text_TITL pruh_TITL logoC Culture and Mass Media Economy 1 Defining Culture and Cultural Policy Simona Škarabelová www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 2 Today topics: nCulture nHihg culture nLow culture nEconomics of the arts nCultural Economics nCulturar policy nCultural goods nAntropology of arts nStudents presentations www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 3 Culture nDefinition – long time discussions about this topic nAn international debate centered in UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization) since 1960s nSynonym for the perfoming and visual arts nCulture was a bulward against mass society www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 4 The Term „Cultural Economics“ n nIt is hard to think of another term that easily covers the creative and performing arts and heritage as well as the cultural industries. n nThe earlier name for the subject was „economics of the arts.“ n na few books in the field still are published with that title. www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 5 The problem with „the arts“ is that: nit is more specific and narrow than the subject matter included in cultural economics nIt tends to apply to „high culture“ and by similar half-state-organizations in other countries. nHERITAGE – built heritage, museums and art galleries - often falls under a different administration and nthe CULTURAL INDUSTRIES (film, music, publishing, broadcasting and so on) – „low culture“ – mostly receive little public support. www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 6 n n nMinistries of Culture have responsibility for policy over the whole cultural sector and cultural economists follow suite. nCultural economics, therefore, is the application of economics to the production, distribution and consumption of all cultural goods and services. www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 7 Economic characteristics of cultural goods nThey contain a creative or artirstic element nAre tangible/concrete objects – nsuch as an artwork or a book nOthers are untangible services – nlike a musical performance or a visit to a museum. nSome are final goods that are supplied to consumers nOther are intermediate goods and services that go into production of othere cultural products or into non-cultural output - a CD may be sold to the consumer, player on the radio as an input to a broadcast or player in a shop or sports hall. n www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 8 n n nSome cultural goods are capital or durable consumer goods – a picture in a museum, a video – and they have a lot of services over their lifetime, others, especially the performing arts, exist only for a particular time span. n nHave cultural goods any common elements with all other goods and services??? www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 9 nYes – their production utilizes resources of land, labour and capital and other imputs, particularly humean ingenuity. nNo – they are not all sold on the market, though many are, as are the labour services of artistis and other creative workers. n nSome cultural product are supplied by the government and may be provided free of charge, being financed out of taxes. nThat is a policy decision, not an economic one – most cultural goods are not pure public goods. nCultural goods and services have an element of public goods characteristrics about them that markets cannot fully take into account through prices. www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 10 Can the allocation of recources via the price mechanism produce the socialy desirabel output of cultural goods and services? nNo – they is a variety of reasons: nBy their very nature cultural goods have some of the quelities of public goods. nThe state will intervene in markets either to provide the good directly, to subsidize it, or to control its production or distributions by regulation. nThe consumer demand does not reflect the full value of these goods because they are experience godds. nAll consumers tastes are not fully formed and they cannot have full information about cultural goods. n www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 11 Cultural Policy Priority of state, what to do in the area of culture www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 12 nHow the state organised the production of cultural goods… nIn cultural policy has been a changing balance between central, regional and local government, epecially with respect to the finance of culture (will be next lessons) n4 main models of state behaviour in sommer: nConstuctor – State is owner and decisionmaker (China) nArchitect – Ministry of culture (CZ or France) nPatron – Art Councils (UK) nEasymaker – Tax reduces for donators (USA) n www.econ.muni.cz pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB pruh+znak_ESF_13_gray4+bily_RGB text_zahlavi Culture and Mass Media Economy 13 Antropology of art nCulture: nShort definition – a specific cultural goods and services nLong definition – all, what make people diferent from other animals n nArt –involves this behaviour: nArtifacts of human creation nCreated through the exercise of exeptionall skills nProduced in a public medium nIntended to affect the senses nSeen to share stylistic conventions with other works. n n n