Linking words 1 A Linking words We use some linking words to join parts of sentences. They give a structure to the sentence. Examples include and, but, because, so. Units 41 and 42 deal wifblhis kind of linking word. VVe use other linking words and phrases to make a link across sentences and paragraphs. They give a structure to our whole argument. Examples include Firstly, In general. Actually, In other words. Units 43 and 44 deal with this kind of linking word or phrase- B Addition: and, both, too, also, etc We use and to join words or parts of sentences. To emphasise the fact that there are two things we can use both ... and ... . I need to call Andy and find out when he's free to have a meeting. I need to call both Andy and Helen. We use too, as well, as well as and also to add another fact or say that something happens at the same time. Note the positions. / need to call Andy Kate and Helen too/as well. I need to call Andy and Kate as well as Helen. í need to call Andy, Kate and also Helen. C Contrast: but, yet and although We use but and although to make a contrast, Although is typical of more careful or formal speech or writing. In theory it seems like a good idea, but I don't think it'll work in practice. in theory it seems like a good idea, although I don't Think it will work in practice. The clause with although can come at the beginning. Although it seems like a good idea, / don't think it will work in practice. Although (lit: ministry insisted the reforms would still go ahead, it is unclear what shape they will take. (FT.com website) We can emphasise but and although with still and anyway. I wasn't feeling very well, but I-still went to work. ! wasn't feeling very well but I went to work anyway Istill went to work, although i wasn't feeling very well. Although I wasn't feeling very well, I went to work anyway. 11 We can use yeŕ in place of 'but' in writing. Contrast: though and even though We can use though in informal speech and writing like although. Though it seems like a good idea, I don't think it'll work in practice. Though he owned a 40 percent, stake, his partners outvoted him. and unseated him from the board. (Asia. Inc. website) With though we often use two separate sentences and put though at the end. ft seems like a good idea. / don't think it'll work in practice, though. We can use even though like although to give a: stronger contrast. Even though I wasn't feeling very well, I stilt went to work. E Contrast: whereas We can use whereas- in formal speech and writing to compare two facts and emphasise the difference between them. The clause with whereas can conic at th-e beginning or end. Indonesia has a lot of natural resources, whereas Singapore lias none. Whereas Indonesia has a Jot of natural resources, Singapore has none. F Although or whereas"? Although in a sentence suggests surprise, But the clause with although does not always contain the surprising information - usually it is the clause that comes second that seems surprising. We had a reasonable year in Asia, although safes fell a little in Japan. Although sales fell a little in Japan, we had a reasonable year in the rest of Asia. Whereas simply compares "two facts, it makes a strong contrast, but there is less suggestion of surprise. We had a reasonable year in Asia, whereas sales in Europe were quite disappointing. We can use while like although or whereas. While them are still sortie issues to resolve, I think we should go ahead. (I ike 'although') Inflation rose by 3% last year, while house prices went up 6%. (like 'whereas') H-^i/e some freelance workers will jump from job to job, companies like IBM and Sim Microsystems Inc. want to have a core of careerists to provide continuity. (BusinessWeek Online website) G Contrast: despitetin spite of 1 Despite and in spite of are like although, but they are followed by a noun or noun phrase. Although I was ill I went to work, = In spite of my illness, I went To work. Although sales increased, profits fell. - Despite the increase in sales, profits fell. Despite last year's Internet business slowdotvn. corporations today must still rerojjrnzc iiie sArce.loi\A o-ffica, -too b) (as well as) ...,....„............................................................................................................................ 2 We can handle the transport arrangements and the insurance. a) (also).,...........„..,..............________,,„„„................................,........................................................................ b) (both).................................................................................................................................................... 3 I want the sales figures for October and November. a) (as well)...........................................................................................................................;...................... b) (as well as).............................................................................................................................. 4 We're setting up offices in Peru and Ecuador. a) (also)..........................................................................,,„...-.................................................................. b) (too)............................................................................................................................................... Exercise 3 C D E F G Complete the sentences with one of these words or phrases: although, anyway, but, in spite of, still, though, whereas. Use each word or phrase once only. 1 Carol didn't recognise Mark Lamer, ...Atfchwsjb.. she had met him before. 2 I don't like karaoke bars,.......................I went with my Japanese clients anyway. 3 I offered my best price, but they................,.....didn't seem interested. 4 I think we'll have to change our suppliers. It's a pity,................. 5 .......................the early problems, the project has been a great success. 6 Spain is a mature market........................ in Portugal there is still room for growth. 7 We haven't got all the facts, but it's worth discussing it........................ Exercise 4 Rewrite each pair of sentences using the words given. There are two ways each time. 1 It was raining. We got here on time. a) Although 1 ^ w,\^ rAii\ii\^, w£ ^crt he.re. Dft i;iM£. b) Despite ...%h£..rA\^,..yj£...q9t..J^r.£..®^..ti>*&.-...................................................................... 2 I had a headache. I still went to the meeting. a) In spite of.,............,.................................................................................................................................. .&) s............,.....,....„...........,........ i but.......__________..............____________________......................................_________________.........__________... 3 Some analysts think that stocks will fall in value. Others disagree. a)..................................................................................................whereas............................................... b) Although...............................................................................,............................................................. 4 There were .difficulties in the negotiations. We won the contract. a) Despite............................................................................................................,......................,................. b) Even though..........................................................................................................................,.............,..„ 5 Oil prices rose slightly last year. This year they have gone down. a) Whereas...............—.......,......................___________................,...............,.......,.....----------- b)..........................................................................although...................................................................... 6 I've written twice. I still haven't received a reply, .S! ..........i ii -i mi r----------- ..Jlft--------...,.,.,.»..„,.«..,.„....„,„..............,.................................. i o) Despite.....................................................................................................,....................................... 7 He didn't use any notes. He gave an excellent presentation. a) Although.............................................................................................................................................. b) ......................................................He................................................................................, though. Exercise 5 Complete the article about Formula One with a suitable word from the list below. both(x1) as well (x1) as well as (x1) also(xl) yet(x1) although (x4) whereas (xl) despite (x2) ormula One, errart__ The growth of Formula One over the last ten years has been extraordinary. With 400 million people watching each race it is perhaps the world's number one sport, (1) £J.*fe&4h, football (2).................... makes this claim. Formula One is the ideal marketing tool for companies, as shown by the fact that sponsors for Jaguar, like Ford, FAG and HSBC are very happy - (3)...................... the fact that Jaguar is not actually very successful on. the track. Most years the sport is dominated by two teams, Ferrari and McLaren-Mercedes, (4)...............v.___ other teams like BAR Honda, BMW Williams and Benetton Fiat Renault are important (5)................... (6)...................... Ferrari and McLaren-Mercedes have huge sponsorship deals. Ferrari's sponsors include Marlboro, Fiat and Shell, (7)...................... McLaren-Mercedes have Mercedes, Mobil and Computer Associates. These two top teams each have a budget of over $300 million, and money comes in from direct sponsorship and trade support <8)..................... merchandising, TV rights and prize money. Ferrari have an unusual problem. Their brand name is very famous and the team is very successful, (9)...................... they only sell around 6,000 cars a year. The problem is that they are not directly associated with a mass volume car producer, (10)...................... all the other teams are. In reality Ferrari is controlled by Fiat, but (11)...................... being the main owner Fiat gets little publicity when Ferrari wins. Many years ago Gianni Agnelli, the Fiat boss, wanted to rename the cars Fiat Ferrari. (12)...................... he tried, he failed. A man called Enzo Ferrari, a legend in Italy, stood in his way. He died in 1989 and Agnelli respects his wishes, but tilings may change in the future. A Reason: because, as, since We use because, as and since when we want to explain the reason for something. As and since are more common in formal speech and writing. I'm calling to complain because the goods are damaged. I am returning the goods as/since they were damaged on arrival. As and sine? can come at the beginning of the sentence. Normally we do not begin sentences with because, but this is possible in informal speech. As/since the goods were damaged on arrival, I am returning them. Because you're a first-time customer, f need to see your bank references. I Result: so We use so to express a result Note the relation between because and so: I'm calling to complain because the goods are damaged, (reason) The goods are damaged, so I'm calling to complain. (result) Purpose: to and for We use the to infinitive to express purpose, to say why we do things. He went to the airport to meet Mr Li. (NOT for to -moot) I'm calling to talk about the sales conference next week. Mr 'Aim said the. Government would work to improve China's unemployment insurance system and to speed up reform of the labour market. (Austrian Financial Review website) We can use in order to or so as to in place of to. They are more formal The CEO called a press conference in order to explain the merger We can use the negative in order not to or so as not to. We cannot use not to on its own. I'll mil a taxi so as not to miss my flight. (NOT I'll co-ll o taw not-t-e- miss-my flight.) We can use for followed by a noun to say why we dp something. He went to the airport for a meeting with Mr Li. {= to have a meeting) Shall we go out for some lunch? (= to have some lunch) .' Purpose: so that We can use so (that) to express purpose. After so (that) we use subject + verb. [guess the question rs how do you develop your company so that it tint 'evolve- in response to changing customer expectations, (e-business advisor website) For a present purpose we use the present simple, will or can, I'll send it by courier so (that) it gets/it'll get to you on time. I'm calling you so (that) I can check your fast order. For a past purpose we use the past simple, would or could. I sent it by courier yesterday so (that) it got/it'd get to you on time. I left work early so (that) I could go the doctor's. 42 LINKING WORDS 2 175 •:» If t'-e subject of the first part of the sentence and the subject of the purpose clause are different, we can't use to. We have to use so (that). I'm calling to talk about the sales conference. (same subject) I'm calling so (that) we can talk about the sales conference. (different subject) She called a press conference to explain the merger. (same subject) She called a conference so (that) journalists could ask questions, (different subject) E Manner: as, as if and like We can use as or like before a clause (subject + verb) to mean 'in the way that'. In this case there is no difference in meaning, but as is more formal. He runs the company as/like his father used to. We'll have four people working on the stand, as/like we did fast year. As Central Europe looks for growth, it could learn a lot from countries like Ireland, Portugal, Spain and Greece. All of them started off their EU careers far poorer than the EU average, just as Central Europe will do. (Business Central Europe website) 0* We can use as if or like before a clause to say how someone or something feels, looks, sounds or behaves. / have'a bit of a temperature. I feel as if/like I should go home. It looks as if/like we're going to recover pur costs by the end of the year. For two decades, Friedel Neither ran the giant German savings, bank WcstLB as if it were an arm of the government. (Business Week website) S We can use as and like, before a noun or noun phrase. In this case as means 'something is something', and like means 'something is similar to something'. She worfcs as a financial controller, (she is pne) She thinks like a financial controller, (she thinks in a similar way to one) LYe're using the Estonian market as a test. (it is a test) The Estonian marfcet is like a test for Finnish market, (it is not a test, but is it similar to one) "No, Hoskins, you're not going to do it just because I'm telling you to do it. You're going to do it because you believe in it." 42 Practice Exercise 1 A B Complete the second sentence so it has a similar meaning to the first sentence and contains the word in brackets. 1 It was inconvenient for everyone, so the meeting was postponed, (as) As ihf: Mee.ii.iyj was iw:oiwei\ieivt for everyone, rt y/Af (>o>lj>or\ed 2 I sent Karen a copy of the minutes because she missed the meeting, (so) Karen missed the meeting,.............................................__________..............,....,.,..,„...-.,.,., . 3 I had a lot of paperwork to do, so I finished work late, (because) I finished work late......................................................................................................... 4 I'll call you back. I have to go now because I have a meeting, (so) I'll call you back. I have a meeting,....................................................................................................... 5 He doesn't know, so I'll ask someone else, (since) Since.............-............................................................................................. Exercise 2 C D Underline the correct word. 1 We're not in this business just to make I for to make short-term profit. 2 I'll explain in more detail so/that our objectives are clear. 3 I wrote the date in my diary so that/to I wouldn't forget the meeting this morning. 4 He resigned in order tolfor spend more time with his family. 5 Jack came to me in order to/for advice. 6 We'll agree to your offer so that we can/could close the deal. 7 We agreed to their offer so that we can/could close the deal. 8 She rechecked the figures so that the auditors won't/wouldn't find any errors when they came. 9 I'll recheck the figures so that the auditors won't/wouldn't find any errors when they came. 10 Many visitors come here to see/for to see our automated production line. Exercise 3 C D Match the beginnings of each sentence 1- 16 with an ending a) or b). 1 I went to Barcelona to 2 I went to Barcelona for ts a) the Trade Fair. b) attend the Trade Fair. 3 I'm here for 4 I'm here to □ □ a) a meeting with ManiiGl Lopez. b) meet Manuel Lope?. 5 I think it's time to 6 I think it's time for □ □ a) a short coffee break. b) have a short coffee break. 7 It's worth shopping around for 8 It's worth shopping around to □ □ a) a better price. b) get a better price. 9 l left work early so that I 10 I'll have to leave work early so that I □ a) can go the dentist. b) could go to the dentist. 11 I kept his business card so that I 12 I'll keep his business cards so that! □ □ a) would remember his name. b) 'II remember his name. 13 I'll deal with it personally so that there Ml dealt with it personany so that_there_ □ □ a) aren't any problems. b) weren't any problems. Exercise 4 C D Are these sentences in English possible or impossible. Write P or /. _ 1 I'll speak louder so that everyone can hear. [P] 2 I'll speak louder in order to everyone can hear. I 3 Sorry, I'll explain my proposal again to avoid any confusion. 4 Sorry, I'll explain my proposal again so avoid any confusion. 5 Sorry, I'll explain my proposal again so we avoid any confusion. __ 6 We mail our clients regularly not to lose contact with them, n 7 We mail our clients regularly so as not to lose contact with them. □ 8 I'll take an umbrelfa so I won't get wet. 9 I'll take an umbrella so I wouldn't get wet. I 10 I'll take an umbrella so I don't get wet. Exercise 5 E Complete the sentences with as or like, or put asflike if both are possible. 1 While I was at university I sometimes worked...................a waiter, 2 The negotiations are going very slowly,........,......-........ I expected. 3 Anna's so funny! She's....................... a comedian 4 We'll send the order in two consignments,.......................we agreed in the meeting. 5 This crisis is not.......................the last one. It's worse! 6 I'm lucky. I have a small room at home that I use.......................my study. 7 You look just.....................your brother. 8 In a situation like this, you should do exactly........................it says in the book. Exercise 6 A B C D E Underline the correct word/s in this dialogue. JACK: PAMELA: JACK: PAMELA: JACK: PAMELA: JACK: PAMELA: JACK: 1'AMELA: JACK: PAMELA: JACK: PAMELA: JACK: PAMELA: JACK: PAMELA: OhT hi, Pamela. Could you give me some advice? Yeah, sure. It's about my laptop. I use it a lot when I'm out of the office, (1) so /like I wanted to talk to you about saving my files ... I, er, don't want to lose everything if there's a problem. Hrnm. Do you back-up yoiir files (2) for /to make sure your work is safer Oh yes. I have a small storage device that plugs into the USB port — its (3) as/like a portable hard disk. And so if anyone stole my laptop it wouldn't be such a disaster (4) because /joy 1 would still have all my files. Well, that's OK then. The problem is I often keep this device in the same place as my laptop (5) for/so that it's easy for me to find. And that's what worries me. Oh? Well, yes. It's easy for me to find, (6) so/so that it's easy for the thief too. = Ah, hah. U sounds (7)