him?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What does the team do after the arrival in a developing country, and what example is
used to show the success of microfinancing?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What is the local people’s attitude to repaying their microcredit loans?
_____________________________________________________________
64
7. How are the interest rates charged and what do they depend on?
_____________________________________________________________
8. How much of the potential for microfinancing remains unused, and how much would
the market be able to use up?
_____________________________________________________________
Coursebook, page 115, exercise LISTENING 2
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
The alliance has been very interesting for the media because Cazenove has been in
London for 181 years and it is one of the few British (1) _____________ banks. Therefore
people are (2) _____________ to be interested. The deal started when Chase bought
Robert Fleming for (3) _____________ pounds (i.e. (4) _____________ dollars) and
later bought JP Morgan for (5) _____________ dollars. JP Morgan Chase is now paying
(6) _____________ pounds to Cazenove for a half (7) _____________ of the
investment-banking (8) _____________ (9) _____________ and putting in 50 million
pounds of capital and 70 of its (10) _____________. According to the recent press
comments, Cazenove is a (11) _____________ wonderful bank that displays all
(12) ____________ of the City of old and (13) __________ of its (14) ____________,
and its client list is the (15) _____________ of its competitors.
According to a (16) _____________ for JP Morgan, all of Cazenove’s clients are
(17) _____________ about it. It is a good deal for the bank’s (18) _____________ –
and most of them are its employees, who will (19) _____________ control of the business.
They will also see the (20) _____________ of another 230 million pounds of
(21) _____________ from the bank, with the (22) _____________ of a lot more in the
future. After five years, JP Morgan will be able to buy Cazenove out at a price they
set independently. Even though there are some (23) _____________ involved, it is clear
that the American (24) _____________ will benefit from it.
65
REFERENCE WORDS – additional information
1. Determiners
A determiner is a word used in front of a noun to show which thing you mean, or to show the
quantity of something. Determiners include: a, the, my, your,..., this, that, these, those, all,
most, some, any, no, none, much, many, a little, a few, each, every, both, either,
neither, etc.
We do not use a determiner if we are talking generally.
Our/Those/Some computers are expensive. (particular computers)
Computers are a part of everyone’s life. (computers in general)
ALL, MOST, MANY, SOME, A FEW + plural noun
All/most/many/some/a few employees have 25 days’ paid holiday.
They can be also used with the of-phrase; we can also use my, your, etc., in place of the, and we can
use pronouns:
All/most/many/some/a few of the employees have 25 days’ paid holiday.
All/most/many/some/a few of our employees have 25 days’ paid holiday.
All/most/many/some/a few of them have 25 days’ paid holiday.
Only “all” can be used without the of-phrase, followed by “the” or no article:
All the employees have 25 days’ paid holiday. (NOT Most the ... /Many the ... etc.)
We can use all + subject + verb to mean ‘everything’ or ‘the only thing’:
That’s all I know about it. (all = everything)
All we need is a signature. (all = the only thing)
Before an uncountable noun similar structures are possible; we use much in place of many,
a little in place of a few, and it for the pronoun.
All/most/much/some/a little of the information in this report is useful.
All/most/much/some/a little of it is useful.
With singular nouns we do not use the words above, except for a few special expressions:
all day, all night
BOTH, EITHER, NEITHER
Both means ‘the one and the other’. It can be used in various structures; if it is in the subject of a
sentence, the verb is always plural (because it refers to more tham one thing):
Both emails are important.
Both the emails are important.
Both of the emails are important.
Both of them are important.
The emails are both important.
I’ve read them both/both of them.
Either means ‘the one or the other’. Neither means ‘not the one or the other’. They are followed
by a singular verb; the verb after neither is not negative because neither is negative by itself:
Monday or Tuesday? Yes, either day is fine.
Yes, either of the days is fine.
I’m sorry but neither day is convenient.
Neither of the days is convenient. (NOT Neither day is not...)
66
NO, NONE
No is used with a singular noun, plural noun or uncountable noun:
No employee has more than 25 days’ paid holiday.
No new ideas were put forward at the meeting.
There was no useful information in the report.
We do not use no if there is another negative word. In this case we use any:
We haven’t dismissed any employees. (NOT We haven’t dismissed no employees.)
We do not use no of. Instead, we use none of or none on its own as a pronoun:
None of the employees have more than 25 days’ paid holiday.
None have more than 25 days’ paid holiday.
To emphasize the idea of none we can use None at all or Not one or Not a:
A: How many people came? B: None at all!/Not one!/Not a single person!
If you want to use none of, it has to include three or more things; if you are talking only about
two things, you have to use neither of:
I like none of the twelve months of a year. (twelve is more than two)
I want to talk about neither of my parents. (as I have only two parents)
EACH, EVERY
The meaning of each and every is similar and often either word is possible. They are both followed
by a singular noun. We use each when we think of the members of a group as individuals, one
by one. It is more usual with smaller groups and can mean only two:
Make sure that each parcel has a label. (every single parcel should have a label)
We use every when we think of all the members together, and it is usual with a larger number:
Sales have increased every year for the last five years.
I believe every word he says.
We can use each of, but we cannot use every of:
Each of the parcels needs a label. NOT Every of the parcels needs a label.
Each can be used after the subject, or at the end of a sentence:
The parcels each need a label.
The parcels need a label each.
ANOTHER, OTHER, THE OTHER, OTHERS, THE OTHERS
Another = one more or an extra thing; it can also mean a different thing; it is always used with a
singular noun:
I’ll have another drink. Let’s not discuss it, it’s another issue.
Other = a different (thing or things); it is used with plural nouns when talking generally:
Other people are more stupid than you. Let’s focus on other things.
The other = the different (thing or things); it is used with singular or plural nouns when talking
about something concrete or particular:
That’s Jane. The other person you see is Mike.
We should look at the other matters we wanted to discuss yesterday.
Others = a pronoun used instead of nouns, meaning “other people” in general:
Do what you want and don’t bother with others. (= other people)
The others = a pronoun used instead of nouns, meaning “other people” concretely:
Half of you will take the test and the others can go home now. (= the other people)
67
Determiners used in front of nouns
singular plural
Determiners used
instead of nouns
(only plural)
in a general sense another other others
in a concrete sense the other the others
Grammar exercises
1. Complete the sentences with a word or phrase from the list below.
all (x2) any no not one none each (x2) every (x2) both either (x2) neither
1. We sent letters to sixty customers, but not one replied!
2. I can’t go. There are only two flights, and there are ________ seats left on ________ of them.
3. I can’t go. There are only two flights, and ________ of them has any seats left.
4. ________ I want is a bit of peace and quiet to finish writing this report.
5. I’ve phoned ________ store in the Yellow Pages and they are ________ out of stock.
6. We have three models, and ________ one has its own special features.
7. I was nervous at the start of my talk, but after that I enjoyed ________ minute.
8. I got three letters, but there were ________ for you, I’m afraid.
9. I got three letters, but there weren’t ________ for you, I’m afraid.
10. The Trade Fair is important. We need ________ Sue and Mike on the stand.
11. Both roads lead to the city centre. You can take ________ one.
12. You’ve been six of the best trainees that we’ve ever had on this course. The best of luck to ______
of you in your future careers.
2. Underline the correct words.
1. There were none/no messages on the answering machine.
2. The key account managers each/every have their own list of clients.
3. Not one/Not no question has been answered.
4. Some of/Some the restaurants have service included in the price.
5. Some of/Some restaurants have service included in the price.
6. Sorry, but I can’t hear either/neither of you properly.
7. Each our customers/Our customers each have a separate file on the database.
8. I can’t come at the weekend. I’m busy both days/every day.
9. All of/Every of the files are corrupted by the virus.
10. I can’t see no/any solution to the problem, I’m afraid.
11. The flight and hotel are booked. All/Everything is organized.
12. We gave the sales reps each a mobile phone/a mobile phone each.
13. Every option has been/Every options have been explored.
14. OK, I think that covers all/everything on that point. Shall we move on?
68
3. Complete this article by choosing the correct alternative A, B or C below.
TRANSLATION ON THE NETTRANSLATION ON THE NETTRANSLATION ON THE NETTRANSLATION ON THE NET
The world of online translation is
dominated by Amsterdam-based
Aquarius.net and Californiabased
Proz.com (1) B maintain a
list of translators who bid for jobs
posted on the site, but (2) _____
has a different business plan.
(3) _______ charges clients to
post translation jobs on the site,
but Aquarius has started charging
translators to register, and also
charges transaction fees of up to
7.5% to the translator who gets
the job. Meanwhile Proz is still a
free site, and gets (4) ______
revenue from advertising.
(5) _______ trying to deal with
the problem of quality assurance,
and (6) ________ translator has
their diplomas and qualifications
online. And what about the Old
Economy off-line translation
agencies? They offer better
guarantees of quality and
(7) ______ them haven’t looked
to the Internet for a solution yet,
but (8) ______ is changing very
fast, and the Net offers significant
cost benefits to clients.
1 A Both them B Both of them C Every of them
2 A each one B every one C all of them
3 A Either of them B Neither of company C Neither company
4 A all its B most its C much its
5 A Each they are B Both they are C They are both
6 A all B all of C every
7 A most B most of C every of
8 A all B the only thing C everything
4. Fill the gaps in the sentences with another, other, the other, others or the others; if
there are more possibilities, use them all.
1. Just answer these questions and don’t care about ________________ that are listed in the
questionnaire.
2. Mary, please call ________________ person for the job interview.
3. OK, that was Ann. ________________ person to talk about product liability is Jack.
4. You must concentrate on you work. Don’t care what ________________ do.
5. Are there any ________________ questions?
6. Peter is ________________ student who has failed the exam.
7. We’ve hired three new people. This is Jane and ________________ haven’t come yet.
8. ________________ thing we need to discuss is whether we want to compete with
________________ companies in the industry or focus on improving our products because
________________ don’t deal with it very much.
9. ________________ people from that village who have refused to move out because of the
earthquake, may be dead by now.
10. Look at the results! Our team is much better compared to ________________ who
participated in the race.
11. I think it’ll take me ________________ year before I can speak English fluently because I
am not like all ________________ people in the course who are better than me.
12. This part of the group comes from China while ________________ part is from Vietnam.
69
5. Rewrite the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence and
contains the word/s in brackets. Some sentences have two possible answers.
1. We only have a week left. (all)
All we have left is a week.
2. All the participants will be sent an agenda. (every)
________________________________________ will be sent an agenda.
3. Nobody at all asked a question. (single person)
________________________________________ asked a question.
4. This idea won’t work, and the other one also won’t work. (neither)
________________________________________ will work.
5. Not all the audience understood his talk. (some)
________________________________________ understand his talk.
6. Not one of my colleagues speaks German. (none)
________________________________________ speak German.
7. We only want a weaker dollar. (all)
________________________________________ a weaker dollar.
8. No documents were inside this parcel. (any)
There ________________________________________ inside this parcel.
9. The hotels were both unsuitable. (neither)
________________________________________ suitable.
10. The two proposals are interesting. (both)
________________________________________ interesting.
11. These items aren’t expensive. (none)
________________________________________ expensive.
12. I’m sorry, we have absolutely none. (all)
I’m sorry, we have ________________________________________.
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI2A
Unit 13 – Banking
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
mít pochyby o domnělém vžitém názoru – _________________________________________
úroková míra založená na ohodnocení rizika – ______________________________________
využít potenciál vysoce rizikové půjčky – ___________________________________________
úvěrové zdroje jištěné zárukou – _________________________________________________
být shovívavý k mikroúvěrům a zadluženosti podniků – ________________________________
provést bankovní transakci na pobočce – __________________________________________
získat rozsáhlou kontrolu nad spravovaným fondem – _________________________________
kótovaná banka pro drobné střadatele – ___________________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. money that is invested in a new company to help it develop or expand, which may involve a
lot of risk but can also bring good profits:
2. the activity of controlling a group of investments with the aim of making the most profit
with the least risk:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases and translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
SAVINGS, MONETARY POLICY, CHECKBOOK,
AFFILIATE, ASSET MANAGEMENT, COERCION
1. The biggest investment bank had to close its ________________________ because of its
insolvency.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. It is illegal to use ________________________ to make debtors repay their debts before
they are due.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. We provide the service of ___________________________________ for investors and
investment funds.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
MAKE A HABIT, CHARGE, EXERT, IMPLEMENT,
ISSUE, PUT FORWARD, SOAR, SEEK DAMAGES
1. Monetary policy _____________________________ by the central bank in this country.
2. If you borrow some money, the bank will definitely _____________________________
interest.
3. The management _________________________________ a proposal concerning hiring
more staff.
4. Moneylenders frequently _________________________________ their influence on the
interest borrowers have to pay.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. Stability and prosperity help increase market _________________________. (CREDIT)
2. The bank __________________________________ that it had made some loss-making
loans. (KNOW)
3. The potential of the Chinese market is still rather _______________________________.
(TAP)
4. I think the ______________________________ will soon be approved of. (ACQUIRE)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. Let me talk __________ behalf __________ the company’s management now.
2. The interest payment __________ your loan has to be conducted every month.
3. Our bank can arrange __________ you to borrow a big sum of money.
4. The institution acts __________ a financial adviser __________ investments.
5. Some people in Africa have to live __________ less than $5 a month!
6. The insurance company will approach you __________ the damage investigation.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones: (2 points each)
1. There are many factors that influence the demand. They include price and quality.
There are many factors that influence the demand. ____________ include price and quality.
2. He presented his view. But a view of this kind was unacceptable for us.
It was clear after his presentation that ______________________ was unacceptable for us.
3. We produce cars in all colors. However, we are now out of red cars.
We produce cars in all colors. However, we are now out of the ______________________.
4. All the three students came unprepared for the final exam.
_____________________________________________ came prepared for the final exam.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
It is always _______________________________________ (worth, TRY, ATTRACT) new
clients for banks because these will bring money to them. Banks will ____________________
____________________ (hard, DENY, GIVE priority) rich clients but they can’t _________
__________________ (REFUSE, AIM) others either. _____________________________
_______________________ (TREAT) safe institutions helps them make use of this reputation
and they _____________________________________ (START, OFFER) a new range of
banking services. However, banks ________________________________________ (recent,
WARN, clients, AVOID) internet banking since the security has become a problem. It is
obvious that clients have to __________________________________________________
(TEACH, and, TRAIN, SECURE) their computers. Experts __________________________
_______________________ (soon, PROPOSE, USE) more reliable channels. Anyway, people
_________________________________________ (ENJOY, SPEND, money) various goods
and nobody can _______________________________________ (PREVENT, they, DO) so.
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. You can choose between IBM and Dell. _______ is cheaper while _______ looks better.
A: The former ... the latter B: The former ... the later
C: The latter ... a former D: The first ... another
2. Do you like movies? I like especially __________________.
A: the old ones B: old one
C: old ones D: old those
3. It’s absolutely impossible to hire __________________ person.
A: such irresponsible B: such the irresponsible
C: such an irresponsible D: a such irresponsible
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Jakákoliv fúze nebo převzetí v bankovním sektoru musí být schválena centrální bankou, která
kromě toho v rámci měnové politiky dohlíží také na stabilitu měny; jejím hlavním hodnotícím
kritériem je inflace, která by neměla trvale překročit úroveň 2 %. To však neznamená, že nemá
i další cíle a neposkytuje bankovní služby. Ačkoliv je centrální banka nezávislá na vládě, vede
běžné účty státních institucí a provádí platby ze a do státního rozpočtu.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
72
Unit 14 – TRAINING
Coursebook, page 121, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. _________________ = a person who betrays friends, country, etc. (par 1)
2.
_______ ___________
_______________ =
in a cold unemotional manner (par 1)
3. _________________ =
an opinion or position reached by a group as a whole;
general agreement (par 1)
4. to _______________ = to make a picture of; to depict or describe in words (par 1)
5.
___________ _______
_______________ =
a system where authority passes down from the top through
a series of executive positions or military ranks in which
each is responsible to the one directly superior (par 1)
6. _________ _______ =
the purposes of an action that should bring some financial
benefits (par 2)
7. ________ ________ =
a detailed intensive study of a unit, such as a corporation
or a corporate division, that stresses factors contributing
to its success or failure; an exemplary model (par 3)
8. ________ ________ =
relating to the groundwork or source of something;
fundamental (par 3)
9. _________________ =
a formal speech, given especially on a ceremonial occasion
(par 3)
10. _________________ =
the factual content or reason of a matter, apart from
emotional, contextual, or formal considerations (par 3)
11. _________________ =
causing one to believe the truth of something; convincing
(par 3)
12. to _______________ = to comply with accepted standards, rules, or customs (par 4)
13. to _______________ = to address an earnest or urgent request to someone (par 4)
14. _________________ = theatrical properties (par 4)
15. _________________ = motivated or caused to do something (par 4)
16. to _______________ =
to take hold of forcibly or quickly; grab; to take immediate
advantage of (par 5)
17. _________________ = relating to the matter at hand; relevant (par 6)
18. _________________ = a murder of a public figure by surprise attack (par 6)
73
19.
to __________ ______
_______________ =
to bring about or provoke an enquiry about something; to
lead to a situation when an enquiry emerges (par 6)
20. _________________ =
a consequence, especially of a disaster or misfortune; a
period of time following a disastrous event (par 7)
21. to _______________ =
to remove from an office or position of power; to dethrone
(par 7)
22. _______ _________ =
a way of escaping one’s current situation, typically an
unfavorable situation (par 7)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What did the executives do in the Aspen Institute and how much time did they spend
there?
_____________________________________________________________
2. How did the participants assess Brutus and what did they agree on with regard to
Brutus?
_____________________________________________________________
3. How has Shakespeare’s position within leadership courses developed in the recent
years, and why did the coaches start to use Shakespeare as an example?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What is the format of the Adelmans’ seminars?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What two debates did play Julius Caesar provoke?
_____________________________________________________________
6. What does the final exercise look like, and what other aids or instruments do they use?
_____________________________________________________________
7. What is the aim of the Henry V seminar?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What do the Adelmans minimize and emphasize in Henry V’s behavior?
_____________________________________________________________
9. What was the main problem of the conspirators’ act in the play, and what conclusion
did the seminar participants make for managing their subordinates?
_____________________________________________________________
74
Coursebook, page 122, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Listeners should notice how the king uses ‘we’ (1) ________________. This puts him in
the position of a (2) ________________ (3) ________________. It is very
(4) _______________ for the team to feel the leader is working (5) _______________
the same (6) _______________. They are ‘a (7) _______________ of brothers’. He
makes them feel part of an exclusive club. Indeed they are (8) ___________ to be part of
his team. They have been chosen while others have been (9) ____________. And the
people who really (10) ___________________ time and energy and make
(11) _____________ will be (12) _____________. They will be remembered as
(13) _____________ and become gentlemen. If you put it in the (14) ____________ of
a manager today (15) _______________ e.g. his (16) _______________ team, you
have all the necessary (17) _______________. It’s like saying ‘We have a difficult
mission to complete but I wouldn’t ask you if I didn’t think you could do it – and there are
big (18) _______________ and (19) _______________ in it for us all if we
(20) _______________.’
75
CONCESSION & PURPOSE CLAUSES – additional information
1. Concession clauses
We usually use the following conjunctions in concession clauses:
although (though) even though despite in spite of
After although (though) and even though we use a subject + verb:
Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
I didn’t get the job although I had all the necessary qualifications.
Mary came to the meeting even though her child is ill.
However, after in spite of or despite, we use a noun, a pronoun (this/that/what etc.) or -ing:
In spite of the rain, we enjoyed our holiday.
I didn’t get the job in spite of having all the necessary qualifications.
She wasn’t well, but in spite of this she went to work.
In spite of what I said yesterday, I still love you.
Despite is the same as in spite of. Note that we say ‘in spite of’, but despite (without ‘of’):
She wasn’t well, but despite this she went to work. (not ‘despite of this’)
You can say ‘in spite of the fact (that)...’ and ‘despite the fact (that)...’ but you can never use
a regular sentence (verb) after these two conjunctions:
in spite of the fact (that)
I didn’t get the job
despite the fact (that)
I had all the necessary qualifications.
NOT I didn’t get the job in spite of (that) I had all the necessary qualifications.
(here ‘that’ is a conjunction and not a pronoun!)
NOT I didn’t get the job despite (that) I had all the necessary qualifications.
2. Purpose clauses
When we want to say why somebody does something (= the purpose of an action), we use
purpose cluases. We can choose from the following conjunctions or connectors:
so as + to + infinitive
to + infinitive in order to + infinitive
so as + clause
so that + clause
The table shows that some of the connectors are followed by an infinitive and some of them have
to be followed by a whole sentence. The rules that govern their use is as follows:
A) when the subjects of both the clauses are the same, we use infinitives; however, if they are
different, we have to use another clause with its own subject (i.e. the subject that is different
from the original one):
Jim came home (in order / so as) to rest for a while.
The company has acquired its rival (in order / so as) to become the market leader.
I gave her my address so that / so as she could contact me.
He wore glasses and a false beard so that / so as nobody would recognize him.
I went to the supermarket with my mother so that / so as she could buy some fruit.
B) when the purpose clause contains a modal verb, it is impossible to use the infinitive; a whole
clause has to be used instead (although if you use the “long form”, you can use the infinitive):
She’s learning English so that she can study in Canada. (NOT She’s learning English to can...)
We moved to London so that we could visit our friends more often. (NOT ...to could...)
We moved to London to be able to visit our friends more often.
76
C) when the purpose clause is negative, it is not possible to use only “not to”; in this case we have
to use “in order not to”, “so as not to” or a whole clause (we have to use it if the subjects
are not the same):
I hurried so that / so as I wouldn’t be late.
= I hurried in order not to be late.
= I hurried so as not to be late.
You should leave early so that / so as you won’t (or don’t) miss the bus.
= You should leave early in order not to miss the bus.
= You should leave early so as not to miss the bus.
Mary will help Jim with his homework so that / so as he doesn’t fail the test.
NOT Mary will help Jim with his homework in order / so as not to fail the test.
(different subjects of the two clauses!)
Be careful! In negative purpose clauses it is not possible to use only “not to”; however, it is
possible to use it with the following verbs that require to be followed by an object and
another verb in the infinitive (see unit 6 of your textbook, page 160):
advise allow ask cause enable expect
help invite lead permit persuade remind
teach tell train trust urge use warn
Purpose clauses: We hurried in order / so as not to be late. (NOT We hurried not to be late.)
We hurried so that / so as we wouldn’t be late.
Verb + object + infinitive: Jim has advised them not to use that bathroom.
We’ll have to urge the students not to delay the exam.
The staff must be trained not to get hurt. ...
3. Word order
English sentences (not questions) usually have the following order of clause elements:
(Adverb of time) + Subject + Frequency adverb + Verb + Object(s) + Adverb of manner + Adverb of place + Adverb of time
On Mondays we regularly discuss latest issues passionately in John’s house till 11 p.m.
Sometimes the word order may vary; however, a general rule is that the subject goes before the
verb:
There are many students in the class this week.
Neither of them can speak German.
I want to know when he leaves. (NOT ...when does he leave)
Being loyal to the company is what we require.
Grammar exercises
1. Complete these sentences using a suitable verb.
1. The President has a team of bodyguards to protect him.
2. I didn’t have enough time ________________ the newspaper today.
3. I came home by taxi. I didn’t have the energy ________________.
4. We need a bag ________________ these things in.
5. There will be a meeting next week ________________ the problem.
6. I wish we had enough money ________________ a new car.
7. I saw Helen at the party but we didn’t have a chance ________________ to each other.
8. I need some new clothes. I haven’t got anything nice ________________.
77
2. Make one sentence from two. Use the word(s) in brackets in your sentences.
1. I couldn’t sleep. I was tired. (despite)
I couldn’t sleep despite being tired.
2. They have very little money. They are happy. (in spite of)
In spite of __________________________________________________.
3. My foot was injured. I managed to walk to the nearest village. (although)
_________________________________________________________.
4. I enjoyed the film. The story was silly. (in spite of)
_________________________________________________________.
5. We live in the same street. We hardly ever see each other. (despite)
_________________________________________________________.
6. I got very wet in the rain. I had an umbrella. (even though)
_________________________________________________________.
3. Join each pair of the sentences and use purpose clauses.
1. I hurried. I didn’t want to be late.
I _________________________________________________________.
2. We wore warm clothes. We didn’t want to get cold.
We wore ___________________________________________________.
3. The man spoke very slowly. He wanted me to understand what he said.
The man ___________________________________________________.
4. I whispered. I didn’t want anybody else to hear our conversation.
_________________________ nobody ___________________________.
5. Please arrive early. We want to be able to start the meeting on time.
Please _____________________________________________________.
6. She locked the door. She didn’t want to be disturbed.
She _______________________________________________________.
7. I slowed down. I wanted the car behind to be able to overtake.
I _________________________________________________________.
8. Jim tried to do his best. He wanted to pass the exam.
Jim _______________________________________________________.
4. Fill each gap with “not to” or “in order not to”.
1. Mary has studied all day ___________ fail the exam.
2. The coach has urged the team ___________ forget about their team spirit.
3. I think we should ask the managers ___________ overload us with too much work.
4. My boss asked me to study Italian ___________ be fired during downsizing.
5. The children finished all their duties in time ___________ miss their favorite film on TV.
6. I’ve decided to help you ___________ fail the exam.
7. You have been taught ___________ underestimate the risk of bad investment.
8. Sue left from work early ___________ meet her superior.
78
5. Complete the sentences with although / in spite of / even though / despite.
1. Although it rained a lot, we enjoyed our holiday.
2. a _____________ all our careful plans, a lot of things went wrong.
b _____________ we had planned everything carefully, a lot of things went wrong.
3. a I couldn’t go home early _____________ I was feeling unwell.
b I went to work the next day _____________ the fact I was still feeling unwell.
4. a She refused the job _____________ the salary was very high.
b She accepted the job _____________ the salary, which was rather low.
5. a I managed to get to sleep _____________ there was a lot of noise.
b I went to sleep _____________ being hungry.
Use your own ideas to complete the following sentences:
6. a He passed the exam although _________________________________.
b He passed the exam despite __________________________________.
7. a I didn’t eat anything even though _______________________________.
b I didn’t eat anything in spite of _________________________________.
6. Translate the following sentences into English and keep the correct word order.
1. Řekni mi, proč nikdo nepřišel na dnešní schůzi, když v práci dnes nikdo nechyběl.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
2. Nejen v učebnicích, ale i v mnoha dalších materiálech je možné nalézt postup, jak vypočítat
správný výsledek.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
3. Pravděpodobně už nikdy nikde nikomu nic neukradne, protože je ve vězení.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
4. Spoustu různých teorií můžeme nalézt v nejnovější knize profesora Frinka, kterou příští týden
v Londýně představí jeho spolupracovník, profesor Barnes.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
5. Nikoho není možné přinutit, aby se kvůli někomu jinému vzdal svých práv.
_______________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI2A
Unit 14 – Training
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
specializované kurzy vyvinuté zkušenými školiteli – ___________________________________
mít úzké vazby na úsekové ředitele – ______________________________________________
vzít si na starost problematiku špatné docházky – ____________________________________
vzbudit zájem účastníků kurzu (1 word) o případovou studii – ____________________________
ryzí a všestranně rovnostářský přístup – ___________________________________________
chopit se příležitosti a vznést otázku – _____________________________________________
upravit kurzy vnitropodnikového školení na míru – ___________________________________
vydávat rozkazy shromážděným začátečníkům – _____________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. a situation when employees are faithful to a particular company:
2. the process of training and preparing employees in a company or an organization so that
there will always be somebody to replace a senior manager who leaves or retires:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
PAYROLL, DOZEN, TUTOR,
PREMISES, VIRTUE, AFTERMATH
1. The American economy has to deal with the _______________________ of the financial
crisis.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. Students were assigned a __________________ to consult their study matters with them.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. The _________________ includes all the employees and others who get a salary from us.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete the sentences with correct forms of the following verbs; some verbs are not used: (1 point each)
ASCERTAIN, UPDATE, GET ON TO, STICK TO,
ACT OUT, SCHEDULE, ENROL, OBEY
1. The roles must _____________________________ carefully and honestly.
2. I decided ________________________________ for the course on the development of
economic theories.
3. I’d like you _________________________ all your colleagues on the training course you
attended.
4. The classes _____________________________ for all members of junior management.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. Management issues include for instance crisis management or _____________________
planning. (SUCCEED)
2. It must be __________________________________ that we are a successful company.
(KNOW)
3. People will believe you if you speak _________________________________________.
(CONVINCE)
4. You’ll have to sell more to be given an _______________________________________
commission. (ADD)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. You should empower ________ your subordinate to make some decisions for you.
2. I’ll never sign up ________ such a class.
3. Tom always has little good to say ________ his boss.
4. The BBC analyzed responses ________ a standard questionnaire.
5. How would you feel ________ participating ________ a role-play session?
6. What does your report refer ________?
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original ones: (2 points each)
1. John invested all his money although his financial situation wasn’t very good.
In spite of ___________________________, John ______________________________.
2. I went to bed early so that I would be able to get up at 5 a.m.
I went to bed early to ______________________________________________________.
3. Mary went to the library with me because I wanted to ask her for help. (use a purpose clause)
Mary _____________________________________ I ____________________________.
4. I couldn’t find the mistake although I was reading the essay very closely.
Despite ___________________________________________, I couldn’t find the mistake.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
Training courses enhance the employees’ effort ___________________________ (LEARN,
COPE) various situations at work. They _________________________________ (TRAIN,
PREPARE) stressful as well as unpleasant situations. A good employee should ___________
________________________ (able, IMAGINE, USE) new approaches at work and training
should _____________________________________ (HELP, they, ACHIEVE) this. Many
people ________________________________ (recent, PRACTISE, BE responsible) many
areas but they rarely succeed without proper training. Despite _________________________
_____________________ (RECOMMEND, TAKE) courses, consulting firms also suggest
______________________________________________ (INVITE, staff, OBSERVE) real
decision-making within a company. The management should not ______________________
____________________ (MAKE, workers, ENROL) these classes but ideally the employees
would ___________________________________________ (DEMAND, VOLUNTEER,
TAKE PART) them. Therefore companies should _________________________________
(LET, staff, PARTICIPATE) the courses when they are interested.
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. I finished my meal quickly _______________ miss the meeting with Peter.
A: in order not to B: so as not to
C: not to D: so that not to
2. The manager resigned __________________________________.
A: despite of being innocent B: even though of being innocent
C: in spite of that she was innocent D: although she was innocent
3. The person ________________________ is my boss.
A: , who you met last Monday, B: you met on Wednesday
C: , that you met on Sunday, D: who met you on Tuesday
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Tato firma poskytuje rady ohledně vhodného školení a také nabízí praktické zkušenosti od
začátečnické po expertní úroveň, což má účastníkům umožnit aplikovat získané znalosti na své
pracovní životy. Toho využívají významné firmy, které ví, že je v jejich zájmu převzít plnou
odpovědnost za zlepšování klíčových dovedností zaměstnanců, protože oni potom budou
pociťovat osobní význam dosaženého úspěchu a jejich uspokojení z práce vzroste.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
81
Unit 15 – CONSULTING
Coursebook, page 129, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. to _______________ = to go with; to go or travel along with someone (par 1)
2. to _______________ = to determine; to calculate; to estimate (par 1)
3. _________________ = extremely exciting; thrilling; stimulating (par 2)
4. to ______ _________ =
to start international operations; to become an
international company (par 2)
5. to _______________ = to send off to a destination or to perform a task (par 2)
6. to _______________ =
to show to be reasonable or provide adequate ground for
something (par 2)
7. __________ ______ =
a company whose work is checking the financial records,
and providing accounting and auditing services for a fee
(par 2)
8. _________________ =
a company that has expanded or intends to expand to the
international level (par 2)
9. to _______________ = to consider or describe as similar; to compare (par 2)
10. ________ ________ =
a store or office providing a comprehensive selection of
goods or services at a single location (par 2)
11. _________________ =
organizing something such as a company, an industry, etc.
in a different way in order to make it more efficient (par 2)
12.
_________ _________
________________ =
a situation when an individual or organization has a
concern or involvement that might compromise their
reliability (par 3)
13. the ______________ = similar people (par 3)
14. _________________ = the activity of supplying something (par 3)
15. _________________ = without variation or change, in every case; constantly (par 4)
16. _________________ =
a person living away from his or her native country; an
exile (par 5)
17. _________________ = progressively; more and more (par 6)
82
18. _________________ =
an adjective describing shares of the best-known companies
on the stock market, which are considered to be a safe
investment (par 6)
19. _________________ =
the quality of being so good that others want it too;
desirable (par 6)
20. _________________ = the known facts about a person’s achievements (par 6)
21. _________________ =
the state of making money; the situation when incomes
exceed costs (par 6)
22. _________________ =
the act of convincing someone to do something or to
believe something (par 6)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What are professional-service firms compared to in the beginning of the text?
_____________________________________________________________
2. What are the four mentioned matters that consultancy firms are ready to advise on?
1. __________________________________________________________
2. __________________________________________________________
3. __________________________________________________________
4. __________________________________________________________
3. What did it involve when a consultancy company went global?
_____________________________________________________________
4. What changes did accounting firms make after having gone global, and what was their
business attitude?
_____________________________________________________________
5. What concrete restrictions are listed in the American legislation, and what is the name
of the relevant law?
_____________________________________________________________
6. Why is the global strategy a problem for professional-service firms?
_____________________________________________________________
83
7. What does it mean that managers of multinationals’ foreign operations are less likely to
be expatriates?
_____________________________________________________________
8. What is the “Charmed Circle”, and what activities are the “Charmed Circle” companies
engaged in?
_____________________________________________________________
Coursebook, page 132, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
The managing director explains that their (1) ____________ (2) ____________ has
been falling in the past years. She knows she is partly to (3) ___________ since she failed
to see the need to (4) ____________ their (5) ____________ (6) ____________
according to the competition. The consultant then asks if the company has done any
customer satisfaction surveys recently. The director answers that they did – and it really was
a (7) ____________. Their policy of excellent customer service in their shops is expensive
because they aimed to make shopping a pleasant (8) ____________ but it turns out that
customers prefer the huge choice and cheaper goods they find in the (9) ____________.
The director is thinking of two options: selling out to the hypermarket (they have made them
an (10) ____________) or possibly trying to (11) ____________ with them. The
company feels it needs a (12) ________________ to (13) ________________ them on
the best course of action. The consultant says he will have to do a full (14) ____________
before answering but his (15) ____________ (16) ____________ is: they should not
sell. They will look at the (17) _______________ (18) ____________ a bit more and
possibly even (19) ____________ (20) ____________ prices. The consultant’s job is to
turn what seems to be a (21) _________________ on its head and make it an
(22) _____________. It is a (23) ___________ and they may need to (24) _________
in a huge (25) ____________ (26) ____________ to (27) ____________ buyers back
– but it often (28) ____________ (29) ____________.
84
REPORTED SPEECH – review & additional information
1. Tense changes
When the verb tense changes it ‘moves back’ in time.
Actual words Report (Indirect speech)
‘I work for IBM.’ She said she worked for IBM.
‘I’m working for IBM.’ She said she was working for IBM.
‘I’ve worked for IBM.’ She said she had worked for IBM.
‘I’ve been working for IBM.’ She said she had been working for IBM.
‘I worked for IBM.’ She said she had worked for IBM.
‘I had worked for IBM.’ She said she had worked for IBM.
‘I’m going to work for IBM.’ She said she was going to work for IBM.
‘I can work for IBM.’ She said she could work for IBM.
‘I will work for IBM.’ She said she would work for IBM.
‘I may work for IBM.’ She said she might work for IBM.
There is no change for must, might, could, should, would. Note that there is no change for
the past perfect (had worked).
2. No tense changes
A) We do not need to change tense if the information is still true:
‘The sales team are doing very well at the moment.’
He says/said the team are doing very well.
B) We do not need to change tense if we report something which is always true:
‘There is always a period of uncertainty after a merger.’
He says/said there is always a period of uncertainty after a merger.
3. Changes of people, places, times and pronouns
In reported speech references to people, places, times and things often change, because the point of
view changes:
‘I’ll see you here tomorrow,’ said Sue. ‘I’ve read your report about this project,’ he said.
Sue said she’d see me there the next day. He said he’d read my report about the project.
The examples in the previous paragraph show some of these typical changes:
People: I he/she
you me
my his/her
your my
Place: here there, at the office
Times: now then, at that time
today that day, on Monday
yesterday the day before, the previous day
tomorrow the next day, the following day, on Monday
this afternoon that afternoon
last week the week before, the previous week
next week the week after, the following week
a few days ago a few days before, a few days earlier
Pronouns: this that/the
these those
85
4. Say or tell
We say something and we tell somebody:
Simon said (that) he was confident about the success of the Beta project.
Simon told me the project was going well.
We never use to between tell and the object.
He told me what happened in the meeting. (NOT told to me)
We can use to after say, especially when the actual words are not reported.
What did he say to you?
I think the boss wanted to say something to Susan.
5. It + passive of a reporting verb
We use It + passive of a reporting verb + that to report what people in general feel or believe. This is
a formal use, for example in a scientific report or a written summary of a meeting:
It was announced at the conference that Argentina was losing Pesos $3, 000 million per
annum on grain prices compared with the average in the last ten years. It was pointed out that
international prices had not improved in two years, but this stability had allowed an increase in
production.
Verbs that are often used in this way are:
be agreed, be announced, be believed, be claimed, be confirmed, be considered, be decided, be
estimated, be expected, be feared, be felt, be found, be pointed out, be proposed, be reported, be
rumoured, be said, be shown, be suggested, be thought.
This form of passive can be shortened by using the infinitive structure (remember unit 7 –
the passive). If the reporting verb is in the past tense, even here the tense shift applies:
It is said that Jim is ill. → Jim is said to be ill.
It was said that Mary was ill. → Mary was said to have been ill.
6. Reporting questions
The word order in reported questions is like a normal statement (this is the same rule as for
indirect questions). Tense changes follow those given above:
‘Where is it?’ He asked me where it was. (NOT where was it)
When we report wh-questions (when, what, why, where, how, etc.) we use the question word:
‘When will the goods arrive?’ They asked me when the goods would arrive.
‘Why have your sales gone down?’ I was asked why our sales had gone down.
When we report yes/no questions (Do you, Did you, Are you, etc.) we use if or whether:
‘Do you speak French?’ She asked me if I spoke French.
‘Are you going to pay in cash?’ He asked me whether I was going to pay in cash.
7. Reporting commands and requests
Commands are reported with tell and the infinitive:
‘Take us to the airport.’ She told the driver to take us to the airport.
‘Don’t worry. I’ll deal with it.’ She told me not to worry.
Requests are reported with ask and the infinitive:
‘Would you mind waiting for a moment?’ He asked me to wait.
‘Please don’t wait for me, I’ll come along later.’ He asked us not to wait.
Since commands and requests contain infinitives required by ‘ask’ and ‘tell’, no tense change
occurs here.
86
Grammar exercises
1. Write the actual words that each person says. Use contractions where possible.
1. Anna said that she had already finished.
(Anna’s actual words) ‘I’ve already finished.’
2. She said he would be back after lunch.
(Her actual words) ‘_______________________________________________.’
3. He said she was going to contact the printers.
(His actual words) ‘_______________________________________________.’
4. Paul said that he wanted to make a phone call.
(Paul’s actual words) ‘______________________________________________.’
5. She said she was meeting the bank manager at eleven.
(Her actual words) ‘_______________________________________________.’
6. Pierre said he had found out about the problem a long time before.
(Pierre’s actual words) ‘_____________________________________________.’
7. David said he had to be back in the office by three thirty.
(David’s actual words) ‘_____________________________________________.’
8. Jan said she would let me know.
(Jan’s actual words) ‘______________________________________________.’
2. Rewrite the sentences in reported speech.
1. ‘I won’t put it in the sales because it’s selling very well,’ she said.
She said she wouldn’t put it in the sales because it was selling very well.
2. ‘I’ve read the report and I don’t understand section 4,’ he said.
He said _______________________________________________________.
3. ‘When I finish my presentation, I’m going to have a drink,’ he said.
He said that when ________________________________________________.
4. ‘I’m preparing the figures but I won’t be long,’ she said.
She said _______________________________________________________.
5. ‘I like playing tennis, but I don’t do it very often,’ she said.
She said _______________________________________________________.
6. ‘I’m going to visit our Polish subsidiary, but I’m not sure when,’ she said.
She said _______________________________________________________.
7. ‘Both of us may go shopping tonight if we have some time left.’
They told me ____________________________________________________.
8. ‘I would buy a new car if I had a bigger salary.’
Jack claimed ____________________________________________________.
9. ‘I wish my parents had never got divorced.’
Mary wished ____________________________________________________.
10. ‘The boss can cancel the order if it wasn’t meant seriously.’
The boss said ____________________________________________________.
87
3. Look at the actual words spoken. Underline the correct words in the reported
version.
1. (Helen’s words) ‘I won’t do it until tomorrow.’
Helen said I/she wouldn’t do it until the previous/following day.
2. (Peter’s words) ‘It’s very busy in here. I’ll call you later.’
Peter said it was very busy here/there, and he’d call me/him later.
3. (The sales manager’s words) ‘We received your order last week.’
He said they’d/we’d received our/their order the week after/before.
4. (Mel Bowen’s words) ‘I’m sorry about the delay, I’ll deal with this now.’
She said she/I was sorry about the delay, and she’d deal with it right then/later.
4. Rewrite the sentences in the way shown and shift the tense where necessary.
1. It is thought: Mary will move to London.
Mary is thought to move to London.
2. It was said: The football team doesn’t play well.
The football team _______________________________________________.
3. It is understood: The new secretary is satisfied with her job.
The new secretary _______________________________________________.
4. It has been believed: The taxes will decrease this year.
The taxes _____________________________________________________.
5. It was alleged: The economic output is going up this year.
The economic output _____________________________________________.
6. It was said: We are experiencing an economic boom now.
We _________________________________________________________.
7. It is believed: The magazine will publish the latest report soon.
The magazine __________________________________________________.
5. Underline the correct words.
1. Sally told/told me that she had lost the catalogue.
2. This is confidential, please don’t say/tell anything about it.
3. This is confidential, please don’t say/tell anyone about it.
4. Chris said/said me he must leave early.
5. I said/told them about the meal, and they said/told they would come.
6. ‘You see,’ told/said Steve, ‘I always told/said you’d get a promotion.’
7. ‘You see,’ told/said Steve, ‘I always told/said you you’d get a promotion.’
8. ‘Look,’ I told to/said to her, ‘why don’t you tell/say me what you mean?’
88
6. On Friday morning you had a meeting with someone from your advertising
agency at his offices. The words he spoke are on the left. The next week you tell a
colleague about the discussion. Underline the correct words on the right.
The advertising person’s words:
‘Did you get my email I sent yesterday
about this campaign we’ve been
working on? I hope so. I’m sorry to ask
you to come here at such short notice,
but it’s quite urgent. The situation is
this: we use an outside printing
company, and a few days ago the
workers there went on strike. I’m having
a meeting with a union representative
this afternoon, but I thought I should
talk to you first.’
What you say to your colleague:
‘He said he (1) hopes/hoped I’d got
(2) his/my email that (3) he’d send/he’d sent
(4) yesterday/the day before about
(5) the/this advertising campaign
(6) they’ve/we’ve been working on. And he
apologized for asking (7) me/you to go
(8) here/there at such short notice – he said
it (9) is/was urgent. Well, apparently a few
days (10) ago/before the printers they use
(11) have gone/had gone on strike, and he
(12) is/was meeting them (13) this/that
afternoon. He said he thought he should talk
to (14) me/you about it first.’
7. Read the extract from a meeting, chaired by Claudia. Then underline the most
appropriate reporting verbs in the written summary below.
CLAUDIA: Oh, hi. Take a seat ... Um, I’d like to hear your views on the talks we’re having with
BCP about the possible merger. Do you think we should go ahead with the
discussions?
NIGEL: Well, no actually. I don’t think we should. Our company cultures are totally different,
and I can’t see many opportunities to cut costs in a combined operation. I’m sorry, but
I’m against it.
TONY: But, Nigel, can’t you see that we’re too small to stand alone in the global economy.
There’s going to be rationalization in our market and now is the right time to act.
CLAUDIA: Um, right. How long do you think it would take to integrate the two companies?
TONY: Probably about six months, maybe more.
NIGEL: That’s six months of complete chaos and falling investor confidence. It’s just too risky.
CLAUDIA: Well, I don’t think we have enough information at the moment. Perhaps we could set
up a task force to look into the whole issue in more detail?
TONY: Hmm.
CLAUDIA: Tony — would you be willing to chair it?
TONY: OK, I’ll chair a task force, but I’ll need representatives from the other departments as
well.
CLAUDIA: That shouldn’t be a problem. When do you think you’ll be able to get the report done?
TONY: Um, in about six weeks.
NIGEL: Six weeks! That’s ridiculous.
TONY: OK, we’ll try to get all the information together in four weeks.
CLAUDIA: Right, that’s settled. We’ll meet again a month from today, same time same place.
1. It was estimated/announced that it would take about six months to integrate the two
companies in the event of a merger.
2. It was rumoured/suggested that we could set up a task force to produce a report on
the implications of the merger.
3. It was proposed/ claimed that the task force would be chaired by Tony, with
representatives from other departments.
4. It was shown/agreed that the task force should produce its report in four weeks.
5. It was claimed/decided that the next meeting would be on July 28th at 9 am in the
main conference room.
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8. Nigel (from Exercise 7) is talking to a colleague about the same meeting later in
the week. Underline the correct words in his report.
‘Claudia asked us (1) that we give/to give our opinions about the merger talks. I (2) told them/told to
them that I thought the whole thing was a bad idea, but they refused (3) to listen/listening. Of course
Tony disagreed, as usual. He (4) told/said that we were too small for the global market. Then Claudia
asked how long (5) would it/it would take to integrate the two companies, and Tony claimed it would
(6) take/to take six months. Claudia suggested (7) setting up/to set up a task force to look into the
whole thing. I decided (8) not saying/not to say anything. Tony offered (9) to chair/that he would
chair the task force. He proposed that the task force (10) reporting/should report back in six weeks,
but I (11) reminded them that/reminded that we’d need the report much sooner. Anyway, we decided
(12) to meet/meeting again in a month.’
9. Match the actual words in sentences 1-12 with the reported statements a)–l).
1. ‘Well done! You’ve done it!’ c a) He advised me to do it.
2. ‘Who me? No, I never did it.’ ___ b) He apologized for not doing it.
3. ‘I’m really sorry I didn’t do it – I just forgot.’ ___ c) He congratulated me on doing it.
4. ‘If I were you, I’d do it.’ ___ d) He invited me to do it.
5. ‘Would you like to do it?’ ___ e) He denied doing it.
6. ‘Don’t forget to do it!’ ___ f) He mentioned that he’d done it.
7. ‘Oh, I see that you’ve done it.’ ___ g) He didn’t realize I’d done it.
8. ‘Oh, by the way, I’ve done it.’ ___ h) He promised that he’d do it.
9. ‘Oh! I thought you hadn’t done it!’ ___ i) He noticed that I’d done it.
10. ‘I really wouldn’t do it. It could be a disaster.’ ___ j) He refused to do it.
11. ‘I’ll do it, you can count on me.’ ___ k) He reminded me to do it.
12. ‘No, I won’t do it. It’s out of the question.’ ___ l) He warned me not to do it.
10. Rewrite each sentence in reported speech.
1. ‘Are you on holiday for the whole of August?’ she asked me.
She asked me if/whether I was on holiday for the whole of August.
2. ‘What do the letters ‘URL’ mean?’ I asked him.
I asked him ______________________________________________________.
3. ‘Have you prepared the figures?’ my boss asked me.
My boss asked me __________________________________________________.
4. ‘When is your birthday?’ I asked Francesca.
I asked Francesca __________________________________________________.
5. ‘Did you remember to back up the file?’ she asked him.
She asked him ____________________________________________________.
6. ‘Why have you turned off the air conditioning?’ Ellen asked me.
Ellen asked me ____________________________________________________.
7. ‘Do you speak Italian?’ they asked me at the interview.
They asked me at the interview _________________________________________.
8. ‘How much did you pay for your car?’ I asked Pablo.
I asked Pablo _____________________________________________________.