Suggested procedure 1 Read the whole text through first to get a general idea of the subject. 2 Read the text sentence by sentence, looking at the specific context of each missing word. 3 Decide on the part of speech of the missing word and whether it should have a positive or negative meaning. (Some items may require the addition of a prefix as well as a change to the end of the word.) 4 Write the correct form of each word paying careful attention to accurate spelling. How words change from verb to noun A Look at the word in capital letters. Complete each short passage with the correct form of the word. Does the word always change? What form of the word do you need in each space? 1 AGREE The two sides have signed an ................................... to end the fighting, and most independent observers .............................. the deal is fair to everyone. 2 MEAN Have you ever been abroad and asked yourself 'What does that word ........................... ?' Well, now you can find out with the help of the Electronic Translator, a small computer that lists the .............................. of over 20,000 common words in six European languages. 3 ARRIVE We went to the airport to collect Katie at 2.30. We checked the screens in the hall, but there was no news of the ................................ of her flight. Then we went to the information desk, and were told that there would be a long delay and in the end she didn't .................................. until 9.30. 4 COLLECT My uncle .............................. stamps, and the other day he went to see an expert. He took his .................................. along, and he was told that it was worth thousands of pounds because he had a number of very rare and unusual stamps. B When a verb changes to a noun, the form can change in a number of ways. Can you think of other examples of each of the following? • A special ending (a suffix) is added: amuse — amusement act — action appear—appearance refer—reference refuse — refusal tend — tendency • A vowel and/or consonant changes: sell — sale believe — belief • The spelling is the same but the pronunciation changes: I don't use (/z/) soap. I have no use (/s/) for soap. • Some verbs ending in -se have noun forms ending in -ce: to advise — advice to practise — practice • In a few cases, the stress changes: We import (imPORT) cars. This is an import. (IMport) • But with many verbs, the noun form is exactly the same: I love you. Love is a dangerous thing. I hate you. Hate is a strong feeling. C How do these forms change? Give the missing form of the words below. VERB NOUN suggest ______________________ satisfy ______________________ interfere ______________________ encourage ______________________ see ______________________ give ______________________ prove ______________________ advise ______________________ explanation ______________________ permission ______________________ appearance ______________________ delivery ______________________ breath ______________________ export ______________________ practice ______________________ • From the completed table above and from any other words you know, make a list of endings like -ion which show you a word is a noun. • Pronounce the words in the table. Do you notice any other changes from verb to noun? D Complete the following passage with the correct form of the words in capital letters (1-10). You will have to change a verb to a noun or a noun to a verb. The fear of crime is leading to the (0) ......................................... of housing estates into fortresses. In Rosemont, USA, the local council decided to fence off an entire neighbourhood of 2,000 people. It is only possible to (1) ................................... the estate by two gateways, which are manned 24 hours a day by armed police. Anyone who wants to (2) .................................... is asked to provide (3) ................................ and has to give the police a reasonable (4) .................................... of why they want to come in. A video camera films the (5) ................................... plates of all the cars that come in and out. The people of Rosemont have had mixed (6) ................................... to the scheme. Some residents (7) ............................... it is a good idea, and point out that there have been no crimes since the (8) ................................ of the scheme. However, others are not pleased. Linda Edwards, a (9) .................................. said: 'These are public streets, there's no (10) ........................... for the police to sit on our doorstep all the time. It's like living in a prison.' 0 TRANSFORM 6 REACT 1 ENTRANCE 7 THOUGHT 2 VISITOR 8 INTRODUCE 3 IDENTIFY 9 TEACH 4 EXPLAIN 10 NEED 5 LICENSE