Intelligent
Business
Course Packet
student’s version
Angličtina I/1
Milan Boháček
fall 2010
1
Table of Contents:
Introductory information.............................................................................................. 2
Unit 1 – ALLIANCES.......................................................................................................... 5
Coursebook, page 9, exercise READING....................................................................... 5
Coursebook, page 12, exercise LISTENING 2................................................................ 7
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 10
REVIEW TEST ...............................................................................................................13
Unit 2 – PROJECTS..........................................................................................................13
Coursebook, page 17, exercise READING ....................................................................13
Coursebook, page 16, exercise LISTENING 1 ...............................................................15
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 18
REVIEW TEST .............................................................................................................. 22
Unit 3 – TEAMWORKING................................................................................................. 24
Coursebook, page 25, exercise READING................................................................... 24
Workbook, page 15, exercise LISTENING 2 ................................................................26
Grammar exercises I .................................................................................................28
Grammar exercises II................................................................................................ 32
PPaasstt MMooddaallss:: IInntteerrpprreettaattiioonn...................................................................................... 36
REVIEW TEST .............................................................................................................. 39
Unit 4 – INFORMATION .................................................................................................. 42
Coursebook, page 35, exercise READING................................................................... 42
Coursebook, page 38, exercise LISTENING 3 ............................................................. 44
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 47
REVIEW TEST ...............................................................................................................51
Unit 5 – TECHNOLOGY ................................................................................................... 54
Coursebook, page 44, exercise READING................................................................... 54
Coursebook, page 47, exercise LISTENING 2.............................................................. 56
Grammar exercises ................................................................................................... 59
REVIEW TEST .............................................................................................................. 63
Unit 6 – ADVERTISING ................................................................................................... 67
Coursebook, page 51, exercise READING ................................................................... 67
Workbook, page 27, exercise LISTENING 2 ................................................................69
Grammar exercises ....................................................................................................71
REVIEW TEST .............................................................................................................. 76
Unit 7 – LAW ................................................................................................................. 78
Coursebook, page 61, exercise READING ................................................................... 78
Workbook, page 31, exercise LISTENING ...................................................................80
Grammar exercises ...................................................................................................83
2
EENNGGLLIISSHH II//11
fall 2010
Introductory information
teacher: Milan Boháček
floor: 7, office: 707
phone: 3544
e-mail: bohacek@mail.muni.cz, bohacek@econ.muni.cz
office hours: Monday 13 – 13.45
Wednesday 13.30 – 14.15
Course requirements:
minimum 80% attendance (maximum of 4 unexcused absences per
semester);
handing in two business letters (for details, see below);
active participation in seminars (systematic preparation for seminars and
fulfillment of assignments);
passing the credit test (minimum 60% of the total number of points) in the
last class of the semester, i.e., Thursday, December 16, 2010 or Friday,
December 17, 2010, respectively)
Electronic sources:
IS MU: BPJ_JI1A Jazyk I/1 – Angličtina (interactive syllabus + interactive
syllabi for groups number 14, 23 a 25).
web: http://www.econ.muni.cz/katedry/oddeleni-jazyku-na-esf/
Primary sources:
• Trappe, T., Tullis, G.: Intelligent Business: Coursebook. Upper
Intermediate. Longman, Pearson Education Limited 2006. ISBN-10: 0-582-
84809-1
• Pile, L.: Intelligent Business: Workbook. Upper Intermediate.
Longman, Pearson Education Limited 2006. ISBN-10: 0-582-84685-4
• Boháček, M., Brandejská, Z., Trumpešová – Rudolfová, E.: Intelligent
Vocabulary. Glosář k učebnici Intelligent Business: Upper
Intermediate. Brno, MU, 2007. ISBN 978-80-210-4389-3
3
Business letters:
Your seminar work for this semester involves writing up and handing in two business letters.
The deadline for handing in the letters is Friday, October 22, 2010. To meet the
requirements, you have to follow these guidelines:
• first, you have to find another classmate to make a pair because you will be
cooperating on the business letters;
• the letters are intended to be correspondence between two business partners
(i.e. you and your classmate) in the following way: one of you sends a letter → the other
person replies to it → the first one reacts to the reply → the other person replies to the
reply;
• the concrete topics of the letters is up to you but they have to be relevant, i.e. they
have to relate to your business activities (that you choose to perform) – e.g. a business
partner’s complaint about badly performed work/services or a reaction to a supplier’s
offer or a bid from a competing company for cooperation or a letter from a state
authority because of your breaking rules/norms or a claim for a refund because of
low-quality goods/services you delivered, etc.
• each of the letters should consists of 150-200 words including formalities (i.e.
addresses, date, salutation, subject of the letter, closing sentence, your name, position
within the company and signature);
• don’t forget to include your name and university number (UČO);
• hand in your letters as a pair (i.e. 4 letters together) and mark each letter with
an appropriate number according to the logical sequence (first letter = 1, following
letter = 2, next letter = 3, final letter = 4);
• hand in your letters in time (within the deadline), in the required extent and in a
printed form.
Model business letters as well as additional information on how to write a proper and good
business letter are available in a booklet called Intelligent Business: Style guide (it is a
supplement to your Intelligent Business textbook) on pages 16 – 19. Use this source as a
useful way of drawing inspiration for your own seminar work.
Tips and examples (copied from the Style guide, page 16):
Formal business correspondence is usually done by letter as this leaves a written record
which can be kept for reference. Business letters can be of different types with different
purposes: to apply for a job, to inform people of developments, to request action, to make
an enquiry, to complain, etc. To write a successful business letter you need to use the right
tone and to communicate your message to the reader using straightforward language. The
way a letter is written reveals a lot about the person who is writing it and it also sends a
message about the organisation that he or she is working for. It is, therefore, very
important to make sure that the information, layout, style and spelling are all correct before
you send it.
• Language styles
Business letters are usually quite formal in style. A conversational style is therefore not
appropriate and you should avoid contractions, for example. Try to use verbs in the active
and not in the passive form as this will make your letter more dynamic. You should also
avoid writing sentences that are too long and that include complicated or unnecessary
language. A straightforward letter will get your message across more effectively than a long
wordy one. There are certain conventions concerning the correct way to address people
and to close your letter.
4
• Opening
Letters always start with Dear ... followed by the correct form of address. If the letter is
going to someone whose name you do not know, it starts with Dear Sir, or Dear
Madam, or Dear Sir or Madam, ... . But if you do know the name, then you can begin
with Dear Mr/Ms Taylor, or Dear Greg Taylor, ... .
• Closing
Letters are usually closed in standard ways. At the end of your letter you should include a
short sentence like I look forward to hearing from you. or Please do not hesitate
to contact me if you need further information. Below that, you should put a closing
phrase:
Yours sincerely, (formal, for letters beginning Dear + name)
Yours faithfully, (formal, for letters beginning Dear Sir/ Madam)
Yours truly, / Best regards, / Best wishes, (less formal)
• Useful phrases and notations
Following our recent telephone conversation ...
I am writing to you to confirm ...
Thank you for taking the time to ...
Regarding the question of ...
I think you will agree that ...
We are sorry for any inconvenience caused.
I am enclosing full contact details.
enc (shows that something is enclosed), cc (copy sent to another person), PS (for
additional sentence(s) included after the signature)
• Layout
When writing a business letter, you
should follow the standard format.
The letter opposite shows where
the following different components
should appear on the page.
a letterhead / address (but not
name) of writer
b name and address of
recipient
c references
d date
e opening
f subject heading
g body of the letter
h closing
i signature
j name and job title
k enclosures
5
Unit 1 – ALLIANCES
Coursebook, page 9, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. ___________________ =
winter sleep of animals; here: a state of someone’s
inactivity (paragraph 1)
2. ___________________ = fame; great admiration; being famous (par 1)
3. ___________ ________ =
a period of sudden growth of investors’ interest in
internet companies (par 1)
4. ________ ____ ______ =
a situation when investors are trying to purchase
quickly e.g. shares that they believe will make them a
lot of money (par 2)
5. ___________________ = a business agreement or arrangement (par 2)
6. ___________________ =
a number representing a particular amount, especially
one given in official information (par 2)
7. __________ _________ =
a corporation that controls other corporations through
owning shares in them (par 3)
8. ___________________ = varied or different (par 3)
9. to _________________ =
to lose power or strength or energy; to stop growing
(par 3)
10. ___________________ = central; main; key (par 3)
11. ___________________ =
a set of investments owned by a particular person or
organization (par 3)
12. ___________________ =
an offer of a particular amount of money for something
which is for sale (par 4)
13. ___________________ =
taking advantage of every chance to achieve success,
without thinking about the effects of such actions on
other people (par 4)
14. to _________________ =
to hurry after something in order to catch it; to pursue
or follow something (par 4)
15. to ________ _________ = to bring or earn a lot of money (par 4)
16. __________ _________ =
a process when a company buys its suppliers and/or its
customers to control all the processes of production
(par 5)
17. ___________________ = extremely important or urgent (par 5)
18. to _________________ = here: to process and handle something (par 5)
19. ___________________ = a supposition; hypothesis; belief; presupposition (par 5)
20. ___________________ = being too much certain of someone’s abilities (par 6)
6
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What information shows us that bosses are “rediscovering their animal spirits”, and
why is this figure so different or unique?
____________________________________________________________
2. Why do the bosses want to acquire new companies?
____________________________________________________________
3. What information do the “widely-quoted” statistics provide, and what are they affected
by?
____________________________________________________________
4. What happened to the concept of a conglomerate in the 1990s, and why did it happen?
____________________________________________________________
5. What did the companies think could create more shareholder value for them? Is
General Electric an example of this new approach? Why?
____________________________________________________________
6. What are the two possible explanations of Brian Robert’s bid for Disney?
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
7. What will the CEOs be judged for in the end of the acquisition process, and what will
not be so important?
____________________________________________________________
8. What will the assumption connected with acquisitions be?
____________________________________________________________
9. What should CEOs remember if they want to avoid the failures of the 1990s?
____________________________________________________________
10. What explanation is used to define the term herd instinct?
____________________________________________________________
11. What metaphor is used to express the fact that CEOs will have to be very careful in
judging the risk of possible acquisitions?
____________________________________________________________
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Coursebook, page 12, exercise LISTENING 2
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Part 1:
The company has finally begun to make an excellent (1) _______________, which led
to the fact that they have been (2) _______________ for their (3) _______________.
The speaker says that the company had lost a lot of money in the past, and therefore when
Wireless Ltd. (4) _______________ them with an (5) _______________ deal, they
considered it as a good solution. They saw the (6) __________________ of an
(7) _______________ with Wireless as a way to save the firm.
However, later on they found out that they had serious problems trying to
(8) _______________ their cultures and systems. In the end, Wireless decided that they
didn’t want the alliance any more. By 2003, the company needed another
(9) _______________ partner. The only other (10) _______________ they saw was to
find a (11) _______________ bank that would lend them enough money. The speaker is
(12) _______________ that the second (13) _______________ was possible and they
were able to borrow money to keep (14) _______________ on their own.
Part 2:
The speaker points out that the alliance had many points of (15) _______________.
This is not surprising as different companies often have (16) _______________
approaches to different (17) _______________ of doing business. For example they both
managed (18) _______________ and (19) _______________ in a completely different
way. Because these two factors are the (20) _______________ of running a business, it
created serious problems. Another difficulty were the differences in their
(21) _______________, and they never managed to (22) _______________ with these
differences.
Another problematic point was communication – they have always (23) ___________
their teams to cooperate, but Wireless preferred to (24) _______________ separately
with each team. This means that the ways of (25) _______________ were very different.
Lastly, they didn’t manage to build (26) _______________ with the people at Wireless.
At present it seems so (27) _______________ but they didn’t even think of trying to
(28) _______________ the problems.
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REVIEW OF TENSES – additional information
1. Verbs that are not used in the ing form
Continuous tenses are used for actions or happenings; however, some verbs are not “action” verbs
but they are referred to as stative verbs and therefore they are not generally used in continuous
(or progressive) tenses (although there might be some exceptions, of course):
like love hate want need prefer
understand realize suppose mean know believe
remember belong contain consist depend seem
Examples:
I want to drink. I am wanting to drink.
She understood you perfectly yesterday. She was understanding you perfectly yesterday.
The building belongs to the university. The building is belonging to the university.
Tom and I have known each other for ages. Tom and I have been knowing each other for ages.
Another group of verbs that aren’t usually used in the progressive form are “verbs of sensual
perception”:
see hear smell taste
Examples:
Do you see the photo? Are you seeing the photo?
I can hear some noise. I can be hearing some noise.
The soup smells and tastes good. The soup is smelling and tasting good.
Exception:
If the verb “to see” is used in the meaning of “to have a meeting with someone”, it can be
used in the progressive form:
I am seeing the sales representative on Tuesday morning.
2. Phrase “this is the first time I have done something”
If you want to express the fact that you did a particular activity for the first time in the recent past,
you can use this phrase – but don’t forget to use present perfect when describing the activity:
This is the first time I’ve delivered a presentation at a conference.
This is the first time I delivered a presentation at a conference.
3. Actions in the past: used to or would?
USED TO
This verb is used in two contexts:
a) when something happened regularly in the past but no longer happens, i.e. a repeated
action in the past that is over now:
I used to go to the cinema a lot but I don’t do it very often now.
Susan used to travel a lot when she was younger.
b) when talking about something that was true in the past but is not true any more (this
is NOT a repeated action):
We used to live in this house when I was a child.
I used to think that school wasn’t very good but then I realized the mistake.
9
Since “used to” refers to past actions, it is used only in the past tense; however, if you want to
use it in a question, you should use “did” and “use to” while a negative sentence contains
“didn’t” and “use to” or less frequently “used not to”:
Did you use to go to the ZOO as a child?
Did Tom and Jim use to wear glasses in the past?
We didn’t use to celebrate some holidays. (OR We used not to celebrate some holidays.)
I didn’t use to study in Liverpool. (OR I used not to study in Liverpool.)
WOULD
Unlike “used to”, this verb is used only in one context when talking about past actions:
a) when something happened regularly in the past but no longer happens, i.e. a repeated
action in the past that is over now; “would” canNOT be used when talking about
something that was true in the past but is not true any more (this context is reserved for
“used to” only):
I would always forget my textbook when I was at primary school. (= again and again)
= I always used to forget my textbook when I was at primary school.
Would you go for a walk a lot when you had your first child?
= Did you use to go for a walk a lot when you had your first child?
The university wouldn’t hold a conference every five years in the past.
= The university didn’t use to (OR used not to) hold a conference every five
years in the past.
We would live in this house when I was a child.
I would think that school wasn’t very good but then I realized the mistake.
USED TO BE USED TO GET USED TO
“used to” is used as described above, i.e. to talk about events happening repeatedly in the past or
about something that was true in the past but is not true any more; it is used in the past
tense only and followed by a bare infinitive:
All of us used to go to school when we were young.
“be used to” means “to be accustomed to something”, i.e. BÝT ZVYKLÝ NA NĚCO in Czech; it can
be used in any tense and it is followed by a noun phrase or a gerund (ing form of a
verb) because “to” is a preposition here:
The children are used to their teacher.
We were used to getting up at 7 o’clock a few years ago.
I remember being used to drinking all night when I was young.
We have been used to being sent for beer by my father.
“get used to” is similar to “be used to” but it means “to get accustomed to something”, which
means a change of the state – ZVYKNOUT SI NA NĚCO in Czech; its grammar is identical
with “be used to”, i.e. it can be used in any tense and it is followed by a noun phrase or
a gerund (ing form of a verb) because “to” is a preposition here:
I will get used to the new car but it’ll take me some time.
Have you got used to driving on the left side in Britain?
How long did it take you to get used to speaking French in shops?
Did you get used to being known as the minister’s son?
10
Grammar exercises
1. Look at the graph and read the passage about technology stocks. Complete the text by
putting the verbs in brackets into the correct form of the past simple or present perfect.
European investors (1) have watched (watch) US stock markets nervously
over the last few months. The problems with US technology and telecomms
stocks (2) __________________ (begin) last March, and since then share
prices at companies like Intel, Apple and Dell (3) ___________________
(crash). Over the summer all these giants (4) ______________________
(announce) lower than expected profits, and investors fear that demand for
PCs in the highly developed US market (5) ___________________
(peak). Now it’s the turn of European stocks. On Monday stocks in companies
like Germany’s SAP and Finland’s Nokia (6) ______________________
(fall) sharply. SAP (7) _______________ (be) down 3% in Frankfurt, and
Nokia (8) ____________________ (drop) 7% in Helsinki.
But there was some good news for investors yesterday. Yahoo! (9) _______________________ (release) figures which
showed that in the last quarter revenues (10) _______________________ (rise) to $295 million, up from $115 million a
year earlier. Yahoo! relies on online advertising for most of its income, and this year it (11) _____________________ (gain)
significant market share in Europe and (12) _______________________ (manage) to achieve the position of top Webnavigation
company.
Analysts believe that the market (13) ________________________ (not/hit) the bottom yet. Earlier this year investors
(14) _______________________ (buy) any Internet stocks that were available, creating a stock market bubble. Now it’s
just the opposite. Investors (15) ________________________ (become) so nervous that they are selling everything, even if
the company is sound and the stock looks cheap.
2. Read this email from Steve, the Purchasing Manager of a UK importer, who is in Poland on a
business trip. Complete the email by choosing the correct alternative from A, B, C or D below.
1 A for B since C just D so far
2 A going B gone C being D been
3 A for B since C already D so far
4 A now B been C just D so far
5 A yet B already C been D gone
6 A just B already C now D yet
7 A going B gone C being D been
8 A so far B yet C just D now
9 A yet B since C ever D never
10 A yet B since C ever D never
11
3. Complete this article about the magazine Time Out by using words from the list below.
Decide whether to put the verbs into the present simple or present continuous.
own look for move investigate rely want provide try to
Time Out: time to EXPAND
Time Out, the London entertainment magazine, has plans for
expansion. It already (1) owns the monthly magazine Paris Passion,
and now it (2) _______________ beyond France to other markets
such as Argentina and Japan. Tony Elliott, Time Out’s founder, says
he (3) _______________ local people to initiate and run the
magazines, as Time Out’s London office doesn’t have the cash or
management time. Elliott also has plans for the website,
Timeout.com, which was launched in 1995 and (4) _____________
information about more than 30 cities. It (5) _______________ on
advertising revenue and a small amount of money from ticket sales to
survive. But as Time Out changes and expands, Tony Elliott
(6) __________________ persuade advertisers in the printed
version to take more space on the Internet site. Also, he
(7) ________________ the possibility of charging visitors to the
site for access to some information. Despite these expansion plans,
Elliot says that a flotation on the stock market is out of the question.
He (8) ________________ to keep control of the business he has
built up.
4. Use the verbs in brackets in the correct tense. If it is possible to use past perfect, use it.
1. Recently we ________________ (decide) to start selling new types of mobile phones.
2. The management ________________ (plan) to expand the production a week ago but
nowadays they ________________ (not + be) so sure about it.
3. I’d like to know whether this is the first time your parents ________________ (go) to
Canada.
4. Our department ________________ (deal) a complaint on 5 April, 2010, after we
________________ (release) incorrect information concerning our financial situation.
5. The economy regularly ________________ (expand) and then ________________
(shrink), which ________________ (be) known as the business cycle.
6. Is this the first time your rival ________________ (launch) a new advertising campaign?
7. Nobody ________________ (make) any comments until the CEO ________________
(mention) the future plans at yesterday’s meeting.
8. The students ________________ (not + pass) the final exam yet because they
________________ (not + study) enough during the previous semester.
9. Many firms ________________ (go) bankrupt in this quarter but experts expect that the
situation ________________ (improve) soon.
10. Our employees ________________ (never, be) to Britain.
5. Use the following verbs in the progressive form in the appropriate tense. If it isn’t possible
to use the progressive form, use the simple form.
1. When I was in America, I _________________ (stay) in Hilton hotel in New York.
2. “Can you smell the flowers?” “Yes, they _________________ (smell) really nice.”
3. Do you have any pen left? I _________________ (really, need) one now.
4. IBM _________________ (launch) a new advertising strategy in a few weeks.
5. Sorry, I _________________ (not + understand) your ideas. Could you explain it again?
6. _________________ (you, see) the bird on top of that tree? Over there!
7. My family _________________ (prefer) staying at home now because of the bad weather.
8. Nowadays many young people _________________ (hate) the idea of not having Internet
connection.
9. Competitors _________________ (consider) setting up a joint venture.
10. What I _________________ is (suggest) this: let’s start producing shoes instead of T-shirts.
12
6. Decide if you use used to, would, be used to or get used to + the correct form of the verb in
brackets in these sentences. If there are more possibilities, use all of them.
1. As a member of the sales team, I __________________________ (offer) goods to retailers
for many years.
2. In the past many customers __________________________ (consider) multinational
companies as evil and hostile corporations.
3. The sales representatives __________________________ (travel) to all 50 American
states to offer products that could be used in households.
4. I’m moving to L.A. next month. I really don’t know if I __________________________
(live) in such a busy city.
5. Surprisingly, my grandparents __________________________ (use) a computer or
mobile phone recently.
6. Which of you __________________________ (know) how to send an email when you
were a child?
7. __________________________ you __________________________ (stay) in Paris
when you __________________________ (travel) to France?
8. Now, like other students, Tom __________________________ (study) for exams at
nights.
9. The managers __________________________ (think) that unless employees
__________________________ (work) in hard conditions as quickly as possibly, they
shouldn’t be employed.
10. Dominant companies __________________________ (dictate) prices to small
competitiors for many years in the past.
7. Translate the following sentences into English.
Tato univerzita patřila po mnoho let k nejlepším vzdělávacím institucím v zemi, ale její studenti si
nikdy nezvykli na obtížnost studia.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Před patnácti lety manažeři nejezdívali na školení do anglicky mluvících zemí, protože firmy
nemohly utratit tolik peněz za vzdělávání.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
To je poprvé, co jsem navštívil indickou restauraci. Musím připustit, že všechna jídla, která zde
servírují, krásně voní a také dobře chutnají.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Už pět měsíců si pamatuji, že se budeš brzy ženit. Soužití s manželkou pro tebe jistě nebude
problém, protože jste oba zvyklí na to, že nežijete sami.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
Dva roky závisel úspěch naší firmy na schopnostech naší generální ředitelky, ale po její smrti si
budeme muset zvyknout na využívání týmové práce celého managementu.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI1A
Intelligent Business: Unit 1 – Alliances
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
podléhat uzavřené dohodě – ______________________________________________________
zvýšit podíl na trhu – ___________________________________________________________
dovolit si ustoupit do pozadí – ____________________________________________________
hladce se přizpůsobit firemní kultuře – ______________________________________________
být posuzován za nabídku k převzetí – ______________________________________________
skončit obrovským neúspěchem – _________________________________________________
pustit se do obchodních příležitostí – _______________________________________________
oznámená fúze a navrhované převzetí – _____________________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. a company that is formed to buy shares in other companies which it afterwards controls:
2. an agreement between two or more organizations to work together:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase. (2 points each)
REVENUES, CEO, CORPORATE ALLIANCES,
COSTS, SHAREHOLDERS, MDO, ANIMAL SPIRITS
1. Whenever two major companies announce a merger, their ________________________
look forward to making huge fortunes.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. Once a big company gets into a new market, its _________________________ becomes
a famous and respected player in the industry.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. Many producers of generic drugs are successful because they have low prices; to achieve
this, they have to keep all _______________________ low.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete each sentence with a correct form of one of the following verbs; each verb can be used only once: (1 point each)
BUILD – FEATURE IN – TOTAL – DO
CATCH UP – SET UP – CONSTRUCT
1. Have you ___________________________ the meeting for 10 or 11 o’clock tomorrow?
2. Generic drug sales _______________________ $30 billion in Europe and America last year.
3. It’s clear that companies want __________________ portfolios with diverse investments.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. Multicultural teams have to deal with unpleasant __________________________
coming from differences in cultures. (UNDERSTAND)
2. Small but successful Czech companies are often bought by big _____________________
companies that operate throughout the world. (NATION)
3. __________________________ is a key ability for all companies that want to succeed
on the global market. (COMPETE)
4. Many top executives are __________________________ influenced by the herd instinct.
(POWER)
5. The _________________________ that all big and financially strong companies want to
acquire small ones is simply false. (ASSUME)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. There’s been a dramatic increase ________ the number of mergers.
2. Miramax didn’t turn ________ Disney’s offer – and it was a mistake.
3. Have you been articulate enough ________ your proposed action?
4. Many travelers have recently been ________ South America for their vacation.
5. ________ behalf ________ the department I would like to thank you all.
6. I’m afraid we won’t be able to sort ________ the problems soon.
B. Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same as the sentence above. (3 points each)
1. Temporary staff work in this company. They began to work here 2 months ago.
The temporary staff _______________________________________________ 2 months.
2. Coca-Cola earned $100 million here. It was before the year 2004.
By 2004 ________________________________________________________________.
3. The finance director plans to go for a business trip. His schedule says that he is supposed
to meet his business partner on Monday afternoon.
The finance director, who is going for a business trip, _____________________________
_____________________________________________________ on Monday afternoon.
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
As you know, Alcott and Eves ___________________ (BE) the major players in the events
industry. Well, Bev Andrews, their CEO, _____________________ (CALL, I) an hour ago.
I’m still so surprised as she wants me to join their company. I ________________________
(HEAR) about their expansion recently. They ________________________ (just, MAKE) a
decision to become number one in their field. The company _______________________
(EMPLOY) 20 new people earlier this month because it ___________________________
(not, BE ABLE) to deal with the administration. But I think I _______________________
_____________ (probably, REFUSE) the offer because I __________________________
(LEAVE) for New York on the 15th. And I _____________________________________
(WANT, STAY) there for three months.
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. The shares of car manufacturers _________________ for the period of three months.
A: have been risen B: have been rising
C: were rising D: are rising
2. We haven’t seen any improvement in the public health care sector _________________.
A: yet B: so far
C: by now D: just
3. After my arrival to Paris, I _________________ in the Ritz Hotel.
A: am staying B: will be staying
C: will have stayed D: will stay
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Společnosti rády provozují akvizice a fúze, neboť je to jeden z nejjednodušších způsobů jak si
zajistit rychlý růst, diverzifikovat své investiční portfolio a ovládat konkurenci. Avšak není
snadné partnerství s jinou firmou úspěšně uzavřít, protože akcionáři si mohou myslet, že se
hodnota jejich akcií tímto způsobem sníží. Dohoda, podepsaná oběma generálními řediteli,
proto nemusí znamenat konec vyjednávacího procesu.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
13
Unit 2 – PROJECTS
Coursebook, page 17, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. ___________________ =
determined beforehand; assigned for a specific use or
purpose (paragraph 1)
2. to __________ _______ =
to provide what is needed or wanted; to take care of
something (par 1)
3. to __________ _______ = to interact or coordinate smoothly (par 2)
4. ___________________ =
complex and using advanced technology (of machines
or methods) (par 2)
5. ___________ ________ =
the whole series of processes, companies, places, etc. that
are involved in making and selling a product (par 3)
6. to _________________ =
to deal with (a problem or task) in a determined way
(par 3)
7. ___________________ =
a conscientious or concerted effort toward an end; an
earnest attempt (par 3)
8. ___________________ =
the process of arranging for somebody outside a
company to produce goods or provide services for that
company (par 4)
9. ___________________ = restriction, limitation, regulation (par 4)
10. ___________________ =
a person or company that does part of the work given
to another person or company (par 5)
11. ___________________ =
a reduction in the amount of money a company spends
(par 5)
12. to _________________ = to annoy or bother continually or chronically (par 5)
13. ___________________ =
a minor malfunction, mishap, or technical problem; a
snag (par 6)
14. to __________ _______ =
to increase (prices) by a large amount (informal)
(par 6)
15. ___________________ =
something that is done in advance in order to prevent
problems or to avoid danger (par 7)
16. to _________________ = to consider (someone) responsible for something (par 8)
17. ___________________ = providing services of low or insufficient quality (par 9)
18. ___________________ =
something that encourages effort or action; a motivator
(par 9)
19. ___________________ =
carelessness, failure to do things properly and correctly
(par 9)
20. __________ _________ =
a new, independent company formed from part of an
existing one (par 9)
14
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What features or characteristics will the new Heathrow airport terminal have (based on
its description in paragraph 1)?
____________________________________________________________
2. Why is the building of an airport a more complicated task than anything else?
____________________________________________________________
3. What is Tony Douglas’s current job, why was he offered this position, and what did he
do immediately before taking over this position?
____________________________________________________________
4. Why did BAA approach this project in an untraditional way? What could happen if the
project hadn’t been finished on time?
____________________________________________________________
5. Why is BAA running the project itself?
____________________________________________________________
6. Why is most of the construction taking place off-site?
____________________________________________________________
7. What is the T5 Agreement, and why is it so important?
____________________________________________________________
8. How do the contractors choose their suppliers, and what do the suppliers often hope
for?
____________________________________________________________
9. What typically happens when “something goes wrong”?
____________________________________________________________
10. How has BAA decided to motivate contractors and suppliers to finish everything on
time and within original costs?
____________________________________________________________
11. What originally happened when it was found out that the parts of the air traffic control
tower hadn’t been engineered correctly, and how did they deal with this problem?
____________________________________________________________
12. Why are the suppliers motivated to do a good job in this project, and what threat is
reduced if risk is spread on all the suppliers and contractors?
____________________________________________________________
13. What will the success of the T5 project mean for BAA in the future?
____________________________________________________________
15
Coursebook, page 16, exercise LISTENING 1
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
The speaker says that giving golden rules for project management is difficult because the
(1) ________________ of all projects is (2) ________________, i.e. it is impossible to
(3) ______________ exactly what will happen. However, there are (4) _____________
that project managers must (5) __________________, as well as a number of
(6) ________________ to help them.
The speaker points out that all the (7) __________________ of any project are
(8) ________________, but the two most important ones are (9) ________________
and planning. The first one is so important because every project should have
(10) ________________ (11) ________________. Therefore the questions project
managers should ask themselves are whether the project is (12) ________________, and
if it will add (13) ________________. To get the answers, it is necessary to prepare a
project (14) __________________, or project (15) __________________, which
(16) ________________ (17) ________________ the (18) ________________ as
well as the strategy behind the project.
After doing so, the next phase becomes easier. When planning, project managers have to
do many things, such as to (19) ________________ resources, (20) ______________
costs, prepare a (21) ________________ and time (22) ________________, and –
most importantly – (23) ________________ the risk factor.
Selecting the project team is perhaps (24) ________________ important. If the first
two phases have been prepared well, then (25) ________________ should be quite easy,
especially if potential problems are known and if (26) ________________ plans have
been developed.
If the planning has been done, the project team should be able to
(27) ________________ the project on time and within the (28) ________________.
16
ARTICLES – additional information
1. Expression used with no article
continents Africa, Europe, South America
countries France, Japan, Switzerland, Great Britain
states, regions etc. Texas, Cornwall, Tuscany, England, Central Europe
islands Corsica, Sicily, Bermuda
cities, towns etc. Cairo, New York, Madrid
individual mountains Everest, Etna, Kilimanjaro, Mont Blanc, Mount Everest
lakes Lake Superior, Lake Constance
streets, roads, squares,
parks, bridges
Union Street, Fifth Avenue, Piccadilly Circus, Hyde Park,
Blackrock Road, Broadway, Times Square, Waterloo Bridge
Exceptions:
COUNTRIES: if a name of a country contains a common noun such as Republic, State(s),
Kingdom, Empire, Union, etc., this nouns requires that they are used with the
definite article:
the United States of America (the USA), the United Kingdom (the UK), the
Dominican Republic, the Slovak Republic (but Slovakia), the Roman Empire, the
Soviet Union
CITIES: the only exception of a city whose name contains the definite article is The Hague
2. Expression used with the definite article
people the Taylors (= the Taylor family), the Simpsons
countries in plural the Netherlands, the Philippines
groups of islands the Canaries (the Canary Islands), the Bahamas, the British Isles
mountain ranges the Rocky Mountains (the Rockies), the Andes, the Alps
oceans, seas the Pacific, the Atlantic (Ocean), the Mediterranean (Sea)
rivers, canals the Amazon, the Loire, the Suez Canal
hotels, restaurants, pubs the Station Hotel, the Bombay Restaurant, the Red Lion (pub)
theatres, cinemas the Palace Theatre, the Odeon Cinema, The Globe
museums, galleries the British Museum, the Tate Gallery
newspapers the Washington Post, the Financial Times, the Economist, the Sun
organizations the European Union, the IMF, the World Bank, the BBC, the UN
Be careful: The highest mountain in the Alps is Mont Blanc.
MORE ABOUT PLACE AND ORGANIZATION NAMES:
a) if a place name consists of an adjective + common noun, it is used with the definite article:
the Middle East, the Far East, the West End
but NOT the Middle Asia because “Asia” is a proper noun and not a common one
17
b) if a place name or an organization name consists of an ‘of’-phrase where the first noun is a
common noun, it is used with the definite article too:
the Houses of Parliament, the South of France, the south-east of Spain,
the Bank of England, the Tower of London, the Museum of Modern Art,
the Great Wall of China, the Tropic of Capricorn, the Gulf of Mexico,
the University of London (BUT London University – see above ↑),
the University of California (BUT California University)
Be careful about POINTS OF THE COMPASS: if you use it as an adjective in front of a proper
noun, you don’t use the definite article (because you cannot use it with the proper noun);
however, if you use it as a noun in an ‘of’-phrase, you must use the definite article (because
points of the compass as nouns require the definite article):
South Moravia (= adjective + noun) BUT the south of Moravia (= noun + of + noun)
northern Sweden (= adjective + noun) BUT the north of Sweden (= noun + of + noun)
south-eastern Rome (= adjective + noun) BUT the south-east of Rome (= noun + of + noun)
Therefore you can say a sentence like:
Sweden is in northern Europe while Spain is in the south.
3. Proper names containing a name of a person or place
Many names (especially names of important buildings and institutions) are two words. The first
word is usually the name of a person or a place. Such names are usually used without ‘the’;
they are used with no article instead (again, there are many exceptions to this rule):
person name
Kennedy Airport, Victoria Station, Buckingham Palace, Masaryk University,
Charles University
place name
Cambridge University, Edinburgh Castle, London Zoo, Westminster Abbey,
Canterbury Cathedral
However, we say ‘the White House’, ‘the Royal Palace’, because ‘white’ and ‘royal’ are not
proper names like ‘Kennedy’ or ‘Cambridge’. This is only a general rule and there are
exceptions, of course.
Many shops, restaurants, hotels, banks etc. are named after the people who started them. These
names end in -’s or -s. We do not use ‘the’ with these names; the same applies to names of
churches that are often named after saints:
Lloyds Bank (not the Lloyds Bank), McDonalds, Jack’s Guest House,
St John’s Church (not the St John’s Church), St Paul’s Cathedral, Harrods (shop)
4. Articles and possessive case
When showing possession in English, the possessive case –’s for singular or –s’ for plural is used
frequently; sometimes it is necessary to use an article (definite or indefinite) in front of the noun
with the possessive case; however, it is very important to realize that such an article refers to
the noun with the possessive case and NOT to the noun that follows the possessive
case:
an actor’s performances = an refers to actor and not performances (it’s in plural!)
England’s Queen = no article because England is used without any article
the United Nations’ decision = the refers to United Nations and not to decision
We have seen America’s biggest lake. NOT We have seen the America’s biggest lake.
Our firm disagrees with some of the EU’s regulations. NOT ... some of EU’s regulations.
BUT: a New Zealand visa = no possession (–’s), New Zealand functions as an adjective
a Norway weather forecast (= adjective) BUT Norway’s state budget (= possession)
18
5. Special uses of definite and no article
Besides the situations mentioned above, the definite article is also used in these cases:
• adjectives referring to a group of people: the unemployed, the rich, the poor
• playing musical instruments: to play the piano, to play the guitar
• job & official titles: the Marketing Director, the CEO, the Prime Minister, the President
• some time phrases: in the past, at the moment, in the future (BUT at present), the 1990s,
the 21st century
Job titles and official titles are used with the definite article only if they are not used with the name
of the person; if you use a person’s name with the title, don’t use the definite article:
the Financial Director BUT Financial Director Mike Thomas
the President BUT President Obama
the Professor BUT Professor Johnson
Besides the situations mentioned above, no article is also used in these cases:
• names of companies (usually): Accenture, IBM, Fiat, Sony, Kodak, British Airways
• some time phrases: years, months, days: in 2010, in August, on Monday
special times of the year: at Christmas, at Easter
some parts of the day: at night, at midnight, at sunset
(BUT the morning, the afternoon)
• means of transport (in general): by car, taxi, bus, train, on foot (BUT on the train to Brno)
• meals (in general): to go for lunch, dinner, breakfast (BUT There was a dinner at the show.)
• some prepositional phrases: in/to hospital, prison, bed, class, court; at/to work, school,
university, sea, home
Grammar exercises
1. Put either a/an, the or a dash (—) to show no article.
1. The Italians have given us a lot of — business.
2. _______ most people thought that it was _______ very good product.
3. I like to drink _______ glass of _______ wine in _______ evening.
4. I wish I could speak _______ English like _______ English.
5. As soon as _______ Helen gets off _______ plane, ask her to give me _______ call.
6. _______ smoking is not permitted in this area.
7. There’s _______ visitor at _______ reception desk.
8. When I arrived at _______ airport, I had _______ drink and waited for _______ flight.
9. I want _______ action, not _______ words.
10. _______ person with _______ MBA usually gets _______ good job.
11. I’ll get you _______ coffee from _______ machine.
12. Marie comes from _______ France.
13. His parents’ summer house is either in _______ east of France or _______ east Germany.
14. The decision has been made by _______ Chief Executive Officer McClair and _______
President O’Neil.
15. Look at _______ picture of _______ New Zealand’s biggest waterfall.
16. Jim said something about _______ teacher’s _______ books but I have no idea who he was
talking about.
17. _______ alligator is _______ very dangerous Florida’s animal.
18. _______ Marketing Director and _______ Vice-President Jameson are both from _______
Australia.
19
2. Put either a/an or a dash (—) to show no article.
1. — money makes the world go round.
2. Sheila drives _________ French car.
3. Rita works in _________ insurance agency in _________ Lisbon.
4. _________ health is the most important thing in _________ life.
5. This is _________ good time for _________ sales of new cars.
6. This is the number to call for _________ information.
7. I’ve got _________ colleague who is _________ systems analyst.
8. _________ product knowledge is very important for _________ sales representative.
9. He is _________ engineer. He studied _________ engineering at university.
10. We produce _________ full sales report four times _________ year.
3. Underline the correct words.
1. We went to Pisa/the Pisa and saw Leaning Tower/the Leaning Tower.
2. Crete/The Crete is very beautiful at this time of year.
3. My son is in hospital/the hospital and can’t go to school/the school.
4. You can go from Heathrow/the Heathrow by underground/the underground.
5. Helmut Kohl/The Helmut Kohl was Chancellor/the Chancellor who helped to reunite
Germany/the Germany.
6. We flew over Alps/the Alps and saw Mont Blanc/the Mont Blanc.
7. In near future/the near future videoconferences will replace many meetings.
8. I’m tired! Thank goodness it’s time to go home/to home.
9. New York/The New York is in United States/the United States.
10. I usually have lunch/the lunch at about one.
11. I used to work for Deutsche Bank/the Deutsche Bank in City of London/the City of London at
start/the start of my career.
12. My son wants to go to university/the university after his exams.
13. Do you know Lake Windermere/the Lake Windermere? It’s in Lake District/the Lake District
in north-west/the north-west of England/the England.
14. I bought this suit from Bond Street/the Bond Street.
15. The Government should do more to help the poor/the poor people.
16. On our trip to UK/the UK we toured around south-east/the south-east and visited Canterbury
Cathedral/the Canterbury Cathedral.
17. They wouldn’t pay, so we took them to court/the court.
18. John/The John is at work/the work at moment/the moment.
19. We travelled to Italy/the Italy by car/the car.
20. Danube/The Danube is the main river in Central Europe/the Central Europe.
21. I think Tim studied either at University of Nottingham/The University of Nottingham or
Birmingham University/The Birmingham University.
22. It is believed that a politician’s /the politician’s /politician’s intentions are usually bad and
dishonest.
23. In an era/the era of Roman Empire/the Roman Empire people didn’t know anything about
genetics/the genetics and molecular biology/the molecular biology.
24. We deliver to all countries in Europe/The Europe and Americas/the Americas from our
headquarters in Hague/The Hague in Netherlands/The Netherlands.
20
4. Some of these sentences are correct, but some need the (perhaps more than once).
Correct the sentences where necessary. Put ‘RIGHT’ if the sentence is already correct.
1. Everest was first climbed in 1953. RIGHT
2. Milan is in north of Italy. the north of Italy
3. Africa is much larger than Europe. __________________________________________
4. Last Year I visited Mexico and United States. ___________________________________
5. South of England is warmer than north. ______________________________________
6. Portugal is in western Europe. _____________________________________________
7. France and Britain are separated by Channel. __________________________________
8. Jim has travelled a lot in Middle East. _______________________________________
9. Chicago is on Lake Michigan. _____________________________________________
10. The highest mountain in Africa is Kilimanjaro (5,895 metres). _______________________
11. Next year we are going skiing in Swiss Alps. ___________________________________
12. United Kingdom consists of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. _____________________
13. Seychelles are a group of islands in Indian Ocean. _______________________________
14. River Volga flows into Caspian Sea. _________________________________________
15. Johnsons saw Great Wall of China and the Eiffel Tower last year. _____________________
16. When you go to New York, stay in Plaza Hotel. _________________________________
17. When you travel around globe, cross Sahara and Suez. ____________________________
18. In St Patrick’s Church in south-west of Dublin you can see famous paintings. _____________
19. I plan to go to States, particularly the Alaska, to climb Rockies and Longs Peak. ___________
20. The student said that Amazon flows into the Victoria Lake and not into the Atlantic. ________
__________________________________________________________________
5. Choose the correct form, with or without the.
1. Have you ever been to British Museum / the British Museum? (the... is correct)
2. Hyde Park / The Hyde Park is a very large park in central London.
3. Another park in central London is St James’s Park / the St James’s Park.
4. Grand Hotel / The Grand Hotel is in Baker Street / the Baker Street.
5. We flew to New York from Gatwick Airport / the Gatwick Airport near London.
6. Frank is a student at Liverpool University / the Liverpool University.
7. If you’re looking for a good clothes shop, I would recommend Harrison’s / the Harrison’s.
8. If you’re looking for a good pub, I would recommend Ship Inn / the Ship Inn.
9. Statue of Liberty / The Statue of Liberty is at the entrance to New York harbor / the New York
harbor.
10. You should go to Science Museum / the Science Museum. It’s very interesting.
11. John works for IBM / the IBM now. He used to work for British Telecom / the British Telecom.
12. ‘Which cinema are you going to this evening?’ ‘Classic / The Classic.’
13. I’d like to go to China and see Great Wall / the Great Wall.
14. Which newspaper shall I buy — Independent / the Independent or Herald / the Herald?
15. This book is published by Cambridge University Press / the Cambridge University Press.
21
6. Underline the correct words.
1. Where’s a/the fax they sent this morning? I can’t find it.
2. I have an/the appointment at a/the bank.
3. I had a/the very good holiday. A/The weather was marvellous.
4. I’ve been working so hard that I need a/the break.
5. They are a/the largest manufacturer of light bulbs in a/the world.
6. A/The presentation was a/the great success.
7. Can I give you a/the lift to the station?
8. I think I need a/the new pair of glasses.
9. We need to reach a/the decision as soon as possible.
10. There must be an/the answer to a/the problem.
11. Mike is an/the accountant. He works on another/the other side of town.
12. His office is a/the biggest one in a/the building.
13. Where is a/the document that we were looking at just now?
14. The Portuguese/The Portuguese people are very good negotiators.
7. Complete this article with either a/an, the or a dash (–) to show no article.
HOW CLEAN IS THEIR MONEY?
‘Money laundering’ is (1) the name given to one of
(2) _____ world’s biggest financial problems: moving
money that has been obtained illegally into (3) _____
foreign bank accounts so that (4) _____ people do not
know where it has come from. Putting (5) _____ value
on money laundering is of course very difficult, but the
International Monetary Fund estimate that it is huge –
perhaps $1 trillion (6) _____ year, equivalent to about
4% of gross world product.
(7) _____ problem has grown hand-in-hand with
(8) ____ globalization, and particularly with (9) ____
lifting of capital controls and (10) _____ development
of (11) _____ international payment systems. These
allow money to be moved in (12) _____ seconds
between banks in different parts of the world who know
very little about each other. (13) _____ international
payment system is crucial to (14) _____ stability of the
world’s financial markets, but it also provides (15) _____
opportunity for criminals to hide their money.
Private banking is (16) _____ best-known
laundering channel. Clients of these banks are wealthy
people who want their affairs handled with discretion,
especially because they want to minimize (17) _____
amount of (18) _____ tax they pay. In these banks
there is (19) _____ culture of ‘don’t ask; don’t tell’.
And (20) _____ biggest problem within (21) _____
private banking is offshore banks. There are around
5,000 offshore banks controlling about $5 trillion in
assets, and some have no physical presence in any
location.
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI1A
Intelligent Business: Unit 2 – Projects
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
maximalizovat zajišťovací sumu – __________________________________________________
předpovídat náklady spuštěného projektu – __________________________________________
obviňovat subdodavatele ze závad a zpoždění – _______________________________________
vypracovat proveditelný plán pro mimořádné události – _________________________________
odvrátit selhání záložních zařízení – ________________________________________________
schválení předložených požadavků na pracovní sílu – ___________________________________
navrhnout a uskutečnit účinné omezení – ____________________________________________
dostatečně zhodnotit časově náročné výběrové řízení – __________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. a person or group of people who are considered to be an important part of an
organization because they have responsibility within it or receive advantages from it:
2. the process of arranging for somebody outside a company to produce goods or provide
services for that company:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase. (2 points each)
ENDEAVOUR, DEADLINES, PROPOSALS,
KEY FEATURES, ENCOUNTER, SERIES
1. One of the ___________________________ of a well-managed project is its detailed
and perfect organization.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. The last public _______________________________ of the two CEOs took place at
the engineering trade fair in Vienna, and it was very informal.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. The project team has to predict any difficulties and its members have to be prepared to
solve a _________________________ of complex tasks.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete each sentence with a correct form of one of the following verbs; each verb can be used only once: (1 point each)
COST – PAY – PASS – STAY
MOVE – FIX – HIT – BUMP UP
1. ___________________ the objectives means setting final goals that need to be achieved.
2. Have you ever been unfair and ___________________________ risk to somebody else?
3. It’s estimated that human errors _______________________________ the European
economy €30 billion last year.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. The management’s ____________________________ over the future development is so
big that they haven’t been able to reach any conclusion at all. (AGREE)
2. If you really want to save some money, consider ________________________________
some of your less important business activities. (SOURCE)
3. A new market research will show our company what the _________________________
to our major difficulty is. (SOLVE)
4. The project has to be finished with all __________________________ no later than
next Friday. (DELIVER)
5. Do all of you think that the project of the new robot is __________________________?
(DO)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. The CEO’s concern ________ the future development is gone now.
2. Bob has been chosen to oversee ________ the pilot project.
3. Our company took ________ 5 new construction engineers last month!
4. Fortunately, corner-cutting is not peculiar ________ many companies here.
5. Although this supplier isn’t very reliable, we have decided to get ________ with them.
6. The development points ________ more sophisticated electronic systems.
B. Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same as the sentence above. (3 points each)
1. Sarah got a job in a factory. Five years later the factory closed down.
At the time the factory ______________________ Sarah __________________________
there for five years.
2. When they left college, Mary and Sue started making films together. They still make films.
Mary and Sue ___________________________ since they ________________________.
3. Last year Jane travelled around Europe. It took her 5 months and it was during university
studies of her best friend.
Last year Jane _________________________________________________ for 5 months
while her best friend _____________________________________________ at university.
C. Fill the gaps with the definite article the, indefinite article a(n) or no article: (1 point each)
Well, as you know, last year we made _______ decision to move our operations to
Cambridge, because it’s very important for _______ biotechnology companies to recruit
_______ scientists from _______ best universities. We’re in _______ very competitive jobs
market here in Cambridge and we motivate our employees by offering them _______
excellent working conditions. We’ve built up _______ excellent team, and we’re doing some
very important research in _______ field of _______ gene therapy.
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. _______ Opera House is located on _______ Fourth Avenue in _______ Denver.
A: The ... the ... ø B: ø ... ø ...
C: ø ... the ... ø D: The ... ø ... ø
2. _______ President of _______ IMF and _______ Prime Minister Gordon Brown came
to _______ Masaryk University on _______ foot.
A: ø ... the ... ø ... the ... ø B: The ... ø ... ø ... the ... ø
C: The ... the ... ø ... ø ... ø D: ø ... ø ... the ... the ... the
3. Harry Potter goes to _______ school in _______ Hogwarts, goes there by _______ train
and reads _______ Daily Prophet.
A: the ... ø ... the ... the B: ø ... the ... ø ... the
C: ø ... the ... the ... ø D: ø ... ø ... ø ... the
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Vybraný projektový tým se musí ujistit, že zdroje byly správně rozděleny a že náklady nejsou
navyšovány, protože pokud by stavba nebyla předána včas a v rámci rozpočtu, mohlo by to
finančně zruinovat celý projekt. Další možností je poskytnout dodavatelům finanční pobídky,
které by vedly ke kvalitní práci. Pokud však v případě problémů odmítne investor prodloužit
konečný termín, budou stavební firmy muset zaplatit za zpoždění.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
24
Unit 3 – TEAMWORKING
Coursebook, page 25, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. ______ _____________ = successively, consecutively (paragraph 1)
2. to _________________ =
to accomplish something successfully; to gain
something with effort (par 2)
3. to __________ _______ =
to present, arrange, or display; to intend; to begin an
undertaking (par 2)
4. ___________________ =
a number representing a particular amount, especially
one given in official information (par 2)
5. ___________________ =
without showing off or boasting; showing a moderate
estimation of one’s own talents or abilities (par 3)
6. ___________________ =
acting directly to produce an effect; working or
producing effectively without wasting effort, energy, or
money (par 3)
7. to _______ ____ ______ = to bear or endure without complaint (par 3)
8. ___________________ =
a product of thinking; ideas typical of a particular time
or place (par 3)
9. ___________________ = an end result; a conclusion (par 3)
10. ___________________ = boring, tiresome and uninteresting (par 3)
11. to _______ ____ ______ =
a metaphor describing the act of monopolizing the
speaking time during an event (par 3)
12. to _________________ =
to speak, plead, or argue in favor of something; to
support something (par 4)
13. ___________________ =
a narrative or record of events; a report or description
of what happened (par 4)
14. ___________________ =
a group problem-solving technique in which members
spontaneously share ideas and solutions (par 4)
15. to _______ ____ ______ =
to produce, provide, propose or suggest something
(such as an idea) (par 4)
16. ___________________ =
a demanding or stimulating situation; a call to engage
in a contest or fight (par 4)
17. to _________________ = to shape, create or form something (par 5)
18. to _________________ =
to use, consume, spend, or expend thoughtlessly or
carelessly (par 5)
19. to _________________ = to construct; to put into words; formulate (par 5)
20. to _________________ = to gain or obtain (someone’s help or support) (par 5)
25
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. Why are meetings considered as important for company bosses?
___________________________________________________________
2. What statistics did Synectics company produce regarding meetings?
___________________________________________________________
3. What does the text say about the skill of running a meeting, and how are Synectics’
meetings characterized?
___________________________________________________________
4. Where do many small informal meetings happen, and how are they described?
___________________________________________________________
5. What do people who try to improve meetings say about the problems of big meetings?
___________________________________________________________
6. What are the two basic purposes of holding a meeting?
___________________________________________________________
7. What three phases should problem-solving include?
___________________________________________________________
8. Why is it wise to ask people to say only what they liked about a meeting and not what
they find bad or negative?
___________________________________________________________
9. What is especially important about meetings for companies?
___________________________________________________________
10. What example of time-wasting does Professor Bradford present, and how should this
issue have been solved?
___________________________________________________________
11. Why is it important to frame a good question?
___________________________________________________________
26
Workbook, page 15, exercise LISTENING 2
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
Professor O’Driscoll started his talk by mentioning Professor Belbin’s (1) ___________
of team roles. He says the way companies view team has started to (2) _______________.
Belbin defined a team as a (3) ________________ made up of individuals who perform
their roles.
His (4) ________________ is (5) ________________ as it helps people
understand themselves as well as other team members. It also increases the team’s
(6) ________________ knowledge of how it is (7) ________________. However,
(8) ________________ teamworking (9) ________________ from a combination of
individual and collective (10) ________________, or abilities.
People generally think of teams as a group of highly competent individuals who
(11) ________________ to (12) ________________ as a team. The task is, however,
to develop teams of individuals who perform (13) ________________. Therefore their
(14) ________________ looked at competences that were required to bring about
(15) ________________ (16) ________________.
The study (17) ________________ many differences between teams regarding their
structure and (18) ____________________. Business teams tend to be ad hoc
(19) ________________ formed to (20) ________________ short-term needs. But
even these short-lived teams share generic (21) ____________________ with
(22) ________________ ones. An example describes jazz musicians: although
(23) ________________ might not be expected to be significant in such
(24) ________________ teams, it was found out that the musicians tried to establish a
level of social (25) ________________.
Professor O’Driscoll’s team also developed a model used for (26) ________________
the (27) _______________ of a team as a collective. It takes into (28) _____________
the relationships between the people and identifies sixteen (29) ________________
competencies necessary for high team performance. They divided them into four
(30) ________________, or groups.
Finally, it can be said that when using the new (31) ________________, it is possible
to identify where a team might be (32) ________________.
27
MODALS I (PRESENT TENSE) – additional information
1. Modals in other forms and tenses
CAN
be able to
We were able to do it.
We have been able to do it.
We will be able to do it.
can’t = cannot = not to be able to
= NEMOCI
I can’t (= cannot) do it.
I am not able to do it.
MUST
have to
I had to do it.
I have had to do it.
I will have to do it.
needn’t = need not = not to have to
= not to need to
= NEMUSET
I needn’t (= need not) do it.
I don’t have to do it.
I don’t need to do it.
MAY
be allowed to
I was allowed to (= might) do it.
I have been allowed to do it.
I will be allowed to do it.
mustn’t = must not = may not =
not to be allowed to
= NESMĚT
I mustn’t (= must not) do it.
I may not do it.
I am not allowed to do it.
NEED
As you can see from the table, the verb “need” + not means “not to have to”; in other words, this
verb can have two functions in a sentence:
1. as a full-meaning verb (= POTŘEBOVAT):
I need to go shopping. I don’t need to go shopping. I will need to go to school. I haven’t
needed to go to the doctor yet.
2. as an auxiliary verb – only in the negative form (= NEMUSET):
I needn’t get up. I didn’t need (= have) to get up yesterday. I need not get up.
2. Difference between must and have to in the present tense
MUST
Must is personal. We use this verb when we give our personal feelings.
You must do something. = ‘I (the speaker) say it is necessary’:
She’s a really nice person. You must meet her. (= I say this is necessary)
I haven’t phoned Ann for ages. I must phone her tonight.
HAVE TO
Have to is impersonal. We use it for facts, not for our personal feelings.
You have to do something because of a rule or the situation:
You can’t turn right here. You have to turn left. (because of the traffic system)
My eyesight isn’t very good. I have to wear glasses for reading.
George can’t come out with us this evening. He has to work.
Compare:
I must get up early tomorrow. There are a lot of things I want to do.
I have to get up early tomorrow. I’m going away and my train leaves at 7.30.
28
3. Should had better would rather
SHOULD = OUGHT TO
The meaning of this verb is “I advise you (not) to do something”, i.e. (NE)MĚL BYS in Czech:
Mary and Tom should (= ought to) stop making the noise since it’s quite late.
We shouldn’t (= oughtn’t to) be watching the horror movie, we won’t be able to fall asleep.
HAD BETTER
This expression is mostly used in its short form “ ’d better” (be careful, the abbreviated form ’d
does NOT mean “would” but “had”) and its meaning is “I am strongly advised (not) to do
something”, i.e. OPRAVDU BYCH (NE)MĚL in Czech; as you can see, this expression is more
urgent than “should” (or “ought to”); it is followed by a bare infinitive (without to):
The secretary had better phone the CEO and tell him about the strike.
You had better not miss the meeting as your career depends on it.
I had better be checking my luggage more carefully.
WOULD RATHER
This expression is mostly used in its short form “I’d rather” and it means the same as “I’d prefer
to do something”, i.e. RADĚJI BYCH in Czech; however, although they are identical in meaning,
there is a difference in the form of words that follow these two expressions:
I would rather + bare infinitive without to (+ than + another bare infinitive)
I would prefer + infinitive with to (OR a noun phrase)
I’d rather sleep than do my homework. I’d prefer to sleep.
I’d rather be reading a book than washing the dishes. I’d prefer to be reading a book.
I’d rather choose a cup of tea. I’d prefer a cup of tea.
Be careful:
If you use the verb “prefer” without “would”, it is followed by a gerund, i.e. ing form (or a
noun phrase; moreover, when comparing two preferences, you can also use preposition
to + another gerund (or a noun phrase):
My mother prefers reading detective stories to watching detective movies.
I have always preferred summer to winter.
People generally prefer being seen as hard-working to being perceived as lazy.
Grammar exercises I
1. Complete the sentences using can or (be) able to. Use can if possible; otherwise use
(be) able to.
1. George has travelled a lot. He _______________ speak four languages.
2. I haven’t _______________ sleep very well recently.
3. Sandra _______________ drive but she hasn’t got a car.
4. I can’t understand Martin. I’ve never _______________ understand him.
5. I used to _______________ stand on my head but I can’t do it now.
6. I can’t see you on Friday but I _______________ meet you on Saturday morning.
7. Ask Catherine about your problem. She might _______________ help you.
8. Susan will _______________ go to France with us because she has saved some money.
29
2. Complete the sentences with can / can’t / could / couldn’t + one of these verbs.
come eat hear run sleep wait
1. I’m afraid I _______________ to your party next week.
2. When Tim was 16, he was a fast runner. He _______________ 100 metres in 11 seconds.
3. ‘Are you in a hurry?’ ‘No, I’ve got plenty of time. I _______________.
4. I was feeling sick yesterday. I _______________ anything.
5. Can you speak up a bit? I _______________ you very well.
6. ‘You look tired.’ ‘Yes, I _______________ last night.’
3. Complete the sentences with the verb in the brackets in its correct form.
1. ‘Where’s Bob?’ ‘I’m not sure. He might be having lunch.’ (have)
2. ‘Who is that man with Ann?’ ‘I’m not sure. It might _____________ her brother.’ (be)
3. The application form must _____________ by the applicant herself. (complete)
4. ‘What are all the students doing at the moment?’ ‘I’m not sure. They might _____________ a
test.’ (take)
5. The song must _____________ by the singer right now – I can _____________ him sing!
(record; sing)
6. ‘Why are those people waiting in the street?’ ‘I don’t know. They might _____________ for a
bus.’ (wait)
7. ‘Shall I buy this book for Tim?’ ‘You’d better not. He might already _____________ it.’ (have)
8. I think Jack must _____________ now because it’s 2 a.m. and he has to get up early. (sleep)
9. Sandra, you really should _____________ for tomorrow’s test or you’ll fail it. (study)
10. We shouldn’t _____________ in this place by anyone or we’ll get into trouble. (see)
11. He must _____________ the doorbell for 15 minutes or so! Open the door. (ring)
12. The gardener can’t _____________ guilty! He wasn’t here when Jim was killed. (find)
4. Complete these sentences with the English equivalents of Czech “nesmět” or
“nemuset”. If there are more possibilities, write down all of them.
1. I don’t want anyone to know. You ______________________ tell anyone.
2. He ______________________ wear a suit to work but he usually does.
3. I _____________________ change my job in the past two years, which is very good for me.
4. I can stay in bed tomorrow morning because I ______________________ go to work.
5. My children ______________________ go to the cinema with us tonight because they’re
too young.
6. Whatever you do, you ______________________ touch that switch. It’s very dangerous.
7. There’s a lift in the building, so we ______________________ climb the stairs.
8. You ______________________ forget what I told you. It’s very important.
9. Sue ______________________ get up early. She gets up early because she wants to.
10. Jack ______________________ move out of his flat until last year when he decided to
move to London.
11. Don’t make so much noise. We ______________________ wake the baby.
12. I ______________________ eat too much. I’m supposed to be on a diet.
13. You ______________________ be a good player to enjoy a game of tennis.
30
5. Complete the sentences using might be able to or might have to + a suitable verb.
1. I can’t help you but why don’t you ask Jill? She might be able to help you.
2. I can’t meet you this evening but I ________________________ you tomorrow evening.
3. I’m not working on Saturday but I ________________________ on Sunday.
4. George isn’t well. He ________________________ to hospital for an operation.
6. Complete these sentences with must or have to (in the correct form). Sometimes it
is possible to use either; sometimes only have to is possible.
1. It’s later than I thought. I must OR have to go now.
2. Jack left before the end of the meeting. He _______________ go home early.
3. In Britain many children _______________ wear uniform when they go to school.
4. When you come to London again, you _______________ come and see us.
5. Last night Don became ill suddenly. We _______________ call a doctor.
6. You really _______________ work harder if you want to pass the examination.
7. I’m afraid I can’t come tomorrow. I _______________ work late.
8. I’m sorry I couldn’t come yesterday. I _______________ work late.
9. Paul doesn’t like his new job. Sometimes he _______________ work at weekends.
10. Caroline may _______________ go away next week.
11. We couldn’t repair the car ourselves. We _______________ take it to a garage.
12. Julia wears glasses. She _______________ wear glasses since she was very young.
7. Complete the sentences using either ought to (should) or had better or would
rather (’d rather) plus the verb in the bracket in its correct form. If you decide to
use would rather, write down also the possibility with would prefer (’d prefer).
1. My parents ______________________ (go) England than stay at home but I think they
______________________ (go) to Spain instead because it isn’t so cold there in the fall.
2. Tell your children that they ______________________ (keep) away from my garden or
otherwise you’ll have to pay for the damage they will cause.
3. I’d say you ______________________ (enjoy) your holiday now rather than answering
emails.
4. My advice is that Tim ______________________ (start) working as a painter but his
mother says ______________________ (be) an economist or he won’t repay all his debts.
5. Unless you want to fail the entrance exam tomorrow, you ______________________ (go
through) the textbook once again.
6. I ______________________ (listen) to Mozart than Beethoven at this moment.
7. European countries ______________________ (carry out) a wise fiscal policy in order to
keep their budgets balanced although some politicians ______________________ (spend)
more than suggested.
8. I ______________________ (lie) on the beach than doing my English homework now.
9. Look, Mary ______________________ (wear) a helmet when riding her bike because she
can get hurt really badly.
31
MODALS II (PAST TENSE) – additional information
1. Modals and past infinitives
MUST
+ HAVE ...-ED
this form indicates that the speaker is convinced that something
happened (in the past) in a certain way although it needn’t be true:
I must have left the bag in the shop.
→ I think I left it there but maybe it’s wrong.
CAN’T / COULDN’T
+ HAVE ...-ED
this form indicates that the speaker is convinced that something didn’t
happen (in the past) in a certain way although it needn’t be true:
I can’t/couldn’t have left the bag in the shop.
→ I think I didn’t leave it there but maybe it’s wrong.
COULD
+ HAVE ...-ED
this form indicates that the speaker had an opportunity to do
something (in the past) but he/she didn’t use it:
Why did you stay in a hotel? You could have stayed with us.
→ You had the opportunity to stay with us but you didn’t use it.
SHOULD / OUGHT TO
+ HAVE ...-ED
this form indicates that someone advised the speaker to do something
(in the past) but the speaker didn’t do it:
I think you should (OR ought to) have left an hour earlier.
→ I think it would have been good if you had left an hour earlier
but you didn’t.
MAY / MIGHT
+ HAVE ...-ED
the form indicates that there was a 50% chance (or probability) that
something happened in a certain way, but the speaker doesn’t know if
it really happened in the way mentioned:
Tim was in a bad mood last night. He may/might have been ill.
→ There is a chance that Tim was ill but I’m not sure about it.
NEEDN’T
+ HAVE ...-ED
the form indicates that it was not necessary for the speaker to do
something but since he/she didn’t know that he/she didn’t have to do
it, he/she did it:
I thought it was going to rain so I took an umbrella with me. But it
didn’t rain so I needn’t have taken it.
→ It wasn’t necessary for me to take the umbrella but because I
didn’t know it, I took it.
Additional notes:
MUST HAVE ...-ED HAD TO
As mentioned above, “must have ...-ed” means that the speaker is convinced that something
happened (in the past) in a certain way although it needn’t be true:
I must have lost my keys. = I can’t find them so I think I lost them although it needn’t be true.
However, “had to” refers to an obligation or necessity that had to be fulfilled; it doesn’t describe the
speaker’s personal feelings or attitudes; in other words, someone was obliged to do something:
I had to leave at five in order to catch the bus. = I had no other choice if I wanted to catch the bus.
32
COULD
This verb can be found in three grammatical contexts:
a) in conditional clauses with the meaning of “would be able to”, i.e. MOHL BY in Czech:
We could go to the cinema if we came home from work in time.
If I were ten years younger, I could apply for this job.
b) past tense of “can”, which means the same as “was/were able to”, i.e. MOHL (JSEM/JSI) in Czech:
Tom couldn’t come to the meeting because his flight was delayed.
They could spend so much money since they had won a lottery.
c) could (not) + have ...-ed – see above for the meaning:
Why did you go by bus? You could have taken my car.
I don’t believe I failed the exam. I couldn’t have had so many bad answers.
Since the alternative form of “can/could” is “be able to”, it can be used with a past infinitive as well:
could (not) have –ed = would (not) have been able to
We could have started studying German but we decided not to.
We would have been able to start studying German but we decided not to.
MAY/MIGHT COULD
Sometimes “could” has a similar meaning to “may” and “might”:
The phone’s ringing. It could be Tim. (= it may/might be Tim)
You could have left your bag in the shop. (= you may/might have left it...)
But “couldn’t” (negative) is different from “may not” and “might not”. Compare:
She was too far away, so she couldn’t have seen you. (= it is not possible that she saw you)
A: I wonder why she didn’t say hello.
B: She might not have seen you. (= perhaps she didn’t see you; perhaps she did)
DIDN’T NEED TO NEEDN’T HAVE ...-ED
I didn’t need to... = it was not necessary for me to... and I knew this at the time; it’s the
same as “I didn’t have to”:
I didn’t need to get up early, so I didn’t.
I didn’t need to get up early, but it was a lovely morning, so I did.
‘I needn’t have ...-ed’ = I did something but now I know that it was not necessary:
I got up very early because I had to get ready to go away. But in fact it didn’t take me long to
get ready. So, I needn’t have got up so early. I could have stayed in bed longer.
Grammar exercises II
1. Read the situations and make sentences from the words in brackets. In each case use a
modal verb too (in some cases the modal verb is negative).
1. I can’t find George anywhere. I wonder where he is.
(he / go / shopping) He may have gone shopping.
(he / play / tennis) He might be playing tennis.
2. Why did you stay at home last night?
(you / not / stay / at home) ______________________________________________
(you / go / cinema) ____________________________________________________
33
3. Why didn’t you come earlier? There are no front seats left now.
(you / come earlier / to get front seats)_______________________________________
(you / not / get / any front seats now) _______________________________________
4. I think Tim didn’t hear the phone otherwise he would have answered it.
(he / not / hear / the phone)______________________________________________
(he / be / in the garden)_________________________________________________
5. It wasn’t necessary for you to come to the meeting.
(you / come / to the meeting) _____________________________________________
(you / stay / at home) __________________________________________________
6. I can’t find my wallet! I’m sure I left it at school.
(I / leave / it / at school) ________________________________________________
(I / worry / as I know where it is) __________________________________________
7. It would have been better if the opera house had been finished a month earlier.
(the opera house / finish / a month earlier)____________________________________
(it / not / take / so long to build it) _________________________________________
8. It is possible that Jack has left for Brazil so perhaps he isn’t in his office.
(Jack / leave / for Brazil) ________________________________________________
(he / not / be sitting / in his office) _________________________________________
9. None of our students are allowed to take the placement test as they didn’t apply for it.
(they / not / take / the test) ______________________________________________
(they / apply / for taking the test) __________________________________________
10. It hasn’t been necessary to wash the dishes. It was possible for us to do it later.
(the dishes / not / wash) ________________________________________________
(we / do / it / later)____________________________________________________
11. It would have been better if you had saved some of your money for a new car.
(you / save / the money / for a new car) ______________________________________
(all the money / not / spend / by your wife) ____________________________________
12. Was it possible for you to come to the party? It wasn’t necessary to wait for an invitation.
(you / come / to the party / ?) ____________________________________________
(you / not / wait / for an invitation)_________________________________________
13. Do you think it hasn’t been a good idea to watch the horror movie?
(I / not / watch / the horror movie/ ?) _______________________________________
(I / not / fall asleep easily / now)___________________________________________
14. Susan left her glasses at home.
(she / not / see / the video / properly) _______________________________________
(she / go / home / and pick them up)________________________________________
15. Do you know where the teacher has left her keys?
(she / not / leave / them / in her office / ?) ____________________________________
(they / fall / behind her desk) _____________________________________________
16. I told her not to be lying in the sun for two hours. Look, she got burned.
(she / not / be lying / in the sun for so long) ____________________________________
(she / not / get burned / and / be burned now) __________________________________
34
2. Complete the sentences with either “had to” + present infinitive or “must” + past
infinitive of the verb in the brackets.
1. Mary ____________________ (hurry) because her boss needed the figures. However, there
are some obvious mistakes so she ____________________ (forget) to check them.
2. 50% of the students ____________________ (pass) the exam otherwise the teacher
wouldn’t have been so happy.
3. During the interrogation I ____________________ (sit) on that chair for two hours and the
policemen kept asking me questions. And then one of them ____________________
(leave) because he had some other duties.
4. Mary ____________________ (wake up) before me because she made breakfast.
5. ____________________ (Jennifer, go) to Argentina, or was it her own idea?
6. The work on that project ____________________ (finish) one week earlier because the
customer would have finished our cooperation otherwise.
7. The child ____________________ (sleep) for the whole night because we didn’t hear any
crying.
8. The thief ____________________ (see) by someone because the police got his detailed
description.
9. The evidence shows that the actor ____________________ (kill) between 4 a.m. and 6 a.m.
But why ____________________ (he, die)?
10. I ____________________ (go) to Las Vegas to see that musical!
3. Complete the sentences with either “could” + present infinitive or “could” + past
infinitive of the verb in the brackets.
1. If Tom had more money, he ____________________ (take) us for an exotic holiday.
2. None of the students ____________________ (pass) the test because they didn’t study
properly.
3. Why didn’t you tell me you were going to Birmingham? You ____________________ (stay)
with my sister there.
4. I told you that you ____________________ (hear) the music better if you had been sitting
in the front.
5. Yes, our company ____________________ (sell) our goods to Cuba and therefore we used
this opportunity.
6. Yes, our company ____________________ (sell) our goods to Cuba but we didn’t want to
support its political regime, so we didn’t sell.
7. If you wanted to travel abroad, you ____________________ (buy) our insurance.
8. All her children ____________________ (study) at Harvard but she wanted them to study
at Princeton.
9. Which of you ____________________ (use) a computer when you were five years old?
10. I know we ____________________ (come) to see you last week but we had other business
to do.
35
4. Complete the sentences using “might not” or “couldn’t”.
1. A: Do you think she saw you?
B: No, she was too far away. She couldn’t have seen me.
2. A: I wonder why she didn’t say hello. Perhaps she didn’t see me.
B: That’s possible._____________________________________________________
3. A: I wonder why Ann didn’t come to the party. Perhaps she wasn’t invited.
B: Yes, it’s possible. She _________________________________________________
4. A: Tom loves parties. I’m sure he would have come to the party if he’d been invited.
B: I agree. He________________________________________________________
5. A: I wonder how the fire started. Do you think it was an accident?
B: No, the police say it __________________________________________________
6. A: How did the fire start? I suppose it was an accident.
B: Well, the police aren’t sure. They say it _____________________________________
5. Complete the sentences with either “didn’t need to” + present infinitive or “needn’t”
+ past infinitive of the verb in the brackets.
1. Tom ____________________ (buy) two tickets because Susan decided not to go.
2. Jack ____________________ (kill) Josh because he would have died in a car accident
anyway.
3. Our company ____________________ (take over) our biggest rival because we had found
out that they were planning to leave the Czech market.
4. The students ____________________ (read) the book for two hours to get ready for a test
because the teacher fell ill and the test was cancelled.
5. Our members knew they ____________________ (take) the foreign-language test but most
of them took it anyway.
6. The CEO ____________________ (fly) to Nicaragua because no deal was made there.
7. The managers ____________________ (take) the English classes for several months but
they did because they had expected that such training could be useful.
8. I knew I ____________________ (stay) at work until 9 p.m. but I wanted to get all my
work done.
9. You ____________________ (stay) in that expensive hotel for two weeks because there
way a cheaper one just round the corner.
10. My parents ____________________ (buy) another car because but they wanted to invest
their money in this way.
36
PPaasstt MMooddaallss:: IInntteerrpprreettaattiioonn
vysvětlení a interpretace jednotlivých vazeb modálních sloves s minulým infinitivem, včetně rozlišení od
vazeb, které jsou zde uvedeným strukturám podobné
MMUUSSTT ++ HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD
OOBBEECCNNĚĚ PPLLAATTNNÁÁ IINNTTEERRPPRREETTAACCEE „„MMUUSSTT HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD““:: „něco se podle mého názoru muselo stát“ = já
jsem přesvědčený, že k něčemu nutně došlo (muselo dojít), ale ve skutečnosti vůbec netuším,
jestli se to opravdu stalo nebo ne
• Jane bought a new house. She must have won in a lottery.
= ve skutečnosti vůbec nevím, jestli vyhrála, nebo ne, ale vzhledem k tomu, že si koupila
nový dům (a přitom je věčně bez peněz), jsem došel k závěru, že prostě musela vyhrát
v loterii (protože odkud by jinak ty peníze měla?)
rozdíl mezi HAD TO DO something a MUST HAVE DONE something:
OOBBEECCNNĚĚ PPLLAATTNNÁÁ IINNTTEERRPPRREETTAACCEE „„HHAADD TTOO““:: „byl(a) jsem nucen(a) něco udělat“ = byl jsem přinucen
okolnostmi / předpisy / lidmi kolem mě / svým vlastním přesvědčením / svým nutkáním /
situací / ... něco udělat – a to bez jakéhokoliv dalšího vyvozování (jestli se to skutečně stalo,
nebo ne – to mě vůbec v tomto případě nezajímá, to vůbec neřeším)
• Jennifer must have left before I came to the meeting.
= ve skutečnosti netuším, kdy přesně odešla, ale vzhledem k tomu, že jsem ji na té schůzi
nepotkal, domnívám se, že musela odejít dříve, než jsem já přišel (a přitom skutečnost
mohla být taková, že se na schůzi ani nedostavila, ale já to nevím)
• Jennifer had to leave before I came to the meeting.
= Jennifer byla nucena odejít (např. proto, že měla jinou schůzku nebo potřebovala odejít
k lékaři, jel jí vlak, sháněl se po ní šéf,...) a stalo se to ještě před tím, než já jsem na tuto
schůzi dorazil
CCAANN’’TT//CCOOUULLDDNN’’TT ++ HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD
OOBBEECCNNĚĚ PPLLAATTNNÁÁ IINNTTEERRPPRREETTAACCEE „„CCAANN’’TT//CCOOUULLDDNN’’TT HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD““:: „nebylo možné, aby se něco podle
mého názoru stalo (mohlo stát)“ = já jsem přesvědčený, že k něčemu zkrátka nedošlo
(nemohlo dojít), ale ve skutečnosti vůbec netuším, jestli se to opravdu nestalo, nebo jestli to
celé nebylo nějak jinak
• Mike is an honest man. He can’t/couldn’t have stolen your wallet.
= ve skutečnosti vůbec nevím, jestli Mike tu peněženku ukradl nebo ne, ale vzhledem
k tomu, že o něm vím, že je to čestný člověk, zdá se mi zkrátka nemožné, aby to byl on,
kdo to ukradl (což ale nevylučuje možnost, že přede mnou si na slušného jen hraje a ve
skutečnosti nemá problém něco ukrást)
37
rozdíl mezi COULDN’T DO something a COULDN’T HAVE DONE something:
OOBBEECCNNĚĚ PPLLAATTNNÁÁ IINNTTEERRPPRREETTAACCEE „„CCOOUULLDDNN’’TT DDOO““:: „neexistovala možnost něco udělat“ = existovaly
nějaké vnější okolnosti / předpisy / lidé kolem mě / mé vlastní přesvědčení / mé nutkání /
situace / ..., které znemožňovaly něco udělat – a to bez jakéhokoliv dalšího vyvozování (jestli
je to tak správně či špatně atp.)
• Jennifer couldn’t have left before I came to the meeting.
= ve skutečnosti netuším, kdy přesně odešla, ale vzhledem k tomu, že ji znám a vím, že se
se mnou chtěla setkat, domnívám se, že prostě není možné, aby z té schůze odešla dříve,
než jsem já přišel (a přitom skutečnost mohla být taková, že opravdu odešla dřív,
případně se na schůzi ani nedostavila, ale já to nevím)
• Jennifer couldn’t leave before I came to the meeting.
= Jennifer nebylo umožněno odejít před tím, než jsem já na schůzi dorazil (např. proto, že jí
to tak přikázal šéf, nebo byla jediná, kdo měl klíče, a proto musela odcházet jako
poslední, aby zamkla,...)
MMAAYY//MMIIGGHHTT//CCOOUULLDD ++ HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD
OOBBEECCNNĚĚ PPLLAATTNNÁÁ IINNTTEERRPPRREETTAACCEE „„MMAAYY//MMIIGGHHTT//CCOOUULLDD HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD““:: „možná, že se něco v minulosti
stalo“ = mluvčí připouští možnost, že se něco stalo, přičemž nevyjadřuje své preference, jestli si
myslí, že je pravděpodobnější, že se to stalo, nebo jestli je pravděpodobnější, že se to nestalo
(tzn. pravděpodobnost je 50 na 50)
• Lucy doesn’t have her textbook now. She may/might/could have left it at school.
= vím o tom, že Lucy nyní postrádá svou učebnici; ovšem já jsem s ní dnes nikde nebyl,
takže naprosto netuším, kam se její kniha poděla, tedy pouze připouštím možnost, že ji
nechala ve škole (protože vím akorát to, že dnes ve škole byla, ale stejně tak nevylučuji
jiné možnosti – např. jí tu učebnici někdo mohl ukrást a podobně)
Opačná interpretace platí také pro MMAAYY NNOOTT HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD a MMIIGGHHTT NNOOTT HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD, tedy že mluvčí
připouští možnost, že se něco nestalo, ale nevyjadřuje své preference v míře pravděpodobnosti.
Toto ovšem neplatí pro CCOOUULLDD NNOOTT HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD:
rozdíl mezi COULDN’T HAVE DONE something a MAY/MIGHT NOT HAVE DONE st:
OOBBEECCNNĚĚ PPLLAATTNNÁÁ IINNTTEERRPPRREETTAACCEE „„CCOOUULLDDNN’’TT HHAAVVEE DDOONNEE““:: „nebylo možné, aby se něco podle mého
názoru stalo (mohlo stát)“ = já jsem přesvědčený, že k něčemu zkrátka nedošlo (nemohlo
dojít), ale ve skutečnosti vůbec netuším, jestli se to opravdu nestalo, nebo jestli to celé
nebylo nějak jinak (viz bod číslo )
• Jennifer couldn’t have left before I came to the meeting.
= ve skutečnosti netuším, kdy přesně odešla, ale vzhledem k tomu, že ji znám a vím, že se
se mnou chtěla setkat, domnívám se, že prostě není možné, aby z té schůze odešla dříve,
než jsem já přišel (a přitom skutečnost mohla být taková, že opravdu odešla dřív,
případně se na schůzi ani nedostavila, ale já to nevím)
38
• Jennifer might not have left before I came to the meeting.
= vůbec nevím, jestli Jennifer odešla před tím, než jsem já na schůzi dorazil, pouze říkám,
že je možné, že neodešla (ale stejně tak je možné, že odešla); osobně se nekloním ani k
jedné z těchto možností (protože k tomu nemám dost informací), a proto je podle mého
názoru 50% šance, že neodešla, a stejně i 50% šance, že odešla
SSHHOOUULLDD ((NNOOTT))//OOUUGGHHTT ((NNOOTT)) TTOO ++ HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD
OOBBEECCNNĚĚ PPLLAATTNNÁÁ IINNTTEERRPPRREETTAACCEE „„SSHHOOUULLDD ((NNOOTT)) // OOUUGGHHTT ((NNOOTT)) TTOO HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD““:: „něco se mělo
stát (něco mělo být uděláno), ale ve skutečnosti se to nestalo (nebylo to uděláno), nebo naopak,
tedy něco se nemělo stát (nemělo být uděláno), ale ve skutečnosti se to stalo (bylo to uděláno)“ =
mluvčí je přesvědčený o tom, že mělo k něčemu dojít, ale ve skutečnosti k tomu vůbec nedošlo,
jak následně vyšlo najevo
• Jeff is a very bad student. He oughtn’t to / shouldn’t have studied medicine.
= vzhledem k tomu, že vím, že Jeff je mizerný student, jsem toho názoru, že nikdy neměl
studovat medicínu (protože vím, jak těžký obor to je); na druhou stranu ale také vím, že
Jeff medicínu studoval (i když podle mě neměl)
NNEEEEDDNN’’TT ++ HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD
OOBBEECCNNĚĚ PPLLAATTNNÁÁ IINNTTEERRPPRREETTAACCEE „„NNEEEEDDNN’’TT HHAAVVEE ......--EEDD““:: „něco se nemuselo stát, ale ve skutečnosti se
to stalo“ = mluvčí tvrdí, že se něco nemuselo uskutečnit, ale ve skutečnosti se to uskutečnilo,
protože v okamžiku rozhodování neměl ten daný subjekt k dispozici informaci o tom, že
danou věc dělat nemusí, respektive že se může rozhodnout také jinak
• I thought my mother will ask me for help so I went home soon. But in the end she didn’t
ask me for help so I needn’t have gone home soon.
= původně jsem si myslel, že mé pomoci bude potřeba, a proto jsem šel brzy domů; pak se
ale ukázalo, že nebudu muset pomáhat (což jsem ale původně nevěděl), a proto můžu
nyní říct, že jsem nemusel chodit brzy domů (a mohl jsem zůstat s kamarády venku)
rozdíl mezi DIDN’T NEED/HAVE TO DO something a NEEDN’T HAVE DONE something:
OOBBEECCNNĚĚ PPLLAATTNNÁÁ IINNTTEERRPPRREETTAACCEE „„DDIIDDNN’’TT NNEEEEDD//HHAAVVEE TTOO““:: „nebylo nutné, aby se něco stalo (tzn. něco se
nemuselo stát)“ = vím o tom, že jsem měl dvě možnosti – abych něco udělal, nebo neudělal – a
bylo čistě na mém rozhodnutí, jestli to udělám nebo ne, tedy „I didn’t have/need to do it“
znamená, že jsem něco nemusel udělat (nebylo nutné, abych to udělal), přičemž já jsem dobře
věděl, že není nutné, abych to udělal
• Tom has a bottle of expensive wine at home and he didn’t need/have to pay for it.
= nebylo nutné, aby Tom za to víno platil (i když on byl připraven zaplatit), protože to např.
za něj zaplatil někdo jiný, nebo ho třeba dostal od prodavače darem
• Tom has a bottle of expensive wine at home and he needn’t have paid for it.
= Tom za tu láhev vína v obchodě zaplatil, ale teprve později zjistil, že za ni platit nemusel,
protože to víno např. chtěl místo něho zaplatit někdo jiný, nebo mu ho chtěl prodavač
darovat, ale než k tomu mohlo dojít, Tom už víno zaplatil
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI1A
Intelligent Business: Unit 3 – Teamworking
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
přesná (jednoznačná) zpětná vazbá ohledně současných projektů – __________________________
pozorování typů osobností zakořeněná v 60. letech – ___________________________________
pořádat schůze, aby se sdílely informace – ____________________________________________
věnovat řádnou pozornost zavádění řešení do praxe – __________________________________
překážka značně ovlivňující naše školení – ___________________________________________
zadat další kroky nově přijatým zaměstnancům (1 slovo) – ________________________________
poskytovat týmu pravidelné aktualizace a zdroje informací – ______________________________
chválit a podporovat pracovníky za práci přesčas – _____________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. a person who helps somebody or a group of people to do something more easily or reach
an agreement about something by discussing problems, giving advice, etc. rather than by
telling them what to do:
2. to organize all the different parts of something to ensure an effective operation:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase. (2 points each)
COVERAGE, MORALE, SPIRITS, CLUSTER,
AGENDA, EGG-TIMER, POLICY, VENUE
1. We’ve been very successful in our projects recently so the team’s ___________________
is very high.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. “Before we start our today’s meeting, Bill, can you review the ______________________
first?”
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. I’m afraid this hotel is not a very suitable ________________________________ for
our conference.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete each sentence with a correct form of one of the following verbs; each verb can be used only once: (1 point each)
EMERGE FROM – AGREE – REFLECT – DISPATCH
RESEARCH – ADVOCATE – TAKE ON – CONDUCT
1. Jack _____________________________ developing a completely new strategy at the
last meeting.
2. Unfortunately I can’t __________________________ on your proposal because I won’t
be here.
3. We _____________________________ the idea of holding store meetings for more
than a year.
4. Team members _________________________ a series of personality tests a month ago.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. Our laboratory wants to carry out a new _________________________________ study.
(BENCH)
2. The ________________________________ employees will get a special bonus this year.
(FORTUNE)
3. It’s our ______________________________________ to recommend the best solution.
(OBLIGE)
4. They have the knowledge and _________________________________ to help you with
your team-building. (EXPERT)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. This incentive has presented me ________ an opportunity to find more information.
2. I like working in a team – a small one ________ particular.
3. Have you given us updates ________ the progress of your latest project?
4. Meetings hardly achieve what they are set ________ to do.
5. The company will invest ________ the production of laptop computers.
6. I’m not going to do this work ________ these circumstances!
B. Rewrite the sentences so that they mean the same as the sentence above; use modal verbs. (3 points each)
1. Helen passed me without saying hello. However, she told me she wanted to talk to me.
I think the only possible explanation is that she ______________________________ you.
2. Maggie wanted to come to the party but her parents didn’t let her go.
Maggie _______________________________________________________ to the party.
3. It was my choice to decide whether to eat the food or not.
I ______________________________________________________ the food but I ate it.
C. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the VERBS and other words in brackets:: (1 point each)
We’ve been preparing hard for the new competitor so I think we _____________________
(SHOULD, SUCCEED) when they start their operations here. It’s true that it wasn’t
necessary to hire new staff and also, we ______________________________ (NEEDN’T,
INTRODUCE) the three-shift system. But we said to ourselves: “We _________________
___________________ (MUSTN’T, UNDERESTIMATE) the new company!” and I
think we didn’t. We _______________________________ (MIGHT, even, EXPAND) to
other countries in the future to become stronger but in my opinion we ______________
______________ (NEEDN’T, DO) it this year. Unfortunately, we __________________
________________ (HAVE TO, DISMISS) some office workers soon. Probably we
________________________ (MIGHT, TELL) them some time ago that their positions are
not certain I guess. But we __________________________________ (CAN, OFFER) them
really good leaving conditions. They _______________________________________
(MIGHT, BE ABLE, GET) some paid days off too.
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. _____________ listening to our conversation?
A: Should they have been B: Ought they to have been
C: Ought to have they been D: Should have they been
2. I’m sorry but I _____________ a year ago that the demand would be so high.
A: cannot know B: couldn’t have known
C: can’t have known D: can have known
3. My subordinates _____________ leave their workplace now.
A: are not allowed to B: are not able to
C: can’t have left D: mustn’t
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Musím připustit, že naše společné rozhodnutí nebude předloženo vedení firmy, protože by
určitě odmítli prodloužit konečný termín, a všechny důvěrné záležitosti, které hrají klíčovou
roli v našem výzkumu, by byly prozrazeny. Kromě toho našemu týmu nemohl dominovat
úspěch závisející pouze na vhodném rozhodovacím procesu, výkonném předsedajícím,
kladném přístupu k zadaným úkolům a nepřítomnosti problémových členů naší skupiny.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
42
Unit 4 – INFORMATION
Coursebook, page 35, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. to _________________ =
to blame someone for something; make a claim of
wrongdoing or misbehavior against someone
(paragraph 1)
2. ___________________ =
excessive in degree or nature; compulsive; unwilling to
give up some goal (par 2)
3. _____________ ______ = the act of searching for something (par 2)
4. ___________________ =
a computer program for manipulating figures,
displaying data in rows and columns (par 3)
5. _____________ ______ = very important or essential (par 3)
6. to _________________ =
to involve oneself in a situation, esp. to prevent
conflict; to interfere (par 3)
7. ___________________ =
the work of keeping an accurate record of the accounts
of a business (par 3)
8. ___________________ =
the dimension, quantity, or capacity determined by
measuring (par 4)
9. ___________________ =
the difference between the cost of buying or producing
something and the price that it is sold for (par 4)
10. to _________________ = to notify of approaching danger or action; to warn (par 4)
11. ___________________ =
physical or mental energy needed to do something; a
determined attempt to do something (par 5)
12. ___________________ = without any delay; immediately (par 5)
13. ___________________ = the state of being satisfied; satisfaction (par 6)
14. ____________ _______ =
circulation or steady and smooth exchange of data or
news (par 6)
15. ___________________ =
an excessive burden; an amount that exceeds a
bearable limit (par 7)
16. to _________________ =
to modify to achieve maximum efficiency; to make as
perfect or effective as possible (par 7)
17. to _________________ = to make (a manufacturing process) automatic (par 7)
18.
to _________ ________
____________ _______=
a metaphor meaning that something is predicting the
end of something else (par 8)
19. ___________________ = activity, operation, running of something (par 8)
20. ___________________ =
tending to vary often or widely; inclined to a sudden
change (par 8)
43
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What is the generally accepted image of GE in America?
____________________________________________________________
2. What does the process of computerizing involve, and how else is it called?
____________________________________________________________
3. What is the main aim of GE?
____________________________________________________________
4. How is the “digital dashboard” described?
____________________________________________________________
5. What does the dashboard that all GE’s senior managers have do?
____________________________________________________________
6. How is the digitization process reflected in financial terms for GE?
____________________________________________________________
7. What do experts predict in terms of changing businesses’ behavior?
____________________________________________________________
8. How will the economy be changed if many firms become real-time enterprises?
____________________________________________________________
9. Which metaphor is used to express the current behavior of firms, and how can you
explain it?
____________________________________________________________
10. How can companies use the newly obtained information about products and services,
and what danger is mentioned in connection with the amount of information?
____________________________________________________________
11. What impact will real-time economy have on companies and whole economies?
____________________________________________________________
12. What happened in 1987, and what was it caused by?
____________________________________________________________
44
Coursebook, page 38, exercise LISTENING 3
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the interview summary:
When talking about the difference between business intelligence (BI) and industrial
espionage (IE), Gérard Desmarest points out that the first is (1) _______________ legal
while the second is not. BI uses any legal or open (2) _______________, such as
(3) _______________ publications, business magazines, government organizations,
(4) _______________ (5) _______________ sources, the internet, and even through
(6) ____________________ (7) ____________________. IE, however, is about
(8) _______________ information by (9) _______________ methods, e.g. electronic
(10) _______________ or by (11) _______________ human agents inside businesses.
There are two areas where companies are particularly (12) _______________. The
first one includes their information systems. Businesses don’t use proper protection, and
they might not even know that (13) ______________ files have been (14) ___________
with. That is why it is important to protect the information, including how it is
(15) _______________ and (16) _______________. On the other hand, people
represent the other danger because they are not always (17) _______________ and they
may be ready to (18) _______________ (19) _______________ information in
exchange for something they want. For example, a competitor can try to influence or
(20) _____________ a (21) _____________ member of your (22) ______________.
This means that there are many reasons for business to install systems to
(23) ______________________ employees’ activities because information is too
(24) _______________ nowadays.
Making employees aware of the danger of espionage is firstly a question of
(25) _______________. Most employees do not know the (26) _______________ that
(27) _______________ can use to (28) _______________ information. Competitors
can get much (29) _______________ information by asking the right questions at the
right time, but employees may not even (30) _______________ that they are being
(31) _______________.
Gérard Desmarest also says he has been (32) _______________ in cases when a
company had been the (33) _____________________ of IE. His job was to
(34) _______________ and (35) _______________ the installed systems. These
mostly include quite (36) _______________ electronic (37) _______________ which
(38) _____________________ telephone conversations, monitored meetings, and
(39) _______________ this information to (40) _______________. So one part of
their task was to (41) _______________ a full security (42) _______________. After
that they (43) _______________ the company’s information managers on what to do to
protect the company.
45
QUESTIONS – review & additional information
1. Closed (yes/no) and open (wh-) questions and answers
CLOSED
(YES/NO)
Do you speak French?
Are you staying at the Metropole?
Were you living in Rome at the time?
Had you already left when I phoned?
Can you speak French?
May I come for dinner?
Yes, I do. / No, I don’t.
Yes, I am. / No, I’m not.
Yes, I was. / No, I wasn’t.
Yes, I had. / No, I hadn’t.
Yes, I can. / No, I can’t.
Yes, you may. / No, you may not.
OPEN
(WH-)
When do you usually leave work?
Whose car did you borrow?
Where were you living at the time?
How much research had you done before the product launch?
How often do you travel abroad on business?
Why have you decided to cut back on investment this year?
What languages can you speak?
Which projects are you working on at the moment?
Which of the proposals did you accept?
Which one did you accept?
WHICH WHAT
As you can see from the table, both “what” and “which” can be followed by a noun phrase; the
difference between them lies in the possibility of answering such a question: if you start with
“which”, you imply only a limited number of possible choices; on the other hand, starting
with “what” means that the number of possible choices is unlimited:
Which color do you like, red or blue? = the answer is restricted to two possibilities
What color do you like? = it can be any color, the choice is unlimited
2. Who/what/which questions: asking about the object and subject
Open questions beginning with “who”, “what” or “which” can take two grammatical forms: the
question can ask about the object of a sentence, OR it can ask about the subject; when asking
about the object, the word order is as mentioned above while subject questions don’t use any
further auxiliaries (like do, does, did) and the question word, i.e. the questioned subject, is
followed by a verb immediately:
OBJECT
What city does your brother like most?
What do you hate?
Which does Helen prefer, coffee or tea?
Which of these bags are you missing?
Who(m) did we meet at the conference?
Who(m) have they borrowed the book from?
SUBJECT
What will happen tomorrow?
What subject is important for you?
Which American presidents of the 20th century were Republicans?
Which of these bags is yours?
Who stole the book from the library? (NOT Who did steal the book?)
Who looks like the famous actress? (NOT Who does look like the actress?)
Be careful: You can use the form “whom” or “who” when asking about the object but only
“who” when asking about the subject:
Who/Whom have you seen? BUT Who is the man? (NOT Whom is the man?)
46
3. Indirect (embedded) questions
When a question becomes part of a complex sentence (i.e. it is embedded in a sentence), its word
order changes; it does not have a word order of a question any more but of a statement;
when embedding open (wh-) questions, you don’t need any special conjunction because
these questions begin with words like “who”, “what”, “where”, “how”, etc. that function as
conjunctions; however, since closed (yes/no) questions lack such words, you have to insert “if”
or “whether” in front of them:
What time is it? → Do you know what time it is?
Who is that woman? I don’t know who that woman is.
Where can I find Linda? Can you tell me where I can find Linda?
How much will it cost? Have you got any idea how much it will cost?
Are you at home? I’d like to ask if/whether you are at home.
Have they seen the latest film? I wonder if/whether they have seen the latest film.
Will Mary come for dinner? Does he know if/whether Mary will come for dinner?
Be careful with do/does/did questions:
What time does the film begin? → Do you know what time the film begins?
NOT Do you know what time does the film begin?
What do you mean? Please explain what you mean.
Why did Ann leave early? I wonder why Ann left early.
4. Prepositions in questions
As mentioned above, some open (wh-) questions ask about the object of a sentence; however, in
some cases this object can be preceded by a preposition, which has to be kept in a question (you
cannot simply delete it from the question); the most common place for such a preposition is – like
in a statement – after the verb, which is frequently at the end of a question; placing a
preposition at the very front of a question is also possible though very formal:
Who(m) are you waiting for? For whom are you waiting? (EXTREMELY FORMAL)
Where do you come from? From where do you come? (FORMAL)
What are you talking about? About what are you talking? (FORMAL)
Which car are you looking at? At which car are you looking? (FORMAL)
Be careful: whenever you use “who” after a preposition, you have to use it in the form of
“whom”:
For whom are you waiting here? NOT For who are you waiting here?
Against whom did they protest yesterday? NOT Against who did they protest yesterday?
Sometimes it is possible to shorten a question to the use of a wh- word followed by a preposition:
Let’s go to the square and protest. What against?
I think we should go to the concert. Who with?
5. Question tags
+→ –
Mary will be here soon, won’t she?
There was a lot of traffic, wasn’t there?
Jim should pass the exam, shouldn’t he?
– → +
The children won’t be late, will they?
Tony and I don’t like maths, do we?
There haven’t been any free samples at the show, have there?
Be careful: if the intonation on the tag is falling, you are not really asking a question, you
are just inviting the listener to agree with you; however, if the intonation is rising, it is a real
question:
A: It will be very hot and sunny tomorrow, won’t it? B: Yes, I know, it’ll be terribly hot.
A: It will be very hot and sunny tomorrow, won’t it? B:You don’t know? Yes, it will.
47
• After Let’s... the question tag is ...shall we?, and after the imperative (Do... / Don’t do...
etc.), the tag is usually ...will you?:
Let’s go for a walk, shall we? Open the door, will you?
Don’t be late, will you?
• Note that we say ...aren’t I? (= am I not?) or ...ain’t I in colloquial English:
I’m late, aren’t I? I’m late, ain’t I?
• In order to express surprise or interest, you can use a positive sentence with a positive
question tag (with rising intonation):
The Johnsons are leaving for Australia, are they?
Grammar exercises
1. Make a new sentence from the question in brackets.
1. (Where has Tom gone?) Do you know where Tom has gone?
2. (Where is the post office?) Could you tell me where ________________________________
3. (What’s the time?) I wonder ________________________________________________
4. (What does this word mean?) I want to know ____________________________________
5. (What time did they leave?) Do you know _______________________________________
6. (Is Sue going out tonight?) I don’t know ________________________________________
7. (Where does Carol live?) Have you any idea _____________________________________
8. (Where did I park the car?) I can’t remember ____________________________________
9. (Is there a bank near here?) Can you tell me _____________________________________
10. (What do you want?) Tell me _______________________________________________
11. (Why didn’t Kay come to the party?) I don’t know _________________________________
12. (Do you have to pay to park here?) Do you know __________________________________
13. (Who is that woman?) I’ve no idea ____________________________________________
14. (Did Ann receive my letter?) Do you know ______________________________________
15. (How far is it to the airport?) Can you tell me ___________________________________
16. (What happened last night?) I wonder _______________________________________
17. (Who has taken the textbook?) I’d like to know__________________________________
18. (Might she have seen you there?) I wonder_____________________________________
19. (Should Tom and Jim have visited Luke?) Tell me _______________________________
20. (Whom have you heard on the radio?) She doesn’t want to say _______________________
21. (Needn’t she have got up so early?) Does she know _______________________________
22. (What will be going on next weekend?) I don’t know ______________________________
23. (Who has the house been built for?) I’ll ask them ________________________________
24. (Which month do you like most?) I have no idea_________________________________
25. (What color did Mary choose for her dress?) I wonder _____________________________
48
2. Make questions and ask about the underlined information.
1. I’ve been working in this company for 15 years.
________________________________________________________________
2. I was trying to avoid my boss at the party last night.
________________________________________________________________
3. So many new things happened when you were on vacation.
________________________________________________________________
4. Both Lucy and Tom will refuse to accept the prize next week.
________________________________________________________________
5. Austrians have protested against nuclear power stations.
________________________________________________________________
6. We should have agreed on a common solution.
________________________________________________________________
7. The new shopping center is being built by Skanska.
________________________________________________________________
8. They were looking at the mountains in the distance.
________________________________________________________________
3. Fill the gaps with “what”, “which”, “who”, “whom” or “whose”.
1. __________ company have you been working for?
2. Jim, __________ car did you borrow when you went for the business trip?
3. To __________ have you given the roses?
4. __________ of you, students, have seen the latest movie by Woody Allen?
5. __________ drink would you like – whisky or brandy?
6. On __________ property do they want to build the new apartment complex?
7. __________ will I see at the conference in Vienna?
8. __________ book are you going to read?
9. __________ have you agreed on?
10. __________ children did you meet at school?
11. __________ of the Czech advertising agencies works for you?
12. __________ students who attend your friend’s course come from abroad?
13. For __________ did you bake the cake?
4. Make questions and ask about the underlined information. Each of the questions
should be written in two variants – common English and formal English.
1. I will have a look at the problem as soon as I return from France.
COMMON ENGLISH: What will you have a look at as soon as you return from France?
FORMAL ENGLISH: At what will you have a look as soon as you return from France?
2. Many local people protest against the mass murderer who killed six women.
COMMON ENGLISH:
FORMAL ENGLISH:
49
3. The nice smell is coming out of my neighbor’s window.
COMMON ENGLISH:
FORMAL ENGLISH:
4. The firm focused on some market segments during the economic recession.
COMMON ENGLISH:
FORMAL ENGLISH:
5. The research is pointing to mass-market consumption of entertainment.
COMMON ENGLISH:
FORMAL ENGLISH:
6. We failed to meet the quarterly targets because of Tom.
COMMON ENGLISH:
FORMAL ENGLISH:
7. None of us wants to invest in shares of Greek companies.
COMMON ENGLISH:
FORMAL ENGLISH:
8. The taxi driver will be waiting for you for twenty minutes in front of your house.
COMMON ENGLISH:
FORMAL ENGLISH:
5. Put a question tag on the end of these sentences.
Tom won’t be late, __________________?
You’re tired, __________________?
You’ve got a camera, __________________?
You weren’t listening, __________________?
Sue doesn’t know Ann, __________________?
Jack’s on holiday, __________________?
Ann’s applied for the job, __________________?
You can speak German, __________________?
He won’t mind if I use his phone, __________________?
There are a lot of people here, __________________?
Let’s go out tonight, __________________?
This isn’t very interesting, __________________?
I’m too impatient, __________________?
You wouldn’t tell anyone, __________________?
Listen, __________________?
I shouldn’t have lost my temper, __________________?
Don’t drop that vase, __________________?
He’d never met her before, __________________?
No, he’s never late.
Yes, a little.
Yes, why? Do you want to
borrow it?
Yes, I was!
No, they’ve never met.
Yes, he’s in Portugal.
Yes, but she won’t get it.
Yes, but not very fluently.
No, of course he won’t.
Yes, more than I expected.
Yes, let’s.
No, not very.
Yes, you are sometimes.
No, of course not.
OK, I’m listening.
No, but never mind.
No, don’t worry.
No, that was the first time.
50
6. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Nemůžu ti říct, proč bude zítra v práci málo zaměstnanců.
_________________________________________________________________
2. O čem jste včera s Janou tak dlouho hovořili?
_________________________________________________________________
3. Jakému nápoji dáváš přednost, kávě nebo čaji?
_________________________________________________________________
4. Rád bych věděl, jestli bude letos tuhá zima.
_________________________________________________________________
5. Ten dopis ještě nedorazil, že?
_________________________________________________________________
6. Kolik předmětů jsi už absolvovala?
_________________________________________________________________
7. Kdo ti ukradl ty hodinky, nové auto a peněženku?
_________________________________________________________________
8. Měl jsem se včera učit na ten test, že ano?
_________________________________________________________________
9. S kolika lidmi jste včera večer večeřeli?
_________________________________________________________________
10. Marie si nemusela půjčovat tu knihu v knihovně, protože ji měla doma, že?
_________________________________________________________________
11. Co ti bylo v poslední době ukradeno z auta?
_________________________________________________________________
12. Jakým druhem dopravy jste se sem dostali?
_________________________________________________________________
13. Mary a Luke ještě nepřišli na večírek, že?
_________________________________________________________________
14. Tvoje mladší sestra nesmí chodit spát příliš pozdě, že ne?
_________________________________________________________________
15. Proti které nadnárodní organizaci protestuješ?
_____________________________________________________________________________
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI1A
Intelligent Business: Unit 4 – Information
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
urychlit informační tok – ______________________________________________________
shromažďovat informace a vkládat je do systému – ___________________________________
data představující novou obchodní příležitost – ______________________________________
analyzovat a optimalizovat dodavatelský řetězec – ____________________________________
sledovat nestálé finanční trhy – __________________________________________________
podniknout kroky proti předznamenanému krachu na burze – ___________________________
odrazovat uživatele od psaní poznámek rukou – _____________________________________
vyzradit důvěrné dokumenty průmyslové špionáži – __________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. a broad category of applications and technologies for gathering, storing, analyzing, and
providing access to data to help enterprise users make better business decisions:
2. a computer program that can show rows of figures and perform calculations with them; it
is often used to work out sales, taxes, profits and other financial information:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
BLOG, GADGET, DASHBOARD, QUEST,
CREDIBILITY, SURVEILLANCE, ENTERPRISE
1. Electronic _______________________ is sometimes used to obtain information about a
company.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. The awarded prize has contributed to his _____________________ as a business analyst.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. This __________________ is a clever electronic device for detecting sounds around you.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete each sentence with a correct form of one of the following verbs; each verb can be used only once: (1 point each)
HEAD – TERMINATE – ACCUSE – SPEED UP
OVERLOAD – ADOPT – COUNSEL – CONTRADICT
1. Could you _________________________ your employees of being lazy and inefficient?
2. I think that _______________________________ new computer systems will raise our
efficiency.
3. Career _________________________ is an important part of the services our company
provides.
4. _____________ you ever _____________ a multinational company with hundreds of
employees?
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. The benefit is that I can get the information ________________________________.
(INSTANT)
2. Please complete this ________________________________ and return it asap.
(QUESTION)
3. Do you have any idea when the ________________________________ will be finished?
(MODIFY)
4. Where does your ________________________________ come from? (ANNOY)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. I disagree with the practice of spying _________ staff.
2. “So, let’s move _________ to the next point on our agenda.”
3. We’ll have to confront Jack _________ the fact that the files are missing.
4. I have to concede _________ your argument that the inflation is low now.
5. They’ve decided to opine openly _________ their financial problems.
6. These back-up systems are critical _________ our operations!
B. Ask questions about the underlined part of each sentence. (3 points each)
1. Bookkeeping has been managed by this program for five years.
I wonder _______________________________________________________________.
2. Tom wants to know: “Has that terrible HR manager already been fired?”
Could you tell him ________________________________________________________?
3. Unfortunately, an unknown man stole all my luggage at the airport an hour ago.
All of us would like to know ________________________________________________.
C. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the VERBS and other words in brackets:: (1 point each)
A: “Please, don’t ask me why _____________________ (I, LEAVE) my last job last week.
Could you imagine ____________________________ (it, BE, hard, how) to cooperate
with my boss? Impossible!”
B: “What _____________________________ (your colleagues, DO) in the future? ________
____________________ (BE PLANNING, they, also) to terminate their contracts like
you?”
A: “No, ___________________ (they, verb + not). What _________________________
(they, WOULD, DO, it, for)? They don’t have such problems.”
B: “But you are not leaving the country,_________________ (question tag)? And ___________
____________ (COME, who) to your position?”
A: “I don’t know and I don’t care. Let’s go home, _________________ (question tag)?”
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. That _____________ Michael, _____________?
A: couldn’t have been ... could it B: can’t be ... can he
C: couldn’t have been ... could he D: is ... is it
2. ______ what ______ film have you been talking ______ with Josh ______?
A: – ... – ... about ... – B: about ... – ... – ... –
C: – ... about ... – ... – D: – ... – ... – ... about
3. Your brother _____________ a lot of contacts to famous people, _____________ he?
A: has ... hasn’t B: hasn’t ... does
C: has got ... hasn’t D: has ... doesn’t
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Ředitelka pro informační technologie odmítla zasahovat do zavádění počítačů na účetní
oddělení, protože automatizované vedení účetních knih vždy bylo naším hlavním cílem a
vložili jsme do něj mnoho úsilí. Kromě toho se vyhýbá poskytování podrobností o průmyslové
špionáži a sledování, protože nikdo neví, jestli si je konkurence vědoma možných
bezpečnostních rizik, a není tak důvod, proč by měly být tyto důvěrné informace sdíleny.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
54
Unit 5 – TECHNOLOGY
Coursebook, page 44, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. ___________________ = a newly founded company (paragraph 1)
2. to _________________ = to attach something to something else (par 1)
3. ___________________ = surprisingly impressive; impressive; amazing (par 1)
4. to _____________ ____ = to speak of yourself in superlatives; to show off (par 1)
5. ___________________ = broadly or extravagantly humorous; absurd (par 2)
6. ___________________ =
a person or thing that suffers harm or death; a person
who is tricked or swindled (par 2)
7. ___________ ________ =
a machine or tool used for the purpose of sharing or
passing information (par 2)
8. ___________ ________ =
electronic equipment intended for everyday use, most
often used in entertainment, communications and
office productivity (par 2)
9. ___________________ =
the owner of a business who attempts to make money
by risk and initiative; businessman (par 2)
10. ___________________ =
in an uncontrolled manner; in a highly excited way
with strong emotion or frustration (par 3)
11. ___________________ =
someone who contracts to receive and pay for a service
or a certain number of issues of a publication (par 3)
12. ___________________ = not yet used or exploited; not utilized (par 3)
13. ___________________ =
the pursuit (of a person or animal) by following tracks
or marks they left behind (par 3)
14. __________ _________ =
an electronic device which accomplishes some routine
housekeeping task, which includes purposes such as
cooking, food preservation, or cleaning (par 3)
15. ___________________ =
the occurrence of two or more things coming together;
the act of coming closer (par 4)
16. ___________________ =
the percentage of persons reached by a medium of
communication, such as TV or a newspaper (par 4)
17. ___________________ = unable to hold or contain more; full (par 5)
18. to _________________ =
to transmit (data) in real time, especially over the
Internet (par 5)
19. ___________________ = the human race; human beings collectively (par 5)
20. ___________________ = a wish or longing; a request (par 5)
55
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. How does the text describe the new PetsCell mobile phone?
___________________________________________________________
2. What does Pets Mobility say was the reason for introducing the PetsCell?
___________________________________________________________
3. What does it mean that “the mobile-telecoms industry has become a victim of its own
success”?
___________________________________________________________
4. What is said about mobile telecoms markets in China and Africa?
___________________________________________________________
5. What statistic is no longer true due to the expansion of mobile phones?
___________________________________________________________
6. Why is the mobile phone industry looking for new sources of growth?
___________________________________________________________
7. What are the other three untapped markets for mobile phones, mentioned in the text?
1. _________________________________________________________
2. _________________________________________________________
3. _________________________________________________________
8. What are MyMo and i-Kids?
___________________________________________________________
9. What does DoCoMo estimate?
___________________________________________________________
10. What is the important feature of third-generation networks, and what will their
introduction probably result in?
___________________________________________________________
11. Why is mobile coverage being extended, where is it available now, and where will it be
available soon?
___________________________________________________________
12. What future plans of using mobile communication are mentioned in the text?
___________________________________________________________
56
Coursebook, page 47, exercise LISTENING 2
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
The speaker starts by saying that what they need to (1) __________________ is the
(2) _________________ of a corporate website. Such a website is – as the speaker says –
an (3) ______________________ (4) _____________________ and marketing
(5) __________________. They need to begin by asking their information technology
(6) __________________ several questions. The answers that the company needs from
its IT (7) __________________ (8) __________________ the hardware and the
time necessary to spend (9) __________________ the (10) __________________.
While waiting for the answers, the speaker suggests that the (11) ________________
(12) _________________ starts with the preparations of product (13) ____________,
and (14) __________________ an online (15) __________________. It should be
modeled on the (16) ________________ used for the last market (17) _____________.
In the end, the communications departments should organize (18) _______________
meetings to keep everyone (19) __________________ and (20) ________________.
57
RELATIVE CLAUSES – review & additional information
1. Prepositions in relative clauses
Placing prepositions in a relative clause is basically the same as in questions (see unit 4); this
means that a prepositions is usually placed after the verb (which is usually at the end of a
sentence); however, it is also possible to place a preposition in front of a relative pronoun (i.e.
at the beginning of a relative clause), which makes the clause very formal but there are two
rules that must be obeyed:
a) like in questions, if a preposition is placed in front of “who”, it takes the form of “whom”:
That’s the man who I’m waiting for. OR That’s the man for whom I’m waiting. (FORMAL)
but NOT That’s the man for who I’m waiting.
b) you can never place a preposition in front of “that”; if you want to use this relative
pronoun, you have to place the preposition after the verb, or if you want to keep the
preposition at the front, you have to replace “that” with “which” or “whom”:
This is the book for that I’ve been looking. → This is the book that I’ve been looking for. OR
This is the book for which I’ve been looking. OR This is the book which I’ve been looking for.
2. Translation of Czech “což”
There is a special type of non-defining relative clauses whose meaning does not refer to one noun or
nominal phrase (like in such cases as “...the technician, who...” or “...the salad, which...”) but it refers
to the whole main clause. Such a clause is always introduced with “, which” and it is translated into
Czech as “což”:
The shoppers had to pay more money for the goods, which made them angry.
The Sun started to shine, which pleased the children very much.
Thousands of people have fallen ill recently, which represents a serious problem.
3. Some of whom; many of which, etc.
Sometimes you talk about more things or people and you also want to say something closer about
some (or all or none...) of them; to do that, you can use a relative clause with an of-phrase:
PEOPLE whom
THINGS
all / some / none (for more than two) /
neither (for two) / both / any / every / ...
five / hundreds / a few / most / ...
(the office / the sister / the components / ...)
of
which
Mary has three brothers. All of them are married.
→ Mary has three brothers, all of whom are married.
They asked me a lot of questions. I couldn't answer most of them.
→ They asked me a lot of questions, most of which I couldn't answer.
Tom tried on three jackets, none of which fitted him.
Two men, neither of whom I had ever seen before, came into my office.
They've got three cars, two of which they never use.
Sue has a lot of friends, many of whom she was at school with.
This of-phrase is used mostly with pronouns and numerals; it is also possible to use it with
noun phrases, however, it is much more common and natural to use possession with
“whose” in such cases:
This is the new machine, the components of which were made in Germany.
→ This is the new machine, whose components were made in Germany.
This is my classmate, parents of whom are in jail.
→ This is my classmate, whose parents are in jail.
58
4. Summary
1. Defining relative clauses:
• the information provided is necessary and cannot be omitted
• it is never separated with commas
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
We met some people whose car had broken down.
• the used relative pronoun can be – among others – that
Rick sold the house that his grandfather built.
• if the relative clause has its own subject, the relative pronoun can be left out:
We stayed at the hotel (that/which) Ann recommended to us.
Your brother is the person (who(m)/that) I met yesterday.
• the preposition in the relative clause can be put either after the verb,
I brought you the book (that/which) I told you about.
or before the relative pronoun (BUT it can never be that!)
I brought you the book about which I told you.
I brought you the book about that I told you.
This is the man about whom I told you.
2. Non-defining relative clauses:
• the information provided is supplementary and can be omitted
• it is separated with commas
My brother Jim, who is a doctor, lives in London.
Colin told me about his new job, which he’s enjoying very much.
• that cannot be used as a relative pronoun here
We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us.
We stayed at the Grand Hotel, that Ann recommended to us.
• relative pronouns in non-defining clauses cannot be left out
We stayed at the Grand Hotel, which Ann recommended to us.
We stayed at the Grand Hotel, Ann recommended to us.
• the preposition in the relative clause can be put either after the verb,
Mr Gray, who you spoke to yesterday, is our Personnel Manager.
or before the relative pronoun
Mr Gray, to whom you spoke yesterday, is our Personnel Manager.
Defining Non-defining
Important information
Separated with commas
that can be used
Pronoun can be omitted
if it isn’t the subject
if it is the subject
It is possible to make
shortened sentences from
them (with -ing / -ed)
59
that which who whose
Used in a defining clause
Used in a non-defining
clause
Used after a preposition
whom
who
Can be omitted in a
defining relative clause if
it is not a subject
.
Grammar exercises
1. Complete the sentences with who, whom, whose, which or that. If there are more
options, list them all.
1. The customer ____________ company I visited is phoning this afternoon.
2. The manual ____________ they sent explains everything.
3. Let me introduce Tim O’Brien, ____________ will work as a new marketing director here.
4. It’s difficult to say ____________ this fax was sent by.
5. The candidates ____________ CVs I looked at this morning were all very good.
6. I don’t remember ____________ I spoke to when I called yesterday.
7. Your colleague, ____________ I met this morning, had a different opinion.
8. Those students ____________ have failed the final exam will have to re-take it.
9. Toyota is a manufacturer ____________ reputation is excellent all over the world.
10. The contract ____________ you showed me before was different to this one.
11. I can’t remember ____________ I invited to the meeting.
12. Do you know ____________ Catherine works for?
13. The consultant, ____________ seems very young, is speaking to Martin Sommer.
14. The man ____________ is reading the newspaper is my husband.
15. They promoted the manager ____________ sales team was most successful.
2. Put a bracket around the relative pronoun if you can leave it out. Put a tick ( ) at
the end if you must keep the relative pronoun.
1. The book that you lent me about e-commerce is really interesting.
2. The company which is our main competitor is Apollo.
3. The name which they chose for the new model is Prima.
4. The meeting room, which wasn’t very large, became hot and stuffy.
5. In the end, the sales campaign was the best that we’d ever had.
6. These are the people whose names appear on the database.
7. The people who attended the presentation found it very useful.
8. The supplier who we visited last week had better quality than this one.
9. Look at the building whose owner is the multi-millionaire from Africa.
10. Richard Branson, who started with almost nothing, is a typical entrepreneur.
11. Newsweek is the English-language magazine that I read most often.
60
3. Read the information and complete the sentences. Use a relative clause. Sometimes the
clause is defining and sometimes it is non-defining. Use commas where necessary.
1. There’s a woman living next door. She’s a doctor.
The woman who lives next door is a doctor.
2. I’ve got a brother called Jim. He lives in London. He’s a doctor.
My brother Jim _______________________________________________________
3. There was a strike at the car factory. It lasted ten days. It is now over.
The strike at the car factory _______________________________________________
4. I was looking for a book this morning. I’ve found it now.
I’ve found ___________________________________________________________
5. London was once the largest city in the world, but the population is now falling.
The population of London _______________________________________________
6. A job was advertised. A lot of people applied for it. Few of them had the necessary qualifications.
Few of _____________________________________________________________
7. Margaret has a son. She showed me a photograph of him. He’s a policeman.
Margaret showed me ___________________________________________________
4. Combine each pair of sentences by including the word given in brackets.
1. Last year we introduced a new line. It’s aimed at the youth market. (that)
The new line that we introduced last year is aimed at the youth market.
2. I’d like you to meet a colleague. He could be a useful contact for you. (who)
I’d like you to meet a colleague ____________________________________________
3. A candidate’s CV is on your desk. She deserves an interview. (whose)
The candidate ________________________________________ deserves an interview.
4. A visitor is coming next week. She’s from our Paris office. (who)
The visitor __________________________________________ is from our Paris office.
5. Tom took me to a restaurant. It was called ‘Noodle Heaven’. (that)
The restaurant ____________________________________ was called ‘Noodle Heaven’.
6. I heard a man’s presentation. He was an investment banker. (whose)
The man ________________________________________ was an investment banker.
7. Here is a mobile phone. I was telling you about it. (that)
Here is the mobile phone ________________________________________________
8. Over there is a site. They’re going to build a new factory. (where)
The site ___________________________________________________ is over there.
5. Complete the sentences using one of the following verbs in the correct form.
blow call invite live offer read ring sit study work
1. I was woken up by a bell ringing.
2. A lot of the people _______________ to the party cannot come.
3. Life must be very unpleasant for people _______________ near busy airports.
4. A few days after the interview, I received a letter _______________ me the job.
5. Somebody _______________ Jack phoned while you were out.
6. There was a tree _______________ down in the storm last night.
7. When I entered the waiting room it was empty except for a young man _______________ by
the window _______________ a magazine.
8. Ian has got a brother ______________ in a bank in London and a sister ______________
economics at university in Manchester.
61
6. Put in that or what. If the sentence is complete with or without that, write (that) —
in brackets.
1. I gave her all the money (that) I had.
2. They give their children everything _______________ they want.
3. Tell me _______________ you want and I’ll try to get it for you.
4. Why do you blame me for everything _______________ goes wrong?
5. I won’t be able to do much but I’ll do the best _______________ I can.
6. I regret to say so but we have to insist on _______________ was agreed earlier.
7. I regret to say so but we have to insist on the procedure ______________ was agreed earlier.
8. I can only lend you ten pounds. It’s all _______________ I’ve got.
9. Lucy can’t be held responsible for _______________ other people do.
10. Lucy can’t be held responsible for anything _______________ other people do.
11. Lucy can’t be held responsible for anything _______________ happens.
12. I don’t agree with _______________ you’ve just said.
13. I don’t trust him. I don’t believe anything _______________ he says.
7. Complete each sentence using who/whom/whose/where.
1. What’s the name of the man ____________ car you borrowed?
2. A cemetery is a place ____________ people are buried.
3. A pacifist is a person ____________ believes that all wars are wrong.
4. An orphan is a child ____________ parents are dead.
5. The place ____________ we spent our holidays was really beautiful.
6. This school is only for children ____________ first language is not English.
7. I don’t know the name of the woman to ____________ I spoke on the phone.
8. Join the two sentences to use a relative clause. Each of the relative clauses should
be written in two variants – common English and formal English.
1. The report was sent to our CEO an hour ago. You had focused on it.
COMMON ENGLISH: The report (which/that) you had focused on was sent to our CEO an hour ago.
FORMAL ENGLISH: The report on which you had focused was sent to our CEO an hour ago.
2. Mr. McDunlop has been married three times. We talked about him yesterday.
COMMON ENGLISH:
FORMAL ENGLISH:
3. I’ve never met Jim. His business trip has been approved of by his boss.
COMMON ENGLISH:
FORMAL ENGLISH:
4. I want to buy the new model of Swatch. I’ll wait for it until December.
COMMON ENGLISH:
FORMAL ENGLISH:
5. This is Professor Brown. Mary complained about him.
COMMON ENGLISH:
FORMAL ENGLISH:
62
9. Join the two sentences in the way shown to make relative clauses.
1. These are my books. All of them were bought in England.
These are my books, all of which were bought in England.
2. My boss has two secretaries. Only one of them can speak English.
My boss has two secretaries, _____________________________________________.
3. We had to cut down the trees. Some of them were too old and could fall.
We had to cut down the trees, ____________________________________________.
4. Joe has two nephews. Neither of them knows how to drive a car.
Joe has two nephews, __________________________________________________.
5. My family owns two houses in Nottingham. They are both for sale.
My family owns two houses in Nottingham, ___________________________________.
6. Here are graves of American soldiers. They were all killed in the Vietnam war.
Here are graves of American soldiers, _______________________________________.
10. Translate the following sentences into English.
1. Chtěl bych potkat každého, kdo je tvým přítelem.
_________________________________________________________________
2. Pracujeme ve společnosti, jejíž vedení bylo loni znovu zvoleno.
_________________________________________________________________
3. Tato fúze byla špatně zorganizovaná, což mě velmi rozčílilo.
_________________________________________________________________
4. Viděla jsem nové laptopy, s nimiž budeme pracovat.
_________________________________________________________________
5. Místo, kde jsme se minule setkali, je na druhém břehu řeky.
_________________________________________________________________
6. Mám tři bratry, z nichž jeden pracuje jako účetní v bance.
_________________________________________________________________
7. Písnička, kterou obvykle poslouchám, je už 10 let stará.
_________________________________________________________________
8. Na Velikonoce pojedeme do Paříže, která bude určitě nádherná.
_________________________________________________________________
9. Tvoje auto, které je zaparkované u hotelu, bylo velmi špinavé.
_________________________________________________________________
10. Dostávám víc práce, s čímž absolutně nesouhlasím.
_________________________________________________________________
11. Generální ředitel má dvě sekretářky, z nichž ani jedna neumí anglicky.
_________________________________________________________________
12. Generální ředitel má tři auta, z nichž ani jedno nejezdí.
_________________________________________________________________
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI1A
Intelligent Business: Unit 5 – Technology
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
podobat se výrobkům spotřební elektroniky – _______________________________________
vydávat (o automatu) pevný disk velikosti zapalovače – __________________________________
podnikatelé působící na nenasyceném trhu – ________________________________________
rozšířit pokrytí mobilními telefony – ______________________________________________
zařízení s vestavěným satelitním sledováním – _______________________________________
spustit strategii zaměřenou na předplatitele – ________________________________________
naladit stanici bezdrátovým přenosným rádiem – _____________________________________
nadbytečný doplněk (oděvu) připevněný na řemínku – __________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. the activity of presenting, advertising and selling a company’s products in the best possible
way:
2. to move computer software or information from one computing device to another
especially from a local computer to a central server or network:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase. (2 points each)
CONVERGENCE, TRIUMPH, APPLIANCE, HYPE,
VENDORS, VISUAL AIDS, RESEARCHER, CLAMSHELLS
1. I hope the components from different _____________________ will cooperate without
problems.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. Fortunately, the _____________________ about the technology’s prospects is now
moving away.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. I’d describe this car as the _____________________ of ecology and manufacturing.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete each sentence with a correct form of one of the following verbs; each verb can be used only once: (1 point each)
LACK – DOWNLOAD – OMIT – INTEND
POSTPONE – EXAGGERATE – SHRINK – ACCREDIT
1. Claims about WiMax _________________ strongly __________________________.
2. The launch of the new model on to the market will have to _______________________.
3. The product has to __________________________ by a standards body.
4. Is it true that profits of many companies __________________________ recently?
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. If the networks are ________________________________, why should we run them?
(TAP)
2. The new generation of mobile phones was a real _______________________________!
(BREAK)
3. I don’t think your invention can be _______________________________.
(MARKET)
4. We sell communications devices as well as ______________________________ devices.
(COMPUTE)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. Adults shouldn’t prevent children _________ using mobiles.
2. We have decided to subscribe _________ this new Internet service.
3. I’m sure some of the new technologies are already _________ the horizon.
4. Nokia wants to take part _________ the tender.
5. Your mobile can be clipped _________ a bag!
6. The store introduced a limit _________ the number of items you can buy there.
B. Join the sentences to make relative clauses. (3 points each)
1. I have one brother. His wife is a teacher. He is older than me.
My brother ______________________________________________________________.
2. I met your mother an hour ago. We spoke about her yesterday.
I met your mother ________________________________________________________.
3. I was born in a city. My best friend was also born in that city.
I was born in a city ________________________________________________________.
C. Fill the gaps with the correct form of relative pronouns, commas and prepositions if necessary: (1 point each)
We want to carry out an online survey _______________ should help us with determining
consumers’ needs. It asks questions about the field _______________ we focus __________.
The designed questionnaire _______________ completion is voluntary will serve as a source
of information for us. The customers _______________ we hope to address will have a
chance to win a coupon for 1,000 CZK. When the survey is finished, we’ll be processing the
information _______________ can take us several months. We want to find a service with
_______________ our customers are most satisfied. We also plan to reconstruct our
webpage _______________ offers our products and services. The staff _______________
provides the services should be more involved in this activity, i.e. they should try to give the
customers _______________ visit them as much information as they can.
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. This is the prison ______ we managed to escape ______.
A: from which ... – B: – ... from
C: that ... from D: from that ... –
2. We live on the Earth ______ is the third planet of the solar system.
A: which B: that
C: , which D: –
3. Mobiles ______ from our warehouse ______ have been found.
A: , which were stolen ... , B: which were stolen ... –
C: stolen ... – D: , that were stolen ... ,
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Telekomunikační společnosti podporují větší využívání datových služeb přes mobilní telefony.
Proto rozšiřují pokrytí signálem nebo nabízejí nové služby, jako například stahování hudby a
souborů do mobilu z počítače, přístup k internetu, sledování videa, posílání fotografií nebo
čtení emailových zpráv. Dalším možným přístupem je povzbuzovat lidi, aby využívali své
stávající telefony nebo nové telefony v sítích třetí generace, nabízejících spoustu kapacity navíc
stejně jako další komunikační služby.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
67
Unit 6 – ADVERTISING
Coursebook, page 51, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. ___________________ =
the total amount of money allocated for a specific
purpose during a specified period (paragraph 1)
2. ___________________ =
quantifiable; having dimensions or size that can be
determined (par 1)
3.
to __________ ________
_______ ____________=
a metaphor meaning that something is thrown away or
wasted (par 1)
4. ___________________ = difference; variety or heterogeneity (par 2)
5. to _________________ =
to vary within specified limits; to vary between one
point and another (par 3)
6. ___________________ =
a business or a person that sells goods directly to the
public (par 3)
7. ___________________ =
giving the best possible profit or benefits for the money
that is spent (par 4)
8.
__________ __________
_______________ =
a business or service authorized to act for others in
using methods and activities to establish and promote
a favorable relationship with the public (par 4)
9. to _________________ = to put (a new product) on the market (par 4)
10. ___________________ = having a smooth, shiny, lustrous surface (par 4)
11. to _________________ = to spend money extravagantly or wastefully (par 4)
12. ___________________ = a paid advertisement on television or radio (par 4)
13. ___________________ =
a company or a person that promotes a product or a
service (par 5)
14. ___________________ =
a type of product sold using a particular name, which is
often the name of the company that produces it (par 5)
15. to ___________ ______ =
to constitute the governing or primary factor in
something; to represent (par 5)
16. ___________________ = extremely small (par 5)
17. ___________________ =
here: a whole that can be shared; a metaphor referring
to a market (par 5)
18. ___________________ =
having or showing certainty; marked by confidence in
oneself; self-assured (par 6)
19. to _________________ =
to put forward; present; represent; to create or be (a
problem, threat, etc.) (par 6)
20. ___________________ =
steadily and persistently; without signs of tiredness
(par 6)
68
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What fact has the more precise measurability of advertising effects revealed?
____________________________________________________________
2. Why is the advertising industry experiencing a difficult period?
____________________________________________________________
3. Why have some of the traditional advertising methods become ineffective?
____________________________________________________________
4. What development of advertising spending is expected “this year”, according to the
text?
____________________________________________________________
5. What alternative advertising methods are mentioned, ranging from public relations to
direct mail?
____________________________________________________________
6. What is the core issue of the current advertising industry, and what example regarding
TV advertising is given?
____________________________________________________________
7. How has the behavior of people changed in terms of spending their leisure time?
____________________________________________________________
8. What do some advertisers predict as far as the internet as an advertising medium is
concerned?
____________________________________________________________
9. What are the weak points of the internet as an advertising medium?
____________________________________________________________
10. What was the original common belief that Rupert Howell denied?
____________________________________________________________
11. How will the advertising industry deal with the challenges brought by new media?
____________________________________________________________
69
Workbook, page 27, exercise LISTENING 2
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Procter and Gamble, a company that helped to find a new way to (1) ______________
goods, is now looking again for (2) ______________ ways to reach (3) ____________.
In the past, it set up an (4) ______________ whose purpose was to (5) ____________
an army of thousands of teenagers. They should discuss ideas about new products and help
(6) ______________ marketing (7) ______________. In return, the teenagers can use
new things before their (8) ______________.
Getting (9) ______________ to buy new products to influence a (10) ___________
market is not a new idea. So-called ‘early (11) ______________’ are used by consumer
electronics companies to give their products a successful start. There is also a wider group,
which (12) _____________ sometimes call ‘prosumers’, meaning (13) _____________
consumers. Some specialists think that this group is the most (14) ______________ of all.
Euro RSCG is (15) ______________ a study of prosumers, which can represent
(16) ______________ or so of any (17) ______________ group. They are everywhere,
at the (18) ______________ of (19) ______________, and what they tell their friends
about (20) ______________ and products tends to become (21) ______________ 6-18
months later. They also (22) ______________ by category.
This type of people generally (23) _________________ traditional ads, and
(24) ______________ use the internet to (25) ______________ new products and
their prices. Half of them (26) ______________ companies and products not found on
the internet. If they want to (27) ______________ prosumers, companies must be open
about (28) ______________ information.
70
GERUNDS & INFINITIVES – additional information
1. Verbs of perception
This is a special group of verbs: they aren’t usually used in the continuous form, i.e. the ing form
(see grammar for unit 1), and they are followed by an object plus either a gerund or a bare
infinitive (without to), influencing the meaning of the verb; these verbs include:
see hear smell taste
feel listen to notice watch
• If we see or hear only part of the action, or it continues, we use the ing form.
• If we see or hear the whole action from beginning to end, we use the bare infinitive
without to:
I saw her giving her presentation. = I saw part of the presentation
I saw her give her presentation. = I saw the whole presentation
I heard the machine making a strange noise. = I heard the noise and it continued
I heard the machine make a strange noise. = I heard the noise and it stopped
I’ve listened to him playing the violin. = I’ve listened to part of his performance
I’ve listened to him play the violin. = I’ve listened to the whole performance
2. Bare infinitive with make and let
A bare infinitive, i.e. an infinitive without to, is not used only with verbs of perception; there are
other verbs that require this type of infinitive – such as “make” and “let”:
I made them check everything very carefully. (NOT I made them to check…)
They let us have all these free samples. (NOT They let us to have…)
Be careful: However, if the verb “make” is used in the passive (“be made”), it is followed by
an infinitive with to:
I was made to check everything very carefully. (NOT I was made check…)
3. Passive forms in gerund and infinitive
Gerunds or infinitives that follow other verbs are usually in the active voice:
She has avoided doing her homework.
Luke will refuse to participate in the contest next week.
However, even such gerunds or infinitives can be in the passive voice form; the forms are as
follows:
ACTIVE PASSIVE
GERUND
verb + ing
avoid seeing
verb + being + past participle
avoid being seen
INFINITIVE
verb + infinitive with to
refuse to make
verb + to be + past participle
refuse to be made
If the share price falls any more we risk being taken over by a larger company.
I think I deserve to be given a pay rise.
Lucy has chosen to be trained by Mark since she has considered being sent to the contest.
71
4. Gerund or infinitive: change in meaning
Some verbs can be followed by ing or to + infinitive and the meaning of the verb changes:
REMEMBER & FORGET
We use “remember/forget doing” for memories of the past (the action happens before the
remembering). However, we use “remember/forget to do” for actions someone is/was
supposed to do (the remembering happens before the action):
I definitely remember posting the letter = PAMATUJI SI, ŽE JSEM NĚCO UDĚLAL
I must remember to post the letter = NESMÍM ZAPOMENOUT NĚCO UDĚLAT
I’ll never forget flying into Taipei airport. = NEZAPOMENU, JAK SE NĚCO STALO
Sorry, I forgot to turn off the lights. = ZAPOMNĚL JSEM NĚCO UDĚLAT
REGRET
We use “regret doing” when we are sorry about something that happened in the past while we
use “regret to inform/to tell” when we are giving bad news:
I regret saying no to the job in Paris. = LITUJI, ŽE JSEM NĚCO UDĚLAL
I regret to inform you that we are unable to ... = S LÍTOSTÍ VÁM OZNAMUJI, ŽE...
STOP
We use “stop doing” when we end an action while we use “stop to do” when we give the reason
for stopping:
We stopped buying from that supplier. = PŘESTAT NĚCO DĚLAT
I stopped to buy something for my wife. = PŘESTAT S NĚJAKOU ČINNOSTÍ, ABY SE NĚCO
JINÉHO (NE)STALO
MEAN
We use “mean doing” when one thing results in or involves another. We use “mean to do” to
express an intention:
Globalization means being active in every major market. = ZNAMENAT NĚCO
I meant to phone you, but I forgot. = MÍT V ÚMYSLU NĚCO UDĚLAT
GO ON
We use “go on doing” when we continue doing something. We use “go on to do” when we move
on to do something else:
We went on trading even though we were nearly bankrupt. = POKRAČOVAT V TOMTÉŽ
After leaving IBM he went on to start his own company. = POKRAČOVAT DÁLE NĚČÍM JINÝM
Grammar exercises
1. Complete the sentences with being or to be.
1. I enjoy ____________ taken out for expensive meals.
2. The Minister denied ____________ given a bribe.
3. The Minister refused ____________ questioned about the bribe.
4. I expect ____________ asked some tough questions after my presentation.
5. Do you mind ____________ picked up at the airport by a taxi?
6. How awful! Imagine ____________ asked to give a presentation on a topic like that!
72
2. Fill the gap with the correct form of the verb in brackets.
1. I think I’ll ask Jim to ________ (stop) ________ (buy) that perfume because I can’t stand it.
2. Cleaning your room means ________ (put) all your toys into the box, Tom.
3. I’ve been listening to Sarah ________ (play) the guitar for an hour and then I had to leave.
4. Unfortunately our company was made ________ (pay) damages to the customer.
5. After five years in IT I think I’ll go on ________ (start) my own business in telecommunications.
6. I felt the ball ________ (hit) my head and then I passed out.
7. Sorry, I regret ________ (send) the email to your wife. I didn’t mean it.
8. The whole room was watching the team ________ (play) at the championship.
9. The teacher won’t let you ________ (sign up) for his class for the second time.
10. Read the first part, answer the question and go on ________ (read) the text again.
11. Nobody has noticed him ________ (paint) the wall although it took him so long.
12. All of us saw her ________ (leave) the room but nobody remembers when it was.
13. I’ve almost forgotten ________ (visit) the concert last year but I clearly remember ________
(talk) to the singer.
14. Did you hear Tom ________ (shoot) the gun last night? I did.
15. Our plan is ________ (make) our suppliers ________ (cut) their prices through negotiations.
16. I didn’t forget ________ (finish) ________ (write) the letter, don’t worry. I mean _______
(send) it tomorrow.
17. Madam, I regret ________ (tell) you that your son has failed the entrance exam.
18. After an hour of singing the singer stopped ________ (refresh) herself and then went on
________ (sing).
19. My brother will let us both ________ (use) his computer, I’m sure.
20. Hey, I can smell the cake ________ (bake) now!
21. The rebels were made ________ (give up) and hand over all their weapons.
22. I listened to Mary ________ (whisper) the first word and then I stopped ________ (listen)
further.
23. I hope I didn’t forget ________ (start) ________ (record) the movie on TV.
24. I think I’ll see the car ________ (crash) if the driver doesn’t stop ________ (drive) like an
idiot.
25. Getting the money back means ________ (make) the debtors ________ (pay) with no
mercy.
26. I’ve heard the dog ________ (bark) once and then there was complete silence out there.
27. OK, will you go on ________ (study) math or do you want to keep ________ (study)
English?
28. Five people noticed the thief ________ (jump) out of the window and then he disappeared.
29. Please remember ________ (sign) the documents because last time you forgot ________
(do) it.
30. Our prices will make our competitors ________ (provide) discounts, which means that they
will be made ________ (make) less profit.
31. None of them wanted ________ (stop) ________ (buy) something to eat but it wasn’t
possible to drive all night without eating anything.
32. Dad, please let me ________ (watch) them ________ (finish) ________ (play) the match.
33. My grandmother can easily forget ________ (take) her pills in the morning but she will never
forget ________ (meet) Winston Churchill.
34. Yes, Lucy has seen Tom ________ (make) his dog ________ (sit down).
73
3. Complete these sentences with the verbs from the list below. Choose either the -ing
form or to + infinitive.
give write fly receive make recognize advertise help think speak
1. They agreed ______________ us thirty more days to pay the invoice.
2. He pretended ______________ me, but I don’t think he knew who I was.
3. There’s no point ______________ this brand on TV, it would cost too much.
4. We’re expecting ______________ some more stock early next week.
5. I’ll join you later. I need to finish ______________ this report.
6. I learnt ______________ Portuguese when I worked in Brazil.
7. I work in public relations. My job involves ______________ contact with the media.
8. I can’t help ______________ that something is going to go wrong.
9. I can’t afford ______________ business class all the time.
10. I can’t promise ______________ you with this problem, but I’ll do my best.
4. Complete the following sentences with verbs from the list below. Include an object in
every case.
advise remind persuade expect help encourage force
1. I’m sorry I missed work yesterday. The doctor ________________ stay in bed.
2. I tried to ________________ come with us tonight, but he said he was busy.
3. Could you ________________ call Head Office later? I might forget.
4. If you employ a secretary, it will ________________ deal with all the paperwork.
5. She hasn’t called yet, but I ________________ contact me some time today.
6. I didn’t feel very confident, but she ________________ apply for the job.
7. The fall in demand has ________________ make some of our best workers redundant.
5. Put the verb into the correct form, -ing or to... . Sometimes either form is possible.
1. They denied ________________ the money. (steal)
2. I don’t enjoy ________________ very much. (drive)
3. I don’t want ________________ out tonight. I’m too tired. (go)
4. I can’t afford ________________ out tonight. I haven’t got enough money. (go)
5. Has it stopped ________________ yet? (rain)
6. Can you remind me ________________ some coffee when we go out? (buy)
7. Why do you keep ________________ me questions? Can’t you leave me alone? (ask)
8. Please stop ________________ me questions! (ask)
9. I refuse ________________ any more questions. (answer)
10. One of the boys admitted ________________ the window. (break)
11. The boy’s father promised ________________ for the window to be repaired. (pay)
12. Ann was having dinner when the phone rang. She didn’t answer the phone; she just carried on
________________. (eat)
13. ‘How did the thief get into the house?’ ‘I forgot ________________ the window.’ (shut)
14. I’ve enjoyed ______________ you. (meet) I hope ______________ you again soon. (see)
15. The baby began ________________ in the middle of the night. (cry)
16. Julia has been ill but now she’s beginning ________________ better. (get)
74
6. Complete the sentences using the verb in brackets. In some cases you have to use a
preposition after the first verb.
1. a We wanted ____________ the building. (leave)
b We weren’t allowed ____________ the building. (leave)
c We were prevented ____________ the building. (leave)
2. a Fred failed ____________ the problem. (solve)
b Amy succeeded ____________ the problem. (solve)
3. a I’m thinking ____________ away next week. (go)
b I’m hoping ____________ away next week. (go)
c I’m looking forward ____________ away next week. (go)
d I’d like ____________ away next week. (go)
4. a Mary wanted ____________ me a drink. (buy)
b Mary promised ____________ me a drink. (buy)
c Mary insisted ____________ me a drink. (buy)
d Mary wouldn’t dream ____________ me a drink. (buy)
5. a The team focused ____________ the report for the meeting. (prepare)
b The team complained ____________ the report for the meeting. (prepare)
c The team wasn’t interested ____________ the report for the meeting. (prepare)
6. a Luke is looking forward ____________ for a business trip to Spain. (go)
b Luke has objected ____________ for a business trip to Spain. (go)
c Luke will have to get used ____________ for a business trip to Spain. (go)
7. a The sales team will concentrate ____________ the quarterly requirements. (meet)
b Even the sales team will participate ____________ the quarterly requirements. (meet)
c The sales team will attempt ____________ the quarterly requirements. (meet)
8. a My mother used ____________ a month in Austria when she was a child. (spend)
b My mother proposed ____________ a month in Austria. (spend)
c My mother says it isn’t worth ____________ a month in Austria. (spend)
7. Complete the sentences using only one word each time.
1. Jane had to get used to driving on the left.
2. We used to ____________ in a small village but now we live in London.
3. Tom used to ____________ a lot of coffee. Now he prefers tea.
4. I feel very full after that meal. I’m not used to ____________ so much.
5. I wouldn’t like to share an office. I’m used to ____________ my own office.
6. I used to ____________ a car but I sold it a few months ago.
7. When we were children, we used to ____________ swimming every day.
8. There used to ____________ a cinema here but it was knocked down a few years ago.
9. I’m the boss here! I’m not used to ____________ told what to do.
75
8. Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown.
1. It’s difficult to understand him. He is difficult to understand.
2. It’s quite easy to use this machine. This machine is ______________________________
3. It was very difficult to open the window. The window _____________________________
4. It’s impossible to translate some words. Some words _____________________________
5. It’s not safe to stand on that chair. That chair __________________________________
6. It’s expensive to maintain a car. A __________________________________________
9. Fill the gaps with the correct form of the verb in brackets. Sometimes you will have to
use it in the passive form.
1. Many people deny ______________ (give) a pay rise even though others know about it.
2. Experts recommend ______________ (use) Mozilla instead of Internet Explorer.
3. Five employees have agreed ______________ (dismiss) and in return they will receive a big
bonus.
4. The whole country was watching Ms. Percy _____________ (award) Nobel Prize for chemistry.
5. Jane prefers ______________ (study) at home.
6. I’ve listened to the song ______________ (sing) by Madonna and I really enjoyed _______
(listen) to it.
7. Not many people like ______________ (see) ______________ (try) difficult things.
8. Mr. Samuel has objected ______________ (fire) for incompetence but he didn’t succeed.
10. Translate the following sentences into English. Use expressions with gerunds and
infinitives.
1. Viděl jsem Toma přicházet, a proto jsem ho přiměl, aby zůstal venku před barem.
_________________________________________________________________
2. Číšník nám doporučil, abychom se vyhnuli pití tohoto druhu alkoholu.
_________________________________________________________________
3. Všichni měli námitky (1 word) proti odmítání placení daní.
_________________________________________________________________
4. Nikdo z nás si nepamatuje, jak byl opilý na vánočním večírku.
_________________________________________________________________
5. Přestanu kouřit, až Mary slíbí, že odloží stěhování do nové kanceláře.
_________________________________________________________________
6. Jack má v úmyslu jet na služební cestu, kde si užije navštěvování neznámých míst.
_________________________________________________________________
7. Není důvod chodit do práce, protože zaměstnavatel nám dovolil pokračovat (keep) v práci
doma.
_________________________________________________________________
8. Nenávidím představovat si, jak chodím o Vánocích nakupovat.
_________________________________________________________________
9. Těším se na to, až mi bude dáno služební auto, ale nemůžu si zvyknout na navštěvování toho
výcvikového kurzu.
_________________________________________________________________
10. Nechali nás vyspat v jejich postelích a my jsme začali usínat velmi brzy.
_________________________________________________________________
REVIEW TEST
BPJ_JI1A
Intelligent Business: Unit 6 – Advertising
Name:
Teacher:
Number of points (max. 100 points)
TOTAL
(60 points to pass)
MARK
I. Listening: III. Grammar:
II. Vocabulary: IV. Translation:
I. Listening: (max. 20 points) points
------------------------
II. Vocabulary: (max. 34 points) points
A. Translate the following expressions into English: (2 points each)
přitáhnout pozornost k předvedení výrobku – _______________________________________
matoucí, ale vynalézavé agresivní prodejní techniky – __________________________________
dávat na odiv obecně vžitý názor – _______________________________________________
přesvědčovat maloobchodníky o zvýšení dodávek – __________________________________
představovat velkou výzvu v období krize – ________________________________________
podléhat akčnímu snížení ceny – ________________________________________________
poukázat na měřitelný čistý obrat – _______________________________________________
vytvořit povědomí o rafinované značce (výrobku) – ____________________________________
B. Write expressions the following definitions refer to: (2 points each)
1. when the maker of a product arranges for it to appear or be used in a film or television
programme, as a form of advertising:
2. the act of making a company, a product or a service known to the public; the notices,
pictures, and short films that a company uses to tell people about itself and its products:
C. Complete the sentence with one of the following phrases; translate the selected phrase: (2 points each)
DIRECT MAIL, INTRUSIVENESS, IN-STORE DISPLAYS,
POP-UPS, SHARE, FINDINGS, PRODUCT PLACEMENT
1. There’s been a thorough study on the _____________________ of advertising.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
2. The _____________________ of this advertising medium accounts for 4% of the total
advertising pie.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
3. Our _____________________ will soon be transformed into a full value report.
In Czech or Slovak: _____________________________________
D. Complete each sentence with a correct form of one of the following verbs; each verb can be used only once: (1 point each)
TURN OUT – TARGET – RUN – ANTICIPATE
LIAISE – ENDORSE – ACCUSE – PUBLICISE
1. The company _________________________ the new advertisement in a local
newspaper recently.
2. We are going to _________________________ the campaign with one of our celebrities.
3. _________________________ our products in all media is our main objective.
4. The commercial _________________________ a different type of audience last month
than expected.
E. Complete each sentence with a word made from the word given in brackets. (1 point each)
1. Some _____________________________ think that the commercial won’t be
successful.
(AD)
2. Internet as an advertising medium has several _________________________________.
(WEAK)
3. Advertising is an __________________________________________ part of marketing.
(SEPARATE)
4. The “distribution effect” can lead to ____________________________________ sales.
(ADD)
III. Grammar: (max. 30 points) points
A. Fill in the gaps with a suitable preposition or adverbial, if necessary: (1 point each)
1. The management has been exposed _________ a series of unpleasant questions.
2. This advertisement has very little relevance _________ me.
3. Have you seen the newest ad _________ Vodafone services?
4. Spending _________ product promotion will go up this year.
5. I hope that the return _________ our investment will be really high.
6. They say that none of them is liable _________ the goods they sell.
B. Rewrite the sentences with the given words so that they mean the same as the original sentences; make
sentences with infinitives or gerunds of the underlined verbs: (3 points each)
1. It is useless to mention the fact that we’ll miss the deadline.
There’s no point _________________________________________________________.
2. Jeff stopped because he wanted to promise us that he wouldn’t lie any more.
Jeff stopped _____________________________________________________ any more.
3. Do you remember how you proposed that you would be used as the “famous face”?
Do you remember _______________________________________ as the “famous face”?
C. Put the VERBS and other words in brackets into their correct forms, add prepositions, particles or
auxiliary verbs if necessary. You may need to use the passive forms of the verbs: (1 point each)
Many employees in our company _________________________________________ (recent,
ADMIT, AVOID, SPEND) most of their working time by ________________ (FULFILL)
assigned tasks. The management ___________________________ (PERMIT, they, TAKE)
a break every four hours but their attempt ________________________________________
(MAKE, the working environment, LOOK) more friendly has failed. However, if the staff
___________________________________ (CONTINUE, FINISH, WORK) sooner than
allowed, the CEO will not ___________________________________________ (OBJECT,
POSTPONE, PAY) financial benefits to the staff. They have to ______________________
_________________ (GET USED, SUPERVISE) by their bosses. They will ____________
__________________________ (WARN, CARRY OUT) their duties responsibly because it
wouldn’t _______________________________ (BE, easy, LET, they, DO) what they want.
D. Choose a suitable option that can complete each sentence. The number of correct answers is 1 – 3. (2 points each)
1. Why didn’t you ask us _______________ the behavior of consumers?
A: help monitoring B: to help monitor
C: to help to monitor D: helping to monitor
2. We used to _________ home often before we got used to _________ without parents.
A: go ... live B: going ... live
C: go ... living D: going ... living
3. She didn’t even bother _______________ the piano although I asked her for it.
A: to continue playing B: in continuing to play
C: continuing playing D: to continue to play
IV. Translation: (max. 16 points) points
Translate the following sentences into English:
Nedávná studie Deutsche Bank zkoumala efektivnost televizní reklamy na desítkách nových a
zavedených značek baleného zboží a zjistila, že mladší publikum odmítá tradiční média a
obrací se k internetu. Ačkoliv je podíl internetu na trhu stále docela malý, začal již růst. Proto
se mnoho firem rozhodlo využít PR agenturu, která by měla pozvat novináře na spuštění nové
internetové reklamní kampaně a přesvědčit je, aby o jejich výrobku nebo službě napsali článek,
protože to považují za více nákladově efektivní.
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________________________
78
Unit 7 – LAW
Coursebook, page 61, exercise READING
1. In the text find words or expressions corresponding to the following
definitions:
1. ___________________ = a person or company to whom money is owed
2. ___________________ = a person involved in a lawsuit
3. ___________________ =
a crash or conflict; a conflict of opposed ideas or
wishes (paragraph 1)
4. ___________________ =
(plural) chances or opportunities for future success;
expectation, or something anticipated (par 1)
5. ____ _______________ = looking backward or reviewing the past (par 1)
6. ___________________ =
a usually serious mistake typically caused by ignorance
or confusion (par 1)
7. to _________________ =
move unsteadily, with a rocking motion; to walk or
move unsteadily or unsurely (par 2)
8. to _________________ = to follow in an effort to overtake or capture; chase (par 2)
9. ___________________ =
the amount of money that a company or a person
owes; debts (par 2)
10. ___________________ =
a certificate of debt issued especially by a state in order
to raise funds (par 2)
11. ___________________ =
a person or institution against whom an action is
brought in a court of law (par 2)
12. ___________________ = a legal action taken against someone; lawsuit (par 3)
13. __________ _________ =
intangible property that is the result of creativity (such
as patents or trademarks or copyrights) (par 3)
14. __________ _________ =
the fact of one’s commitments required or expected in
a previously concluded contract not being done or not
happening (par 3)
15. ___________________ =
the act of adjusting or determining the dealings or
disputes between persons without pursuing the matter
through a trial (par 3)
16. ___________________ =
any event that sets a course of action in motion or that
activates something else (par 4)
17. to _________________ =
to cause (an action); to bring about; to motivate or
cause someone to do something (par 4)
18. ___________________ =
something that encourages effort or action; a positive
motivational influence (par 5)
19. ___________________ =
a body of citizens sworn to give a true verdict according
to the evidence presented in a court of law (par 5)
79
20. _________ __________ =
(plural) monetary compensation awarded to an
injured party that goes beyond that which is necessary
to compensate the individual for losses and that is
intended to punish the wrongdoer (par 5)
21. to _________________ =
to decide (a legal dispute) by agreement without court
action (par 6)
22. ___________________ =
a large amount of money that is given to somebody
(par 6)
23. ___________________ =
a request for a review of a lower court’s decision by a
higher court (par 7)
24. to _________________ = to decide authoritatively (par 7)
25. to ___________ ______ =
to connect, fasten, or put together two or more pieces
(par 7)
2. Answer these questions based on the information contained in the text:
1. What is Sealed Air, and what does its economic situation look like?
____________________________________________________________
2. What was the blunder that this company made?
____________________________________________________________
3. What is the current situation of W.R. Grace?
____________________________________________________________
4. What caused Sealed Air’s shares and bonds to lose value?
____________________________________________________________
5. What six types of litigation are the most frequent financial disaster for companies?
____________________________________________________________
6. What has changed in the six above-mentioned types of suits?
____________________________________________________________
7. How do financial markets react to speculations about litigations, and what effect does it
have for the companies concerned?
____________________________________________________________
8. What connection between a share price and litigation is mentioned?
____________________________________________________________
80
9. What don’t plaintiffs or jury take into account when requiring or awarding huge
compensations?
____________________________________________________________
10. What data about litigations and compensations do courts provide?
____________________________________________________________
11. What types of data do federal agencies collect, and for what reason?
____________________________________________________________
12. What important decision did the Supreme Court make, and what was the reason for it?
____________________________________________________________
Workbook, page 31, exercise LISTENING
Fill in the missing words in their correct form in the speech summary:
Bernie Ebbers is a former boss of WorldCom, who steered the company through an $11
billion (1) _______________ (2) _______________ and into the (3) ____________
(4) _______________. In one (5) _______________ respect, he now seems to be
remarkably (6) ___________________ – he refuses to use email. The lack of
(7) _______________ (8) _______________ slowed the work of government
(9) _______________. This week, WorldCom’s former (10) _______________
(11) _______________ pleaded (12) _______________ to his role in the whole
situation. As a result, Mr Ebbers was (13) _______________ indicted. Developments at
WorldCom (14) _______________ those at Enron. There, a federal (15) ____________
indicted the company’s former (16) _______________ (17) _______________.
81
PASSIVE – additional information
1. Passive in continuous tenses
The passive voice isn’t used only in simple tenses (to be + past participle) but it can be used
even in continuous tenses (to be + being + past participle):
The children are painting the wall now. → The wall is being painted by the children now.
They were building a house. → A house was being built (by them).
Tom has been washing the dishes. → The dishes have been being washed (by Tom).
We will be playing with the dog. → The dog will be being played with.
2. Phrase have something done
We use “have something done” to say that we arrange for somebody else to do something
for us; the Czech translation is usually NECHAT SI NĚCO (NĚKÝM) UDĚLAT:
Jill repaired the roof. = she repaired it herself
Jill had the roof repaired. = she arranged for somebody else to repair it for her
Be careful with word order. The past participle (repaired) is after the object (the roof):
have + object + past participle
Where did you have your hair cut?
Your hair looks nice. Have you had it cut?
Julia has just had central heating installed in her house.
We are having the house painted at the moment.
I think I should have that coat cleaned soon.
3. Passive with get
Sometimes you can use “get” instead of “be” in the passive; you can use “get” to say that
something happens to somebody or something, especially if this is unplanned or unexpected;
we use “get” mainly in informal spoken English while “be” can be used in all situations:
There was a fight at the party but nobody got hurt. = nobody was hurt
I don’t often get invited to parties. = I’m not often invited
Our dog got run over by a car. = our dog was run over
I’m surprised Ann didn’t get offered the job. = ...Ann wasn’t offered the job
“Get” is used only when things happen or change. For example, you cannot use “get” in these
sentences:
Jill is liked by everybody. (not gets liked — this is not a ‘happening’)
He was a mystery man. Nothing was known about him. (not got known)
You can also say “get something done” instead of “have something done” (mainly in informal
spoken English):
When are you going to get the roof repaired? = have the roof repaired
I think you should get your hair cut. = have your hair cut
4. Verbs with two objects
Some verbs, like give, lend, offer, promise, sell, send, take, etc., have two objects; in active
sentences we can use these verbs in two ways:
ABB gave a large order to us last year. (with to)
ABB gave us a large order last year. (without to; this form is more usual)
82
Each way can be made passive. One of the objects becomes the subject of the passive
sentence, the other stays as an object:
ABB gave us a large order last year.
→ A large order was given to us by ABB last year. (with to)
→ We were given a large order by ABB last year. (without to; again this is more usual)
5. Phrase it is said that
There is a group of so-called reporting verbs that introduce a sentence and EXPRESS A GENERAL
BELIEF, CONVICTION, EXPECTATION OR FACT THAT SOMETHING HAPPENED (or happens or will happen)
IN A CERTAIN WAY:
said thought believed considered
reported known expected alleged
understood and many others...
Cathy works very hard. It is said that she works 16 hours a day. OR She is said to work 16
hours a day.
The police are looking for a missing boy. It is believed that the boy is wearing a white pullover
and blue jeans. OR The boy is believed to be wearing a white pullover and blue jeans.
The strike started three weeks ago. It is expected that it will end soon. OR The strike is
expected to end soon.
Those two houses belong to the same family. It is said that there is a secret tunnel between
them. OR There is said to be a secret tunnel between them.
As you can see, there are two ways of using this structure:
a. you either start with “It is said/believed/thought/... that” and continue with a regular
sentence, or
b. you start with the subject of the sentence (e.g. “the boy”), then use the passive of the
reporting verb in the appropriate tense (e.g. “is expected”, “was known”, “will be believed”,
etc.) followed by the infinitive of the main verb (e.g. “to work”, “to be wearing”, etc.) from
the original sentence; note that you must keep the progressive form in the infinitive too.
However, even the main verb can be used in various tenses; therefore if this verb refers to the
present or future (present and future tenses), we use “present infinitive” as in the
examples above whereas if the main verb refers to the past (past, past perfect or present perfect
tenses), we use “past infinitive” (= to + have + past participle):
VERB FROM THE MAIN CLAUSE INFINITIVE FORM
simple: makes / will make → to makePRESENT OR
FUTURE continuous: is making / will be making → to be making
simple: made / had made / has made → to have made
PAST continuous: was making / had been making /
has been making
→ to have been
making
It is said that Tom reads / will read the book. → Tom is said to read the book.
It is said that Tom is / will be reading the book. → Tom is said to be reading the book.
It is said that Tom read / has/had read the book. → Tom is said to have read the book.
It is said that Tom was / had been / has been reading the book.
→ Tom is said to have been reading the book.
83
Of course you can combine tenses of the main verb in the sentence with tenses of the
reporting verb:
TENSE OF THE VERB IN THE MAIN CLAUSE
PRESENT INFINITIVE PAST INFINITIVE
PRESENT
It is said that Tim lives/is living/will live/
will be living in Paris.
Tim is said to live in Paris.
Tim is said to be living in Paris.
= ŘÍKÁ SE, ŽE ŽIJE
It is said that Tim lived/was living in Paris.
Tim is said to have lived in Paris.
Tim is said to have been living in Paris.
= ŘÍKÁ SE, ŽE ŽIL (TEHDY V MINULOSTI)
FUTURE
It will be known that Tim studies/is studying/
will study/will be studying arts.
Tim will be known to study arts.
Tim will be known to be studying arts.
= BUDE ZNÁM TÍM, ŽE STUDUJE (ŽE BUDE
STUDOVAT)
It will be known that Tim studied/was studying arts.
Tim will be known to have studied arts.
Tim will be known to have been studying
arts.
= BUDE ZNÁM TÍM, ŽE STUDOVAL (TEHDY)
PAST
It was expected that Tim reads/is reading/will
read/will be reading it.
Tim was expected to read it.
Tim was expected to be reading it.
= OČEKÁVALO SE, ŽE TO TEHDY (PŘE)ČTE
It was expected that Tim read/was reading it.
Tim was expected to have read it.
Tim was expected to have been reading it.
= OČEKÁVALO SE, ŽE TO (PŘE)ČETL JEŠTĚ
DŘÍVE V MINULOSTI
TENSEOFTHEREPORTINGVERB
PRESENT
PERFECT
It has been said that Tim paints/is painting/will
paint/will be painting this.
Tim has been said to paint this.
Tim has been said to be painting this.
= ŘÍKALO SE, ŽE TO NATŘE (NATÍRÁ)
It has been said that Tim painted/was painting this.
Tim has been said to have painted this.
Tim has been said to have been painting
this.
= ŘÍKALO SE, ŽE TO NATŘEL (NATÍRAL)
.
Grammar exercises
1. Make sentences from the words in brackets. Sometimes the verb is active,
sometimes passive.
1. There’s somebody behind us. (I think / we / follow) I think we’re being followed.
2. This room looks different. (you / paint?) Have you painted it?
3. My car has disappeared. (it / steal!) It _______________________________________
4. My umbrella has disappeared. (somebody / take) Somebody ________________________
5. Tom gets a higher salary now. (he / promote) __________________________________
6. Ann can’t use her office at the moment. (it / redecorate) ___________________________
7. The photocopier broke down yesterday, but now it’s OK. (it / work / again; it / repair)
_________________________________________________________________
8. The police have found the people they were looking for. (two people / arrest / last night)
_________________________________________________________________
9. A tree was lying across the road. (it / blow down / in the storm)
_________________________________________________________________
10. The man next door disappeared six months ago. (nobody / see / since then)
_________________________________________________________________
11. I was mugged on my way home a few nights ago. (you / ever / mug?)
_________________________________________________________________
84
2. Write these sentences in another way, beginning in the way shown.
1. They didn’t give me the money. I wasn’t given the money.
2. They asked me some difficult questions at the interview.
I
3. Janet’s colleagues gave her a present when she retired.
Janet
4. Tim and Tom are painting the old house in this street.
The old house
5. The experts were examining the paintings very long last night.
The paintings
6. Nobody told me that George was ill.
I wasn’t
7. The supplier will be unloading the truck tomorrow afternoon.
The truck
8. How much will they pay you?
How much will you
9. The students should be using the computers for the final exam.
The computers
10. I think they should have offered Tom the job.
I think Tom
11. The police officers have been investigating the murderer for four hours.
The murderer
12. Somebody must have seen the thief.
The thief
13. All students may not have read the book although it was their homework.
The book
14. You ought to post the notice on your website as soon as possible.
The notice
15. You might be feeling the pain for another 2 hours before it goes away.
The pain
16. Has anybody shown you what to do?
Have you
3. Complete the sentences using being + one of these verbs.
ask attack give invite keep pay
1. Mr Miller doesn’t like __________________ waiting.
2. They went to the party without __________________.
3. Most people like __________________ presents.
4. It’s a dangerous city. People won’t go out after dark because they are afraid of ______________.
5. I don’t like __________________ stupid questions.
6. Few people are prepared to work without __________________.
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4. Rewrite these sentences using “have something done”.
1. George’s nose was broken in a fight.
What happened to George? He had his nose broken in a fight.
2. My friend wants an improved internet connection.
My friend
3. It is expected that reports of all students will be signed by parents.
All students are expected
4. Sarah’s bag was stolen on a train.
What happened to Sarah? She
5. Will the Petersons’ neighbor be arrested if he breaks into their house again?
_________the Petersons
6. Our neighbor was watering our flowers while we were in Argentina.
We
7. My grandmother wants to avoid the reconstruction of her house before she dies.
My grandmother wants to avoid
8. The writer has decided that one of his novels will be published in London.
The writer
9. Jane’s brother will bring her car in front of the hotel.
Jane
10. Susan’s pool used to be regularly cleaned when she lived in her own house.
Susan
11. The CEO proposed that all investments should be checked by a financial specialist.
The CEO proposed
12. The firm you have suggested is now painting our house.
We
13. Diane’s passport was taken away from her by the police.
What happened to Diane?
14. A subcontractor was developing a new computer system for IBM for a year.
IBM
5. Complete the sentences using get (in the correct form) + the correct form of the
verb in brackets. If it isn’t possible to use get, use be (in the correct form) instead.
1. There was a fight at the party but nobody _______________ (hurt).
2. Ted _______________ (sting) by a bee while he was sitting in the garden.
3. Have you ever ________ your homework ________ (do) by somebody else?
4. How did that window _______________ (break)?
5. This music _______________ (admire) by many people for its simplicity and beauty.
6. These tennis courts don’t _______________ (use) very often. Not many people want to play.
7. I used to have a bicycle but it _______________ (steal).
8. Mary said she will never ________ her portfolio ________ (manage) by GDS bank.
9. How much information _______________ (know) about the new Canadian actor next week?
10. Last night I _______________ (stop) by the police as I was driving home.
11. Please pack these things very carefully. I don’t want them to _______________ (damage).
12. Tesco is considering ________ its hypermarkets ________ (rebuild) to look more modern.
13. People often want to know what my job is. I often _______________ (ask) that question.
86
6. Write these sentences in another way, beginning as shown. Use the underlined
word(s) in your sentence.
1. It is expected that the strike will end soon. The strike is expected to end soon.
2. It is believed that the thieves got in through the kitchen window.
The thieves
3. It has not been understood that Jim will be participating in the session on Tuesday.
Jim
4. It is reported that many people are homeless after the floods.
Many people
5. It can’t be believed that this house is being built without any problems.
This house
6. It is thought that the prisoner escaped by climbing over a wall.
The prisoner
7. It may not be reported that the marketing department has been delayed by some obstacles.
The marketing department
8. It will be believed that the Prime Minister knew about the last year’s scandal.
The Prime Minister
9. It is alleged that the man drove through the town at 90 miles an hour.
The man
10. Tom said it had been expected that animals were losing their fear of people.
Tom said that animals
11. It might have been thought that solar energy will replace nuclear energy.
Solar energy
12. It is reported that the building has been badly damaged by fire.
The building
13. It will be announced that the data are being processed expressly.
The data
14. It will not be thought that you have been the most successful CEO here.
You
15. It is said that the company is losing a lot of money.
The company
16. It was not considered that the managers were abusing their powers.
The managers
17. It has been alleged that Hypex was taken over by Minix.
Hypex
18. It is not believed that the company lost a lot of money last year.
The company
19. It has been understood that the new highway will be being built for three years.
The new highway
20. It should be reported that the economic crisis was overcome by cooperation.
The economic crisis
21. It is expected that the company will lose money this year.
The company
22. It is known that the new highway was being built for three years.
The new highway