text_TITL pruh_TITL logoC Culture and Mass Media Economy ‹#› Culture and Mass Media Economy 1 Impacts of Culture based on the review from Michelle Reeves: Measuring the economics and social impacts of the arts (covers research primarily undertaken in England + selected research in Scotland and Wales, the USA and Australia) 28. 4. 2011 Simona Škarabelová Culture and Mass Media Economy ‹#› www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 2 The economic importance of the arts nThe social benefits of the arts on individual and community development had been argued by the Community Arts Movement since the 1960s. However – most of it was anecdotal and there were significant gaps in the documentation of work. n nFrom the early 1980s onwards, arts and cultural acitivity became an increasing feature of urban regeneration programmmes in Britain. n Culture and Mass Media Economy ‹#› www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 3 The economic importance of the arts nThe Publication of the Policy Study Institute's „The Economic Importance of the Arts in Britain“ (1988) established the arts sector as a significant, growing and value-added sector in its own right, with a turnover of L 10 billion and employing some 500 00 people. nMyerscough (1988) demonstrated, through the use of a multiplier, that direct spending on the arts led to spending another sectors of the economy, which in turn enhanced wealth and job creation, and made cities appear more attractive to citizens and companies. Culture and Mass Media Economy ‹#› www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 4 The economic importance of the arts nIn 1995, the Policy Studies institute also published „Culture as Commodity“ which provided an overview of the economics of the arts and built heritage in the UK. nThe finding of the study confirmed the cultural sector as a significant employer, and showed that it was characterized by: na highly educated workforce, nsignificant non-standard employment, with up to 40 % of those working in the sector in self-employment or temporary jobs, nnearly 30 % working on their own nhigher levels of unemployment then in the labor force in general Culture and Mass Media Economy ‹#› www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 5 The economic importance of the arts nPratt´s paper(1997)„The Cultural Industries Sector: its definition and character from secondary sources on employment and trade, Britane 1984-91“ argued that the cultural industries have a significant volume of trade and estimate 4,5 % of all employees in Britain in 1991. nBy 1997, the creative industries sector had become recognized by Supranational organizations such as the European Commission, the World Bank, national and local government, as a major force in the fast-changing global economy. nPolicymakers argued that in this context, cultural industries can make an effective contribution to wealth creation, invisible exports and employment. n Culture and Mass Media Economy ‹#› www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 6 The economic importance of the arts nIn 2001, the Policy Studies Institute published the report about UK Cultural Sector (Selwood). nThis report showed that over the period 1995-1999 cultural sector employment grew much faster then in the economy as a whole, and that there has been a growing concentration of cultural occupations and industries. Culture and Mass Media Economy ‹#› www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 7 The social impacts of the arts nIn the early 1990s, there was a growing concern within the cultural sector that debates about the value of cultural projects and activity centered exclusively on economic benefits, articulated primarily in terms of job creation and increased output. nMany commentators argued that this partial view of arts impact failed to take account of its contribution to such areas as health, education and social inclusion. Culture and Mass Media Economy ‹#› www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 8 The social impacts of the arts nIn this time was published studies which had explored the role of arts in particular settings. nFor example, Peaked and Vincent's 1990 study of arts in prisons was based on a survey of arts activities in prisons in England and Wales and five in-depth case studies. nIt was showed, that some arts activities encourage co-operative working and thus develop social skills (arts activities as an „adult education“ – participants make decisions and choices and take responsibility for their actions and outcomes. n Culture and Mass Media Economy ‹#› www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 9 The social impacts of the arts nIn 1993 was published a discussion document „The Social Impact of the Arts“. This document identifies a consensus across the arts funding system form taking forward an arts impact research agenda. nIn other study from 1996 was explained, that cultural programmes in the cities bring a number of important benefits, including: nEnhancing social cohesion, nImproving local image nReducing offending behavior, nPromoting interest in the local environment, nDeveloping self-confidence nBuilding public and private sector partnerships, nExploring identities, enhancing organizational capacity, nSupporting independence, and exploring vision of the future. n Culture and Mass Media Economy ‹#› www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 10 The social impacts of the arts nHowever, it was Matarasso´s (1997) „Use or Ornament? The Social Impact of Participation in Arts Programmes“, which produced a step change in recognition of the sectors contribution to the social development. nThis study provided a clearer definition of the potential social benefits of the arts, and for the first time brought the issues fully to the attention of policymakers and the arts funding agencies.