mmcxv]. [> 9.14.1, 9 15, 9.22, Appendix 40 12.3n.1, 12.11/7.1] Some common irregular verbs verb past tense past participle arise arose arisen awake awoke awoken be was/were been bear bore borne; born1 beat beat beaten become became become begin began begun bend bent bent bet bet/betted bet/betted bid (money) bid bid bind bound bound bite bit bitten/bit bleed bled bled blow blew blown break broke broken breed bred bred bring brought brought build built built burn burned/burnt burned/burnt burst burst burst bust bust/busted bust/busted buy bought bought cast2 cast cast catch caught caught choose chose chosen cling clung clung come3 came come cost" cost cost creep crept crept cut cut cut deal dealt dealt dig dug dug dive dived {dove AmE) dived do5 did done draw6 drew drawn dream dreamt/dreamed dreamt/dreamed drink drank drunk7 drive drove driven dwell dwelt/dwelled dwelt/dwelled eat8 ate eaten fall9 fell fallen feed fed fed feel felt felt fight fought fought find found found flee fled fled fling flung flung fly flew flown forbid forbade forbidden forget forgot forgotten forgive forgave forgiven forsake forsook forsaken freeze froze frozen get got got (gotten AmE) give gave given go'0 went gone grind ground ground grow'1 grew grown hang12 hung/hanged hung/hanged have had had hear13 heard 1 h3:d / heard 1 hzid 1 hew hewed hewn/hewed hide hid hidden/hid hit hit hit hold14 held held hurt hurt hurt keep kept kept kneel knelt/kneeled knelt/kneeled knit15 knit/knitted knit/knitted know knew known lay16 laid laid lead17l\v.6l led! led/ led /led / lean leant/leaned leant/leaned leap leapt/leaped leapt/leaped learn learnt/learned learnt/learned18 leave left left lend lent lent let let let lie19 (lie down) lay lain light lit/lighted lit/lighted lose 1 lu:z / lost 1 lDSt / lost 1 lDSt / make20 made made mean Imnnl meant /ment/ meant 1 ment/ meet met met mow mowed mown/mowed pay21 paid paid prove proved proved, proven put put put quit quit/quitted quit/quitted read22 /rud / read 1 red / read /red/ rid rid/ridded rid/ridded ride 23 rode ridden ring rang rung rise rose risen 342 Appendix 40 run24 ran run wed wed/wedded wed/wedded saw sawed sawn/sawed weep wept wept say /sei/ said /sed / said /sed / wet wet/wetted wet/wetted see 25 saw seen win won won seek sought sought wind4' /waind/ wound/waund/ wound sell26 sold sold wring wrung wrung send sent sent write42 wrote written set27 set set sew sewed sewn/sewed 1 Also: forbear, overbear. She's borne ten shake shook shaken sons. 1 was born in 1960 shear sheared shorn/sheared 2 Also: broadcast, forecast, miscast, recast shed shed shed 3 Also: overcome: compare become. shine 28 shone shone 4 Note regular verb cost: I've costed the work. shoot29 shot shot 5 Also: outdo, overdo, redo, underdo, undo show showed shown/showed 6 Also: overdraw, withdraw shrink shrank/shrunk shrunk 30 7 Note the adjective drunken a drunken man. shut shut shut 8 Also: overeat sing sang sung 9 Also: befall sink sank sunk 31 Note regular verb fell: We've felled that tree. sit sat sat 10 Also: forego, undergo slay slew slain 11 Also: outgrow, overgrow sleep32 slept slept 12 Also: overhang, overhung, overhung slide slid slid Note hanged (= put to death). sling slung slung 13 Also: overhear, mishear, rehear slink slunk slunk Note hear 1 his 1 and heard Ih3:d/'. slit slit slit 14 Also: behold, uphold, withhold smell smelt/smelled smelt/smelled 15 Note knit {= make from wool) is regular. sow sowed sown/sowed 16 Also: inlay, mislay, relay, waylay speak spoke spoken Note the present, lay, (laid, laid), should not speed sped/speeded sped/speeded be confused with the past of lie, (lay, lain). spell33 spelt/spelled spelt/spelled 17 Also: mislead Compare pronunciation of lead spend34 spent spent /li:d/ (verb) and lead/led/ (noun). spill spilt/spilled spilt/spilled 18Note the adjective learned/tainid/ [> 6.14]. spin spun/span spun 19 Note lie, (lied, lied) (regular) (= tell a lie). spit spat {spit AmE) spat 20 Also: remake, unmake split split split 21 Also: overpay, repay, underpay spoil spoilt/spoiled spoilt/spoiled Note spelling of paid, laid; compare played spread spread spread 22 Also: misread, re-read spring sprang/sprung sprung Note the pronunciation of the present read stand35 stood stood / ri:d / and the past read /red/. steal stole stolen 23 Also override stick stuck stuck 24 Also: outrun, overrun, re-run sting stung stung 25 Also: foresee, oversee Compare: see, saw, stink stank/stunk stunk seen and saw, sawed, sawn/sawed. strew strewed strewn/strewed 26 Also: outsell, resell, undersell stride strode stridden 27 Also: beset, reset, upset strike struck struck 36 28 Also: outshine Shine (= polish), can be string strung strung regular, especially in AmE. strive strove/strived striven/strived 29 Also: overshoot swear swore sworn 30 Compare the adjective shrunken sweep swept swept 31 Compare sunken: a sunken ship. swell swelled swollen/swelled 32 Also: oversleep swim swam swum 33 Also: misspell swing swung swung 34 Also: overspend, underspend take 37 took taken 35 Also: withstand, compare understand. teach taughi taught 36 Compare awestruck, poverty-stricken. tear tore torn 37 Also, betake, mistake, overtake, retake, tell38 told told undertake think thought thought 38 Also: foretell, retell throw39 threw thrown 39 Also: overthrow thrust thrust thrust 40 Also: misunderstand tread trod trodden/trod 41 Also: rewind, unwind understand 40 understood understood Note regular verbs: wind 1 wind/: / was wake woke/waked woken/waked winded by the blow wound /wu:nd/: wear wore worn He was wounded in the war. weave wove woven 42 Also: rewrite, underwrite 343