Organizational Behavior
Knowledge Management: introduction
Tomáš Ondráček
ondracek.t@mail.muni.cz
Faculty of Economics and Administration, Masaryk University
2022
overview I
cognitive success
knowledge
justification
the structure of justification
ways of knowing
sources of knowledge
skepticism
collective knowledge
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introduction
introduction
(Anonymous, 2019)
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introduction questions
questions
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introduction questions
What can be known?
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introduction questions
When do we know,
that we have known
something?
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cognitive success
cognitive success
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cognitive success
problems
What kinds of things are knowable?
Can knowledge be known (by cognition)?
Are there different kinds of cognitive achievement?
(e.g., by other justifications or in the distinction between
cognitive – individual, collective – etc.)
...
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cognitive success
defining success
What is cognitive success?
contractualism
consequentialism
constitutivism
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cognitive success contractualism
contractualism
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cognitive success contractualism
contractualism
(Craig, 1990)
A certain cognitive state is a cognitive achievement,
because it serves some practical interest.
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cognitive success contractualism
examples
testimonials
activity
...
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cognitive success consequentialism
consequentialism
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cognitive success consequentialism
consequentialism
(BonJour, 1985; Brogaard, 2009)
A certain cognitive state is a cognitive achievement,
because it supports certain core beliefs.
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cognitive success consequentialism
examples
understanding the world
the good life
...
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cognitive success constitutivism
constitutivism
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cognitive success constitutivism
constitutivism
(Korsgaard, 2009)
A certain cognitive state is a cognitive achievement,
if it is the constitutive goal of an endeavour.
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cognitive success constitutivism
examples
understanding (reasoning)
practical wisdom (everyday life)
...
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knowledge
knowledge
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knowledge
different knowledge?
(Boër & Lycan, 1975; Ryle, 2009)
knowing who
knowing which
knowing why
knowing where
knowing when
knowing how
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knowledge
traditional notion of knowledge of facts
Knowledge is
(sufficiently) justified
true belief.
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knowledge
Gettier’s problems
(Gettier, 1963)
problems of modes of justification
the relationship between reasons and inference
problems of truthfulness
Can only the truth be known?
epistemic luck
testing students
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justification
justification
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justification
question
How can one justify
our beliefs?
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justification
possibilities
positive
negative
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justification
positive
(Alston, 1988)
A given belief is justified, if there are good reasons, to hold it.
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justification
negative
deontological justification
(Feldman, 1988; Haack, 2013; Plantinga et al., 1993)
A given belief is justified, unless there are reasons, not to be.
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the structure of justification
the structure of justification
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the structure of justification
fundacionalism
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the structure of justification
fundacionalism:
possible assumptions
(BonJour & Sosa, 2003)
basis/bases
A justified belief p is a basic or base belief if and only if the belief
p is not justified by another belief.
justified belief
Every justified belief p is a basic or base belief or is justified by
another belief q.
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the structure of justification
coherentism
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the structure of justification
coherentism:
possible assumptions
(Davidson & LePore, 1986)
coherence
Every justified belief p is justified by others beliefs in its epistemic
environment.
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the structure of justification
infinitism
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the structure of justification
infinitism:
possible assumptions
(Aikin, 2008)
infinite chain
Every justified belief p is justified by others preceding beliefs.
actuality vs. possibility
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the structure of justification
specification of justification structures
(Aikin, 2008)
COST
strong/weak
PURITY
pure/mixed
AVAILABILITY
diachronous/synchronous
ORIGIN
transmissive/emergent
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ways of knowing
ways of knowing
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ways of knowing
apriori
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ways of knowing
aposteriori
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ways of knowing
analytic
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ways of knowing
synthetic
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ways of knowing
direct realism
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ways of knowing
indirect realism
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ways of knowing
basic approaches
empiricism rationalism constructivism
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sources of knowledge
sources of knowledge
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sources of knowledge perception
perception
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sources of knowledge perception
argument from sensory imperfection
ILLUSION
False perceptions that have a real stimulus at their base and are
usually caused by physical laws of the environment.
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sources of knowledge perception
argument from hallucination
HALUCINATION
Fallacious perceptions that have no real stimulus.
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sources of knowledge perception
the argument from sensory illusion
sense delusions
Fallacies of perception that are due to imperfections of the
senses.
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sources of knowledge perception
the argument from sensory illusion
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sources of knowledge perception
argument from non-existent objects
NON-EXISTENT OBJECTS
Misperceptions that are primarily culturally determined and are
based on perceptual schemas.
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sources of knowledge perception
argument from non-existent objects
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sources of knowledge perception
argument from perspective
the position of the divine eye
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sources of knowledge perception
argument from perspective
causal or scientific argument
pragmatic arguments
evolutionary argument
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sources of knowledge introspection
introspection
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sources of knowledge introspection
introspection
(Moran, 2001)
Descartes (2020)
methodological scepticism
Behaviorism (Watson, 1913)
Wittgenstein (1953)
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sources of knowledge memory
memory
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sources of knowledge memory
memory problems
storing
déjà vu (déjà entendu, déjà éprouvé, etc.)
preservation, conservation
efekt spáče (sleeper efekt)
recalling, remembering
memory illusion
confabulation
cryptomnesia
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sources of knowledge reasoning
reasoning
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sources of knowledge reasoning
reasoning
thought experiments
Ex. (Bostrom, 2003):
Humanity will become extinct before it reaches the posthuman
stage.
No posthuman civilization will be interested in simulating its
ancestors.
We live in a computer simulation.
video
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sources of knowledge testimony
testimony
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sources of knowledge testimony
testimony
Aristotelés
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skepticism
skepticism
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skepticism
radical scepticism
George Berkley
David Hume
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skepticism
methodological scepticism
René Descartes
Edmund Husserl
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skepticism
fallibilism
Karl Raimund Popper
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collective knowledge
collective knowledge
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collective knowledge
social epistemology
rules, assumptions and collective experience
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collective knowledge
the formation of collective knowledge
collective experience and assumptions
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collective knowledge
example
the problem of collective reasoning and action
Where and what time do you go to lunch if you don’t want to
meet your acquaintances?
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collective knowledge
the danger of collective knowledge
false assumptions and conformity
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FURTHER TOPICS
Epistemology of Virtue
Naturalized Epistemology
Religious Epistemology
Moral epistemology
Social epistemology
Feminist epistemology
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SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
What to take away?
One needs to be careful
with this,
what we call knowledge.
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Zdroje I
Aikin, S. F. (2008). Meta-epistemology and the varieties of epistemic infinitism. Synthese, 163(2), 175–185.
Alston, W. P. (1988). The deontological conception of epistemic justification. Philosophical perspectives, 2,
257–299.
Anonymous. (2019, Feb). Both vantablack s-vis masks coated and rotating together gif. Retrieved from
https://gfycat.com/soursecondaryivorygull-vantablack-s-vis-super-black-darkest
Boër, S. E., & Lycan, W. G. (1975). Knowing who. Philosophical Studies, 28(5), 299–344.
BonJour, L. (1985). The structure of empirical knowledge. Harvard University Press.
BonJour, L., & Sosa, E. (2003). Epistemic justification: Internalism vs. externalism, foundations vs. virtues.
Bostrom, N. (2003). Are we living in a computer simulation? The Philosophical Quarterly, 53(211), 243–255.
Brogaard, B. (2009). The trivial argument for epistemic value pluralism, or, how i learned to stop caring about
truth. Haddock, Millar, and Pritchard, 284–305.
Craig, E. (1990). Knowledge and the state of nature: An essay in conceptual synthesis. Clarendon Press Oxford.
Davidson, D., & LePore, E. (1986). A coherence theory of truth and knowledge.
Descartes, R. (2020). Discours de la méthode/discourse on the method: a bilingual edition with an
interpretive essay.
Feldman, R. (1988). Epistemic obligations. Philosophical perspectives, 2, 235–256.
Gettier, E. L. (1963). Is justified true belief knowledge? Analysis, 23(6), 121–123.
Haack, S. (2013). ‘the ethics of belief’reconsidered. In William james on religion (pp. 111–127). Springer.
Korsgaard, C. M. (2009). Self-constitution: Agency, identity, and integrity. OUP Oxford.
Moran, R. (2001). Authority and estrangement: An essay on self-knowledge. Princeton University Press.
Plantinga, A., et al. (1993). Warrant: The current debate. Oxford University Press, USA.
Ryle, G. (2009). The concept of mind. Routledge.
Watson, J. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it (aka watson’s behaviourist manifesto).
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations.