1. Kovalska-Pavelko, I., Vyhivska, O., Voropayeva, T., Olyanych, V., & Babichev, O. (n.d.). (2022)
The Russian-Ukrainian War of 2014–2022: A Historical Retrospective. Cuadernos de Estudios
Políticos, 35.

            In this article, the authors seek the fundamental reasons and explanations for Russia’s
decision to declare war and invade Ukraine by analyzing geopolitical and historical background.
Here, it is taken into account that Russia and Ukraine have different origins (The Golden Horde and
Kyiven Rus respectively). It is considered that Russia has inherited the reigning culture of the
khan and the powerlessness of all other people, who are passive and totally dependent on the
authorities by their own will (Lipinski, 1913). However, it has always been quite the opposite
situation with Ukraine and its different forms of political order throughout history. Russian
Empire tried to appropriate the Kyiven Rus’ heritage, and then once again such a strategy was used
in the Soviet Union as like in the modern Russian Federation. The researchers consider the
so-called Putin’s Munich Speech in 2007 the beginning point of “announcing the intentions to
restore Russia’s political influence after the fall of the Soviet Union” (Vyhivska et.al., 2022),
after which the invasion of Georgia was conducted. The article’s simplicity is its advantage and
drawback at the same time as it is useful for establishing a fundamental understanding of the
situation but it is still essential to further research the facts and information.


2. Moroz, O., Komysh, S., Krasnozhon, N., Datsenko, V., & Hranatyrko, B. (2022). The strategy of
the historical policy of Ukraine in the context of the development of the Russian-Ukrainian war: an
anthropological aspect. Amazonia Investiga, 11(57), 92-99.

            In this article, the authors pay attention to the problem of the historical policy of
Russia toward Ukraine and its effects. Mainly, the Russian Federation tends to justify its illegal
actions by manipulating and using propaganda. For instance, the key narratives “The Russian world”
and “Novorossiya” are used, which state that Ukraine has always been a part of Russia and its
territories should belong to the mother country as there is plenty of Russian-speaking population.
Moroz, Komysh et.al. (2022) also introduce the definition of the “post-truth” phenomenon when facts
and information can be misinterpreted because of the long repetition and the right emotional
expression (an example may be Putin’s claim that Ukraine was created by Lenin). A strong part of
the academic paper is that the authors give a complex step-by-step possible approach to countering
such hybrid attacks and completely solve such a problem by introducing a model strategy.


3. Stănescu, G. (2022). Ukraine conflict: the challenge of informational war. Social Sciences and
Education Research Review, 9(1), 146-148.

            Here, Stănescu (2022) explains the modern tendency to post and share fake news without
proper investigation and shows a few examples from the Russian-Ukrainian war, including the "Kyiv
Ghost" case, the Bucha massacre and the deep fake of V.Zelensky. The researcher believes[НД1]  in
the significance of proper working with this problem as disinformation can now destabilize
democracy in any country (Lazer et al., 2018). It is also mentioned that even widely trusted news
companies (BBC, CNN, etc.) still may post and share disinformation even without its future
refutation. Finally, the author emphasizes the need for a critical and informed approach to the
consumption of information in order to counteract the spread of disinformation and propaganda.

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 [НД1]