Technological Progress By Xavier Sala-i-Martin Columbia University historyofinnovation Ancient World • 1,000,000 B.C. Patterned tools 360,000 B.C. Camp fire 9,000 B.C. • Agriculture • 6500 B.C. Wheel 3500 B.C. • Fixed Wheels on Carts (Chariots) • (first wheeled vehicles in history) • Riverboats • 2600 B.C. Abacus • 2000 B.C. • Horses are domesticated • (and used for transportation) 1700 B.C. Windmills 1450 B.C. Sundial 700 B.C. Musical notation Gunpowder 184 B.C. Early books 100 B.C. Astronomical calculator 180 Wheelbarrow 700 Block printing 770 Iron Horeshoe Medieval • 1335 First public clock 1455 First Gutenberg Bible 1485 Leonardo DaVinci designs the first parachute 1495 First bomb 1500-1700 • 1514 First bullet 1590 Compound microscope 1609 Galileo's Telescope 1621 First blast furnace 1650 First air pump 1656 Pendulum clock 1700-1900 • 1700 Steam boilers 1760 Benjamin Franklin invents the bifocal lens 1765 Steam engine 1796 Inoculation/vaccination 1800 First suspension bridge 1801 First electric arc lamp 1804 Steam-powered locomotive 1819 Stethoscope 1837 Telegraph 1839 Daguerreotype camera Vulcanized Rubber 1846 Sewing Machine 1860 Pasteurization 1867 Dynamite (Alfred Nobel) 1876 Thomas Edison 's incandescent bulb Alexander Graham Bell invents the telephone 1877 Edison 's gramophone and phonograph 1885 Benz's automobile 1886 Coca Cola 1888 Eastman's camera 1893 Edison's "movies" 1895 X-Rays 1899 Tape recorder 1900-1949 • 1900 • Zeppelin • Escalator • 1901 • Vacuum Cleaner • Assembly Line • Radio • 1903 Wright's aeroplanes 1904 Ice Cream Cone • Radar 1905 • Theory of Relativity (Einstein) • Popsicle • 1907 • Paper Towels • 1912 • Shopping Bag • 1913 • Henry Ford: Auto Mass Production • 1917 • Christmas Lights • • 1920 Band-Aid Traffic Lights Hair Drier 1923 Hearing aid 1924 Liquid fueled rocket 1926 Warner Bros' Sound Movies 1927 Television Pez 1928 First differential analyzing computer Bubble Gum Yo-yo 1932 Electron Microscope 1935 Ballpoint Pen 1938 Monopoly Nylon Stockings 1940 Modern Helicopters 1942 Nuclear Reactor Duct Tape 1944 Blood Banks 1945 Microwave Oven Tupperware Atomic Bomb 1946 Disposable Diapers The Bikini 1947 Transistor Holography Instant Photography First Supersonic Flight Kitty Litter 1948 Scrabble Velcro 1949 LEGO 1950-1970 1950 Credit Card Frisbee 1951 Business Calculator Liquid Paper Superglue 1952 Mr. Potato Head Diet Soft Drink Hydrogen Bomb 1953 Black Box (airplanes) Radial Tires 1954 Milk Carton Oral Contraceptives Non Stick Pan Solar Cell McDonald’s 1955 Fiber optics TV Remote Control 1956 Computer Hard Disk Scotch Guard 1965 Hand Held Calculator Astroturf Soft Contact Lenses Compact Disc Nutrasweet 1966 Electronic Fuel Injection 1968 Computer Mouse Microprocessor RAM (Random Access Memory) 1969 First Man on Moon (Apollo XI) Arpaned (first internet) Artificial Heart ATM 1970 Bar Code Scanners Liquid Crystal Display (LCD) Floppy Disk First Jumbo jet (Boeing 747) 1957 Soviets send Sputnik to Space Fortran Aluminum Cans for Soft Drinks 1958 Integrated Circuit Hula Hoop Modem 1959 Microchip Internal Pacemaker Barbie Doll 1960 Laser Halogen Lamp 1961 Valium 1962 Audiocassette Silicon Breast Implants “SpaceWar” (first computer game) 1963 Videodisc 1964 Acrylic Paint BASIC 1971-1995 • 1971 • Kevlar • Dot matrix printer • food processor • VCR • 1972 Compact disc • Word Processor • 1973 • Ethernet (local computer network) • Disposable Lighter (BIC) • Gene Splicing • 1974 • Post It Notes • Rubik’s Cube • Liposuction • 1975 Betamax and VHS • Laser Printer 1976 • Ink Jet Printer • 1977 Apple personal computer • PC Modem • Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) 1978 VisiCalc (First Spreadsheet) Jarvik-7 (artificial heart) 1979 Cel.lular Phones Cray Supercomputer Walkman Roller Blades 1980 Hepatitis-B vaccine 1981 MS-DOS IBM-Personal Computer Space Shuttle 1982 Human Growth Hormone genetically Engineered 1983 Soft Bifocal Lenses Cabbage Patch Kids Virtual Reality 1984 CD Rom Apple Macintosh 1985 Microsoft Windows 1986 High Temperature Superconductor Synthetic Skin Disposable Camera (Fuji) 1987 3-D video games Disposable Contact Lenses 1988 Digital Cellular Phones Dopple Radar Prozac RU-486 (abortion pill) 1989 High Definition TV 1990 HTML and HTTP Protocol (WWW) 1991 Digital Answering Machines 1992 Smart Pill 1993 Pentium 1994 HIV Inhibitors 1995 Digital Versatile Disc (DVD) JAVA 1996-2000 • •1996 •Web TV •1997 •Gas Powered Fuel Cells •Teletubbies •1998 •Viagra •2000 •Dolly the cloned sheep • • History of Light Per Hour of Work •With ONE HOUR OF WORK –We can purchase 840,000 time more light than the australopithecus –We can purchase 45,000 times more light than the XVIII man •Inventions that lower the price of things matter a lot!!