Unit 4 – A dream of a hydrogen economy Answer the questions: 1. What consequences could switching from fossil fuels to hydrogen lead to? (1) 2. What were the government investments aimed at? (1) 3. When will the hydrogen economy become reality? (2) 4. Whose reports is the prediction in Q3 based on? (2) 5. What is the cheapest way today to produce hydrogen? And what are its disadvantages? (3) 6. What other ways are used to produce hydrogen? Are they successful? (4) 7. What is even a bigger challenge than hydrogen production? (5) 8. Compare the parameters of hydrogen and gasoline (5) 9. How could these problems be overcome? (5) 10. What are fuel cells and how have they been used so far? (6) 11. What obstacles do hydrogen powered cars face? (7) 12. What infrastructure would be necessary for the hydrogen economy? (8) 13. What does „a chicken-and-egg problem“ mean? (8) 14. Who is Jo Ann Milliken and what does she say about energy research? (9) 15. What are governments expected to do? (10) Definitions Ø the development of a country or region that does not use more natural resources than can be replaced and so does not harm the environment Ø fishing that damages a river or an area of sea because too many fish are caught Ø the process of removing the trees from an area of land Ø the act of putting new trees into a place where the original trees have been cut Ø liquid waste such as sewage human waste or waste from a factory Ø a large hole in the ground where waste from people’s homes or from industry is buried Ø a substance that is harmful to the environment Ø a machine that destroys waste or other material by burning it Ø activities by a business or other organization that are intended to show that the organization is concerned about the environment Ø to reduce the amount of something or the number of things, natural resources etc. LINKING EXPRESSIONS Exercise 1 1. Amanda will get her birthday card in time, as long as / so long you send it today. 2. It looks as although / as though it's going to rain. 3. Nina left work early for / so she could go to the dentist. 4. In addition / besides to a spacious apartment in Manhattan, the family owns a house in the South of Spain. 5. It was so / such an awful film that many people left the cinema halfway through it. 6. They managed to win the match, as a result / even though they played really badly. 7. Schools and businesses stayed open yesterday despite / in spite the terrible weather. 8. Patrick did very well in most of his exams. Although / However , he failed his German exam and will have to take it again in September. Exercise 2 1. They are reducing bus and train fares in order / so as to encourage more people to use public transport. 2. Since / Therefore we have got an hour until the plane leaves, let's go for a coffee. 3. Even so / Even though Pamela is still at school she's already a bestselling novelist. 4. You can use my laptop computer, as long / provided you promise to take very good care of it. 5. Mrs Smith wants to go snorkelling in Florida this summer, however / whereas Mr Smith wants to go and play golf in Scotland. 6. As / Though Julian had the necessary qualifications, he didn't get the job. 7. The photography exhibition was a great success in the United States. The organizers have decided, so / therefore , to take the exhibition to the UK. 8. Studying a second language can be very good for your career. As well as / Furthermore , it can introduce you to fascinating cultures. Exercise 3 1 Polls show that Tony Blair is the most popular Prime Minister this century. ______________ , there are even members of his own party who are uneasy with his approach. In particular However For instance 2 There are some slight variations in temperature, but ________________ 26 to 27ºC should be expected. consequently otherwise as a rule 3 The two main Channel Islands, ________________ Jersey and Guernsey, are much closer to France than to England. for example namely in particular 4 It was announced that nurses' working hours would be increased by 25%. ______________ , even fewer trainee nurses are expected to join the profession. As a result So that Likewise 5 Sales of CDs have experienced a small but steady fall over the past 12 months. _____________ , vinyl records have seen an increase in their share of the market, up to 1.7%. Above all Correspondingly In contrast 6 The Vice Chancellor explained that in light of the current financial climate and because of unexpected bad debts, it would be necessary to peg salary levels at their current level for all grades of staff. ______________ , no-one was getting a pay rise. Nevertheless In other words Similarly 7 It is clear, therefore, that the situation in Brazil will improve only slowly. ______________ the economic problems being experienced in Japan, the outlook is slightly more optimistic. Furthermore In comparison With reference to 8 In order to try to reduce car use in the inner cities, the government has announced new restrictions on company parking spaces and ______________ , a new tax on individual car use. as well as in addition in the same way 9 Essays must be handed in by the deadline, ______________ they will not be marked. obviously otherwise as a result 10 ______________ it has been shown that fractures can occur at even relatively low pressures, the use of the material should not be completely discounted. Nevertheless Because Even though Exercise 1. Choose the right alternative. 1. In spite / Despite the noise we managed to sleep. 2. Even so / Even though the plane took off late, we still reached our destination on time. 3. We moved quietly around the flat, so as not to / in order to wake the baby. 4. He had a terrible cold. Even so / Even though , he insisted on going swimming. 5. He looked at me as if / as although I were crazy. 6. Even if / Even though I became a millionaire, I would carry on working. 7. Egypt was so /such an interesting country that we plan to go back next year. 8. Since / Therefore it was getting dark she decided to take a taxi home. Exercise 2. Choose the right alternative. 1. We arrived late because of / due the traffic. 2. It was a lovely day. However / Although , we had to stay indoors and paint the living room. 3. Though / Even they were going on holiday for just a week she took two suitcases. 4. They found him guilty however / despite the fact there was very little evidence. 5. He would rather spend his money on CDs as / than on clothes. 6. The exam was really tough. He managed, despite / nevertheless , to come top of the class. 7. I'll go to the party as long / provided you go too. 8. I went to the party. It wasn't much fun, although / though. Task 1. Read the following paragraph and put each of the following linking words or phrases in the gaps. In contrast At the same time On the contrary On the other hand A case in point Both Yet Furthermore Unlike an example of this Despite/In spite of The McNuggets’ menu is hardly an example of healthy eating. ^1_________, it offers a choice of everything that should normally be avoided. The fishburger is particularly high in fat, with added salt and sugar. ^2__________, the College refectory, whose menu was completely revised early this century, offers much more nutritious food. ^3_____________, its kitchens and the way food is caught and prepared have been transformed by a revolutionary new chef. ^4____________, the decor and pretentions of the refectory are calculated to appeal to the serious academic rather than the six-year old child. ^5______ it is not uncommon in McNuggets to enter a restaurant and find yourself in the middle of a large birthday party, with music, games and food out of all proportion to the number of partygoers. ^6____________ is the McBanquet offered to ten year olds: it caters for ten guests, has ten times too much food and lasts ten hours. ^7______ McNuggets and the College refectory have undergone many changes since the millennium. Some say that College management completed the work started by the fast food chains in the last century by destroying what was left of the traditional English puddings. ^8_____________, according to others the new in-house catering team has enhanced and extended the health value and interest of the lunch menu with their exciting new organic options. The Quorn and Vegetable Bake, served on Wednesdays, is ^9___________. ^10_______ McNuggets, the College refectory seems to have quietly and steadily transformed itself into an elegant, spacious and modern cafeteria, seamlessly combining ancient and modern. The cashier’s desk at the far end of the servery is a perfect illustration of this point. ^11________ their differences, both eateries offer the hungry visitor much that is stimulating and should be visited at least once, if only for reflection and contrast, by all students of Education. Conditionals – exercises 1. Put each verb in brackets into an appropriate verb form. a) Now we're lost! If you …………………………………..(write down) the directions, this (not/happen). b) Why don't we emigrate? If we ……………………………. (live) in Australia, at least the weather ……………………………… (be) better! c) Thanks to Dr Jones, I'm still alive! If it ………………………………. (not/be) for her, I ……………………………….. (be) dead for certain. d) What a terrible thing to happen! Just think, if we ………………………….. (not/miss) the plane, we ………………………………. (kill) in the crash. e) If you'd told me it was a surprise party, I ……………………………. (say) anything to Uncle Dave! f) If I ………………………………. (had) your tools, I wouldn't have been able to fix the car. 2. Rewrite each sentence three times so that it contains the word in capitals. a) We won't go away if the weather is bad. …………………………………………………………………. UNLESS ………………………………………………………………….. ONLY ………………………………………………………………….. STAY b) If they offered you the job, would you accept? …………………………………………………………. WERE TO …………………………………………………………. SHOULD …………………………………………………………. HAPPENED c) Without your help, I would have given up years ago. …………………………………………………………. HADN'T BEEN …………………………………………………………. BUT …………………………………………………………. HADN'T HELPED d) I'll lend you the money on condition that you pay it back next week. …………………………………………………………. PROVIDED …………………………………………………………. LONG …………………………………………………………. ONLY 3. Complete the text by writing one word in each space. Mr Jeffries, I have decided against a prison sentence in your case. You may walk free from this court on (1) ………………………… that you report to Chesham police station every Friday for the next six months. Should you fail to (2) …………………… so, you will be given one warning; and if you persist (3) ………………failing to meet this obligation, you will return to this court for a harsher sentence. (4) ………………………………. you can present good reason why you were unable to report to the station, you will (5) ………………………………… yourself in severe trouble. If you are (6) ………………………………….. to attend because of illness, please note that a medical certificate must be produced, signed by your doctor, proving your state of health. You should realise that (7) ……………………….. for your previous good conduct, I would (8) …………………………………. had no hesitation in imposing a prison sentence. And I shall not forget that if your friend had (9) …………………. intervened in the fight, you might (10) ………………………………. seriously injured the defendant. 4. Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. a) If you are in London by any chance, come and see me. happen If you ……………………………………………..come and see me. b) The fire was brought under control thanks to the night-watchman. for If it hadn't ……………………………………………got out of control. c) Dick is in prison because a detective recognised him. if Dick …………………………………………………..wouldn't recognised him. d) I am not tall enough to reach the shelf. taller If I ………………………………………………….reach the shelf.