top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Matice (český snímek-Skorkovský) Bostonská matice + životní cyklus produktu Gartner Magic Quadrant SWOT Rozhodovací matice (neurčitost) (MaxMax, MaxMin, Hurwitz,..) Si=strategie (typ výroby) Ai-alternativy (např. poptávka) Dij-důsledky (např. Výnosy-Náklady-Ušlý zisk) S W O T MAX-MAX (S-O) MAX-MIN (S-T) MIN-MAX (W-O) MIN-MIN (W-T) SO-ofenzivní WO – mírně ofenzivní ST - defenzivní WT- ústupková strategie Co Je to Není to Rozdíl Příčina Kdo Konzultant 1 Konzultant 2 Neznalost účetnictví Rozsah školení Kdy Doba dovolených Mimo prázdniny Konzultant 1 si vybral dovolenou v květnu Konzultant 2 je na Tahiti Kde U klienta Ve firmě dodavatele Více kvalitních konzultantů k dispozici Špatné plánování zdrojů Rozsah Chybné kontrolní hlášení Bankovní výpisy a příkazy Nová aplikace Rozsah školení Kepner-Tregoe A1 A2 S1 S2 D11 D12 D21 D22 top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix •Product Life Cycle – shows the stages that products go through from development to withdrawal from the market •Product Portfolio – the range of products a company has in development or available for consumers at any one time •Managing product portfolio – important for cash flow • top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix •Product Life Cycle (PLC): –Each product may have a different life cycle –PLC determines revenue earned –Contributes to strategic marketing planning –May help the firm to identify when a product needs support, redesign, reinvigorating, withdrawal, etc. –May help in new product development planning –May help in forecasting and managing cash flow top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix •The Stages of the Product Life Cycle: –Development –Introduction/Launch –Growth –Maturity –Saturation –Decline –Withdrawal • top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix •The Development Stage: •Initial Ideas – possibly large number •May come from any of the following – –Market research – identifies gaps in the market –Monitoring competitors –Planned research and development (R&D) –Luck or intuition –Creative thinking – inventions, feeling –Futures thinking – what will people be – using/wanting/needing 5,10,20 years hence? • top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Development stage –R&D •MS DOS -> Windows •iPhone - > Smart phones •nano technologies •Kinect sensors -> •Robotics-> •Cloud (IT) top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix •Product Development: Stages –New ideas/possible inventions –Market analysis – is it wanted? Can it be produced at a profit? Who is it likely to be aimed at? –Product Development and refinement –Test Marketing – possibly local/regional –Analysis of test marketing results and amendment of product/production process –Preparations for launch – publicity, marketing campaign • • top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix •Introduction/Launch: –Advertising and promotion campaigns –Target campaign at specific audience? –Monitor initial sales –Maximise publicity –High cost/low sales –Length of time – type of product • top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix •Growth: –Increased consumer awareness –Sales rise –Revenues increase –Costs - fixed costs/variable costs, profits may be made –Monitor market – competitors reaction? top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix •Maturity: –Sales reach peak –Cost of supporting the product declines –Ratio of revenue to cost high –Sales growth likely to be low –Market share may be high –Competition likely to be greater –Price elasticity of demand? –Monitor market – changes/amendments/new strategies? top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix •Saturation: •New entrants likely to mean market is ‘flooded’ •Necessity to develop new strategies becomes more pressing: –Searching out new markets: •Linking to changing fashions •Seeking new or exploiting market segments •Linking to joint ventures – media/music, etc. –Developing new uses –Focus on adapting the product –Re-packaging or format –Improving the standard or quality –Developing the product range top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix •Decline and Withdrawal: –Product outlives/outgrows its usefulness/value –Fashions change –Technology changes –Sales decline –Cost of supporting starts to rise too far –Decision to withdraw may be dependent on availability of new products and whether fashions/trends will come around again? top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix Sales Time Development Introduction Growth Maturity Saturation Decline top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix Sales Time Effects of Extension Strategies top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Product Life Cycles and the Boston Matrix Sales/Profits Time PLC and Profits PLC Losses Break Even Point Profits top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed The Boston Matrix •The Boston Matrix: –A means of analysing the product portfolio and informing decision making about possible marketing strategies –Developed by the Boston Consulting Group – a business strategy and marketing consultancy in 1968 –Links growth rate, market share and cash flow top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed The Boston Matrix •Classifies Products into four simple categories: •Stars – products in markets experiencing high growth rates with a high or increasing share of the market •- Potential for high revenue growth > top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed The Boston Matrix •Cash Cows: –High market share –Low growth markets – maturity stage of PLC –Low cost support –High cash revenue – positive cash flows cows top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed The Boston Matrix •Dogs: –Products in a low growth market –Have low or declining market share (decline stage of PLC) –Associated with negative cash flow –May require large sums of money to support dog Is your product starting to embarrass your company? top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed The Boston Matrix •Problem Child: -Products having a low market share in a high growth market -Need money spent to develop them -May produce negative cash flow -Potential for the future? problem child Problem children – worth spending good money on? top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed The Boston Matrix Problem Children Stars Dogs Cash Cows problem child Market Growth Market Share High Low High dog cows PLC top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed The Boston Matrix •Implications: •Dogs: –Are they worth persevering with? –How much are they costing? –Could they be revived in some way? –How much would it cost to continue to support such products? –How much would it cost to remove from the market? • top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed The Boston Matrix •Implications: •Problem Children: –What are the chances of these products securing a hold in the market? –How much will it cost to promote them to a stronger position? –Is it worth it? top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed The Boston Matrix •Implications: •Stars: –Huge potential –May have been expensive to develop –Worth spending money to promote –Consider the extent of their product life cycle in decision making • top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed The Boston Matrix •Implications: •Cash Cows: –Cheap to promote –Generate large amounts of cash – use for further R&D? –Costs of developing and promoting have largely gone –Need to monitor their performance – the long term? –At the maturity stage of the PLC? • top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed The Product Life Cycle and the Boston Matrix Sales Time A B C D The product portfolio – four products in the portfolio (1) (1) ‘A’ is at maturity stage – cash cow. Generates funds for the development of ‘D’ (2) (2) Cash from ‘B’ used to support ‘C’ through growth stage and to launch ‘D’. ‘A’ now possibly a dog? (3) (3) Cash from ‘C’ used to support growth of ‘D’ and possibly to finance extension strategy for ‘B’? Importance of maintaining a balance of products in the portfolio at different stages of the PLC – Boston Matrix helps with the analysis top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed Bostonská matice – zdroj : http://www.dpu.se/boston_e.html top_stripe http://www.bized.ac.uk Copyright 2005 – Biz/ed And the reality....