18 Feb 2013 Unit 10 – Grammar (PART 1) Conditionals (0, 1) - theory a) Zero conditional We can talk about general facts or things that are always true using an if sentence. This kind of sentence has the present tense in both parts: I f + present tense Present tense I f the price o f a product falls, demand for it usually rises. In statements like this, if means the same as when or every time. This is sometimes called the 'zero conditional'. b) First conditional When we talk about the results of future events that are reasonably likely, we can use an if sentence. The if clause states the condition, and the other clause states the result. Condition Result I f + present tenses will + bare infinitive I f you give me an extra day's holiday, I'll work this weekend. The if clause can come in the first part of the sentence or the second: I f the government raises taxes in the next budget, consumer spending will fall. Consumer spending will fall if the government raises taxes in the next budget. Common mistakes: We do not use will in the i f part of the sentence: wrong: *If the shipment will arrive tomorrow, I will collect it. right: I f the shipment arrives tomorrow, I will collect it. c) If or when? When we talk about events that will take place in the future, we can use if or when, but there is an important difference in meaning. I'm flying to the States today. I'll give you a ring if I get in at a reasonable time. (The speaker is not sure if he will get in at a reasonable time or not.) I'm flying to the States tonight. I'll give you a ring when I get there. (The speaker has no doubt that the plane will arrive safely.) d) Variations We can use the imperative, or a modal verb instead of will + infinitive: Imperative: I f you hear from Susan today, tell her to ring me. I f Mr Duval comes in, get him to sign that contract. Modal: I f the traffic is bad, I m ay get home late. I f we sign the contract today, we can start production at the end o f next month. We can use the present continuous or the present perfect in the if clause: Present continuous: I f they are still considering Peru, I shall suggest Lima. Present perfect: I f you have p laced the order, the goods will arrive in ten days. e) If and unless Unless means the same as if ... not. It always refers to the conditional part of the sentence and not the result part of the sentence: Condition Result If sales don't improve soon, we'll have to cut production. Unless sales improve soon, we'll have to cut production. We often use not + unless, which means only ... if, when we want to emphasize a condition: The bank will only lend me the money if I can give them some kind of security. The bank won't lend me the money unless I can give them some kind of security. Exercises EXERCISE 1 If or when? Fill in the blanks with if or when. 1 I don't think you'll have any problems, but call m e .....................you do. 2 Mrs Barton is coming this afternoon. Could you send her u p ........................ she arrives? 3 We won't be able to compete........................we don't adopt a better Internet strategy. 4 Put that on my bill please, and I'll pay............................ I check out. 5 I'll be disappointed.......................I'm not promoted this year. 6 Sales are low this spring, but they will improve..................... summer starts. EXERCISE 2 Variations Read the following dialogue, and choose the best option from the words in italics. Hans: I'll be at a meeting this afternoon, so if Pierre 1 will call/calls. 2 tell/you'll tell him I'll give him a ring later. Claudia: OK, but there's one other thing. You've got a meeting with Mr Sachs at 5.00. Will you be back by then? Hans: It depends, really, but I'll call you. If the meeting 3 will go on/goes on after 4.30, you 4 will/can cancel my appointment with Mr Sachs. But if it has already finished by then, 1 5 may/am able to get back in time. Claudia: Anything else? Hans: Yes, if you 6 will manage/manage to get hold of Kevin, you 7 must/will get the October sales figures from him. I need them today. The Chairman 8 may/can come to the sales meeting tomorrow, and if he does, he 9 will want/must want to see them. EXERCISE 3 Right or wrong? Some of the following sentences are right and some are wrong. Put a tick ( / ) next to the ones that are right and correct the ones that are wrong. 1 If you finish everything that needs to be done before five, [DEL: you are able to go home. :DEL] If you finish everything that needs to be done before five, you can go home. 2 Mr Lo probably won't want to go out for dinner if he has had a meal on the plane. 3 If it will be their first visit to England, I expect they might want to do some sightseeing. 4 I may go and visit their headquarters if I will go to London next week. 5 Please don't hesitate to contact me if you require any further information. 6 What should I do if everyone will be still talking when I want to start my presentation? 7 If you will go to Paris next week, I can give you the name of a good hotel I know. EXERCISE 4 Unless Rewrite the following sentences using unless. 1 If nothing goes wrong, we will sign the deal tomorrow. We will sign the deal tomorrow unless something goes wrong. 2 We're not going to get that contract if we don't improve our offer. We're not going to get that contract ............................................................................................ 3 Only phone me if it is an emergency. Please don't phone me ................................................................................................... .................. 4 If demand doesn't increase soon, we're going to have a bad year. We're going to have a bad year............................................................................................... ....... 5 This project will only be viable if you can cut your overheads. This project will not be viable ................................................................................................... .... 6 I'll accept an overseas posting if I can have my job back when I return. I won't accept an overseas posting.................................................................................... Unit 10 - COUNTERFEITING Exercise 1 Find a word that matches the following definition: the act of breaking a law or rule = INFRINGEMENT the act of making st to look exactly like the real thing, in order to trick people = COUNTERFEITING a fraudulent imitation = COUNTERFEIT / FAKE the act or practice of deceiving = DECEIT Exercise 2 Translate the following text into English using the words below in the appropriate form: Čelní představitelé odvětví spolu s předními poskytovateli služeb využívají technologických inovací a vyvíjejí metody detekce padělků a řešení, která umožňují vypořádat se s paděláním výrobků. Pokročilá technologická řešení napomáhají společnostem globálně monitorovat činnosti spjaté s výrobkem, jako jsou např. cenotvorba, procenta slevy a obchodovaná kvantita. Prostřednictvím firemního indexu rizika pak tvoří žebříček podezřelých firem a umožňují tak společnostem proti těmto padělatelům podnikat právní kroky. suspects rank trade take action make use of allow through along with pricing top _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ _____________________________________________________ Exercise 3 (CB pages 86-87) Find synonyms / expressions similar to the words below: product line = ___________________________________ to think / figure = _________________________________ banknote = __________________________________ (US) real / authentic (e.g. goods) = __________________________ some who copies = _________________________________ to make an illegal copy of sth = _________________________ to differentiate between A and B = _______________________ to cheat / defraud = ________________________________ to give sb money, to help you by doing sth dishonest = ___________ a sales booth / a stand = ______________________________ compliments = ___________________________________