Exercise 1: Complete the gaps with a suitable word to express the degree of probability indicated in brackets. 1. Physicians are not free to choose many drugs for their patients even though the drugs be widely available abroad. (UNCERTAINTY / POSSIBILITY) 2. China is increase petroleum tax. (EXPECTATION - high probability) 3. I believe they suspend him from official duty since he is fully responsible for serious violations of international human rights and humanitarian law in Darfur. (CERTAINTY) 4. You not have permission to use this network. (UNCERTAINTY / POSSIBILITY) 5. There's that they have been involved in running big insider-trading scheme. (DEDUCTION - very high probability) 6. Financial experts say that the budget deficit not affect interest rates. (EXPECTATION) 7. It be Jack's fault. He is the most reliable and skilled worker. (DEDUCTION - very high probability) 8. There's a that you'll be promoted if you finalize the project successfully. (UNCERTAINTY / POSSIBILITY) 9. It is the veto will be overridden as it only received 67 of the 84 votes needed in the House. (EXPECTATION - high improbability) 10. There be a mistake in your tax return. (DEDUCTION - very high Exercise 2: Choose the correct verb form expressing no necessity. 1. Why did you come into work on your day off? We were able to cope with the backlog. You 2. I knew that we had enough bond paper and that I any. 3. I to the post office to pick up the parcel, my colleague offered me to get it for me. 4. We advertising and promotion. We found out that it made no difference. 5. I the recruitment interview because I was told that my qualifications and experience were more than satisfactory and, as a matter of fact, I had been hired. 6. I appreciated I an agency agreement myself, the manager appointed a team of people to assist me. 7. I was pleased I belongings with me, there was a strongbox available. 8. We the building. It was found on fire a month later. 9. He realized he the training course and could have opted on-line training instead but it was too late. 10. We our premises since we negotiated a lower rent eventually. Exercise 3: Choose the correct forms expressing criticism. 1. The death toll doubled. The World Health Organization should have taken tighter measures to prevent such tragedy. ought to took tighter measures to prevent such tragedy. should be taken tighter measures to prevent such tragedy. should took tighter measures to prevent such tragedy. ought to have taken tighter measures to prevent such tragedy. 2. You say you lost your passport and wallet? You should not left the luggage unattended. Now it's too late to be cautious. You should not have to leave the luggage unattended. Now it's too late to be cautious. You should not have left the luggage unattended. Now it's too late to be cautious. You ought not have to leave the luggage unattended. Now it's too late to be cautious. You ought not to have left the luggage unattended. Now it's too late to be cautious. 3. The party lost the elections. They should have launched a more expensive election campaign. ought have to launch a more expensive election campaign. ought have launched a more expensive election campaign. ought to have launched a more expensive election campaign. should launched a more expensive election campaign. 4. Did you fail to increase profit? You should have reduced staff turnover. You should reduced staff turnover. You ought to reduced staff turnover. You should be reduced staff turnover. You ought to have reduced staff turnover. . 5. The management ought have communicated information efficiently and could have prevented slip-ups. ought to communicate information efficiently and could have prevented slip-ups. should have communicated information efficiently and could have prevented slip-ups. ought to have communicated information efficiently and could have prevented slip-ups. should communicated information efficiently and could have prevented slip-ups. 6. The building caught fire last week. We should forbade smoking on all out premises and could have avoided the fire. should have forbidden smoking on all out premises and could have avoided the fire. ought to forbid smoking on all out premises and could have avoided the fire. should forbidden smoking on all out premises and could have avoided the fire. should forbid smoking on all out premises and could have avoided the fire. 7. The government ought to not have encouraged defence spending. Now they are missing budget funds for education. shouldn't have encouraged defence spending. Now they are missing budget funds for education. should have not encouraged defence spending. Now they are missing budget funds for education. ought not have encouraged defence spending. Now they are missing budget funds for education. oughtn't to have encouraged defence spending. Now they are missing budget funds for education. 8. Our customer base is poor. More market research should have been done before identifying the target customer. ought to have been done before identifying the target customer. ought to have done before identifying the target customer. should have done before identifying the target customer. should been done before identifying the target customer. 9. Our manager is dissatisfied with the recruits. The Personnel Manager oughtn't have hired them without references. shouldn't have hired them without references. oughtn't to have hired them without references. shouldn't hired them without references. ought to not have hired them without references. 10. The borrower has turned out to be uncreditworthy. The lending officer shouldn't authorized the applicant. should have not authorized the applicant. oughtn't have authorized the applicant. shouldn't have authorized the applicant. oughtn't to have authorized the applicant. Exercise 4: Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence using should/ought to, could, may/might, must + perfect infinitive. Use contracted forms. 1. I always use a calculator so I certainly didn't miscount the figures. I ... the figures. 2. He certainly didn't deal with these financial forecasts. It's his nightmare, he hates figures. He ... with these financial forecasts. 3. It was a mistake for you to leak the sensitive information. You... the sensitive information. 4. It's possible that she hired someone experienced in the retail clothing sector. She... someone experienced in the retail clothing sector. 5. Perhaps the price of gold wasn't affected by the political worries, who knows? The price of gold... by the political worries. 6. I think the government was wrong to subsidize their project. The government ...their project. 7. I'm sure that two company commanders were involved in the incident. Two company commanders ...in the incident. 8. I don't think they met this year's targets. They... this year's targets. 9. I'm sure they have been stockpiling the supplies of coal for years. They... the supplies of coal for years. 10. I wonder where my colleague is. Perhaps he forgot the appointment in his diary. He ...the appointment in his diary.