Organizational Behavior
Knowledge Management: introduction
Tomáš Ondráček
ondracek.t@mail.muni.cz
Faculty of Economics and Administration, Masaryk University
2023
overview I
cognitive success
knowledge
justification
the structure of justification
ways of knowing
sources of knowledge
skepticism
collective knowledge
·ORBE ·2023 2 / 73
introduction
introduction
(Anonymous, 2019)
·ORBE ·2023 3 / 73
introduction questions
questions
·ORBE ·2023 4 / 73
introduction questions
What can be known?
·ORBE ·2023 5 / 73
introduction questions
When do we know,
that we have known
something?
·ORBE ·2023 6 / 73
cognitive success
cognitive success
·ORBE ·2023 7 / 73
cognitive success
problems
What kinds of things are knowable?
Can knowledge be known (by cognition)?
Are there different kinds of cognitive achievement?
(e.g., by other justifications or in the distinction between
cognitive – individual, collective – etc.)
...
·ORBE ·2023 8 / 73
cognitive success
defining success
What is cognitive success?
contractualism
consequentialism
constitutivism
·ORBE ·2023 9 / 73
cognitive success contractualism
contractualism
·ORBE ·2023 10 / 73
cognitive success contractualism
contractualism
(Craig, 1990)
A certain cognitive state is a cognitive achievement,
because it serves some practical interest.
·ORBE ·2023 11 / 73
cognitive success contractualism
examples
testimonials
activity
...
·ORBE ·2023 12 / 73
cognitive success consequentialism
consequentialism
·ORBE ·2023 13 / 73
cognitive success consequentialism
consequentialism
(BonJour, 1985; Brogaard, 2009)
A certain cognitive state is a cognitive achievement,
because it supports certain core beliefs.
·ORBE ·2023 14 / 73
cognitive success consequentialism
examples
understanding the world
the good life
...
·ORBE ·2023 15 / 73
cognitive success constitutivism
constitutivism
·ORBE ·2023 16 / 73
cognitive success constitutivism
constitutivism
(Korsgaard, 2009)
A certain cognitive state is a cognitive achievement,
if it is the constitutive goal of an endeavour.
·ORBE ·2023 17 / 73
cognitive success constitutivism
examples
understanding (reasoning)
practical wisdom (everyday life)
...
·ORBE ·2023 18 / 73
knowledge
knowledge
·ORBE ·2023 19 / 73
knowledge
different knowledge?
(Boër & Lycan, 1975; Ryle, 2009)
knowing who
knowing which
knowing why
knowing where
knowing when
knowing how
·ORBE ·2023 20 / 73
knowledge
traditional notion of knowledge of facts
Knowledge is
(sufficiently) justified
true belief.
·ORBE ·2023 21 / 73
knowledge
Gettier’s problems
(Gettier, 1963)
problems of modes of justification
the relationship between reasons and inference
problems of truthfulness
Can only the truth be known?
epistemic luck
testing students
·ORBE ·2023 22 / 73
justification
justification
·ORBE ·2023 23 / 73
justification
question
How can one justify
our beliefs?
·ORBE ·2023 24 / 73
justification
possibilities
positive
negative
·ORBE ·2023 25 / 73
justification
positive
(Alston, 1988)
A given belief is justified, if there are good reasons, to hold it.
·ORBE ·2023 26 / 73
justification
negative
deontological justification
(Feldman, 1988; Haack, 2013; Plantinga et al., 1993)
A given belief is justified, unless there are reasons, not to be.
·ORBE ·2023 27 / 73
the structure of justification
the structure of justification
·ORBE ·2023 28 / 73
the structure of justification
fundacionalism
·ORBE ·2023 29 / 73
the structure of justification
fundacionalism:
possible assumptions
(BonJour & Sosa, 2003)
basis/bases
A justified belief p is a basic or base belief if and only if the belief
p is not justified by another belief.
justified belief
Every justified belief p is a basic or base belief or is justified by
another belief q.
·ORBE ·2023 30 / 73
the structure of justification
coherentism
·ORBE ·2023 31 / 73
the structure of justification
coherentism:
possible assumptions
(Davidson & LePore, 1986)
coherence
Every justified belief p is justified by others beliefs in its epistemic
environment.
·ORBE ·2023 32 / 73
the structure of justification
infinitism
·ORBE ·2023 33 / 73
the structure of justification
infinitism:
possible assumptions
(Aikin, 2008)
infinite chain
Every justified belief p is justified by others preceding beliefs.
actuality vs. possibility
·ORBE ·2023 34 / 73
the structure of justification
specification of justification structures
(Aikin, 2008)
COST
strong/weak
PURITY
pure/mixed
AVAILABILITY
diachronous/synchronous
ORIGIN
transmissive/emergent
·ORBE ·2023 35 / 73
ways of knowing
ways of knowing
·ORBE ·2023 36 / 73
ways of knowing
apriori
·ORBE ·2023 37 / 73
ways of knowing
aposteriori
·ORBE ·2023 38 / 73
ways of knowing
analytic
·ORBE ·2023 39 / 73
ways of knowing
synthetic
·ORBE ·2023 40 / 73
ways of knowing
direct realism
·ORBE ·2023 41 / 73
ways of knowing
indirect realism
·ORBE ·2023 42 / 73
ways of knowing
basic approaches
empiricism rationalism constructivism
·ORBE ·2023 43 / 73
sources of knowledge
sources of knowledge
·ORBE ·2023 44 / 73
sources of knowledge perception
perception
·ORBE ·2023 45 / 73
sources of knowledge perception
argument from sensory imperfection
ILLUSION
False perceptions that have a real stimulus at their base and are
usually caused by physical laws of the environment.
·ORBE ·2023 46 / 73
sources of knowledge perception
argument from hallucination
HALUCINATION
Fallacious perceptions that have no real stimulus.
·ORBE ·2023 47 / 73
sources of knowledge perception
the argument from sensory illusion
sense delusions
Fallacies of perception that are due to imperfections of the
senses.
·ORBE ·2023 48 / 73
sources of knowledge perception
the argument from sensory illusion
·ORBE ·2023 49 / 73
sources of knowledge perception
argument from non-existent objects
NON-EXISTENT OBJECTS
Misperceptions that are primarily culturally determined and are
based on perceptual schemas.
·ORBE ·2023 50 / 73
sources of knowledge perception
argument from non-existent objects
·ORBE ·2023 51 / 73
sources of knowledge perception
argument from perspective
the position of the divine eye
·ORBE ·2023 52 / 73
sources of knowledge perception
argument from perspective
causal or scientific argument
pragmatic arguments
evolutionary argument
·ORBE ·2023 53 / 73
sources of knowledge introspection
introspection
·ORBE ·2023 54 / 73
sources of knowledge introspection
introspection
(Moran, 2001)
Descartes (2020)
methodological scepticism
Behaviorism (Watson, 1913)
Wittgenstein (1953)
·ORBE ·2023 55 / 73
sources of knowledge memory
memory
·ORBE ·2023 56 / 73
sources of knowledge memory
memory problems
storing
déjà vu (déjà entendu, déjà éprouvé, etc.)
preservation, conservation
efekt spáče (sleeper efekt)
recalling, remembering
memory illusion
confabulation
cryptomnesia
·ORBE ·2023 57 / 73
sources of knowledge reasoning
reasoning
·ORBE ·2023 58 / 73
sources of knowledge reasoning
reasoning
thought experiments
Ex. (Bostrom, 2003):
Humanity will become extinct before it reaches the posthuman
stage.
No posthuman civilization will be interested in simulating its
ancestors.
We live in a computer simulation.
video
·ORBE ·2023 59 / 73
sources of knowledge testimony
testimony
·ORBE ·2023 60 / 73
sources of knowledge testimony
testimony
Aristotelés
·ORBE ·2023 61 / 73
skepticism
skepticism
·ORBE ·2023 62 / 73
skepticism
radical scepticism
George Berkley
David Hume
·ORBE ·2023 63 / 73
skepticism
methodological scepticism
René Descartes
Edmund Husserl
·ORBE ·2023 64 / 73
skepticism
fallibilism
Karl Raimund Popper
·ORBE ·2023 65 / 73
collective knowledge
collective knowledge
·ORBE ·2023 66 / 73
collective knowledge
social epistemology
rules, assumptions and collective experience
·ORBE ·2023 67 / 73
collective knowledge
the formation of collective knowledge
collective experience and assumptions
·ORBE ·2023 68 / 73
collective knowledge
example
the problem of collective reasoning and action
Where and what time do you go to lunch if you don’t want to
meet your acquaintances?
·ORBE ·2023 69 / 73
collective knowledge
the danger of collective knowledge
false assumptions and conformity
·ORBE ·2023 70 / 73
FURTHER TOPICS
Epistemology of Virtue
Naturalized Epistemology
Religious Epistemology
Moral epistemology
Social epistemology
Feminist epistemology
·ORBE ·2023 71 / 73
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION
What to take away?
One needs to be careful
with this,
what we call knowledge.
·ORBE ·2023 72 / 73
Zdroje I
Aikin, S. F. (2008). Meta-epistemology and the varieties of epistemic infinitism. Synthese, 163(2), 175–185.
Alston, W. P. (1988). The deontological conception of epistemic justification. Philosophical perspectives, 2,
257–299.
Anonymous. (2019, Feb). Both vantablack s-vis masks coated and rotating together gif. Retrieved from
https://gfycat.com/soursecondaryivorygull-vantablack-s-vis-super-black-darkest
Boër, S. E., & Lycan, W. G. (1975). Knowing who. Philosophical Studies, 28(5), 299–344.
BonJour, L. (1985). The structure of empirical knowledge. Harvard University Press.
BonJour, L., & Sosa, E. (2003). Epistemic justification: Internalism vs. externalism, foundations vs. virtues.
Bostrom, N. (2003). Are we living in a computer simulation? The Philosophical Quarterly, 53(211), 243–255.
Brogaard, B. (2009). The trivial argument for epistemic value pluralism, or, how i learned to stop caring about
truth. Haddock, Millar, and Pritchard, 284–305.
Craig, E. (1990). Knowledge and the state of nature: An essay in conceptual synthesis. Clarendon Press Oxford.
Davidson, D., & LePore, E. (1986). A coherence theory of truth and knowledge.
Descartes, R. (2020). Discours de la méthode/discourse on the method: a bilingual edition with an
interpretive essay.
Feldman, R. (1988). Epistemic obligations. Philosophical perspectives, 2, 235–256.
Gettier, E. L. (1963). Is justified true belief knowledge? Analysis, 23(6), 121–123.
Haack, S. (2013). ‘the ethics of belief’reconsidered. In William james on religion (pp. 111–127). Springer.
Korsgaard, C. M. (2009). Self-constitution: Agency, identity, and integrity. OUP Oxford.
Moran, R. (2001). Authority and estrangement: An essay on self-knowledge. Princeton University Press.
Plantinga, A., et al. (1993). Warrant: The current debate. Oxford University Press, USA.
Ryle, G. (2009). The concept of mind. Routledge.
Watson, J. (1913). Psychology as the behaviorist views it (aka watson’s behaviourist manifesto).
Wittgenstein, L. (1953). Philosophical investigations.