MUNI
FI
Grouping Words
PA154 Language Modeling (8.1)
Pavel Rychly
pary@fi.muni.cz April 16, 2024
Linguistic Objects in this Course
■ Trees (with strings at the nodes)
■ Syntax, semantics
ALgorithms: Generation, parsing, inside-outside, build semantics
■ Sequences (of strings)
■ n-grams, tag sequences
■ morpheme sequences, phoneme sequences
■ ALgorithms: Finite-state, best-paths, forward-backward m "Atoms" (unanaLyzed strings)
■ Words, morphemes
■ Represent by contexts - other words they occur with
■ ALgorithms: Grouping similar words, splitting words into senses
Source: Natural Language Processing (600.465) Jason Eisnerjonns Hopkins Univ. www.cs.jn u.edu/~jason/465/
^avel Rycniý ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
^avel Rycniy ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
A Concordance for "party" - from www.webcorp.org.uk
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A Concordance for "party" - from www.webcorp.org.uk
■ thing. She was talking at a party thrown at Daphne's restaurant in
■ have turned it into the hot dinner-party topic. The comedy is the
■ selection for the World Cup party, which will be announced on May 1
■ in the 1983 general election for a party which, when it could not bear to
■ to attack the Scottish National Party, who look set to seize Perth and
■ that had been passed to a second party who made a financial decision
■ the by-pass there will be a street party. "Then," he says, "we are going
■ number-crunchers within the Labour party, there now seems little doubt
■ political tradition and the same party. They are both relatively Anglophilic
■ he told Tony Blair's modernised party they must not retreat into "warm
■ "Oh no, I'm just here for the party," they said. "I think it's terrible
■ A future obliges each party to the contract to fulfil it by
■ be signed by or on behalf of each party to the contract." Mr David N
^avel Rycniý ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
^avel Rycniy ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
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What Good are Word Senses?
■ thing. She was talking at a party thrown at Daphne's restaurant in
■ have turned it into the hot dinner-party topic. The comedy is the
■ selection for the World Cup party, which will be announced on May 1
■ in the 1983 general election for a party which, when it could not bear to
■ to attack the Scottish National Party, who look set to seize Perth and
■ that had been passed to a second        who made a financial decision
■ the by-pass there will be a street party. "Then," he says, "we are going
■ number-crunchers within the Labour party, there now seems little doubt
■ political tradition and the same party. They are both relatively Anglophilic
■ he told Tony Blair's modernised party they must not retreat into "warm
■ "Oh no, I'm just here for the party," they said. "I think it's terrible
■ A future obliges each        to the contract to fulfil it by
■ be signed by or on behalf of each        to the contract." Mr David N
^avel Rycniy- Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024 5/27
What Good are Word Senses?
■ thing. She was talking at a party thrown at Daphne's restaurant in
■ have turned it into the hot dinner-party topic. The comedy is the
■ selection for the World Cup party, which will be announced on May 1
■ the by-pass there will be a street party. "Then," he says, "we are going
■ "Oh no, I'm just here for the party," they said. "I think it's terrible
■ in the 1983 general election for a        which, when it could not bear to
■ to attack the Scottish National Party, who look set to seize Perth and
■ number-crunchers within the Labour party, there now seems little doubt
■ political tradition and the same pa Anglophilic
■ he told Tony Blair's modernised pa "warm
■ that had been passed to a second | decision
■ A future obliges each        to the contract to fulfil it by
■ be signed by or on behalf of each        to the contract." Mr David N
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y. They are both relatively l they must not retreat into who made a financial
What Good are Word Senses?
What Good are Word Senses?
John threw a "rain forest" party Last December. His Living room was fuLL of pLants and his box was pLaying BraziLian music ...
^avel Rychlý ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
What Good are Word Senses?
number-crunchers within the Labour party, there now seems Little doubt
political tradition and the same party. They are both relatively Anglophilic
he told Tony Blair's modernised party they must not retreat into "warm
thing. She was talking at a party thrown at Daphne's restaurant in have turned it into the hot dinner-party topic. The comedy is the selection for the World Cup Party, which will be announced on May 1 the by-pass there will be a street party. "Then," he says, "we are going
"Oh no, I'm just here for the party," they said. "I think it's terrible an appearance at the annual awards bash , but feels in no fit state to -known families at a fundraising bash on Thursday night for Learning
Who was paying for the bash? The only clue was the name Asprey, Mail, always hosted the annual bash for the Scottish Labour front-popular. Their method is to bash sense into criminals with a short, just cut off people's heads and bash their brains out over the floor,
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What Good are Word Senses?
Semantics /Text understanding
■ Axioms about TRANSFER apply to (some tokens of) throw
■ Axioms about BUILDING apply to (some tokens of) bank
Machine translation
Info retrieval / Question answering / Text categ.
■ Query or pattern might not match document exactly Backoff for just about anything
■ what word comes next? (speech recognition, language ID,...)
■ trigrams are sparse but tri-meanings might not be
■ bilexical PCFGs:
■ p(S[devour] -> NP[lion] VP[devour] | S[devour])
■ approximate by p(S[EAT] -> NP[lion] VP[EAT] | S[EAT])
Speaker's real intention is senses; words are a noisy channel
RepLace word w with sense s
1. Splits w into senses: distinguishes this token of w from tokens with sense t
2. Groups w with other words: groups this token of w with tokens of x that also have sense s
^avel Rychlý ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
What Good are Word Senses?
■ number-crunchers within the Labour party, there now seems little doubt
■ political tradition and the same party. They are both relatively Anglophilic
■ he told Tony Blair's modernised party they must not retreat into "warm
■ thing. She was talking at a party thrown at Daphne's restaurant in
■ have turned it into the hot dinner-party topic. The comedy is the
■ selection for the World Cup party, which will be announced on May 1
■ the by-pass there will be a street party. "Then," he says, "we are going
■ "Oh no", I'm just here for the party," they said. "I think it's terrible
■ an appearance at the annual awards bash, but feels in no fit state to
■ -known families at a fundraising bash on Thursday night for Learning
■ Who was paying for the bash? The only clue was the name Asprey,
■ Mail, always hosted the annual bash for the Scottish Labour front-
■ popular. Their method is to bash sense into criminals with a short,
■ just cut off people's heads and bash their brains out over the floor,
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Cues to Word Sense
Adjacent words (or their senses) GrammaticaLLy reLated words (subject, object,...) Other nearby words Topic of document
Sense of other tokens of the word in the same document
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^avel Rychlý ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
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Word Classes by Tagging
Word Classes by Tagging
Every tag is a kind of class
Tagger assigns a class to each word token
Start
Verb Det
i i directed a
Noun Prep
I i cortege of
Noun Prep
I i autos throught
Every tag is a kind of class
Tagger assigns a class to each word token
■ Simultaneously groups and spLits words
■ "party" gets spLit into N and V senses
■ "bash" gets spLit into N and V senses
■ {party/N, bash/N} vs. {party/Y bash/V}
■ What good are these groupings?
^avel Rychly ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
^avel Rychly ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
Learning Word Classes
Words and Vectors
Every tag is a kind of class
Tagger assigns a class to each word token
■ {party/N, bash/N} vs. {party/V, bash/V}
■ What good are these groupings?
■ Good for predicting next word or its cLass! Role of forward-backward algorithm?
■ It adjusts cLasses etc. in order to predict sequence of words better (with Lower perpLexity)
Represent each word type w (party) by a point in k-dimensional space
■ e.g., k is size of vocabuLary
■ the 17th coordinate of w represents strength of w's association with vocabuLary word 17
^avel Rychly ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
^avel Rychly ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
Word	Count		
aardvark	0		
abacus	0		■ Represent each word type w (party) by a point in k-dimensional
abandoned	3		space
abbot	1		■ e.g., k is size of vocabuLary
abduct	0		■ the 17th coordinate of w represents strength of w's association
above	7	too high	with vocabuLary word 17.
			■ How might you measure this?
zygote	1		■ how often words appear next to each other
zymurgy	0	too low	■ how often words appear near each other
From corpus:
Jim Jeffords abandoned the Republican party. There were lots of abbots and nuns dancing at that party. The party above the art gallery was, above all, a laboratory for synthesizing zygotes and beer.
how often words are syntacticaLLy Linked shouLd correct for commonness of word (e.g., "above")
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Learning Classes by Clustering
Represent each word type w (party) by a point in k-dimensional space
■ e.g., k is size of vocabuLary
■ the 17th coordinate of w represents strength of w's association with vocabuLary word 17.
Plot all word types in k-dimensional space
Look for clusters of close-together types
Plot all word types in k-dimensional space Look for clusters of close-together types Plot in k dimensions (k=3)
^avel Rychlý ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
^avel Rychlý ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
Bottom-Up Clustering
Single-Link
Start with one cluster per point Repeatedly merge 2 closest clusters
■ Single-link: dist(A.B) = min dist(a,b)/or a e A,b e 6
■ Complete-link: dist(A,B) = max dist(a,b)/or a e A, b e
eacri word type is a single-puinTclusTe
Again, merge closest pair of clusters:
Single-link: dusters are cLose if any of their points are dist(A.B) = min dist(a,b)/or a eA,b e 6
^avel Rychlý ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
^avel Rychlý ■ Grouping Words ■ April 16,2024
Single-Link
Com plete-Link
Fast, but tend to get long, stringy, meandering clusters
Again, merge closest pair of clusters:
■ Complete-link: dusters are dose onLy if all of their points are dist(A.B) = max dist(a,b)/or a e A,b e 6
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Summary
■ Start with one cluster per point
■ Repeatedly merge 2 closest clusters
■ Single-link: dist(A.B) = min dist(a,b)/or a e A, b e 6
■ Complete-link: dist(A.B) = max dist(a,b)/or a e A,b e 6
■ too slow to update cluster distances after each merge; but alternatives!
■ Average-link: dist(A,B) = mean dist(a,b)/or a e A,b e B
■ Centroid-link: dist(A,B) = dist(mean(A),mean(B))
■ Stop when clusters are "big enough"
■ e.g., provide adequate support for backoff (on a development corpus)
■ Some flexibility in defining dist(a,b)
■ Might not be Euclidean distance; e.g., use vector angle
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EM Clustering (for k clusters)
■ EM algorithm
■ Viterbi version - called "k-means clustering"
■ Full EM version - called "Gaussian mixtures"
■ Expectation step: Use current parameters (and observations) to reconstruct hidden structure
■ Maximization step: Use that hidden structure (and observations) to reestimate parameters
■ Parameters: k points representing cluster centers
■ Hidden structure: for each data point (word type), which center generated it?
Complete-Link
■ Slow to find closest pair - need quadratically many distances
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