"1904 in baseball"	"Introduction"	"\n"	"Champions"	"*American League: Boston Americans\n*National League: New York Giants\n\nWorld Series:  New York (NL) declined challenge by Boston (AL)\n"	"MLB statistical leaders"	"\n\n\n \n \n\n\n \u00a0 \n '''American League''' \n '''National League'''\n\n Type \n Name \n Stat \n Name \n Stat   \n\n\n AVG \n Nap Lajoie \n .376 \n Honus Wagner \n .349\n\n HR \n Harry Davis \n 10 \n Harry Lumley \n 9 \n\n RBI \n Nap Lajoie \n 102 \n Bill Dahlen \n 80 \n\n Wins \n Jack Chesbro \n 41 \n Joe McGinnity \n 35\n\n ERA \n Addie Joss \n 1.59 \n Joe McGinnity \n 1.61\n\n\n"	"Major league baseball final standings"	"\n===American League final standings===\n\n\n===National League final standings===\n\n"	"Events"	"\n===January===\n\n===February===\n\n===March===\n\n===April===\n\n===May===\n*May 5\u00a0\u2013 Cy Young pitches a perfect game, as the Boston Americans defeat the Philadelphia Athletics, 3\u20130.  This is considered the first perfect game in the modern era.\n\n===June===\n*June 11\u00a0\u2013 Chicago Cubs pitcher Bob Wicker pitches nine innings without allowing a hit.  He surrenders a hit in the 10th inning, but it would be the only hit he allows in the game.  The Cubs would go on the beat the New York Giants, 1\u20130, in 12 innings.\n* June 20\u00a0- Duff Cooley of the Boston Beaneaters hits for the cycle in the second game of a doubleheader against the Philadelphia Phillies in a 9-0 Boston victory.\n* June 23\u00a0\u2013 Kip Selbach of the Washington Senators ties a record by committing 3 errors from the outfield in one inning.\n\n===July===\n\n===August===\n*August 17\u00a0\u2013 Boston Americans pitcher Jesse Tannehill tosses a no-hitter against the Chicago White Sox in a 6\u20130 Boston win.\n\n===September===\n\n===October===\n*October 4 \u2013 New York Giants outfielder Sam Mertes hits for the cycle in a 7-3 loss to the St. Louis Cardinals.\nThe World Series was cancelled when New York Giants owner, John T. Brush, refused to play Boston.\nHighlanders P Jack Chesbro throws a pennant-losing wild pitch at home against Boston.\n\n===November===\n\n===December===\n"	"Births"	"\n===January===\n*January 1\u00a0\u2013 Ethan Allen\n*January 3\u00a0\u2013 Bill Cissell\n*January 7\u00a0\u2013 Clay Roe\n*January 10\u00a0- Lou Dials\n*January 13\u00a0\u2013 Bunny Hearn\n*January 16\u00a0\u2013 Jo-Jo Morrissey\n*January 18\u00a0\u2013 Len Koenecke\n*January 19\u00a0\u2013 Jimmy Boyle\n*January 20\u00a0\u2013 Denny Sothern\n*January 22\u00a0\u2013 John Milligan\n*January 24\u00a0\u2013 Neal Finn\n*January 26\u00a0\u2013 George Blaeholder\n*January 28\u00a0\u2013 Dutch Hoffman\n*January 29\u00a0\u2013 Ray Hayworth\n\n===February===\n*February 7\u00a0\u2013 Andy Reese\n*February 9\u00a0\u2013 Roy Mahaffey\n*February 10\u00a0\u2013 Hal Anderson\n*February 13\u00a0\u2013 Cecil Bolton\n*February 13\u00a0\u2013 Charlie Fitzberger\n*February 15\u00a0\u2013 Oscar Estrada\n*February 27\u00a0\u2013 Chick Fullis\n*February 27\u00a0\u2013 Bud Teachout\n*February 29\u00a0\u2013 Pepper Martin\n\n===March===\nAll Star Buddy Myer\n*March 5\u00a0\u2013 Lou Rosenberg\n*March 16\u00a0\u2013 Buddy Myer\n*March 21\u00a0\u2013 Frank Sigafoos\n*March 21\u00a0\u2013 Red Rollings\n*March 22\u00a0\u2013 Bob Elson\n*March 30\u00a0\u2013 Ripper Collins\n*March 31\u00a0\u2013 Sam Dailey\n*March 31\u00a0\u2013 Red Rollings\n\n===April===\n*April 1\u00a0\u2013 Jack Cummings\n*April 9\u00a0\u2013 Guy Cantrell\n*April 9\u00a0\u2013 Fred Frankhouse\n*April 11\u00a0\u2013 Dutch Ussat\n*April 30\u00a0\u2013 Neal Baker\n*April 30\u00a0\u2013 Tony Murray\n\n===May===\n*May 9\u00a0\u2013 Paul Hinson\n*May 9\u00a0\u2013 Brad Springer\n*May 16\u00a0\u2013 Abe White\n*May 18\u00a0\u2013 Red Smith\n*May 20\u00a0\u2013 Pete Appleton\n*May 22\u00a0\u2013 Ed Morgan\n*May 25\u00a0\u2013 Buz Phillips\n*May 26\u00a0\u2013 Frank Ragland\n*May 26\u00a0\u2013 Bill Shores\n\n===June===\n*June 4\u00a0\u2013 Lefty Atkinson\n*June 13\u00a0\u2013 John O'Connell\n*June 15\u00a0\u2013 Ed Pipgras\n*June 15\u00a0\u2013 Pid Purdy\n*June 15\u00a0\u2013 Hank Winston\n*June 7\u00a0\u2013 Dusty Boggess\n*June 12\u00a0\u2013 Bill Foster\n*June 24\u00a0\u2013 Bobby Reeves\n\n===July\u2013September===\n*July 2\u00a0\u2013 Pete Susko\n*July 3\u00a0\u2013 Luke Hamlin\n*July 4\u00a0\u2013 Ed Cotter\n*July 24\u00a0\u2013 Mel Ingram\n*July 5\u00a0\u2013 Bump Hadley\n*July 9\u00a0\u2013 Art Daney\n*July 14\u00a0\u2013 Max West\n*July 15\u00a0\u2013 Ray Wolf\n*July 18\u00a0\u2013 Marty Karow\n*July 19\u00a0\u2013 Mark Koenig\n\n===August===\n*August 5\u00a0\u2013 Vic Frazier\n*August 6\u00a0\u2013 Herb Cobb\n*August 14\u00a0\u2013 Les Cox\n*August 17\u00a0\u2013 Augie Walsh\n\n===September===\n*September 4\u00a0\u2013 Bud Morse\n*September 6\u00a0\u2013 Willie Underhill\n*September 10\u00a0\u2013 Arlie Tarbert\n*September 16\u00a0\u2013 Edgar Barnhart\n*September 25\u00a0\u2013 Paul Hopkins\n*September 26\u00a0\u2013 Jess Cortazzo\n*September 30\u00a0\u2013 Johnny Allen\n\n===October===\n*October 2\u00a0\u2013 Tom Angley\n*October 5\u00a0\u2013 Sam West\n*October 7\u00a0\u2013 Chuck Klein\n*October 9\u00a0\u2013 Gordon Slade\n*October 13\u00a0\u2013 Howie Carter\n*October 15\u00a0\u2013 Bill Lewis\n*October 16\u00a0\u2013 Boom-Boom Beck\n*October 24\u00a0\u2013 Harry Smythe\n*October 25\u00a0\u2013 Andy Cohen\n*October 26\u00a0\u2013 Monk Sherlock\n*October 27\u00a0\u2013 Frank Bennett\n*October 28\u00a0\u2013 Liz Funk\n*October 28\u00a0\u2013 Joe O'Rourke\n*October 31\u00a0\u2013 Allyn Stout\n\n===November===\n*November 1\u00a0\u2013 Johnny Burnett\n*November 4\u00a0\u2013 Earl Mattingly\n*November 5\u00a0\u2013 Ollie Sax\n*November 15\u00a0\u2013 George Cox\n*November 16\u00a0\u2013 Mike Smith\n*November 19\u00a0\u2013 Elmer Tutwiler\n*November 24\u00a0\u2013 Billy Rogell\n\n===December===\n*December 5\u00a0\u2013 Ray Fitzgerald\n*December 12\u00a0\u2013 Ray Boggs\n*December 13\u00a0\u2013 Bill Windle\n*December 16\u00a0\u2013 Joe Berry\n*December 20\u00a0\u2013 Spud Davis\n*December 23\u00a0\u2013 Howie Williamson\n*December 25\u00a0\u2013 Bill Akers\n*December 25\u00a0\u2013 Lloyd Brown\n*December 25\u00a0\u2013 Bill Sweeney\n*December 27\u00a0\u2013 John Shea\n"	"Deaths"	"*January 1\u00a0\u2013 George Radbourn, 47, pitcher who played briefly for the 1883 Detroit Wolverines.\n*January 31\u00a0\u2013 Dan Mahoney, 39, catcher and first baseman for the 1892 Cincinnati Reds and 1894 Washington Senators.\n*March 22\u00a0\u2013 Art McCoy, 39, second baseman who played in two games with the 1889 Washington Nationals.\n*March 25\u00a0\u2013 Harry Arundel, 49, pitcher who played with the Brooklyn Atlantics (1875), Pittsburgh Alleghenys (1892) and Providence Grays (1884).\n*March 28\u00a0\u2013 George Seward, 53 ?, outfielder who played in part of three seasons for the St. Louis Brown Stockings (1875, 1882) and New York Mutuals (1876).\n*April 11\u00a0\u2013 Shorty Fuller, 36, shortstop for the Washington Nationals, St. Louis Brown Stockings and New York Giants from 1888 to 1896, who scored more than 100 runs in the 1890 and 1891 seasons.\n*April 18\u00a0\u2013 Charlie Ziegler, 29, infielder for the 1889 Cleveland Spiders and 1900 Philadelphia Phillies.\n*April 20\u00a0\u2013 John Galvin, 61, second baseman for the 1872 Brooklyn Atlantics.\n*April 20\u00a0\u2013 Gus McGinnis, 33, pitcher and outfielder who played with the Chicago Colts and Philadelphia Phillies in 1he 1893 season.\n*April 27\u00a0\u2013 Bobby Cargo, 33, shortstop for the 1892 Pittsburg Pirates.\n*May 4\u00a0\u2013 Frank Quinlan, 35, catcher and outfielder who appeared in two games for the 1891 Boston Reds.\n*May 25\u00a0\u2013 John Hayes, 49, outfielder who hit .143 in five games for the 1876 New York Mutuals.\n*June 3\u00a0\u2013 Bill Pfann, 41 ?, pitcher for the 1884 Cincinnati Reds.\n*June 6\u00a0\u2013 Chippy McGarr, 41, third baseman who hit .269 in 827 games for several teams over the course of 10 seasons from 1884 to 1896.\n*June 19\u00a0\u2013 Marshall Quinton, 52, catcher who played from 1884 to 1885 for the Richmond Virginians and Philadelphia Athletics teams of the American Association.\n*July 24\u00a0\u2013 Ernie Mason, 34 ?, pitcher and outfielder for the 1894 St. Louis Browns of the National League.\n*August 22\u00a0\u2013 Charlie Dewald, 36, pitcher for the 1890 Cleveland Infants.\n*September 20\u00a0\u2013 Jack Neagle, 46, pitcher for the Cincinnati Reds, Philadelphia Quakers, Baltimore Orioles and Pittsburg Alleghenys from 1879 to 1884.\n*October 16\u00a0\u2013 Mike Slattery, 37, center fielder who hit .251 in five seasons and was a member  of the New York Giants World Champion teams of 1888 and 1889.\n*October 28\u00a0\u2013 Sam Field, 56, catcher who hit .146 for three different teams between 1875 and 1876.\n*November 2\u00a0\u2013 Henry Austin, 60, outfielder and a .243 batter in 23 games for the 1873 Elizabeth Resolutes.\n*November 4\u00a0\u2013 Charlie Reilley, 47 ?, catcher who hit .210 from 1879 through 1884 for the Troy Trojans, Cincinnati Reds, Detroit Wolverines, Worcester Ruby Legs and Boston Reds.\n*November 4\u00a0\u2013 Jim Shanley, 50, outfielder who played two games for the 1876 New York Mutuals.\n*November 7\u00a0\u2013 Fred Carroll, 40, catcher and outfielder from 1884 to 1891, who hit a career .284 average in 754 games with the Columbus Buckeyes and for the Pittsburgh teams Alleghenys, Burghers and Pirates.\n*November 20\u00a0\u2013 Dell Darling, 42, catcher and a career .240 hitter for three teams of three different leagues from 1887 to 1891.\n*December 13\u00a0\u2013 Bob Murphy, 37, pitcher who posted a 4\u20139 record for the New York Giants and Brooklyn Gladiators during the 1890 season.\n*December 18\u00a0\u2013 John Clapp, 53, catcher and manager for several teams from 1872 through 1883, who hit a career .283 average in 588 games, including three .300 seasons.\n"	"References"	"\n\n"
"1932 U.S. National Championships \u2013 Men's Singles"	"Introduction"	"\nFirst-seeded Ellsworth Vines defeated first foreign seeded Henri Cochet 6\u20134, 6\u20134, 6\u20134 in the final to win the '''Men's Singles''' tennis title at the 1932 U.S. National Championships.\n"	"Seeds"	"The tournament used two lists of eight players for seeding the men's singles event; one for U.S. players and one for foreign players. Ellsworth Vines is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.\n\n\n#  Ellsworth Vines ''('''Champion''')''\n#  Wilmer Allison ''(Semifinalist)''\n#  Frank Shields ''(Quarterfinalist)''\n#  George Lott ''(Quarterfinalist)''\n#  Sidney Wood ''(Quarterfinalist)''\n#  Clifford Sutter ''(Semifinalist)''\n#  John Van Ryn ''(Fourth round)''\n#  Gregory Mangin ''(Fourth round)''\n\n\n#  Henri Cochet ''(Finalist)''\n#  Bunny Austin ''(Fourth round)''\n#  Fred Perry ''(Fourth round)''\n#  Jiro Satoh ''(Second round)''\n#  Takeo Kuwabara ''(Fourth round)''\n#  Marcel Bernard ''(Third round)''\n#  John Olliff ''(Fourth round)''\n#  Edward Avory ''(Fourth round)''\n\n"	"Draw"	"\n===Finals===\n\n\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"1936 Wimbledon Championships \u2013 Men's Singles"	"Introduction"	"\nFred Perry (GBR) defeated Gottfried von Cramm (GER) 6\u20131, 6\u20131, 6\u20130 in the final to win the '''Gentlemen's Singles''' tennis title at the 1936 Wimbledon Championships. Perry's victory was notable as the last Wimbledon won by a British male until Andy Murray won in 2013.\n"	"Seeds"	"The seeded players are listed below. Fred Perry is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.\n\n# Fred Perry ''('''Champion''')''\n# Gottfried von Cramm ''(Finalist)''\n# Adrian Quist ''(Quarterfinalist)''\n# Wilmer Allison ''(Quarterfinalist)''\n# Don Budge ''(Semifinalist)''\n# Jack Crawford ''(Quarterfinalist)''\n# Bunny Austin ''(Semifinalist)''\n# Bryan Grant ''(Quarterfinalist)''\n"	"Draw"	"\n===Key===\n* Q = Qualifier\n* WC = Wild Card\n* LL = Lucky Loser\n* r. = retired\n\n===Finals===\n\n\n===Earlier rounds===\n\n====Section 1====\n\n\n====Section 2====\n\n\n====Section 3====\n\n\n====Section 4====\n\n\n====Section 5====\n\n\n====Section 6====\n\n\n====Section 7====\n\n\n====Section 8====\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"1938 Wimbledon Championships \u2013 Men's Singles"	"Introduction"	"\nDon Budge (USA) defeated Bunny Austin (GBR) 6\u20131, 6\u20130, 6\u20133 in the final to win the '''Gentlemen's Singles''' tennis title at the 1938 Wimbledon Championships.\n"	"Seeds"	"The seeded players are listed below. Don Budge is the champion; others show the round in which they were eliminated.\n\n# Don Budge ''('''Champion''')''\n# Bunny Austin ''(Finalist)''\n# Roderich Menzel ''(Fourth round)''\n# Henner Henkel ''(Semifinalist)''\n# Franjo Pun\u010dec ''(Semifinalist)''\n# Dragutin Miti\u0107 ''(Fourth round)''\n# Ladislav Hecht ''(Quarterfinalist)''\n# Kho Sin-Kie ''(Fourth round)''\n"	"Draw"	"\n===Key===\n* Q = Qualifier\n* WC = Wild Card\n* LL = Lucky Loser\n* r. = retired\n\n===Finals===\n\n\n===Earlier rounds===\n\n====Section 1====\n\n\n====Section 2====\n\n\n====Section 3====\n\n\n====Section 4====\n\n\n====Section 5====\n\n\n====Section 6====\n\n\n====Section 7====\n\n\n====Section 8====\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"1995\u201396 United States network television schedule (Saturday morning)"	"Introduction"	"\n\nThis was the United States broadcast television schedule on all four commercial television networks on Saturday mornings for the season beginning in the fall of 1995 and ending in the spring of 1996. All times are Eastern and Pacific.\n \nNew series in '''bold'''.\n"	"Fall 1995"	"Note 1: From Sept 16 until Oct 7, Garfield and Friends & Street Sharks aired at 11:30 & 12:00 on CBS.\n\nNote 2: CBS replaced Beethoven with Ace Ventura: Pet Detective on December 9, 1995.\n\nNote 3: On December 9, 1995, ABC replaced ''The New Adventures of Madeline'' (which had been canceled on October 21 due to low ratings) with reruns of ''The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh''.\n\n\u00a0\n8:00 AM\n8:30 AM\n9:00 AM\n9:30 AM\n10:00 AM\n10:30 AM\n11:00 AM\n11:30 AM\n12:00 PM\n12:30 PM\n\nABC\n'''The New Adventures of Madeline'''\nFree Willy\n'''Dumb and Dumber'''\nBump in the Night\n'''Fudge'''\nReBoot\nThe Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show\n'''What-a-Mess'''\nABC Weekend Special\n\nCBS\n'''The Adventures of Hyperman'''\n'''Timon and Pumbaa'''\nAladdin\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\n'''The Mask'''\nBeethoven\n'''The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat'''\n'''Santo Bugito'''\n'''The Neverending Story'''\nBeakman's World\n\nFox\nWhere on Earth is Carmen Sandiego?\nMighty Morphin Power Rangers\nBobby's World\nEek! Stravaganza\nSpider-Man\nThe Tick\nX-Men\nLife With Louie\nlocal programming\n\nNBC\nWeekend Today (from 7:00 AM)\nSaved by the Bell: The New Class\n'''Hang Time'''\nSaved by the Bell: The New Class\nCalifornia Dreams\nNBA Inside Stuff\nNBC Sports and/or local programming\n\nWB\nAnimaniacs\n'''The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries'''\nAnimaniacs\n'''Pinky and the Brain'''\n'''Freakazoid!'''\n'''Earthworm Jim'''\nlocal programming\n\n"	"Spring 1996"	"Note: ABC's ''Aliens in the Family'' moved from Friday night to Saturday morning in summer 1996.\n\n\n\u00a0\n8:00 AM\n8:30 AM\n9:00 AM\n9:30 AM\n10:00 AM\n10:30 AM\n11:00 AM\n11:30 AM\n12:00 PM\n12:30 PM\n\nABC\nThe New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh\nFree Willy\nBump in the Night\nFudge\n'''Hypernauts'''\nReBoot\nThe Bugs Bunny and Tweety Show\nWhat-a-Mess\nABC Weekend Special\n\nCBS\nSanto Bugito\nTimon and Pumbaa\nAladdin\nTeenage Mutant Ninja Turtles\nThe Mask\n'''Ace Ventura: Pet Detective'''\nThe Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat\nThe Neverending Story\nThe Adventures of Hyperman\nBeakman's World\n\nFox\nBobby's World\nMasked Rider\n'''Power Rangers Zeo'''\nAttack of the Killer Tomatoes\nThe Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper\nSpider-Man\nX-Men\nLife With Louie\nlocal programming\n'''In the Zone'''\n\nNBC\nWeekend Today (from 7:00 AM)\nSaved by the Bell: The New Class\nHang Time\nSaved by the Bell: The New Class\nCalifornia Dreams\nNBA Inside Stuff\nNBC Sports and/or local programming\n\nWB\nThe Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries\nAnimaniacs\nPinky and the Brain\nFreakazoid!\nEarthworm Jim\nlocal programming\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"1999 in home video"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nThe following events occurred in the year 1999 in home video.\n"	"Industry milestones"	"\n===Date unknown===\n*Northern Hemisphere spring - The price of a DVD player had dropped below $300 US-dollar in the USA.\n"	"Movie releases"	"The following movies were released on video on the following dates:\n\n\n\n\n\n U.S./CanadaRelease Date !! Title !! Studio !! Notes\n\n January 5\n ''The Rescuers'' \n Walt Disney Pictures \n controversy VHS release, due to the topless woman; part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection\n\n ''Disturbing Behavior'' \n MGM \n VHS release\n\n ''Frenchman's Creek'' \n Paramount Pictures \n 75th Anniversary Edition; VHS and DVD release\n\n ''How Stella Got Her Groove Back'' \n Fox \n VHS release\n\n ''Out of Sight'' \n Universal \n VHS release\n\n January 12\n ''Dance with Me'' \n Columbia/Tristar \n VHS release\n\n ''54'' \n Miramax \n VHS release\n\n ''Henry Fool'' \n Columbia/Tristar \n VHS release\n\n ''Smoke Signals'' \n Miramax \n VHS release\n\n January 19\n ''Mafia!'' \n Touchstone Pictures \n VHS release\n\n ''Return to Paradise'' \n Polygram \n VHS release\n\n ''The Wizard of Oz'' \n MGM \n VHS re-release; part of the MGM/UA Family Entertainment Collection; THX certified\n\n ''Chitty Chitty Bang Bang'' \n 30th AnniversaryVHS re-releasepart of the MGM Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Warriors of Virtue'' \n VHS release; part of the MGM Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''The Pebble and the Penguin''\n\n ''The Black Stallion''\n\n ''National Velvet''\n\n January 26\n ''The Truman Show'' \n Paramount Pictures \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Rush Hour'' \n New Line \n VHS and DVD release\n\n February 2 \n ''Mulan'' \n Walt Disney Pictures \n VHS release; part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection\n\n February 9\n ''Treasure Island'' \n Warner Bros. Pictures \n VHS re-release; part of the Warner Bros. Classic Tales Collection\n\n ''Oliver Twist'' \n\n ''Antz'' \n DreamWorks \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Vampires'' \n Columbia/Tristar \n VHS release\n\n ''Rounders'' \n Miramax \n VHS release\n\n February 16\n ''The Governess'' \n Columbia/Tristar \n VHS release\n\n ''Practical Magic'' \n Warner \n VHS release\n\n ''Snake Eyes'' \n Paramount \n VHS release\n\n February 23\n ''Urban Legend'' \n Columbia/Tristar \n VHS release\n\n ''Soccer Dog: The Movie'' \n Columbia/Tristar \n VHS release\n\n ''Ronin'' \n MGM \n VHS release\n\n ''National Velvet'' \n MGM \n VHS release; part of the MGM Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Please Don't Eat the Daisies''\n\n ''The Princess Bride''\n\n ''All Dogs Go to Heaven''\n\n ''All Dogs Go to Heaven 2''\n\n ''A Cry in the Wild''\n\n March 2\n ''National Velvet'' \n MGM \n VHS release; part of the MGM Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Little Women'' \n\n ''Please Don't Eat the Daisies''\n\n ''The Courtship of Eddie's Father''\n\n ''The Princess Bride''\n\n ''All Dogs Go to Heaven''\n\n ''Courage Mountain''\n\n ''A Cry in the Wild''\n\n ''Getting Even with Dad''\n\n ''My Summer Story''\n\n ''The Pebble and the Penguin''\n\n ''All Dogs Go to Heaven 2''\n\n ''Warriors of Virtue''\n\n ''Larger Than Life''\n\n ''Friday'' \n New Line \n DVD release\n\n ''Alaska'' \n Warner \n VHS re-release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''The Neverending Story'' \n\n ''The Neverending Story II: The Next Chapter'' \n\n ''Little Giants'' \n\n ''Little Big League'' \n\n ''Cats Don't Dance'' \n\n ''Wild America'' \n\n ''It Takes Two'' \n\n ''The Adventures of Pinocchio'' \n VHS re-release\n\n ''Tom and Jerry: The Movie'' \n VHS release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''The Wonderful Ice Cream Suit'' \n Touchstone \n VHS release\n\n ''Ever After'' \n Fox \n VHS release\n\n ''Soldier'' \n Warner \n VHS and DVD release\n\n March 9 \n ''What Dreams May Come'' \n Polygram \n VHS release\n\n ''Dead Man on Campus'' \n Paramount \n VHS release\n\n ''101 Dalmatians'' \n Walt Disney Pictures \n VHS release; part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection; THX certified\n\n ''Dumbo'' \n VHS re-release; part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection\n\n ''Melody Time'' \n\n ''The Sword in the Stone''\n\n ''The Three Caballeros''\n\n ''Mary Poppins''\n\n ''Alice in Wonderland''\n\n ''Bedknobs and Broomsticks'' \n\n ''Robin Hood''\n\n ''Pete's Dragon'' \n\n ''So Dear to My Heart'' \n\n ''The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh'' \n\n ''The Aristocats''\n\n ''Meet the Deedles'' \n VHS re-release\n\n ''Little Indian, Big City'' \n Touchstone Pictures \n\n ''Krippendorf's Tribe'' \n\n March 16\n ''The Waterboy'' \n VHS release\n\n ''Polish Wedding'' \n Fox \n VHS release\n\n ''Bulworth'' \n Fox \n VHS release\n\n ''One True Thing'' \n Universal \n VHS release\n\n ''Beyond Silence'' \n Miramax \n VHS release\n\n March 23\n ''Mighty Joe Young'' \n Walt Disney Pictures \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''The Rescuers'' \n edited VHS re-release; part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection\n\n ''Ringmaster'' \n Artisan Entertainment \n VHS release\n\n ''Bride of Chucky'' \n Universal \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Pleasantville'' \n New Line \n VHS release\n\n March 30\n ''The Rugrats Movie'' \n Paramount Pictures \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Home Fries'' \n Warner Bros. \n VHS release\n\n April 6\n ''Meet Joe Black'' \n Universal \n VHS and DVD release \n\n ''I Still Know What You Did Last Summer'' \n Columbia \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''American History X'' \n New Line \n VHS release\n\n April 13\n ''The Canterville Ghost'' \n Wonderworks \n DVD release \n\n ''Stepmom'' \n Columbia \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Beloved'' \n Touchstone \n VHS release\n\n April 20\n ''Paulie'' \n DreamWorks \n DVD release \n\n ''A Bug's Life'' \n Disney \n VHS release\n\n ''Simon Birch'' \n Hollywood Pictures \n VHS release\n\n ''Belly'' \n Artisan Entertainment \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''The Siege'' \n Fox \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''A Night at the Roxbury'' \n Paramount \n VHS release\n\n ''Apt Pupil'' \n Columbia/Tristar \n VHS release\n\n ''Clay Pigeons'' \n Polygram \n DVD release\n\n April 27\n ''At First Sight'' \n MGM \n DVD release\n\n ''Elizabeth'' \n Polygram \n VHS release\n\n May 4\n ''Babe: Pig in the City'' \n Universal \n VHS release\n\n ''You've Got Mail'' \n Warner Bros. \n VHS release\n\n May 11\n ''Psycho'' \n Universal \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Star Trek: Insurrection'' \n Paramount \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Another Day in Paradise'' \n Trimark \n VHS release\n\n May 18\n ''Batman Beyond: The Movie'' \n Warner \n VHS release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Very Bad Things'' \n Polygram \n VHS release\n\n ''Holy Man'' \n Touchstone \n VHS release\n\n May 19\n ''Holy Man'' \n Touchstone \n VHS release\n\n ''A Cool, Dry Place'' \n Fox \n VHS release\n\n May 24 \n ''Sons of Dinosaurs'' \n \n VHS release \n\n May 25\n ''The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad'' \n Walt Disney Pictures \n VHS release; part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection\n\n ''The Brave Little Toaster to the Rescue'' \n direct-to-video VHS release\n\n ''Saving Private Ryan'' \n DreamWorks \n VHS release\n\n June 1 \n ''Waking Ned'' \n Fox \n VHS release\n\n ''The Muppet Movie'' \n ITC Entertainment \n VHS release\n\n ''The Great Muppet Caper'' \n ITC Entertainment \n VHS release\n\n ''The Muppets Takes Manhattan'' \n Tristar Pictures \n VHS release\n\n June 7 \n ''Patch Adams'' \n Universal \n VHS and DVD release\n\n June 8 \n ''Gods and Monsters'' \n Lionsgate \n VHS release\n\n June 12 \n ''The Rat Race'' \n \n 50th Anniversary Edition VHS and DVD release\n\n June 14 \n ''The Faculty'' \n \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Enemy of the State \n Touchstone \n VHS release\n\n '' Little Voice'' \n Miramax \n VHS release\n\n June 22\n ''Tweety: ''Home Tweet Home'' \n Warner Bros. \n VHS release; part of Looney Tunes Presents\n\n ''Tweety: ''Tweet and Lovely''\n\n ''Jawbreaker'' \n Tristar \n VHS release\n\n ''A Simple Plan'' \n Paramount \n VHS and DVD release\n\n June 29\n ''Saving Private Ryan'' \n \n Laserdisc release\n\n ''The North Avenue Irregulars'' \n \n VHS release \n\n ''Still Crazy'' \n Columbia \n DVD release\n\n ''Ghostbusters'' \n Columbia \n VHS release \n\n ''Ghostbusters II''\n\n ''Rushmore'' \n Touchstone \n DVD release\n\n ''The Thin Red Line'' \n Fox \n VHS release\n\n ''The Hi-Lo Country'' \n Polygram \n VHS release\n\n July 6\n ''The King and I'' \n Warner \n VHS release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Afflication'' \n \n DVD release\n\n ''Wing Commander'' \n Fox \n DVD release\n\n July 13\n ''Alice in Wonderland'' \n Walt Disney Pictures \n VHS re-release; part of the Walt Disney Masterpiece Collection\n\n ''Robin Hood'' \n\n ''A Civil Action'' \n Touchstone \n DVD release\n\n ''She's All That'' \n Miramax \n DVD release\n\n ''Almost Heroes'' \n Warner \n VHS release\n\n ''Tarzan and the Lost City'' \n Warner \n VHS release\n\n July 20 \n ''Hilary and Jackie'' \n \n DVD release\n\nJuly 27 \n ''Napoleon and Samantha'' \n \n VHS re-release \n\n ''Payback'' \n Paramount \n DVD release\n\n ''Blast from the Past'' \n New Line \n DVD release\n\n ''October Sky'' \n Universal \n DVD release\n\n ''Baby Geniuses'' \n Tristar \n DVD release\n\n August 3\n ''Madeline: Lost in Paris'' \n Disney \n direct-to-video VHS release\n\n ''Message in a Bottle'' \n Warner Bros. \n DVD release\n\n ''20 Dates'' \n Fox \n VHS release\n\n ''Cruel Intentions'' \n Columbia \n DVD release\n\n August 10\n ''The Deep End of the Ocean'' \n Columbia \n DVD release\n\n ''True Crime'' \n Warner \n DVD release\n\n ''Shakespeare in Love'' \n Miramax \n VHS and DVD release\n\n August 17\n ''Belle's Tales of Friendship'' \n Disney \n direct-to-video VHS release\n\n ''Hercules: Zero to Hero''\n\n ''Shiloh 2: Shiloh Season'' \n Warner \n VHS release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Simply Irresistible'' \n Fox \n DVD release\n\n ''Office Space'' \n Fox \n VHS release\n\n ''Analyze This'' \n Warner \n DVD release\n\n ''EDtv'' \n Universal \n DVD release\n\n ''Playing by Heart'' \n Miramax \n VHS and DVD release\n\n August 24 \n ''The Three Musketeers'' \n Disney \n DVD release \n\n ''Beetlejuice'' \n Warner \n VHS release\n\n ''Gremlins'' \n\n ''The Witches'' \n\n ''The Goonies'' \n VHS re-release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Addams Family Reunion'' \n\n ''The Mod Squad'' \n MGM \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Go'' \n Columbia \n DVD release\n\nAugust 31\n ''The Great Mouse Detective'' \n Walt Disney Pictures \n VHS release\n\n ''Titanic'' \n Paramount \n DVD release \n\n ''200 Cigarettes'' \n Paramount \n DVD release\n\n ''Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels'' \n Polygram \n DVD release\n\n ''Idle Hands'' \n Columbia \n DVD release\n\n ''The Adventures of Milo and Otis'' \n Columbia \n VHS release; part of the Columbia/Tristar Family Collection\n\n ''Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory'' \n Warner Bros. Pictures \n VHS release25th Anniversarypart of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n September 7\n ''Jetsons: The Movie'' \n \n Special Edition VHS release\n\n ''The Other Sister'' \n Touchstone \n DVD release\n\n September 14 \n ''The Prince of Egypt'' \n DreamWorks \n VHS and DVD release \n\n ''The Corruptor'' \n New Line \n DVD release\n\n September 21\n ''The Matrix'' \n Warner Bros \n VHS, DVD and Laserdisc release\n\n ''Doug's 1st Movie'' \n Walt Disney Pictures \n VHS release\n\n ''My Favorite Martian'' \n\n ''The Out-of-Towners'' \n Paramount \n DVD release\n\n September 28\n ''The Mummy'' (both 1932 and 1999 films) \n Universal \n VHS and DVD release (Full screen and Widescreen Editions) \n\n ''Alvin and the Chipmunks Meet Frankenstein'' \n Universal \n direct-to-video VHS release\n\n ''Jack Frost'' \n Warner Bros. Pictures \n VHS and DVD release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Christmas in Connecticut'' \n VHS re-release\n\n ''National Lampoon's Christmas Vacation'' \n\n ''The Nutcracker'' \n VHS re-release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''A Dream for Christmas'' \n VHS re-release\n\n ''Without Limits'' \n\n ''Richie Rich'' \n VHS re-release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''A Christmas Story'' \n VHS release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Little Men'' \n VHS re-release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Richie Rich's Christmas Wish'' \n VHS re-releaseDirect-to-videopart of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Hands on a Hard Body: The Documentary'' \n \n VHS and DVD release\n\n October 5\n ''Babes in Toyland'' \n MGM \n VHS re-releases; part of the MGM Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''An All Dogs Christmas Carol''\n\n ''Scooby-Doo! and the Witch's Ghost'' \n Warner \n VHS releaseDirect-to-videopart of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Lost & Found'' \n DVD release\n\n ''A Christmas Carol'' \n 20th Century Fox \n VHS re-release; part of the 20th Century Fox Family Features Collection\n\n ''Pushing Tin'' \n DVD release\n\n ''The Thirteenth Floor'' \n Columbia \n DVD release\n\n October 12\n ''The Rage: Carrie 2'' \n MGM \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''A Walk on the Moon'' \n Miramax \n DVD release\n\n ''Goodbye Lover'' \n Warner \n DVD release\n\n October 19\n ''The Wizard of Oz'' \n MGM/Warner Bros. \n VHS release and DVD release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Tweety: ''Home Tweet Home'' \n Warner Bros. \n VHS release; part of Looney Tunes Presents\n\n ''Life'' \n Universal \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Election'' \n Paramount \n DVD release\n\n October 22 \n ''The Blair Witch Project'' \n \n VHS and DVD release \n\n October 26\n ''Muppets from Space'' \n Columbia/TriStar \n VHS and DVD release \n\n ''Pinocchio'' \n Walt Disney Pictures \n 60th Anniversary Edition VHS and DVD release\n\n ''The Looney, Looney, Looney Bugs Bunny Movie'' \n Warner Bros. Pictures \n VHS release; part of Looney Tunes Presents\n\n ''Bugs Bunny: ''Big Top Bunny'' \n\n ''Marvin the Martian: Space Tunes'' \n\n ''Never Been Kissed'' \n Fox \n DVD release\n\n ''Arlington Road'' \n Columbia/TriStar \n DVD release\n\n ''The Blair Witch Project'' \n \n VHS, DVD, and Laserdisc release\n\n November 2\n ''Jack Frost'' \n Warner Bros \n VHS release\n\n ''The Wind in the Willows'' \n Disney \n VHS release\n\n ''The Thin Red Line'' \n Fox \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Big Daddy'' \n Columbia \n DVD release\n\n November 9\n ''I'll Be Home for Christmas'' \n Walt Disney Pictures \n VHS release\n\n ''Mickey's Once Upon a Christmas'' \n direct-to-video VHS release\n\n ''Winnie the Pooh: Seasons of Giving'' \n\n''Mulan'' \n DVD release\n\n ''101 Dalmatians'' \n\n ''Hercules'' \n\n ''Passport to Paris'' \n Warner \n VHS releaseDirect-to-videopart of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Friends & Lovers'' \n \n DVD release\n\n ''Notting Hill'' \n Universal Pictures \n DVD release\n\n ''Little Miss Marker'' \n VHS re-release; part of the Universal Shirley Temple Collection\n\n ''Now and Forever''\n\n ''Life Is Beautiful'' \n Miramax \n VHS and DVD release\n\n November 16\n ''Cookie's Fortune'' \n \n DVD release\n\n ''Instinct'' \n Touchstone \n DVD release\n\n ''Austin Powers: The Spy Who Shagged Me'' \n New Line \n DVD release\n\nNovember 23\n ''Peter Pan'' \n Walt Disney Pictures \n DVD release\n\n ''The Lion King II: Simba's Pride'' \n\n ''Lady and the Tramp'' \n\n ''The Iron Giant'' \n Warner Bros. Pictures \n VHS and DVD release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''South Park: Bigger, Longer & Uncut'' \n Paramount \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''A Bug's Life'' \n Disney \n DVD release \n\n ''Entrapment'' \n Fox \n DVD release\n\n ''The Love Letter'' \n DreamWorks \n DVD release\n\n ''The Haunting'' \n DreamWorks \n DVD release\n\n November 30\n ''Black Beauty'' \n Warner Bros. Pictures \n VHS and DVD re-release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Wild Wild West'' \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''A Midsummer Night's Dream'' \n Fox \n DVD release\n\n December 7 \n ''Inspector Gadget'' \n Walt Disney Pictures \n VHS and DVD release \n\n ''The Little Mermaid'' \n DVD release\n\n ''The Jungle Book''\n\n ''8mm'' \n Columbia \n VHS release\n\n ''Trippin''' \n \n VHS release\n\n ''Deep Blue Sea'' \n Warner \n DVD release\n\n December 14\n ''The General's Daughter'' \n Paramount \n DVD release\n\n ''Drop Dead Gorgeous'' \n New Line \n DVD release\n\n ''Dick'' \n Columbia/Tristar \n DVD release\n\n December 21\n ''The Adventures of Elmo in Grouchland'' \n Columbia/TriStar \n VHS and DVD release \n\n ''Summer of Sam'' \n Touchstone \n DVD release\n\n ''American Pie'' \n Universal \n DVD release\n\n ''Detroit Rock City'' \n New Line \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Teaching Mrs. Tingle'' \n Dimension \n VHS and DVD release\n\nDecember 28\n ''The Worst Witch'' \n BFS Entertainment \n VHS re-release \n\n ''Dudley Do-Right'' \n Universal \n VHS and DVD release (Widescreen Edition)\n\n ''More Barney Songs'' \n Lyrick Studios \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Mickey Blue Eyes'' \n Warner \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Universal Soldier: The Return'' \n Columbia/Tristar \n DVD release\n\n December 30 \n ''Winnie the Pooh: A Valentine for You'' \n Disney \n VHS release\n\n"	"TV show releases"	"The following television shows were released on video on the following dates:\n\n\n\n\n\n U.S./CanadaRelease Date !! Title !! Studio !! Season # !! Notes\n\n January 12\n ''Sesame Street'' \n Children's Television Workshop \n Let's Eat! Funny Food Songs (7 Songs includes: \"The Most Important Meal of the Day\" & \"Cereal Girl\" & \"Blueberry Mouth\" & \"The Pasta Song\" & \"Telly's Lunch\" & \"Healthy Food\" & \"You Don't Have To Be a Grizzly Bear To Eat Some Honey\") \n VHS releases\n\n ''Blue's Clues'' \n Paramount \n ABC's and 123's \n VHS release\n\n\n Rhythm and Blue\n\n ''I Spy'' \n Image Entertainment \n A Few Miles West Of Nowhere/ The Trouble With Temple \n\n\n January 19\n  ''The Wubbulous World of Dr. Seuss'' \n Columbia Tristar \n Volumes 1-6 \n VHS release\n\n ''Tenchi in Tokyo'' \n Pioneer \n Vol 1: A New Start \n\n\n ''The Twilight Zone'' \n Image Entertainment \n Vol. 04 \n\n\n\n Vol. 05 \n\n\n February 2 \n Thomas the Tank Engine & Friends: ''Cranky Bugs and Other Thomas Stories'' \n \n \n VHS release\n\n February 9 \n ''Beavis and Butt-head'' \n J. J. Sedelmaier Productions, Inc. (Season 1)Tenth Annual Industries (Season 2\u20137)MTV Animation (Seasons 1\u20138)Inbred Jed's Homemade Cartoons (Pilot only)Paramount Television (Seasons 1\u20137)Judgemental FilmsMTV Production Development \n Hard Cash (Also includes: \"Hard Sell\" & \"Temporary Insanity\" & \"Beaverly Buttbillies\" & \"Green Thumbs\" & \"Whiplash\" & \"Inventors\" & \"Yard Sale\" & \"Babysitting\") \n VHS release\n\n ''VeggieTales'' \n Lyrick Studios \n ''God Wants Me to Forgive Them!?!'' \n VHS re-release\n\n ''Larry-Boy! And the Fib from Outer Space!''\n\n February 16 \n ''Animorphs'' \n Protocol Entertainment  Scholastic Productions \n Part 1: The Invasion Series (contains \"My Name is Jake\" parts 1 and 2, and \"Underground\") \n VHS release\n\n February 23 \n ''Disney's Sing Along Songs'' \n Disney \n Winnie the Pooh - Sing a Song with Pooh Bear (12 Songs includes: \"Winnie-the-Pooh\" & \"Rumbly in My Tumbly\" & \"The Wonderful Things About Tiggers\" & \"Kanga Roo Hop\" & \"Try a Little Something New\" & \"High and Low\" & \"The One and Only One\" & \"The Floating Song\" & \"Harvest What You Grow\" & \"Heffalumps and Woozles\" & \"Nothing is Too Good For a Friend\" & \"My Song\") \n VHS release \n\n ''You're Invited to Mary-Kate & Ashley's'' \n Dualstar \n Costume Party \n VHS releases\n\n\n Mall Party\n\n March 2 \n ''Bonanza'' \n Madacy Entertainment \n Box Set: Volumes 1-5 \n DVD releases\n\n\n Vol. 1 - Desert Justice\n\n\n Vol. 2 - Badge Without Honor\n\n\n Vol. 3 - The Last Viking\n\n\n Vol. 4 - The Blood Line\n\n\n Vol. 5 - Silent Thunder\n\n ''How the West Was Fun'' \n Warner \n \n VHS re-release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''The Borrowers'' \n BBC Two \n  \n\n ''The Return of the Borrowers'' \n  \n\n ''The Twilight Zone'' \n Image Entertainment \n Vol. 06 \n DVD releases\n\n\n Vol. 07\n\n\n Vol. 08\n\n March 9 \n ''Sesame Street'' \n Children's Television Workshop \n Kids' Favorite Songs (9 Songs includes: \"I've Been Working on the Railroad\" & \"This Old Bat (This Old Man)\" & \"The Alphabet Song\" & \"Row, Row, Row Your Boat\" & \"Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star\" & \"John Jacob Jingleheimer Schmidt\" & \"Baa Baa Black Sheep\" & \"She'll be Comin' Round the Mountain\" & \"This Little Pig Went to Market\") \n VHS releases\n\n March 16\n ''The Avengers'' \n A&E Home Video \n '67 Set 1: Volume 1 \n DVD releases\n\n\n '67 Set 1: Volume 2\n\n\n '67 Set 1: Volumes 1 & 2\n\n\n '67 Set 2: Volume 3\n\n\n '67 Set 2: Volume 4\n\n\n '67 Set 2: Volumes 3 & 4\n\n ''Bonanza'' \n Madacy Entertainment \n Bonanza 2 Pack: Desert Justice/ Badge Without Honor \n DVD release\n\n ''Jumanji'' \n Adelaide ProductionsColumbia TriStar TelevisionInterscope Communications  Teitler Film  Bohbot Kids Network (BKN) \n Volume 1 (contains: \"The Price\" & \"Love on the Rocks\") \n VHS release\n\n\n Volume 2 (contains: \"Gift\" & \"The Palace of Clues\")\n\n\n Volume 3 (contains: \"Masked Identity\" & \"No Dice\")\n\n ''Extreme Ghostbusters'' \n Adelaide ProductionsColumbia TriStar Television \n Volume 1 (contains: \"Darkness at Noon\" Parts 1 & 2) \n VHS release\n\n\n Volume 2 (contains: \"The Infernal Machine\" & \"Grundelesque\")\n\n\n Volume 3 (contains: \"Back in the Saddle\" Parts 1 & 2)\n\n ''Men in Black: The Series'' \n Amblin TelevisionAdelaide ProductionsColumbia TriStar Television \n Volume 1 (contains: \"The Long Goodbye Syndrome\" & \"The Irritable Bow-Wow Syndrome\") \n VHS release\n\n\n Volume 2 (contains: \"The Neuralyzer Syndrome\" & \"The Elle of My Dreams Syndrome\") \n\n\n Volume 3 (contains: \"The Alpha Syndrome\" & \"The Inanimate Syndrome\")\n\n ''The Milton Berle Buick Hour'' \n Image Entertainment \n Vol. 2 \n DVD release\n\n ''The Twilight Zone'' \n Image Entertainment \n Vol. 12 \n DVD release\n\n\n Vol. 13\n\n March 23 \n ''More Tales of the City'' \n DVD International \n \n DVD release\n\n April 6 \n ''Animorphs'' \n Protocol Entertainment  Scholastic Productions \n Part 2: Nowhere to Run (contains \"Between Friends\", \"The Message\" and \"The Reaction\") \n VHS release\n\n April 13 \n ''Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!'' \n Hanna-Barbera Productions \n Scooby-Doo's Greatest Mysteries (contains: \"A Clue for Scooby-Doo\" & \"Hassle in the Castle\" & \"Jeepers, It's the Creeper\" & \"The Backstage Rage\") \n VHS release; part of the Cartoon Network Collection\n\n April 27\n ''The Avengers'' \n A&E Home Video \n '67 Set 3: Volume 5 \n DVD release\n\n '67 Set 3: Volume 6\n\n '67 Set 3: Volumes 5 & 6\n\n '67 Set 4: Volume 7\n\n '67 Set 4: Volume 8\n\n '67 Set 4: Volumes 7 & 8\n\n ''Fishing with John'' \n Criterion Collection \n Special Edition \n DVD release\n\n May 18\n ''The Milton Berle Buick Hour'' \n Image Entertainment \n Vol. 6 \n DVD release\n\n ''Pok\u00e9mon'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol. 04: Poke-Friends \n DVD releases\n\n\n Vol. 05: Thunder Shock!\n\n ''Spider-Man'' \n Marvel Entertainment GroupMarvel Films Animation \n The Sins of the Fathers (contains: \"Framed\" & \"The Man Without Fear\" & \"The Ultimate Slayer\" & \"The Spot\") \n VHS release\n\n May 25 \n ''The Last Don II'' \n Trimark Home Video \n \n DVD release\n\n June 1\n ''Battle Athletes Victory'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol 3: Tragedy And Triumph \n DVD release\n\n ''Dragon Ball Z'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol. 04: The Pendulum Room \n DVD releases\n\n\n Vol. 05: Doom\n\n June 8 \n ''Disney's Sing Along Songs'' \n Disney \n Flik's Musical Adventure at Disney's Animal Kingdom (9 Songs includes: \"Welcome to Harambe\" & \"On Safari\" & \"I Wanna Be Like You\" & \"You Must Have Been A Beautiful Baby\" & \"Walk the Dinosaur\" & \"It's A Bugs World\" & \"Asia\" & \"He Lives in You\" & \"Circle of Life\") \n VHS release\n\n ''VeggieTales'' \n Lyrick Studios \n ''Very Silly Songs!'' \n VHS re-release\n\n\n ''Josh and the Big Wall!'' \n\n June 15 \n ''The Judy Garland Show'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Volume #1 \n DVD release\n\n June 29\n ''Godzilla: The Series'' \n Adelaide ProductionsCentropolis TelevisionColumbia TriStar Television \n Volume 1: Trouble Hatches (contains: \"New Family Parts 1 & 2\") \n VHS releases\n\n\n Volume 2: Monster War (contains: \"Monster Wars Parts 1 & 2 & 3\")\n\n July 13\n ''Dragon Ball Z - Vol. 06: Immortals'' \n Pioneer \n 3 \n DVD release\n\n ''Dragon Ball Z - Vol. 07: Destruction'' \n Pioneer \n 3 \n DVD release\n\n ''Serial Experiments Lain'' \n Pioneer \n 4 \n DVD release\n\n July 20\n ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' \n Delta Entertainment \n Alfred Hitchcock Collection #1 \n DVD releases\n\n\n Alfred Hitchcock Collection #2\n\n ''Pok\u00e9mon'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol. 06: Seaside Pikachu \n DVD releases\n\n\n Vol. 07: Psychic Surprise\n\n ''The Hobbit'' \n  \n \n VHS re-releases; part of the Warner Bros. Classic Tales Collection\n\n ''The Flight of Dragons'' \n Rankin/Bass Productions\n\n ''The Wind in the Willows'' \n Rankin/Bass ProductionsCuckoo's Nest Studios\n\n July 27 \n VeggieTales' ''Larry-Boy and the Rumor Weed'' \n Word Entertainment \n \n VHS release\n\n Barney: ''Let's Play School'' \n Lyrick Studios \n \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Power Rangers in Space'' \n Saban EntertainmentRenaissance Atlantic EntertainmentToei Company, Ltd.MMPR Productions, Inc. \n (Also includes: \"Rangers Gone Psycho\" & \"A Rift in the Rangers\" & \"Five of a Kind\" & \"Silence is Golden\" & \"The Enemy Within\") \n VHS release\n\n ''Power Rangers Lost Galaxy'' \n The Power of Teamwork Overcomes All (Also includes: \"Quasar Quest (Parts 1 & 2)\" & \"Race to the Rescue\") \n VHS release\n\n August 3\n ''Animorphs'' \n Protocol Entertainment  Scholastic Productions \n  Part 3: The Enemy Among Us (contains \"The Stranger\", \"The Leader\" parts 1 and 2) \n VHS releases\n\n\n Part 4: The Legacy Survives (contains \"The Capture\" parts 1 and 2, and \"Not My Problem\")\n\n August 10\n ''Beavis and Butt-head'' \n J. J. Sedelmaier Productions, Inc. (Season 1)Tenth Annual Industries (Season 2\u20137)MTV Animation (Seasons 1\u20138)Inbred Jed's Homemade Cartoons (Pilot only)Paramount Television (Seasons 1\u20137)Judgemental FilmsMTV Production Development \n Butt-O-Ween (Also includes: \"Bungholio: Lord of the Harvest\" & \"Ding-Dong-Ditch\" & \"Late Night with Butt-head\" & \"Leave it to Beavis\" & \"The Pipe of Doom\" & \"Killing Time\" & \"Candy Sale\") \n VHS release\n\n ''Dragon Ball Z'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol. 08: Showdown \n DVD releases\n\n\n Vol. 09: Departure\n\n August 24 \n ''Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!'' \n Hanna-Barbera Productions \n Scooby-Doo's Greatest Mysteries (contains: \"A Clue for Scooby-Doo\" & \"Hassle in the Castle\" & \"Jeepers, It's the Creeper\" & \"The Backstage Rage\") \n VHS re-release; part of the Cartoon Network Collection\n\n ''The Scooby-Doo Show'' \n The Headless Horseman of Halloween (contains: \"The Headless Horseman of Halloween\" & \"Vampire Bats and Scaredy Cats\") \n VHS re-release; part of the Cartoon Network Collection(Also features an episodes of Peter Potamus: Kooky Spook and World Premiere Toons: What a Cartoon!: Yoink! on the Yukon)\n\n ''Scooby Goes Hollywood'' \n \n VHS re-release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show'' \n A Halloween Hassle at Dracula's Castle (contains: \"A Haunted House is Not a Home\" & \"The Gruesomes\") \n VHS re-release; part of the Cartoon Network Collection(Also includes an episodes of Pixie and Dixie and Mr. Jinks: \"The Ghost with the Most\" and World Premiere Toons: What a Cartoon!: Hard Luck Duck)\n\n ''The Halloween Tree'' \n \n VHS re-release; part of the Cartoon Network Collection\n\n ''Scooby-Doo in Arabian Nights'' \n \n VHS release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''Double, Double, Toil and Trouble'' \n Dualstar ProductionsGreen/Epstein ProductionsWarner Bros. Television \n\n\n September 7 \n ''You're Invited to Mary-Kate & Ashley's \n Dualstar \n Fashion Party \n VHS releases\n\n September 28 \n ''Barney's Night Before Christmas'' \n Lyrick Studios \n \n VHS and DVD release\n\n ''Dr. Seuss' How the Grinch Stole Christmas!'' \n The Cat in The Hat ProductionsMGM Television \n \n VHS release; part of Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''The Year Without a Santa Claus'' \n Rankin/Bass Productions\n\n ''Rudolph's Shiny New Year'' \n Rankin/Bass Productions \n \n VHS re-release\n\n ''Rudolph and Frosty's Christmas in July'' \n\n ''Pinocchio's Christmas'' \n\n ''The New Scooby and Scrappy-Doo Show'' \n Hanna-Barbera Productions \n A Nutcracker Scoob (contains: ''The New Scooby-Doo Mysteries: \"The Nutcracker Scoob\"'' & ''Scooby-Doo and Scrappy-Doo: \"Alaskan King Coward\") \n VHS re-release; part of the Cartoon Network Collection(Also features an episodes of Squiddly Diddly: \"The Ghost Is Clear\" and World Premiere Toons: What a Cartoon!: Shake & Flick: Raw Deal in Rome)\n\n ''To Grandmother's House We Go'' \n Jeff Franklin ProductionsGreen/Epstein ProductionsLorimar Television \n \n VHS re-release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n ''The Town Santa Forgot'' \n Hanna-Barbera Productions \n  \n VHS re-release; part of the Cartoon Network Collection(Also contains an episode of Wacky Races: The Great Cold Rush Race and World Premiere Toons: What a Cartoon!: Pfish and Chip: \"Short Pfuse\")\n\n ''A Flintstone Family Christmas'' \n Christmas in Bedrock (contains: A Flintstone Family Christmas & The Flintstones: Christmas Flintstone: \"How the Flintstones Saved Christmas\") \n VHS re-release; part of the Cartoon Network Collection(Also includes an episodes of Breezly and Sneezly: Noodnick of the North and World Premiere Toons: What a Cartoon!: Dino: The Great Egg-Scape)\n\n ''Animaniacs'' \n Amblin EntertainmentWarner Bros. Animation \n Helloooo Holidays (contains: Twas The Day Before Christmas / Jingle Boo / Yakko's Universe / A Gift Of Gold / A Christmas Plotz / The Great Wakkorotti: The Holiday Concert Jingle Bells / Nighty Night Toon) \n VHS re-release; part of the Warner Bros. Family Entertainment Collection\n\n October 5\n ''Battle Athletes Victory'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol 5: No Looking Back \n DVD release\n\n ''Todd McFarlane's Spawn'' \n HBO Home Video \n The Ultimate Collection \n DVD releases\n\n\n Volume 3: The Ultimate Battle\n\n ''VeggieTales'' \n Lyrick Studios \n ''Madame Blueberry'' \n VHS re-release\n\n October 12\n ''America's Funniest Home Videos'' \n E Realbiz \n Animal Antics \n DVD releases\n\n\n Deluxe Uncensored\n\n\n Family Follies\n\n ''Beany and Cecil'' \n Image Entertainment \n The Special Edition \n DVD release\n\n ''Dragon Ball Z'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol. 12: Betrayal \n DVD releases\n\n\n Vol. 13: Collision\n\n ''Musikladen'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Best of Musikladen: Dr. Hook And The Medicine Show \n DVD releases\n\n\n Best of Musikladen: Yes\n\n ''Serial Experiments Lain'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol. 3: Deus \n DVD release\n\n ''South Park'' \n Warner Home Video \n Volume 4 \n DVD releases\n\n\n Volume 5\n\n\n Volume 6\n\n\n Volumes 1-3\n\n\n Volumes 4-6\n\n October 26\n ''The Andy Griffith Show'' \n Delta Entertainment \n Classic Favorites \n DVD release\n\n ''The Judy Garland Show'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Collection \n DVD release\n\n ''Salem's Lot'' \n Warner Home Video \n \n DVD release\n\n ''Spider-Man'' \n Marvel Entertainment GroupMarvel Films Animation \n Secret Wars (contains: \"Secret Wars, Chapter I: Arrival\" & \"Secret Wars, Chapter II: The Gauntlet of the Red Skull\" & \"Secret Wars, Chapter III: Doom\" & \"Spider Wars, Chapter IV: I Really, Really Hate Clones\" & \"Spider Wars, Chapter V: Farewell, Spider-Man\") \n VHS release\n\n ''The Stand'' \n Artisan Entertainment \n \n DVD release\n\n November 2\n ''Dame Edna's Neighbourhood Watch'' \n Image Entertainment \n Volume 1 \n DVD release\n\n ''The Real World'' \n Sony Music Entertainment \n The Real World You Never Saw: Hawaii \n DVD release\n\n ''Tenchi in Tokyo'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol 6: A New Challenge \n DVD release\n\n November 9\n ''Donkey Kong Counry'' \n Nelvana LimitedMedialab Hong Guang Animation   WIC EntertainmentFrance 2Canal +TV Asahi Ellipsanime Asahi Broadcasting Corporation Medianet  \n The Legend of the Crystal Cocount (Also includes: \"Legend of the Crystal Cocount\" & \"Bug-a-Boogie\" & \"Ape-Nesia\" & \"Booty and the Beast\") \n VHS release\n\n ''Battle Athletes#Battle Athletes Victory'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol 7: The Last Dance \n DVD release\n\n ''Dragon Ball Z'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol. 14: Quest \n DVD releases\n\n\n Vol. 15: Trouble!\n\n ''Saturday Night Live'' \n Trimark Home Video \n The Best Of Adam Sandler \n DVD releases\n\n\n The Best Of Mike Myers\n\n November 16\n ''Monty Python's Flying Circus'' \n A&E Home Video \n Set #3: Volume 5 \n DVD release\n\n\n Set #3: Volume 6\n\n\n Set #3: Volume 5 & 6\n\n\n Set #4: Volume 7\n\n\n Set #4: Volume 8\n\n\n Set#4: Volume 7 & 8\n\n ''Musikladen'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n The Best of Musikladen: Ladies of Rock \n DVD release\n\n November 23\n ''The Judy Garland Show'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Volume #3: Christmas Special \n DVD release\n\n ''Mr. Bean'' \n Universal Home Video \n Best Bits Of Mr. Bean \n DVD release\n\n ''Pok\u00e9mon'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol. 11: The Great Race \n DVD release\n\n\n Vol. 12: Pikachu Party\n\n ''Serial Experiments Lain'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol. 4: Reset \n DVD release\n\n ''Star Trek: The Original Series'' \n Paramount Home Video \n Vol. 05: What are Little Girls Made Of?/Dagger of the Mind \n DVD release\n\n December 7\n ''Dragon Ball Z'' \n Pioneer Entertainment \n Vol. 16: The Ginyu Force \n DVD releases\n\n\n Vol. 17: Super Saiyan?!\n\n ''Power Rangers Lost Galaxy'' \n Saban EntertainmentRenaissance Atlantic EntertainmentToei Company, Ltd.MMPR Productions, Inc. \n Return of the Magna Defender (Also includes: \"The Magna Defender\" & \"The Sunflower Search\" & \"Orion Rising\" & \"Orion Returns\" & \"Redemption Day\") \n VHS release\n\n December 14\n ''Battle Athletes Victory'' \n Pioneer \n Vol 8: The Human Race! \n DVD release\n\n ''Fushigi Y\u00fbgi'' \n Pioneer \n Vol 1: The Mysterious Play: Suzaku Box \n DVD release\n\n ''Tenchi in Tokyo'' \n Pioneer \n Vol 7: A New Career \n DVD release\n\n ''Tower of Terror'' \n Walt Disney Television \n \n VHS release\n\n ''A Knight in Camelot'' \n\n\n December 21\n ''The Twilight Zone'' \n Image Entertainment \n Vol. 14 \n DVD releases\n\n\n Vol. 15\n\n"	"Documentary home video releases"	"The following documentary home videos were released on the following dates:\n\n\n U.S./CanadaRelease Date !! Title !! Notes  \n\n January 12\n ''Flyers: In Search of a Dream'' \n VHS release\n\n ''First Person Singular: John Hope Franklin'' \n VHS release\n\n ''Ipi Ntombi: An African Dance Celebration'' \n VHS release\n\n ''Monica Mancini: On Record'' \n VHS release\n\n February 2 \n ''John Glenn: American Hero'' \n VHS release\n\n February 9 \n ''Discovering Hamlet'' \n VHS release \n\n ''Race to the SuperBomb'' \n VHS release\n\n February 16 \n ''Rescue at Sea'' \n VHS release\n\n February 23 \n ''Living Edens: Paradise of Ice, South Georgia Island'' \n VHS release\n\n March 2 \n ''NOVA: Surviving AIDS'' \n VHS release\n\n ''NOVA Battle Alert in the Gulf'' \n VHS release\n\n March 23 \n ''The Century-America's Time'' \n VHS ABC release\n\n April 6 \n ''Emotional Intelligence with Daniel Goleman'' \n VHS release \n\n April 20 \n ''Nova: Volcanoes of the Deep'' \n VHS release\n\n April 27 \n ''Nova: Submarines, Secrets and Spies \n VHS release\n\n May 4 \n ''The Courage To Be Rich - Suze Orman'' \n VHS release \n\n May 11 \n ''Fresco: The Ancient Art of Fresco Comes Alive'' \n VHS release\n\n ''World War II Battle Force'' \n VHS release\n\n May 18 \n ''Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey'' \n VHS release\n\n June 8 \n ''The 50 Years War: Israel and the Arabs'' \n VHS release (2-Tape Set)\n\n June 22 \n ''American Experience: Fly Girls'' \n VHS release\n\n June 29 \n ''Frontline: The Long Walk of Nelson Mandela'' \n VHS release\n\n July 6 \n ''Hoover Dam'' \n VHS release\n\n ''Meltdown at the Mile Island'' \n VHS release\n\n ''People's Century: Living Longer'' \n VHS release\n\n July 13 \n ''People's Century: God Flights Back \n VHS release\n\n ''Living Edens - Kakadu: Australia's Ancient Wilderness'' \n VHS release\n\n ''Living Edens - Borneo: An Island in the Clouds'' \n VHS release\n\n ''Warren Buffett Talks Business'' \n VHS release\n\n July 27 \n ''Frontline: Making Babies'' \n VHS release\n\n August 3 \n ''To the Moon'' \n VHS release\n\n August 24 \n ''Lost at Sea: Search for Longitude'' \n VHS release\n\n ''NOVA: Escape: Because Accidents Happen'' \n VHS release (4-Tape Set)\n\n August 31 \n ''Great Old Amusement Parks'' \n VHS release\n\n ''NOVA: A Man, A Plan, A Canal: Panama \n VHS release\n\n September 21 \n ''Pete Peterson: Assignment Hanoi'' \n VHS release\n\n ''On the Trail of Mark Twain with Peter Ustinov'' \n VHS release\n\n September 28 \n ''A Hot Dog Program'' \n VHS release\n\n ''African Quilts'' \n VHS release \n\n October 12 \n ''American Photography: A Century of Images'' \n VHS release (3-Tape Set)\n\n ''The Children are Watching'' \n VHS release\n\n October 26\n ''Food For The Ancestors: The Mexican Celebration of the Days of the Dead'' \n VHS release\n\n ''Frontline: John Paul II The Millennial Pope'' \n VHS release\n\n ''Jane Goodall: Reason for Hope'' \n VHS release\n\n ''Frontline (U.S. TV series): From Jesus to Christ: The First Christians'' \n VHS re-release (same as a 1998 4-Tape VHS) \n\n ''Frontline (U.S. TV series): A Farmer's Wife'' \n VHS re-release (same as a 1998 3-Tape VHS)\n\n November 2 \n ''Crucible of Empire: The Spanish\u2013American War'' \n VHS release\n\n November 9 \n ''The Story of Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Susan B. Anthony \n VHS release\n\n ''Life Beyond Earth'' \n VHS release\n\n November 16 \n ''Wonders of the Africian American World with Henry Louis Gates Jr. \n VHS release\n\n November 23\n ''Treasures of the World'' \n VHS release (3-Tape Set)\n\n ''The Living Edens: Canyonlands: American's Wild West'' \n VHS release\n\n ''New York: A Documentary Film'' \n VHS release (5-Tape Set)\n\n November 30 \n ''Jackie: Behind the Myth'' \n VHS release\n\n ''The Dinosaurs'' \n VHS release (4-Tape Set)\n\n ''Nova: Decoding Nazi Secrets'' \n VHS release\n\n December 14 \n ''Frontline: Apocalypse'' \n VHS release\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"2001 Laurence Olivier Awards"	"Introduction"	"\nThe '''2001 Laurence Olivier Awards''' were held in 2001 in London celebrating excellence in West End theatre by the Society of London Theatre.\n"	"Winners and nominees"	"{| class=wikitable width=\"100%\"\n\n Best New Play\n Best New Musical\n\n\n* '''''Blue/Orange'' by Joe Penhall \u2013 National Theatre Cottesloe'''\n** ''Dolly West's Kitchen'' by Frank McGuinness \u2013 Old Vic\n** ''Life x 3'' by Yasmina Reza \u2013 National Theatre Lyttelton\n** ''My Zinc Bed'' by David Hare \u2013 Royal Court\n\n* '''''Merrily We Roll Along'' \u2013 Donmar Warehouse'''\n** ''Fosse'' \u2013 Prince of Wales\n** ''The Beautiful Game'' \u2013 Cambridge\n** ''The Witches of Eastwick'' \u2013 Theatre Royal Drury Lane\n\n Best New Comedy\n Outstanding Musical Production\n\n\n* '''''Stones in His Pockets'' by Marie Jones \u2013 Duke of York's'''\n** ''Cooking with Elvis'' by Lee Hall \u2013 Whitehall\n** ''House/Garden'' by Alan Ayckbourn \u2013 National Theatre Lyttelton / Olivier\n** ''Peggy for You'' by Alan Plater \u2013 Comedy\n\n* '''''Singin' in the Rain'' \u2013 National Theatre Olivier'''\n** ''H.M.S. Pinafore'' \u2013 Savoy\n** ''The King and I'' \u2013 London Palladium\n** ''The Mikado'' \u2013 Savoy\n** ''The Pirates of Penzance'' \u2013 Regent's Park Open Air\n\n Best Actor\n Best Actress\n\n\n* '''Conleth Hill in ''Stones in His Pockets'' \u2013 New Ambassadors / Duke of York's'''\n** Simon Russell Beale in ''Hamlet'' \u2013 National Theatre Lyttelton\n** Sean Campion in ''Stones in His Pockets'' \u2013 New Ambassadors / Duke of York's\n** Michael Gambon in ''The Caretaker'' \u2013 Comedy\n** Bill Nighy in ''Blue/Orange'' \u2013 National Theatre Cottesloe\n\n* '''Julie Walters in ''All My Sons'' \u2013 National Theatre Cottesloe'''\n** Jessica Lange in ''Long Day's Journey into Night'' \u2013 Lyric\n** Helen Mirren in ''Orpheus Descending'' \u2013 Donmar Warehouse\n** Julia Ormond in ''My Zinc Bed'' \u2013 Royal Court\n** Harriet Walter in ''Life x 3'' \u2013 National Theatre Lyttelton\n\n Best Actor in a Musical\n Best Actress in a Musical\n\n\n* '''Daniel Evans in ''Merrily We Roll Along'' \u2013 Donmar Warehouse'''\n** Jimmy Johnston in ''The Pirates of Penzance'' \u2013 Regent's Park Open Air\n** Paul Robinson in ''Singin' in the Rain'' \u2013 National Theatre Olivier\n** David Shannon in ''The Beautiful Game'' \u2013 Cambridge\n\n* '''Samantha Spiro in ''Merrily We Roll Along'' \u2013 Donmar Warehouse'''\n** Nicola Hughes in ''Fosse'' \u2013 Prince of Wales\n** Joanna Riding in ''The Witches of Eastwick'' \u2013 Theatre Royal Drury Lane\n** Josie Walker in ''The Beautiful Game'' \u2013 Cambridge\n\n Best Actor in a Supporting Role\n Best Actress in a Supporting Role\n\n\n* '''Ben Daniels in ''All My Sons'' \u2013 National Theatre Cottesloe'''\n** Chiwetel Ejiofor in ''Blue/Orange'' \u2013 National Theatre Cottesloe\n** Douglas Hodge in ''The Caretaker'' \u2013 Comedy\n** Jason Watkins in ''A Servant to Two Masters'' \u2013 Young Vic / New Ambassadors\n\n* '''Pauline Flanagan in ''Dolly West's Kitchen'' \u2013 Old Vic'''\n** Gillian Barge in ''Passion Play'' \u2013 Donmar Warehouse\n** Catherine McCormack in ''All My Sons'' \u2013 National Theatre Cottesloe\n** Marcia Warren in ''In Flame'' \u2013 New Ambassadors\n\n Best Supporting Performance in a Musical\n\n\n* '''Miles Western in ''Pageant'' \u2013 Vaudeville'''\n** Rosemary Ashe in ''The Witches of Eastwick'' \u2013 Theatre Royal Drury Lane\n** Rebecca Thornhill in ''Singin' in the Rain'' \u2013 National Theatre Olivier\n** Taewon Yi Kim in ''The King and I'' \u2013 London Palladium\n\n Best Director\n Best Theatre Choreographer\n\n\n* '''Howard Davies for ''All My Sons'' \u2013 National Theatre Cottesloe'''\n** Michael Grandage for ''Passion Play'' \u2013 Donmar Warehouse\n** Nicholas Hytner for ''Orpheus Descending'' \u2013 Donmar Warehouse\n** Trevor Nunn for ''The Cherry Orchard'' \u2013 National Theatre Cottesloe / Olivier\n** Ian Talbot for ''The Pirates of Penzance'' \u2013 Regent's Park Open Air\n\n* '''Bob Fosse and Ann Reinking for ''Fosse'' \u2013 Prince of Wales'''\n** Peter Darling for ''Merrily We Roll Along'' \u2013 Donmar Warehouse\n** Stephen Mear for ''Singin' in the Rain'' \u2013 National Theatre Olivier\n** Meryl Tankard for ''The Beautiful Game'' \u2013 Cambridge\n\n Best Set Designer\n\n\n* '''William Dudley for ''All My Sons'' \u2013 National Theatre Cottesloe'''\n** Bunny Christie for ''Baby Doll'' \u2013 National Theatre Lyttelton / Albery\n** Rob Howell for ''The Caretaker'' \u2013 Comedy\n** Brian Thomson for ''The King and I'' \u2013 London Palladium\n\n Best Costume Designer\n Best Lighting Designer\n\n\n* '''Alison Chitty for ''Remembrance of Things Past'' \u2013 National Theatre Cottesloe'''\n** Gregg Barnes for ''Pageant'' \u2013 Vaudeville\n** Bob Crowley for ''Cressida'' \u2013 Albery and ''The Witches of Eastwick'' \u2013 Theatre Royal Drury Lane\n** Roger Kirk for ''The King and I'' \u2013 London Palladium\n\n* '''Hugh Vanstone for ''The Cherry Orchard'' \u2013 National Theatre Cottesloe and ''The Graduate'' \u2013 Gielgud'''\n** Howard Harrison for ''The Witches of Eastwick'' \u2013 Theatre Royal Drury Lane and ''To the Green Fields Beyond'' \u2013 Donmar Warehouse\n** Mark Henderson for ''All My Sons'' \u2013 National Theatre Cottesloe\n** Paul Pyant for ''Hamlet'' \u2013 National Theatre Lyttelton\n\n Outstanding Achievement in Dance\n Best New Dance Production\n\n\n* '''Deborah Colker for choreographing ''Mix'' \u2013 Barbican'''\n** Matthew Bourne for conceiving and dramatisating ''The Car Man'' \u2013 Old Vic\n** Robert Parker in ''Shakespeare Suite'', Birmingham Royal Ballet \u2013 Royal Opera House\n** Michael Revie in ''Mozartina'', Z\u00fcrich Ballet \u2013 Sadler's Wells\n\n* '''''Le Jardin Io Io Ito Ito'', Compagnie Montalvo-Hervieu \u2013 Barbican'''\n** ''Indigo Rose'', Nederlands Dans Theater 2 \u2013 Sadler's Wells\n** ''Mellantid'', Nederlands Dans Theater 2 \u2013 Sadler's Wells\n** ''Mozartina'', Z\u00fcrich Ballet \u2013 Sadler's Wells\n\n Outstanding Achievement in Opera\n Outstanding New Opera Production\n\n\n* '''Amanda Holden and Mark-Anthony Turnage for creating ''The Silver Tassie'' \u2013 National Theatre Lyttelton'''\n** Gerald Finley in ''The Silver Tassie'', English National Opera \u2013 National Theatre Lyttelton\n** Kirov Opera for their season \u2013 Royal Opera House\n** Stefanos Lazaridis for set designing ''The Greek Passion'' and the Italian season, English National Opera \u2013 London Coliseum\n\n* '''''The Greek Passion'', The Royal Opera \u2013 Royal Opera House'''\n** ''Pell\u00e9as and M\u00e9lisande'', English National Opera \u2013 London Coliseum\n** ''The Coronation of Poppea'', English National Opera \u2013 London Coliseum\n** ''War and Peace'', Kirov Opera \u2013 Royal Opera House\n\n"	"Productions with multiple nominations and awards"	"The following 22 productions, including one ballet and two operas, received multiple nominations:\n\n* 6: ''All My Sons''\n* 5: ''The Witches of Eastwick''\n* 4: ''Merrily We Roll Along'', ''Singin' in the Rain'', ''The Beautiful Game'' and ''The King and I''\n* 3: ''Blue/Orange'', ''Fosse'', ''Stones in His Pockets'', ''The Caretaker'' and ''The Pirates of Penzance''\n* 2: ''Dolly West's Kitchen'', ''Hamlet'', ''Life x 3'', ''Mozartina'', ''My Zinc Bed'', ''Orpheus Descending'', ''Pageant'', ''Passion Play'', ''The Cherry Orchard'', ''The Greek Passion'' and ''The Silver Tassie''\n\nThe following three productions received multiple awards:\n\n* 4: ''All My Sons''\n* 3: ''Merrily We Roll Along''\n* 2: ''Stones in His Pockets''\n"	"See also"	"* 55th Tony Awards\n"	"References"	"\n* \n"	"External links"	"*  Previous Olivier Winners \u2013 2001\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"2007 in home video"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''2007 in home video''' was characterized by the format war between Blu-ray and HD DVD raging.\n"	"Film releases"	"{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n U.S./CanadaRelease Date !! Title !! Notes\n\n January 2\n     ''The Covenant'' \n\n\n     ''Snakes on a Plane'' \n\n\n     ''Vidocq'' \n DVD\n\n January 9\n     ''Crank'' \n\n\n     ''The Night Listener'' \n\n\n     ''The Illusionist'' \n\n\n     ''Conversations with Other Women'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Bandidas'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Quincea\u00f1era'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Idiocracy'' \n DVD\n\n January 16\n     ''Gridiron Gang'' \n\n\n     ''The Protector'' \n\n\n     ''The Texas Chainsaw Massacre: The Beginning'' \n\n\n     ''Employee of the Month'' \n\n\n     ''That's So Suite Life of Hannah Montana'' \n\n\n     ''Seven Swords'' \n DVD\n\n January 23\n     ''Saw III'' \n\n\n     ''The Guardian'' \n\n\n     ''The Puffy Chair'' \n\n\n     ''This Film Is Not Yet Rated'' \n\n\n     ''Sherrybaby'' \n\n\n     ''Jesus Camp'' \n\n\n     ''Relative Strangers'' \n DVD\n\n January 30\n     ''Open Season'' \n VHS, DVD and Blu-ray Release; Final Columbia Pictures film released on VHS and only Sony Pictures Animation film on VHS.\n\n     ''One Night with the King'' \n\n\n     ''The Passion of the Christ'' \n Definitive Edition\n\n     ''Catch a Fire'' \n\n\n     ''The Marine'' \n Unrated Edition\n\n     ''Facing the Giants'' \n\n\n     ''Flyboys'' \n\n\n     ''Farce of the Penguins'' \n Direct-to-DVD\n\n     ''Unknown'' \n DVD\n\n February 6\n     ''Thomas' Milkshake Muddle and Other Stories'' \n DVD Release\n\n     ''Thomas and the Toy Workshop and Other Stories'' \n DVD Release\n\n     ''Flicka'' \n\n\n     ''Hollywoodland'' \n\n\n     ''Flags of Our Fathers'' \n\n\n     ''The Grudge 2'' \n\n\n     ''Running with Scissors'' \n\n\n     ''The Science of Sleep'' \n\n\n     ''Cinderella III: A Twist in Time'' \n VHS and DVD Release (VHS in January 30, 2007)\n\n     ''Robotech: The Shadow Chronicles'' \n\n\n     ''Teen Titans: Trouble in Tokyo'' \n\n\n     ''Trust the Man''\n DVD\n\n     ''Coastlines'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Boynton Beach Club'' \n DVD\n\n February 13\n     ''The Departed'' \n Widescreen, Fullscreen, 2-Disc, Blu-ray and HD DVD Editions\n\n     ''Marie Antoinette'' \n\n\n     ''School for Scoundrels'' \n\n\n     ''Zoom'' \n\n\n     ''Half Nelson'' \n\n\n     ''The Quiet'' \n\n\n     ''Infamous'' \n\n\n     ''Man About Town'' \n DVD\n\n     ''The U.S. vs. John Lennon'' \n DVD\n\n February 19  \n     ''Catacombs'' \n DVD\n\n February 20\n     ''The Prestige'' \n\n\n     ''Flushed Away'' \n  \n\n     ''Man of the Year'' \n\n\n     ''Babel'' \n\n\n     ''Crossover'' \n\n\n     ''For Your Consideration'' \n\n\n     ''Keeping Mum'' \n\n\n     ''A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints'' \n\n\n     ''Shut Up and Sing'' \n\n\n February 27\n     ''Tenacious D in The Pick of Destiny'' \n\n\n     ''Stranger Than Fiction'' \n\n\n     ''A Good Year'' \n\n\n     ''The Return'' \n\n\n     ''Conversations with God'' \n\n\n     ''The Heart of the Game'' \n\n\n     ''The Land Before Time XII: The Great Day of the Flyers'' \n Direct-to-DVD\n\n     ''Tideland'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Harsh Times'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Journey to the End of the Night'' \n DVD\n\n March 6\n     ''Let's Go to Prison'' \n\n\n     ''Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan'' \n\n\n     ''Fast Food Nation'' \n\n\n     ''Confetti'' \n\n\n     ''Peter Pan'' \n Platinum Edition (DVD and Blu-ray Disc)\n\n March 13\n     ''Casino Royale'' \n DVD and Blu-ray\n\n     ''The Holiday'' \n\n\n     ''Harsh Times'' \n\n\n     ''Pope John Paul II'' \n\n\n     ''Love Wrecked'' \n\n\n     ''The Dukes of Hazzard: The Beginning'' \n Direct-to-DVD\n\n     ''Shortbus'' \n DVD\n\n     ''The Pleasure Drivers'' \n DVD\n\n March 20\n     ''Blood Diamond'' \n\n\n     ''Eragon'' \n VHS, DVD and Blu-ray Release; final 20th Century Fox film to be released on VHS, and final VHS film to be released\n\n     ''Rocky Balboa'' \n\n\n     ''The Nativity Story'' \n\n\n     ''Everyone's Hero'' \n\n\n     ''My Country, My Country'' \n\n\n     ''Come Early Morning'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Return of the Living Dead: Rave to the Grave'' \n DVD\n\n March 27\n     ''Happy Feet'' \n\n\n     ''The Pursuit of Happyness'' \n\n\n     ''Turistas'' \n\n\n     ''Children of Men'' \n\n\n     ''National Lampoon's Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj'' \n\n\n     ''Curse of the Golden Flower'' \n\n\n     ''Colour Me Kubrick'' \n\n\n     ''The Pebble and the Penguin'' \n Family Fun Edition DVD and Blu-ray\n\n     ''Penny Dreadful'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Van Wilder: The Rise of Taj'' \n DVD\n\n April 3\n     ''Billy & Mandy's Big Boogey Adventure'' \n Direct-to-DVD\n\n     ''Charlotte's Web'' \n\n\n     ''The Good Shepherd'' \n\n\n     ''Black Christmas'' \n\n\n     ''Volver'' \n\n\n     ''Death of a President'' \n\n\n     ''Jump In!'' \n\n\n     ''Pok\u00e9mon Ranger and the Temple of the Sea'' \n Direct-to-DVD and Blu-ray\n\n     ''Copying Beethoven'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Aurora Borealis'' \n DVD\n\n April 10\n     ''Bobby'' \n\n\n     ''Jonestown: The Life and Death of Peoples Temple'' \n\n\n     ''Sleeping Dogs Lie'' \n\n\n April 17\n     ''Freedom Writers'' \n\n\n     ''Smokin' Aces'' \n\n\n     ''The Last King of Scotland'' \n\n\n     ''Notes on a Scandal'' \n\n\n     ''The History Boys'' \n\n\n     ''Spider Man 2.1'' \n Extended Edition\n\n April 24\n     ''Code Name: The Cleaner'' \n\n\n     ''Night at the Museum'' \n\n\n     ''D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu'' \n\n\n     ''The Queen'' \n\n\n     ''.45'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Thr3e'' \n DVD\n\n     ''The Queen'' \n DVD\n\n May 1\n     ''Happily N'Ever After'' \n\n\n     ''The Hitcher'' \n\n\n     ''Alpha Dog'' \n\n\n     ''Dreamgirls'' \n DVD Release\n\n     ''Little Children'' \n\n\n     ''The Sandlot: Heading Home'' \n\n\n May 8\n     ''Because I Said So'' \n\n\n     ''Music and Lyrics'' \n\n\n     ''Catch and Release'' \n\n\n     ''The Painted Veil'' \n\n\n     ''Deliver Us from Evil'' \n\n\n     ''Breaking and Entering'' \n\n\n     ''The Tiger and the Snow'' \n\n\n     ''Fur: An Imaginary Portrait of Diane Arbus'' \n\n\n May 15\n     ''Stomp the Yard'' \n\n\n     ''The Fountain'' \n\n\n     ''Arthur and the Invisibles'' \n\n\n     ''Pan's Labyrinth'' \n\n\n     ''Seraphim Falls'' \n\n\n     ''The War Tapes'' \n\n\n     ''The Dead Girl'' \n DVD\n\n May 22\n     ''Epic Movie'' \n\n\n     ''Apocalypto'' \n\n\n     ''Letters from Iwo Jima'' \n\n\n     ''Alex Rider: Operation Stormbreaker'' \n\n\n     ''Venus'' \n\n\n     ''The Good German'' \n\n\n     ''Fay Grim'' \n\n\n     ''The Mistress of Spices'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Dark Corners'' \n DVD\n\n     ''The Hard Easy'' \n Straight-to-DVD\n\n May 29\n     ''Hannibal Rising'' \n\n\n     ''The Hawk Is Dying'' \n\n\n      ''Drive Thru'' \n\n\n      ''Free Zone'' \n DVD\n\n June 5\n     ''Norbit'' \n\n\n     ''The Messengers'' \n\n\n     ''Fantastic Four'' \n Extended Edition Blu-ray and DVD\n\n June 12\n     ''Ghost Rider'' \n\n\n     ''Daddy's Little Girls'' \n\n\n     ''Blood and Chocolate'' \n\n\n     ''Breach'' \n\n\n     ''Primeval'' \n\n\n June 19\n     ''Bridge to Terabithia'' \n\n\n     ''Reno 911!: Miami'' \n\n\n     ''The Abandoned'' \n\n\n     ''Miss Potter'' \n\n\n     ''The Many Adventures of Winnie the Pooh'' \n Friendship Edition DVD and Blu-ray\n\n     ''The Secret of NIMH'' \n Family Fun Edition DVD and Blu-ray\n\n     ''Gray Matters'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Big Nothing'' \n DVD\n\n June 26\n     ''Shooter'' \n Widescreen and Fullscreen Editions\n\n     ''Black Snake Moan'' \n\n\n     ''Dead Silence'' \n\n\n     ''Pride'' \n\n\n     ''Peaceful Warrior'' \n\n\n     ''Partition'' \n DVD\n\n July 3\n     ''Driving Lessons'' \n DVD\n\n July 10\n     ''The Astronaut Farmer'' \n\n\n     ''The Last Mimzy'' \n\n\n     ''After the Wedding'' \n\n\n July 17\n     ''Premonition'' \n\n\n     ''The Hills Have Eyes 2'' \n\n\n     ''Factory Girl'' \n\n\n     ''Perfect Creature'' \n Straight-to-DVD\n\n July 24\n     ''Zodiac'' \n\n\n     ''The Number 23'' \n\n\n     ''Slow Burn'' \n\n\n     ''Perfume: The Story of a Murderer'' \n\n\n     ''The Host'' \n\n\n     ''Live Free or Die'' \n DVD\n\n     ''The Contract'' \n Direct-to-DVD\n\n July 31\n     ''300'' \n\n\n     ''Firehouse Dog'' \n\n\n     ''Hot Fuzz'' \n Widescreen, Fullscreen and Three Disc Special Editions\n\n     ''Pathfinder'' \n\n\n     ''Roving Mars'' \n\n\n     ''Yellow'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Starter for 10'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Lonely Hearts'' \n DVD (Blu-ray in November 4, 2008)\n\n     ''The Darwin Awards'' \n DVD\n\n August 7\n     ''TMNT'' \n DVD and Blu-ray\n\n     ''Are We Done Yet?'' \n\n\n     ''I Think I Love My Wife'' \n\n\n     ''Disturbia'' \n Widescreen, Fullscreen and HD DVD Editions\n\n     ''Unaccompanied Minors'' \n\n\n August 14\n     ''Wild Hogs'' \n\n\n     ''Fracture'' \n Widescreen and Fullscreen Editions\n\n     ''Vacancy'' \n\n\n     ''The Lookout'' \n\n\n     ''Aqua Teen Hunger Force Colon Movie Film for Theaters'' \n\n\n     ''God Grew Tired of Us'' \n\n\n August 21\n     ''The Ultimate Gift'' \n\n\n     ''Perfect Stranger'' \n\n\n     ''The Ex'' \n\n\n     ''Redline'' \n\n\n     ''The Lives of Others'' \n\n\n     ''Broken English'' \n\n\n     ''RoboCop'' \n 20th Anniversary Collector's Edition DVD and Blu-ray\n\n     ''Bickford Shmeckler's Cool Ideas'' \n DVD\n\n August 28\n     ''Blades of Glory'' \n\n\n     ''Kickin' It Old Skool'' \n\n\n     ''Year of the Dog'' \n\n\n     ''Offside'' \n\n\n     ''Return to Halloweentown'' \n\n\n September 4\n     ''Georgia Rule'' \n\n\n     ''Delta Farce'' \n\n\n     ''DOA: Dead or Alive'' \n\n\n     ''The Wind That Shakes the Barley'' \n\n\n     ''Wind Chill'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Stephanie Daley'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Bobby Z'' \n DVD\n\n September 11\n     ''Away from Her'' \n\n\n     ''Re-Animated'' \n\n\n     ''Snow Cake'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Even Money'' \n DVD\n\n     ''DOA: Dead or Alive'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Dirty Sanchez: The Movie'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Hood of Horror'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Griffin and Phoenix'' \n DVD\n\n September 18\n     ''Death Proof'' \n\n\n     ''Lucky You'' \n\n\n     ''The Condemned'' \n Widescreen and Full\n\n     ''Gracie'' \n\n\n     ''We Are Marshall'' \n\n\n     ''Superman: Doomsday'' \n\n\n     ''Selena''  \n\n\n     ''The Flying Scotsman'' \n\n\n     ''Grindhouse'' \n DVD\n\n     ''El Muerto'' \n DVD\n\n September 25\n     ''Next'' \n\n\n     ''Knocked Up'' \n Widescreen, Unrated Widescreen and Fullscreen, and Unrated 2-Disc Collector's Editions\n\n     ''Bug'' \n\n\n     ''Evening'' \n\n\n     ''The TV Set'' \n\n\n     ''Black Book'' \n\n\n     ''Full of It'' \n DVD\n\n     ''As You Like It'' \n DVD\n\n October 2\n     ''Fantastic Four: Rise of the Silver Surfer'' \n DVD and Blu-ray, Regular Disc and Special 2-Disc Editions\n\n     ''1408'' \n Widescreen, Fullscreen, 2-Disc Collector's and Blu-ray Editions\n\n     ''The Jungle Book'' \n 40th Anniversary Platinum Edition (DVD and Blu-ray Disc)\n\n     ''Civic Duty'' \n DVD\n\n October 9\n     ''Surf's Up'' \n DVD and Blu-ray disc\n\n     ''28 Weeks Later'' \n\n\n     ''Evan Almighty'' \n\n\n     ''Reign Over Me'' \n\n\n     ''You Kill Me'' \n\n\n     ''Black Sheep'' \n\n\n     ''Rise: Blood Hunter'' \n Unrated Undead Edition DVD\n\n     ''Wrong Turn 2: Dead End'' \n Direct-to-DVD\n\n October 16\n     ''Demetrius and the Gladiators'' \n DVD re-release\n\n     ''The Invisible'' \n\n\n     ''The Reaping'' \n\n\n     ''Transformers'' \n\n\n     ''Planet Terror'' \n\n\n     ''A Mighty Heart'' \n\n\n     ''The Hoax'' \n\n\n     ''ShowBusiness: The Road to Broadway'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Casshern'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Normal Adolescent Behavior'' \n DVD\n\n October 23\n     ''Meet the Robinsons'' \n\n\n     ''Mr. Brooks'' \n\n\n     ''Home of the Brave'' \n\n\n     ''Hostel: Part II'' \n\n\n     ''Fido'' \n\n\n     ''The Tripper'' \n Unrated DVD\n\n October 30\n     ''Spider-Man 3'' \n 2-Disc Special Edition, Single Disc, DVD and Blu-ray, Also For PSP, Packages With The Previous Two Films, Packages With The Previous Two Films in Blu-ray\n\n     ''License to Wed'' \n\n\n     ''El Cantante'' \n\n\n     ''In the Land of Women'' \n\n\n     ''Talk to Me'' \n\n\n     ''Captivity'' \n\n\n     ''Pierrepoint: The Last Hangman'' \n DVD\n\n     ''The Wendell Baker Story'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Talk to Me'' \n DVD\n\n     ''Day Watch'' \n Unrated DVD\n\n November 6\n     ''Ratatouille'' \n DVD and Blu-ray Disc\n\n     ''I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry'' \n\n\n     ''Deck the Halls'' \n\n\n     ''Sicko'' \n\n\n November 13\n     ''Shrek the Third'' \n DVD and Blu-ray\n\n     ''Ocean's Thirteen'' \n DVD and Blu-ray\n\n     ''Amazing Grace'' \n\n\n     ''Close Encounters of the Third Kind'' \n DVD and Blu-ray with all 3 different edits\n\n     ''La Vie en rose'' \n DVD\n\n November 20\n     ''The Santa Clause 3: The Escape Clause'' \n DVD and Blu-ray\n\n     ''My Friends Tigger & Pooh: Super Sleuth Christmas Movie'' \n\n\n     ''Live Free or Die Hard'' \nThe first ever DVD release to include a digital copy\n\n     ''Hairspray'' \n Blu-ray with a 2-Disc \"Shake and Shimmy\" Edition\n\n     ''Rescue Dawn'' \n\n\n     ''Garfield Gets Real'' \n\n\n     ''Angel-A'' \n DVD\n\nNovember\n21\nSchool Bus Trip\nDVD, and Bluray release, 2-disc DVD (2-disc in January 5, 2008 and December 28, 2007) (Blu-Ray in December 5, 2007)\n\n November 27\n     ''Hot Rod'' \n\n\n     ''Mr. Bean's Holiday'' \n Widescreen and Fullscreen Editions\n\n     ''Bratz: The Movie'' \n\n\n     ''I Know Who Killed Me'' \n\n\n     ''Who's Your Caddy?'' \n\n\n     ''Skinwalkers'' \n\n\n     ''The Namesake'' \n\n\n     ''Waitress'' \n\n\n     ''Return to Never Land'' \n Pixie-Powered Edition\n\n     ''The Land Before Time XIII: The Wisdom of Friends'' \n Direct-to-DVD\n\n     ''Futurama: Bender's Big Score'' \n Direct-to-DVD\n\n     ''Guy X'' \n DVD\n\n December 4\n     ''Pirates of the Caribbean: At World's End'' \n Widescreen and Fullscreen edition, and Blu-ray Disc\n\n     ''Superbad'' \n\n\n     ''The Nanny Diaries'' \n\n\n     ''Arctic Tale'' \n\n\n December 11\n     ''Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix'' \nTwo Disc Special Edition, Widescreen and Fullscreen edition, and Blu-ray Disc\n\n     ''The Bourne Ultimatum'' \n\n\n     ''High School Musical 2'' \n Extended Edition, DVD and Blu-ray Disc\n\n     ''December Boys'' \n\n\n     ''High School Musical'' \n Blu-ray Disc\n\n December 18\n     ''Balls of Fury''\n\n\n     ''Bring It On: In It to Win It''\n\n\n     ''Illegal Tender''\n\n\n     ''Once''\n\n\n     ''The Last Legion'' \n\n\n     ''The Simpsons Movie'' \n DVD and Blu-ray\n\n     ''Stardust'' \n Two disc special edition and Widescreen and Fullscreen edition\n\n     ''Underdog'' \n Widescreen and Fullscreen edition and Blu-ray Disc\n\n     ''Cinderella II: Dreams Come True'' \n Special Edition\n\n     ''Blade Runner'' \n DVD, HD-DVD and Blu-ray editions of final cut\n\n December 23  \n     ''Rush Hour 3''\n\n\n December 24\n     ''The Heartbreak Kid'' \n\n\n     ''Eastern Promises'' \n\n\n     ''The Kingdom'' \n\n\n     ''The Brothers Solomon'' \n\n\n     ''American Pie Presents: Beta House'' \n\n\n\n"	"TV show releases"	"{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n U.S./CanadaRelease Date !! Title !! Season # !! Notes\n\n January 2  \n  ''Martin\n 1 \n DVD\n\n January 9\n   ''America's Funniest Home Videos'' \n Salute To Romance \n\n\n   ''My Brother and Me'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n   ''Extras'' \n 1 \n\n\n   ''MI-5'' \n Volume 4 \n\n\n   ''A Pup Named Scooby-Doo'' \n Volume 5 \n\n\n   ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' \n Season 4, Volume 2 \n\n\n January 16\n      ''24'' \n Season 6 Premiere \n\n\n      '''Allo 'Allo!'' \n Complete Series 6 \n\n\n      ''Doctor Who'' \n Series 2 \n\n\n      ''Father Brown'' \n Series 1 \n\n\n      ''The King of Queens'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''The Legend of Prince Valiant'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''My Hero'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Proof'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Rising Damp'' \n Series 3 \n\n\n      ''The Royle Family'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Space Academy'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''The Street'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Wild Kingdom'' \n The Definitive 50 Episode Collection \n\n\n January 23\n      ''Avatar: The Last Airbender'' \n Book 2: Earth, Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Beyond Reality'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Hopeless Pictures'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Walker, Texas Ranger'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Waltons'' \n 4 \n\n\n January 30\n       ''The Benny Hill Show'' \n Benny Hill, Complete And Unadulterated: The Hill's Angels Years - Set 6 \n\n\n       ''The Big Valley'' \n Season 2, Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Dallas'' \n 6 \n\n\n ''Discovery Atlas'' \n Australia Revealed \n DVD, Blu-ray & HD DVD release\n\n\n Brazil Revealed \n DVD, Blu-ray & HD DVD release\n\n\n Discovery Atlas Box Set \n\n\n\n Italy Revealed \n DVD, Blu-ray & HD DVD release\n\n       ''I Dream of Jeannie'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''The Janice Dickinson Modeling Agency'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'' \n 3 \n\n\n ''Legend of the Dragon'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n\n Volume 3 \n\n\n       ''Lucky Louie'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Murder, She Wrote'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''Three's Company'' \n Capturing The Laughter - Jack Favorites \n\n\n February 6\n      ''Anything But Love'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Baywatch'' \n Syndicated Season 3 \n\n\n      ''Ben 10'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Charlie and Lola'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Charmed'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''Kate & Allie'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Mad About You'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Teen Titans'' \n Season 6 - Fast Forward, Vol. 1: Future Shellshock \n\n\n February 13\n      ''All in the Family'' \n 6 \n\n\n      ''Ballykissangel'' \n Series 5 \n\n\n      ''Beauty and the Beast'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Cobra'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Emergency!'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Fat Friends'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Golden Girls'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''Grosse Pointe'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''The Hills'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Hustle'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Masters of Horror'' \n Pelts (Dario Argento) \n\n\n      ''Men Behaving Badly'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Zoey 101'' \n 1 \n\n\n February 20\n      ''Alias Smith and Jones'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Curious George'' \n Curious George's Zoo Night And Other Animal Stories \n\n\n      ''Family Ties'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Midsomer Murders'' \n Box Set 7 \n\n\n      ''Penn & Teller: Bullshit!'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''The Ruth Rendell Mysteries'' \n Set 1 \n\n\n      ''Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''What's New, Scooby-Doo?'' \n 1 \n\n\n February 27\n      ''Captain N: The Game Master'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Da Vinci's Inquest'' \n 1 \n Season originally released in 2003 by a different distributor\n\n      ''Dog the Bounty Hunter'' \n The Best of Season 3 \n\n\n      ''The Doris Day Show'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''The Flip Wilson Show'' \n Best-Of Set \n\n\n      ''Ghostbusters'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Girlfriends'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Immortal'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''The Land Before Time'' \n Wal-Mart Exclusive DVD \n\n\n      ''Lost Worlds'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Magnum, P.I.'' \n 6 \n\n\n      ''Reno 911!'' \n Reno's Most Wanted \n Uncensored\n\n      ''The Rockford Files'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Voltron: Defender of the Universe'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n March 6\n ''Doctor Who'' \n Story #046: The Invasion \n\n\n\n Story #077: The Sontaran Experiment \n\n\n      ''Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Hawaii Five-O'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Loop'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Moonlighting'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''Northern Exposure'' \n The Final Season \n\n\n      ''Sabrina, the Teenage Witch'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''South Park'' \n 9 \n\n\n      ''Stargate Atlantis'' \n 2 \n\n\n March 7  \n ''Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends'' \n 1 \n\n\n March 13\n      ''Baby Looney Tunes'' \n Volume 3: Puddle Olympics \n\n\n      ''Bosom Buddies'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Cool McCool'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Loonatics Unleashed'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Lucy\u2013Desi Comedy Hour'' \n Complete Series \n Released as ''I Love Lucy'' seasons 7, 8, and 9\n\n      ''Match Game 73'' \n Dumb Dora Edition \n\n\n      ''Mile High'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Pretender'' \n TV Movies \n\n\n      ''Robin of Sherwood'' \n Set 1 (1 & 2) \n\n\n      ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' \n Season 4 \n 5 Discs\n\n      ''Without a Trace'' \n 2 \n\n\n March 20\n      ''Anthony Bourdain: No Reservations'' \n Collection 1 \n\n\n      ''Batman Beyond'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Christy'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Deadliest Catch'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Garfield and Friends'' \n An Ode To Odie \n\n\n      ''JAG'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Justice League Unlimited'' \n 2 \n\n\n ''Kong: The Animated Series'' \n The Animated Series Gift Set \n\n\n\n Volume 1 \n\n\n\n Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Masters of Horror'' \n Pro-Life (John Carpenter) \n\n\n      ''Maude'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''McHale's Navy'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Miami Vice'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Miami Vice'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Milton the Monster'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''MythBusters'' \n Mega Movie Myths \n\n\n      ''NewsRadio'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''Run's House'' \n 1 & 2 \n\n\n      ''Sleeper Cell'' \n American Terror: The Complete Second Season \n\n\n      ''The Wild Wild West'' \n 2 \n\n\n March 23  \n  ''Touched by an Angel'' \n Season 4, Volume 1 \n\n\n March 27\n     ''7th Heaven'' \n 4 \n\n\n     ''The Addams Family'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n     ''Family Affair'' \n 3 \n\n\n     ''Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n     ''Full House'' \n 6 \n\n\n     ''The Jeffersons'' \n 6 \n\n\n     ''Mary Hartman, Mary Hartman'' \n Volume 1 (Episodes 1-25) \n\n\n     ''Midsomer Murders'' \n Box Set 8 \n\n\n     ''The New Adventures of He-Man'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n ''One Foot in the Grave'' \n 1 \n\n\n\n 2 \n\n\n     ''The Shield'' \n 5 \n\n\n     ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n     ''Touched by an Angel'' \n Season 4, Volume 1 \n\n\n     ''Whose Line Is It Anyway?'' \n 1 & 2 \n\n\n April 3\n     ''The Brady Bunch'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n     ''Defenders of the Earth'' \n Volume 2  \n\n\n     ''Entourage'' \n Season 3, Part 1 \n\n\n     ''Happy Tree Friends'' \n Season 1: Volume 2 \n\n\n     ''The Henry Rollins Show'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''Law & Order'' \n 5 \n\n\n     ''Mind of Mencia'' \n 2 \n Uncensored\n\n     ''The Pink Panther Show'' \n Volume 5: The Ant & The Aardvark \n\n\n     ''Robson Arms'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''Roseanne'' \n 7 \n\n\n     ''She-Ra: Princess of Power'' \n Season 1, Volume 2 \n\n\n     ''Tom Goes to the Mayor'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n     ''Twin Peaks'' \n 2 \n\n\n April 10\n     ''Avatar: The Last Airbender'' \n Book 2: Earth, Volume 2 \n\n\n     ''The Batman'' \n 3 \n\n\n     ''Murder in Suburbia'' \n Series 2 \n\n\n     ''Proof'' \n Prescription For Murder \n\n\n     ''Scooby's All-Stars'' \n 3 \n\n\n     ''The Streets of San Francisco'' \n Season 1, Volume 1 \n\n\n     ''Teen Titans'' \n 3 \n\n\n     ''The Untouchables'' \n Season 1, Volume 1 \n\n\n April 17\n     ''America's Funniest Home Videos'' \n Motherhood Madness \n\n\n     ''George Lopez'' \n Season 1 & 2 \n\n\n     ''The Ghost Busters'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n     ''Happy Days'' \n 2 \n\n\n     ''Larry King Live'' \n Greatest Interviews Collection \n\n\n     ''The Larry Sanders Show'' \n Not Just The Best Of The Larry Sanders Show \n\n\n     ''Laverne & Shirley'' \n 2 \n\n\n     ''Masters of Horror'' \n Family (John Landis) \n\n\n     ''Mork & Mindy'' \n 2 \n\n\n     ''Most Extreme Elimination Challenge'' \n 2 \n\n\n     ''Murder, She Wrote'' \n 6 \n\n\n     ''Shadow Warriors'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' \n Friend Or Foe \n\n\n     ''The Venture Bros.'' \n 2 \n\n\n April 24\n     ''Are You Afraid of the Dark?'' \n 3 \n Canada Release\n\n     ''Columbo'' \n The Mystery Movie Collection 1989 \n\n\n     ''Daniel Boone'' \n 3 \n\n\n     ''Dogfights'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''The Drew Carey Show'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''Ed, Edd n Eddy'' \n 2 \n\n\n     ''Flipper'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''Ironside'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''Kidnapped'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n     ''Moral Orel'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n     ''NCIS: Naval Criminal Investigative Service'' \n 3 \n\n\n     ''The Odd Couple'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''One Day at a Time'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''Planet Earth'' \n The Complete Collection \n DVD, Blu-ray, HD-DVD Release\n\n     ''Shameless'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''Wall Street Warriors'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''WKRP in Cincinnati'' \n 1 \n\n\n April 27\n     ''The Venture Bros.'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n     ''Planet Earth'' \n The Complete Series \n HD\n\n May 1\n     ''The Adventures of Ozzie and Harriet'' \n Best of the Adventures of Ozzie & Harriet \n\n\n     ''Beverly Hills, 90210'' \n 2 \n\n\n     ''Def Poetry Jam'' \n 5 \n\n\n     ''Dinosaurs'' \n 3 and 4 \n\n\n     ''The Girls Next Door'' \n 2 \n\n\n     ''Hee Haw'' \n Collection Vol. 7 \n\n\n     ''The King of Queens'' \n 8 \n\n\n     ''Melrose Place'' \n 2 \n\n\n     ''Three's Company'' \n Capturing The Laughter - Janet's Favorites \n\n\n     ''What I Like About You'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''Will & Grace'' \n 6 \n\n\n May 8\n     ''The 4400'' \n 3 \n\n\n     ''Cagney & Lacey'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''Daniel Boone'' \n 3 \n\n\n     ''Everybody Loves Raymond'' \n 8 \n\n\n     ''Jam & Jerusalem'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''Jason of Star Command'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n     ''McLeod's Daughters'' \n 2 \n\n\n     ''Mission: Magic!'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n     ''That '70s Show'' \n 6 \n\n\n     ''Trailer Park Boys'' \n 6 \n\n\n     ''Voltron: Defender of the Universe'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n     ''The Waltons'' \n 5 \n\n\n May 15\n     ''American Dad!'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n     ''Banacek'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''Coach'' \n 2 \n\n\n     ''Curious George'' \n Rocket Ride And Other Adventures \n\n\n     ''ER'' \n 7 \n\n\n     ''Frasier'' \n 9 \n\n\n     ''Home Improvement'' \n 6 \n\n\n     ''M*A*S*H'' \n Goodbye, Farewell, and Amen \n\n\n     ''Martin'' \n 2 \n\n\n     ''Masters of Horror'' \n Right To Die (Rob Schmidt) \n\n\n ''Mighty Machines'' \n Diggers & Dozers \n\n\n\n Lights & Ladders \n\n\n     ''Monarch of the Glen'' \n Series 6 \n\n\n     ''Playboy After Dark'' \n Collection 2 \n\n\n     ''A Pup Named Scooby-Doo'' \n Volume 6 \n\n\n     ''The Red Green Show'' \n 1998 Season \n\n\n     ''The Rockford Files'' \n 4 \n\n\n     ''Tom and Jerry'' \n Tex Avery's Droopy: The Complete Theatrical Collection \n\n\n     ''Tom and Jerry Tales'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n     ''The War at Home'' \n 1 \n\n\n     ''Wings'' \n 4 \n\n\n May 22\n ''24'' \n 1 \n Reissue\n\n\n 2 \n Reissue\n\n\n 3 \n Reissue\n\n\n 4 \n Reissue\n\n      ''Afro Samurai'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Airwolf'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Avatar: The Last Airbender'' \n Book 2: Earth, Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Instant Star'' \n 1 \n Director's Cut\n\n      ''The Kid Super Power Hour with Shazam!'' \n Hero High: The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Kitchen Confidential'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Kyle XY'' \n 1 \n\n\n ''Legend of the Dragon'' \n 1 \n\n\n\n Volume 4 \n\n\n      ''The Magnificent Seven'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''MythBusters'' \n Collection 1 \n\n\n      ''The O.C.'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''The Real McCoys'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Roots'' \n 30th Anniversary Edition \n\n\n      ''Scrubs'' \n 5 \n\n\n ''Stuart Little: The Animated Series'' \n All Revved Up! \n\n\n\n Fun Around Every Curve! \n\n\n      ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' \n 1 \n\n\n May 29\n      ''The Andy Griffith Show'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Big Train'' \n 1 & 2 \n\n\n      ''Charlie and Lola'' \n Volume 4 \n\n\n      ''The Closer'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''F Troop'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Kids in the Hall'' \n Best of Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Rawhide'' \n Season 2, Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Weeds'' \n 1 \n Blu-ray Release\n\n June 5\n      ''The Bill'' \n Series 1 \n\n\n      ''Chappelle's Show'' \n The Best of Chappelle's Show \n\n\n      ''CHiPs'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Cosby Show'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''The Cosby Show'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Dante's Cove'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Dark Angel'' \n 1 \n (Thin Pack)\n\n      ''Dark Angel'' \n 2 \n (Thin Pack)\n\n      ''The Dead Zone'' \n 5 \n\n\n ''Doctor Who'' \n New Beginnings (115, 116, 117) \n\n\n\n Story #115: The Keeper of Traken \n\n\n\n Story #116: Logopolis \n\n\n\n Story #117: Castrovalva \n\n\n      ''The Fall Guy'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Flight 29 Down'' \n Season 1, Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''The Henry Rollins Show'' \n 1 \n (Retail Release)\n\n      ''Hex'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Hogan's Heroes'' \n 6 \n\n\n ''Kenny the Shark'' \n Vol. 01: Feeding Frenzy \n\n\n\n Vol. 02: Good Guys vs. Bad Guys \n\n\n      ''Mission: Impossible'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Outer Limits'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Prehistoric Park'' \n The Complete Television Event \n\n\n      ''Rescue Me'' \n 3 \n DVD & Blu-ray Release\n\n      ''Robin Hood'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Seinfeld'' \n 8 \n\n\n      ''Silverwing'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' \n Bikini Bottom Adventures \n\n\n      ''Survivorman'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Sweeney'' \n Series 1 \n\n\n ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' \n The Best of Stand-Up Comedians \n\n\n\n The King of Late Night \n\n\n ''Tutenstein'' \n Volume 1 - The Beginning \n\n\n\n Volume 2 - A Bad Spell \n\n\n      ''Wait Till Your Father Gets Home'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''What's New, Scooby-Doo?'' \n 2 \n\n\n June 10    \n      ''Hustle'' \n 3 \n\n\n June 12\n      ''Blue Murder'' \n Set 1 \n\n\n      ''Deadwood'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Diagnosis: Murder'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Doc Martin'' \n Series 1 \n\n\n      ''The Hardy Boys/Nancy Drew Mysteries'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Kathy Griffin: My Life on the D-List'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Masters of Horror'' \n The Screwfly Solution \n\n\n      ''Mile High'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Noah's Arc'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Practice'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''The Rat Patrol'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Waiting for God'' \n Series 2 \n\n\n      ''Walker, Texas Ranger'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Welcome Back, Kotter'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''What's Happening Now!!'' \n 1 \n\n\n June 15    \n      ''The Kids in the Hall'' \n The Pilot Episode \n\n\n June 19\n      ''Animaniacs'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Batfink'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Daniel Boone'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Lovejoy'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Perry Mason'' \n The 2nd Season, Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Picket Fences'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Pinky and the Brain'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''The Powerpuff Girls'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Silver Spoons'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea'' \n Season 3, Vol. 1 \n\n\n June 26\n      ''The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n ''Beany and Cecil'' \n Best of Casper, Volume 1 \n\n\n\n Best of Casper, Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Hannah Montana'' \n Vol 02: Pop Star Profile \n\n\n      ''Miami Vice'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''Monk'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''My Little Pony n' Friends'' \n Pony Puppy \n\n\n      ''Mystery Science Theater 3000'' \n Collection: Volume 11 \n\n\n      ''The New Adventures of Batman'' \n Complete Series \n\n\n      ''The New Adventures of Superman'' \n Complete Series \n\n\n      ''The New Statesman'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Psych'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Reno 911!'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Seinfeld'' \n 8 \n\n\n      ''The Simpsons'' \n 6 \n\n\n ''Spenser: For Hire'' \n Ceremony \n\n\n\n Pale Kings & Princes \n\n\n      ''Yvon of the Yukon'' \n 1: Unfrozen \n\n\n July 3\n      ''Baa Baa Black Sheep'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Batfink'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''BraveStarr'' \n The Best of BraveStarr (with BraveStarr: The Legend film) \n\n\n      ''Chancer'' \n Series 1 \n\n\n      ''Degrassi: The Next Generation'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''Eureka'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Ghostbusters'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Kate & Allie'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Passport to Europe'' \n England Ireland & Scotland \n\n\n      ''Slings & Arrows'' \n 3 \n\n\n July 10\n      ''Beauty and the Beast'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Bewitched'' \n 5 \n\n\n ''Bizarre'' \n Best of Bizarre Vol. 7 \n\n\n\n Best of Bizarre Vol. 8 \n\n\n\n Best of Bizarre Vol. 9 \n\n\n      ''Extras'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Home Run Derby'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Hustle'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''My Super Sweet 16'' \n 1 & 2 \n\n\n ''Punky Brewster'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n\n Volume 2 \n\n\n\n Volume 3 \n\n\n\n Volume 4 \n\n\n\n Volume 5 \n\n\n\n Volume 6 \n\n\n July 17\n      ''Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''America's Funniest Home Videos'' \n Guide to Parenting \n\n\n      ''Birdman and the Galaxy Trio'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Bozo's Big Top'' \n Bozo: The World's Most Famous Clown \n\n\n      ''The Business'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''College Hill'' \n Season 4: Virgin Islands \n\n\n      ''Dinner for Five'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Foyle's War'' \n Set 4 \n\n\n      ''Grafters'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Gunsmoke'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Incredible Hulk'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Minor Accomplishments of Jackie Woodman'' \n 1 \n\n\n ''Most Haunted'' \n Castles Of Britain \n\n\n\n London Haunts \n\n\n\n The Collection - Season 1 & 2 \n\n\n      ''Overhaulin''' \n Season 3 - Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Payback'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Rising Damp'' \n Series 4 \n\n\n      ''The Rookies'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Space Ghost'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Taxicab Confessions'' \n New York, New York \n\n\n      ''Vincent'' \n Series 1 \n\n\n      ''Voyagers!'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Wanted: Dead or Alive'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''William and Mary'' \n 1 & 2 \n\n\n July 24\n      ''Benson'' \n 1 \n\n\n ''A Bit of Fry & Laurie'' \n 3 \n\n\n\n 4 \n\n\n\n The Complete Collection...Every Bit! \n\n\n      ''The Crow: Stairway to Heaven'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Harvey Birdman, Attorney at Law'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Land of the Giants'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''The Real McCoys'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Secrets of Isis'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n ''Spenser: For Hire'' \n A Savage Place \n\n\n\n Judas Goat \n\n\n      ''Star Trek: The Original Series'' \n Star Trek: Captain's Log Fan Collective \n\n\n      ''Stargate SG-1'' \n 10 \n Slim Set\n\n      ''Suspense'' \n The Lost Episodes, Collection 1 \n\n\n      ''Tales from the Crypt'' \n 6 \n\n\n      ''Three Sheets'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Todd McFarlane's Spawn'' \n 10th Anniversary Signature Edition \n\n\n ''Underdog'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n\n Volume 2 \n\n\n\n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Weeds'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Woody Woodpecker Show'' \n Woody Woodpecker And Friends Classic Cartoon Collection \n\n\n July 31\n      ''The Archie Show'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Babylon 5'' \n The Lost Tales \n\n\n      ''Dallas'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''Hawaii Five-O'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Kids of Degrassi Street'' \n Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Popeye the Sailor: 1933-1938, Volume 1'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Sabrina, the Teenage Witch'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Sons of Hollywood'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Space: 1999'' \n 30th Anniversary Edition \n\n\n August 7\n      ''8 Simple Rules'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Adventures of Jim Bowie'' \n The Complete Collection \n\n\n      ''Charlie and Lola'' \n Volume 5 \n\n\n      ''Cory in the House: All Star Edition'' \n Volume 1 \n Includes Crossovers with Raven-Symon\u00e9 and Dwayne \"The Rock\" Johnson, Includes Never-Before-Seen Episode\n\n      ''Daniel Boone'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''Darkwing Duck'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''The Dresden Files'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Foursome'' \n Season 1, Part 1 \n\n\n      ''Full House'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''Happy Tree Friends'' \n Season 1: Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''The Hills'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Home Improvement'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''Inside the Actors Studio'' \n Barbra Streisand \n\n\n      ''The Jimmy Dean Show'' \n Best of, Vol 2 \n\n\n      ''Man Stroke Woman'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Muppet Show'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''My Hero'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Rome'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Roseanne'' \n 8 \n\n\n      ''Saved by the Bell'' \n Hawaiian Style/Wedding In Las Vegas \n\n\n      ''The Simpsons'' \n 10 \n\n\n      ''Soul Food'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Suite Life of Zack & Cody: Sweet Suite Victory'' \n Volume 2 \n Includes Never-Before-Seen Episode\n\n      ''Super Friends: The Legendary Super Powers Show'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''The Tick'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Tick'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''That Girl'' \n 3 \n\n\n August 14\n      ''All Creatures Great and Small'' \n Series 7 \n\n\n      ''All Creatures Great and Small'' \n The Complete Collection \n\n\n      ''Avatar: The Last Airbender'' \n Book 2: Earth, Volume 4 \n\n\n      ''Baby Looney Tunes'' \n Volume 4: Tooth Fairy Tales \n\n\n ''Doctor Who'' \n Story #075: Robot \n\n\n\n Story #159: Survival \n\n\n      ''Dynasty'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Elvis'' \n The Miniseries \n\n\n      ''The Fugitive'' \n Season 1, Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Home Improvement'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''Home Run Derby'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''The Kids in the Hall'' \n The Pilot Episode - Special Headcrusher Edition \n\n\n      ''Loonatics Unleashed'' \n 2 \n\n\n ''Masters of Horror'' \n Valerie On The Stairs (Mick Garris) \n\n\n\n We All Scream For Ice Cream (Tom Holland) \n\n\n      ''McLeod's Daughters'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Murder City'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Overhaulin''' \n Season 3 - Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''A Pup Named Scooby-Doo'' \n Volume 7 \n \n\n      ''Rome'' \n 2 \n\n August 21\n      ''Dexter'' \n 1 \n\n\n ''Dog Whisperer with Cesar Millan'' \n Cesar's Toughest Cases \n\n\n\n Power Of The Pack \n\n\n\n 2 \n\n\n      ''Girls Behaving Badly'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''House'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''I Pity the Fool'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''JAG'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Life Begins'' \n Series 1 \n\n\n      ''Man About the House'' \n Series 1 & 2 \n\n\n      ''South Park'' \n 10 \n\n\n      '''Til Death'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Ugly Betty'' \n 1 \n\n\n August 28\n      ''Beyond Belief: Fact or Fiction'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Danger Mouse'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Dark Shadows'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Edgar & Ellen'' \n Trick or Twins \n\n\n      ''Flight 29 Down'' \n Season 1, Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Friday Night Lights'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Heroes'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''I Shouldn't Be Alive'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Land Before Time'' \n Amazing Adventures \n\n\n      ''Legion of Super Heroes'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Masters of Horror'' \n 1 \n Limited Edition Mausoleum Set\n\n      ''Ned's Declassified School Survival Guide'' \n Special Field Trip Edition \n\n\n      ''The Odd Couple'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Odd Couple'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Outer Limits'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Rick & Steve: The Happiest Gay Couple in All the World'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Samurai Jack'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Tutenstein'' \n Volume 3: The Fearless Pharaoh \n\n\n September 4\n      ''30 Rock'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Black Donnellys'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Bosom Buddies'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Cheaters'' \n The Best Of Cheaters, Volume 2 \n Uncensored\n\n      ''Clarissa Explains It All'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Desperate Housewives'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Dirty Jobs'' \n Collection 1 \n\n\n      ''Falcon Beach'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Garfield and Friends'' \n Dreams & Schemes \n\n\n      ''The Gumby Show'' \n Gumby Essentials: Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''A Haunting'' \n 1 & 2 \n\n\n      ''Hetty Wainthropp Investigates'' \n The Complete Collection \n\n\n      ''It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia'' \n 1 & 2 \n\n\n      ''Nip/Tuck'' \n 4 \n DVD, Blu-ray & HD-DVD Release\n\n      ''The Office'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Prison Break'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Real Housewives of Orange County'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Robot Chicken'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Rules of Engagement'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''She-Ra: Princess of Power'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' \n Season 5, Volume 1 \n\n\n September 11\n      ''The Addams Family'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Avatar: The Last Airbender'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Bones'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Charmed'' \n 8 \n\n\n      ''Fantastic Four: World's Greatest Heroes'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Fraggle Rock'' \n 3 \n\n\n ''Goosebumps'' \n It Came From Beneath The Sink \n\n\n\n Night Of The Living Dummy \n\n\n\n Say Cheese And Die \n\n\n      ''Grey's Anatomy'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''G-Spot'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''I Dream of Jeannie'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Jericho'' \n Set 2 \n\n\n      ''Judge Judy'' \n Justice Served \n\n\n      ''Las Vegas'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Masada'' \n The Complete Epic Mini-Series \n\n\n      ''McHale's Navy'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Overhaulin''' \n Season 3 - Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Prime Suspect'' \n Prime Suspect 7: The Final Act \n\n\n      ''The Starter Wife'' \n The Original Mini-Series \n\n\n      ''Supernatural'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' \n Season 6 - Fast Forward, Vol. 2: The Day of Awakening \n\n\n      ''Tom and Jerry'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Two and a Half Men'' \n 1 \n\n\n September 18\n ''Ballykissangel'' \n Series 6 \n\n\n\n The Complete Collection \n\n\n      ''Blade: The Series'' \n House Of Chthon \n\n\n      ''Boston Legal'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Brothers & Sisters'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Bullwinkle Show'' \n Best Of Rocky & Bullwinkle: Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Corner Gas'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Everybody Loves Raymond'' \n 9 \n\n\n      ''Family Guy'' \n Volume 5 \n\n\n      ''Foursome'' \n Season 1, Part 2 \n\n\n      ''Gene Simmons Family Jewels'' \n The Best of Seasons 1 and 2 \n\n\n      ''Ghost Whisperer'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Johnny Cash Show'' \n The Best Of The Johnny Cash Show \n The Deluxe Edition\n\n      ''Josie and the Pussycats'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Married... with Children'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''Masters of Horror'' \n Sounds Like (Brad Anderson) \n\n\n      ''Masters of Horror'' \n The Washingtonians (Peter Medak) \n\n\n      ''Power Rangers: Operation Overdrive'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Power Rangers: Operation Overdrive'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Smallville'' \n 6 \n DVD, Blu-ray & HD-DVD release\n\n      ''The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Stargate Atlantis'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Superman: The Animated Series'' \n Doomsday (Lenticular Cover) \n\n\n      ''Tales from the Cryptkeeper'' \n 1: Pleasant Screams \n\n\n      ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' \n Season 1 - Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Upright Citizens Brigade'' \n 2 \n\n\n September 25\n ''The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes'' \n The Complete Grandpa Television Series \n\n\n ''Bliss'' \n 3 \n\n\n ''The Bronx Is Burning'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n ''The Catherine Tate Show'' \n Series 1 \n\n\n ''College Hill'' \n Season 3: Virginia State University \n\n\n ''The Cosby Show'' \n The Best Of The Cosby Show \n\n\n ''Davey and Goliath'' \n The Lost Episodes \n\n\n ''Dog the Bounty Hunter'' \n The Arrest \n\n\n ''Drawn Together'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Grounded for Life'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''Home Run Derby'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Inside the Actors Studio'' \n Leading Men \n\n\n      ''Jericho'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The King of Queens'' \n 9 \n\n\n      ''Midsomer Murders'' \n Box Set 9 \n\n\n ''Movie Macabre'' \n Blue Sunshine/Monstroid \n\n\n\n Gamera, Super Monsters/They Came from Beyond Space \n\n\n\n Maneater of Hydra/The House That Screamed \n\n\n      ''My Name Is Earl'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Numb3rs'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''The Streets of San Francisco'' \n Season 1, Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Thunderbirds'' \n 40th Anniversary Collector's Edition \n 12 DVD Megaset\n\n      ''The Unit'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Untouchables'' \n Season 1, Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Urban Gothic'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Voltron: Defender of the Universe'' \n Volume 4 \n\n\n      ''What About Brian'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n October 2\n      ''Criminal Minds'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Entourage'' \n Season 3, Part 2 \n\n\n      ''Everybody Hates Chris'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Felix the Cat'' \n Golden Anniversary Edition (1958-1959) \n\n\n      ''The Glen Campbell Goodtime Hour'' \n Good Times Again \n\n\n      ''The Godzilla Power Hour'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Hee Haw'' \n A Salute To Hee Haw: Collector's Edition \n\n\n      ''How I Met Your Mother'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''I Love New York'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Inspector Lynley Mysteries'' \n Set 5 \n\n\n      ''Jericho'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Little People, Big World'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Metalocalypse'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Mystery Science Theater 3000'' \n 12th Collection \n\n\n      ''The Paul Lynde Show'' \n The Paul Lynde Halloween Show \n\n\n      ''The Sarah Silverman Program'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Secret World of Alex Mack'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Shark'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Star Trek: The Next Generation'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n October 7   \n      ''Metalocalypse'' \n 1 \n\n\n October 8 \n ''Denver, the Last Dinosaur'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n October 9\n      ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Ben 10'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''CSI: NY'' \n 3 \n\n\n ''The Captain & Tennille'' \n In Hawaii \n\n\n\n In New Orleans \n\n\n\n Songbook \n\n\n\n The Christmas Show \n\n\n      ''Creature Comforts'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Degrassi Junior High'' \n The Complete Collection \n\n\n      ''Everybody Hates Chris'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Family Ties'' \n 2 \n\n\n ''Ghost Hunters'' \n Live From The Shining Hotel \n\n\n\n Season 3, Part 1 \n\n\n      ''Girlfriends'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Hannah Montana'' \n Vol 03: Life's What You Make It \n\n\n      ''Jericho'' \n Series 1 & 2 \n\n\n      ''The Lair'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Agatha Christie's Marple'' \n Series 3 \n\n\n      ''Meerkat Manor'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Murder, She Wrote'' \n 7 \n\n\n ''Only Fools and Horses'' \n The Complete Collection \n\n\n\n The Specials 1991-2003 \n\n\n      ''Robin of Sherwood'' \n Set 2 (Season 3) \n\n\n      ''Roots'' \n The Complete Collection \n\n\n      ''Stargate SG-1'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n ''The Vicar of Dibley'' \n A Holy Wholly Happy Ending \n\n\n\n The Immaculate Collection \n\n\n      ''War and Peace'' \n The Complete BBC Mini-Series \n\n\n      ''Whose Line Is It Anyway?'' \n Season 1, Volume 2 (Uncensored) \n\n\n October 16\n      ''Absolutely Fabulous'' \n White Box \n\n\n      ''Charlie and Lola'' \n Volume 6 \n\n\n      ''Deadliest Catch'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Ironside'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Jonathan Creek'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''MacGyver'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n ''Masters of Horror'' \n Season 1, Volume 1 \n Blu-ray Release\n\n\n Season 1, Volume 1 \n Blu-ray Release\n\n\n The Damned Thing (Tobe Hooper) \n\n\n      ''Medium'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''MythBusters'' \n Collection 2 \n\n\n      ''Ramsay's Kitchen Nightmares'' \n Volume 1 \n Canada Release\n\n      ''Roseanne'' \n 9 \n\n\n      ''Squidbillies'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''That '70s Show'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''Waking the Dead'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Wanted Dead or Alive'' \n 3 \n\n\n October 23\n      ''Veronica Mars'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Tales from the Crypt'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea'' \n Season 3, Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''NCIS'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''I Love Lucy'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''The L Word'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Route 66'' \n Season 1, Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''The Sopranos'' \n Season 6, Part 2 \n\n\n October 30\n      ''Angel'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Arrest and Trial'' \n The Best Of Arrest and Trial \n\n\n      ''Avatar: The Last Airbender'' \n Book 3: Fire, Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''The Benny Hill Show'' \n The Thames Years 1969-1989: The Complete Megaset \n\n\n      ''Biography'' \n Saturday Night Live \n\n\n ''The Bugs Bunny/Looney Tunes Comedy Hour'' \n The Looney Tunes Golden Collection Volume 5 \n\n\n\n The Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection \n\n\n      ''CSI: Miami'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''Checkmate'' \n The Best of Season 1 \n\n\n      ''Cimarron City'' \n The Best Of Cimarron City \n\n\n      ''Cities of the Underworld'' \n The Complete Season 1 \n\n\n      ''Dark Shadows'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Everybody Loves Raymond'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Family Affair'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Family Guy'' \n Freakin' Party Pack \n\n\n      ''Hardcastle and McCormick'' \n 3 \n Canada Only\n\n      ''Laredo'' \n The Best of Season 1 \n\n\n      ''Magnum, P.I.'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''Miami Ink'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Mickey Rooney Show'' \n Hey Mulligan \n\n\n      ''My So-Called Life'' \n The Complete Series \n (2007 Shout! Factory)\n\n      ''Mystery Science Theater 3000'' \n Collection: Volume 12 \n\n\n      ''October Road'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Outer Limits'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''The Real McCoys'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Restless Gun'' \n The Best Of The Restless Gun \n\n\n      ''Riptide'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Riverboat'' \n The Best Of Riverboat \n\n\n      ''Scrubs'' \n Season 6 \n\n\n      ''Shaggy & Scooby-Doo Get a Clue!'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Suspense'' \n The Lost Episodes, Collection 2 \n\n\n      ''The Tall Man'' \n The Best Of The Tall Man \n\n\n      ''Tate'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Twin Peaks'' \n Definitive Gold Box Edition \n\n\n November 3 \n      ''My Favorite Martian'' \n 3 \n\n\n November 6\n      ''6teen'' \n Season 1, Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''The Andy Griffith Show'' \n The Best Of The Andy Griffith Show \n\n\n      ''Beetle Bailey and His Friends'' \n The Compete Collection \n\n\n      ''The Bob Hope Show'' \n Ultimate Collection Special Edition \n\n\n      ''Captain & Tennille'' \n The TV Specials \n\n\n      ''The Colbert Report'' \n Best Of The Colbert Report \n\n\n      ''The Cosby Show'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''The Cosby Show'' \n 6 \n\n\n      ''Doctor Who'' \n Story #123: Time-Flight \n\n\n      ''Doctor Who'' \n Story #124: Arc of Infinity \n\n\n      ''Doctor Who'' \n The Complete 3rd Series \n\n\n      ''Extreme Engineering'' \n Collection 1 \n\n\n      ''Flight of the Conchords'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Full House'' \n 8 \n\n\n      ''Full House'' \n The Complete Series Collection \n\n\n      ''Gilligan's Island'' \n The Complete Series Collection \n\n\n      ''House of Venus Show'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Iron King'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''The King of Queens'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Kung Fu'' \n The Complete Collection \n\n\n      ''Martin'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''McLeod's Daughters'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Most Extreme Elimination Challenge'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''The Munsters'' \n The Munsters' Scary Little Christmas \n\n\n      ''Payback'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''The Pink Panther Show'' \n A Pink Christmas \n\n\n      ''Project Runway'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Robson Arms'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Seinfeld'' \n 9 \n\n\n      ''Seinfeld'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Sesame Street'' \n Old School Volume 2: 1974-1979 \n\n\n      ''The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson'' \n Heeere's Johnny: The Definitive DVD Collection \n\n\n      ''Wildfire'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Wings'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''Wonder Woman'' \n The Complete Collection \n\n\n      ''The X-Files'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''The X-Files'' \n The Ultimate Collection \n\n\n November 9\n      ''Full House'' \n 8 \n\n\n      ''Full House'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Gilligan's Island'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Kung Fu'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Wonder Woman'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n November 13\n      ''The Addams Family'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Are You Afraid of the Dark?'' \n 4 \n In Canada Only\n\n      ''Black Books'' \n Series 3 \n\n\n      ''Black Books'' \n The Complete Black Boots \n\n\n      ''Captain N and the New Super Mario World'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Da Vinci's Inquest'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''DuckTales'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Gilmore Girls'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''Gilmore Girls'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Kenny vs. Spenny'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''King of Kensington'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Little Mosque on the Prairie'' \n 1 \n In Canada Only\n\n      ''The Littles'' \n The Complete Unedited Series \n\n\n      ''Masters of Horror'' \n Dream Cruise (Norio Tsuruta) \n\n\n      ''Masters of Horror'' \n Season 1, Volume 3 \n Blu-ray Release\n\n      ''Melrose Place'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Miami Vice'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Northern Exposure'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Perry Mason'' \n The 2nd Season, Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Prison Break'' \n 1 \n Blu-ray Release\n\n      ''Scooby-Doo, Where Are You!'' \n Wooden Treasure Chest Giftset \n\n\n      ''South Park'' \n Christmas Time In South Park \n\n\n      ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' \n Atlantis SquarePantis \n\n\n      ''TaleSpin'' \n Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''The Young Ones'' \n Extra Stoopid Edition \n\n\n      ''Zorro: Generation Z'' \n Return to the Future \n\n\n November 20\n      ''The Batman'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Bozo's Big Top'' \n Bozo: The World's Most Famous Clown Collection 2 \n\n\n      ''BraveStarr'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''CSI: Crime Scene Investigation'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''The Care Bears'' \n 25 Years of Caring Gift Set \n\n\n      ''Chappelle's Show'' \n Series Collection \n\n\n      ''Charles in Charge'' \n 2 \n\n\n ''The Doris Day Show'' \n Doris Day Today \n\n\n\n 5 \n\n\n      ''Dr. Katz, Professional Therapist'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Gene Simmons Family Jewels'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Happy Tree Friends'' \n Season 1: Volume 4 \n\n\n      ''Ice Road Truckers'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Inside the Actors Studio'' \n Johnny Deep \n\n\n ''Little Britain'' \n Abroad \n\n\n\n The Complete Collection \n\n\n      ''Love, American Style'' \n Season 1, Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Man with a Camera'' \n Complete Collection \n\n\n      ''Mission: Impossible'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''The Naked Brothers Band'' \n Battle Of The Bands \n\n\n      ''Queer as Folk'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Star Trek: The Original Series'' \n 1 \n HD DVD\n\n      ''Tales of Tomorrow'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Teen Titans'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''The Tudors'' \n 1 \n Uncut Edition\n\n      ''The Universe'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Wild Wild West'' \n 3 \n\n\n November 27\n      ''Futurama'' \n Bender's Big Score \n\n\n      ''Happy Days'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''The Land Before Time'' \n Good Times and Good Friends \n\n\n      ''Laverne & Shirley'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''The Man from U.N.C.L.E.'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Mork & Mindy'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''The O.C.'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Power Rangers: Operation Overdrive'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n December 4\n      ''24'' \n 6 \n\n\n      ''7th Heaven'' \n 5 \n\n\n      ''Adventures of Sonic the Hedgehog'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''The Adventures of Super Mario Bros. 3'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n      ''Battlestar Galactica'' \n Razor \n Unrated Extended Edition\n\n      ''Battlestar Galactica'' \n 1 \n HD-DVD Release\n\n      ''Bump!'' \n Great Britain \n\n\n      ''Bump!'' \n Mexico \n\n\n      ''Crank Yankers'' \n The Best of Crank Yankers \n\n\n      ''Dante's Cove'' \n The Guilty Pleasure Collection \n\n\n      ''Diagnosis: Murder'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Grafters'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Highlander: The Animated Series'' \n The Complete Series (Genius) \n\n\n      ''Instant Star'' \n 2 \n Director's Cut\n\n      ''Law & Order: Special Victims Unit'' \n The 4th Year \n\n\n      ''New Street Law'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Saturday Night Live'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''This Hour Has 22 Minutes'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''This Hour Has 22 Minutes'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Tom and Jerry Tales'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Touched by an Angel'' \n Season 4, Volume 2 \n\n\n      ''Tyler Perry's House of Payne'' \n Volume 1: Episodes 1-20 \n\n\n      ''Will & Grace'' \n 7 \n\n\n      ''The Wire'' \n 4 \n\n\n December 7 \n      ''Space Ghost Coast to Coast'' \n The 1998 Episodes \n\n\n December 11\n      ''Beverly Hills, 90210'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Big Love'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Dirt'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''Disneyland'' \n Secrets, Stories & Magic: Walt Disney Treasures Limited Edition Tin \n\n\n ''Flight 29 Down'' \n 1 \n\n\n\n Season 1, Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Frasier'' \n 10 \n\n\n      ''Gomer Pyle, U.S.M.C.'' \n 3 \n\n\n      ''Lost'' \n 3 \n DVD & Blu-ray\n\n ''Masters of Horror'' \n Season 1, Volume 4 \n Blu-ray\n\n\n The V Word (Ernest Dickerson) \n\n\n      ''Voltron: Defender of the Universe'' \n Volume 5 \n\n\n      ''Walt Disney Treasures: Oswald the Lucky Rabbit'' \n \n\n\n      ''Walt Disney Treasures: Chronological Donald'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n      ''Disneyland Stories, Secrets, and Magic'' \n \n\n\n December 18\n      ''Adventures in Hollyhood'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''The Bronx Is Burning'' \n World Championship Edition \n\n\n      ''The Mod Squad'' \n 1 \n\n\n      ''One Tree Hill'' \n 4 \n\n\n      ''Rawhide'' \n 2 \n\n\n      ''Sonic Underground'' \n Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''The Tarzan/Lone Ranger Adventure Hour'' \n Long Ranger/Zorro: Volume 1 \n\n\n      ''Underdog'' \n The Ultimate Collection \n\n\n      ''The Young Indiana Jones Chronicles'' \n Volume 2: The War Years \n\n\n December 23 \n      ''Galactica 1980'' \n The Complete Series \n\n\n December 26 \n      ''Kong: The Animated Series'' \n Volume 3 \n\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"2007 MOJO Awards"	"Introduction"	"The 2007 MOJO Honours List Winners were announced at a ceremony at The Brewery in London, England on June 18, 2007.\n"	"Nominees"	"Complete list of nominees (winners in bold):\n\n*Album of the Year\n**Amy Winehouse - ''Back to Black''\n**Bob Dylan - ''Modern Times''\n**'''The Good The Bad And The Queen - ''The Good, the Bad & the Queen'''''\n**Grinderman - ''Grinderman''\n**Midlake - ''The Trials of Van Occupanther''\n*Song of the Year\n**'''Amy Winehouse - \"Rehab\"'''\n**Arctic Monkeys - \"Brianstorm\"\n**The Gossip - \"Standing in the Way of Control\"\n**Guillemots - \"Made-Up Lovesong 43\"\n**The View - \"Same Jeans\"\n*Best Live Act\n**Amy Winehouse\n**'''Arcade Fire'''\n**Arctic Monkeys \n**The Stooges\n**The Who\n*Breakthrough Act\n**The Hold Steady\n**Joanna Newsom\n**Midlake\n**'''Seasick Steve'''\n**The View\n*Catalogue Release\n**Gram Parsons - ''The Complete Reprise Sessions''\n**Fairport Convention - ''Live at the BBC'' \n**Various - ''Forever Changing: The Golden Age of Elektra Records 1963-1973''\n**Johnny Cash - ''At San Quentin''\n**Karen Dalton - ''In My Own Time'' \n**'''Various - ''The Complete Motown Singles Vol 6. 1966'''''\n*Classic Album Award: \n**'''''Exodus'' by Bob Marley'''\n*Compilation of the Year\n**''Change is Gonna Come: The Voice of Black America 1963-1973'' \n**''Jonny Greenwood is the Controller'' \n**''Rough Trade Shops: Counterculture 1976'' \n**''Soul Gospel Volume 2'' \n**'''''White Bicycles: Making Music in the 1960s - The Joe Boyd Story'''''\n*Vision Award\n**Nirvana - ''Live! Tonight! Sold Out!!'' \n**'''Slade - ''Slade in Flame'''''\n**Ronnie Lane - ''The Passing Show - The Life And Music of Ronnie Lane'' \n**Gorillaz - ''Phase Two: Slowboat to Hades''\n**T. Rex - ''T. Rex On TV''\n**Townes Van Zandt - ''Be Here to Love Me''\n*Cult Hero\n**'''The Only Ones'''\n*Hall of Fame Award\n**'''The Doors'''\n*Hero Award\n**'''Alice Cooper'''\n*Icon Award\n**'''Ozzy Osbourne'''\n*Innovation in Sound Award\n**'''Suicide'''\n*Inspiration Award\n**'''Bj\u00f6rk'''\n*Legend Award\n**'''Ike Turner'''\n*Les Paul Award\n**'''Peter Green'''\n*Lifetime Achievement Award\n**'''The Stooges'''\n*Maverick Award\n**'''Echo & the Bunnymen'''\n*The MOJO Medal\n**'''Jac Holzman of Elektra Records'''\n*Outstanding Contribution\n**'''Joy Division'''\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* ''MOJO'' magazine\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"2010 South Sydney Rabbitohs season"	"Introduction"	"\n\nThe '''2010 South Sydney Rabbitohs season''' was the 101st in the club's history. It competed in the National Rugby League's 2010 Telstra Premiership and finished 9th out of 16 teams, only just missing out on a place in the finals. The coach of the club was John Lang and club captain was Roy Asotasi.\n\n\n"	"Pre-season"	"The South Sydney Rabbitohs pre-season schedule began with a return to spiritual home Redfern Oval on Sunday 7 February, with the Rabbitohs winning 42-12 over the Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles. English Recruit Sam Burgess picked up his first try in Rabbitohs colours; Adam Reynolds, Jason Clark, Brock Molan, Kennedy Pettybourne, Josh Mansour, Curtis Johnston and Matt Mundine each scored a try.\n\nTwo weeks later the Rabbitohs took their pre-season to Coffs Harbour, New South Wales to play the Gold Coast Titans at BCU International Stadium in front of 5,500 supporters. The Titans took the match 28-22. Luke Capewell grabbed a double, while Issac Luke and Junior Vaivai scored the other two tries.\n\nThe Rabbitohs then took part in the traditional Charity Shield clash against the St George Illawarra Dragons. The Rabbitohs retained the Charity Shield after a 26-26 draw. Fetuli Fetuli Talanoa grabbed a treble; and Ben Lowe and Nathan Merritt scored the other two tries.\n\n===Results===\n\n\n Home Team !! Score !! Away Team !! Crowd !! Ground\n\n South Sydney Rabbitohs \n 48 - 12 \n Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles \n 5,000 \n Redfern Oval\n\n South Sydney Rabbitohs \n 22 - 26 \n Gold Coast Titans \n 5,550 \n BCU International Stadium\n\n South Sydney Rabbitohs \n 26 -26 \n St George Illawarra Dragons \n 27,221 \n ANZ Stadium\n\n"	"Regular season"	"\n===Results===\n\n\nDate!! Round !! Opponent !! Venue!! Result!! Tries!! Goals!! F. Goals!! Attendance\n\n14 Mar, 15:00\nRound 1\n Sydney Roosters\nANZ Stadium, Sydney\n 10 - 36 \nMerritt (2)\nLuke (1con)\n \n 23,149\n\n21 Mar, 15:00\nRound 2\n Gold Coast Titans\nANZ Stadium, Sydney\n 18 - 19 \nChampion (2), Tyrell \nLuke (1con) \n \n 10,943\n\n28 Mar, 15:00\nRound 3\n16px Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks\nToyota Stadium, Woolooware\n 30 - 8 \nChampion (2), Best, Burgess, Luke\nLuke (4con), Sandow (1con)\n \n 10,741\n\n2 Apr, 20:35\nRound 4\n16px Canterbury-Bankstown Bulldogs\nANZ Stadium\n 38 - 16 \nBurgess (2), Champion (2), Sandow, Merritt, Luke\nLuke (3con), Sandow (2con)\n \n 30,120\n\n11 Apr, 15:00\nRound 5\n16px Newcastle Knights\nBluetongue Stadium, Central Coast\n28 - 10\nMerritt (2), Champion, Talanoa, Wesser\nLuke (4con)\n \n 16,098\n\n16-19 Apr \n Round 6\n16px Parramatta Eels\nANZ Stadium\n8 - 22 \n Talanoa, Best \n \n \n 25,152\n\n23-26 Apr \n Round 7\n16px Canberra Raiders\nCanberra Stadium, Canberra\n26 - 24\nSutton, Merritt, Luke, Taylor, Wesser\nSandow (2con), Luke (1con)  \n  \n 13,145\n\n30 Apr-3 May\nRound 8\n16px Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles\nANZ Stadium\n22 - 30\nChampion (2), Taylor, Luke\nLuke (3con) \n \n 15,459\n\n\nRound 9\nBYE\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n14\u201317 May \n Round 10\n16px Wests Tigers\nSCG, Sydney\n 50 - 10 \nMerritt (3), Champion (2), Taylor, Sandow, Best, Talanoa\nLuke (7con) \n \n 30,685\n\n21\u201324 May \n Round 11\n New Zealand Warriors\nMt Smart Stadium, Auckland\n 24 - 26 \nTalanoa (2), Best, Wesser\nLuke (4con) \n \n 13,235\n\n28\u201331 May \n Round 12\n16px Penrith Panthers\nANZ Stadium\n 42 - 22 \nWesser (2), Taylor, Sutton, Luke, Sandow, Champion\nLuke (7con) \n \n 11,108\n\n4-7 Jun \n Round 13\n16px North Queensland Cowboys\nANZ Stadium\n 32 - 4 \nChampion (2), Merritt (2), Taylor, Talanoa, Luke\nLuke (1con), Sandow (1con) \n \n 9,688\n\n11-14 Jun \n Round 14\n16px Brisbane Broncos\nSuncorp Stadium, Brisbane\n 22 - 50 \nMerritt (2), Best, Lowe\nSandow (3con) \n \n 30,311\n\n\n11-14 Jun \n Round 15\n16px Manly-Warringah Sea Eagles\nBrookvale Oval, Brookvale\n 25 - 26 \nLuke (2), Wesser, Sandow\nLuke (3con) \n Sandow (1fieldgoal) \n 11,661\n\n25-28 Jun \n Round 16\n16px Melbourne Storm\nNIB Stadium\n 16 - 14 \nTalanoa (2), Sandow \nLuke (2con) \n \n 13,164\n\n\nRound 17\nBYE\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n9-12 Jul \n Round 18\n Sydney Roosters\nSydney Football Stadium, Sydney\n 14 - 18 \nFalloon, Talanoa \nSandow (3con) \n \n 18,424\n\n16-19 Jul \n Round 19\n16px St George Illawarra Dragons\nANZ Stadium \n 13 - 16 \n Asotasi, Sutton \n Sandow(2con) \n Sandow (1fieldgoal) \n 22,238\n\n23-26 Jul \n Round 20\n New Zealand Warriors\nANZ Stadium \n 38 - 28 \n Talanoa (2), Merritt, Simpson, Pettybourne, Falloon, Sandow \n Sandow (5con) \n \n13,895\n\n30 Jul-2 Aug\nRound 21\n16px Canterbury Bulldogs\nANZ Stadium\n 12 - 32 \n Sandow (2) \n Luke (2con) \n \n\n\n6-9 Aug \n Round 22\n16px Wests Tigers\nANZ Stadium\n 34 - 30 \n Farrell (3), Talanoa, Wesser, Sutton \n Sandow (5con)\n \n23,298\n\n13-16 Aug \n Round 23\n16px Melbourne Storm\nAAMI Park, Melbourne\n 16 - 18 \nMerritt (2), Capewell \nLuke (2con) \n \n\n\n20-23 Aug \n Round 24\n16px Penrith Panthers\nCUA Stadium, Penrith\n 18 - 54 \nCapewell, Wesser, Farrell \n Sandow (3con)\n \n\n\n27-30 Aug \n Round 25\n16px Parramatta Eels\nANZ Stadium\n  24 - 14 \nLowe, Luke, Taylor\n Sandow (4con) \n \n\n\n3-6 Sep \n Round 26\n16px St. George Illawarra Dragons\nWIN Stadium, Wollongong\n 38 - 24 \n \n \n \n\n\n"	"Ladder"	"\n"	"Kit and Sponsors"	"\n\n===National Australia Bank===\nThe National Australia Bank was the Rabbitohs major home sponsor for the 2010 Telstra Premiership.\n\n===DeLonghi===\nDeLonghi was the major away sponsor for the Rabbitohs in the 2010 Telstra Premiership.\n\n===V8 Supercars Australia===\nV8 Supercars was the Rabbitohs major sleeve sponsor for the 2010 Telstra Premiership.\n\n===Virgin Blue===\nVirgin Blue was the Rabbitohs major training sponsor for the 2010 Telstra Premiership.\n"	"Current squad"	"The following list comprises players who were in the Rabbitohs full-time first-grade squad for the 2010 season in the NRL Telstra Premiership.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n''\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"	"Player Statistics"	"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\" width=\"100%\" style=\"text-align: center;\"\n\nTotal Points\n\n\n\n \u2013 !! \u2013 !! \u2013 !! \u2013 !! \u2013 !! \u2013\n\n"	"Representative Honours"	"{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"width:100%;\"\n\n Four Nations\n\n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n    \n   \n\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"2015\u201316 South Dakota State Jackrabbits men's basketball team"	"Introduction"	"\n\nThe '''2015\u201316 South Dakota State Jackrabbits men's basketball team''' represented South Dakota State University during the 2015\u201316 NCAA Division I men's basketball season. The Jackrabbits, led by 21st year head coach Scott Nagy, played their home games at Frost Arena and were members of The Summit League. The Jackrabbits finished the season 26\u20138, 12\u20134 in Summit League play to share the Summit League regular season champsionship. They defeated Oral Roberts, Denver, and North Dakota State to win the The Summit League Tournament. As a result, they received the conference's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament. As a No. 12 seed in the South Region, they were eliminated by No. 5 seed Maryland in the First Round.\n\nOn April 4, head coach Scott Nagy resigned to become the head coach at Wright State. He finished at South Dakota State with a 21-year record of 410\u2013240. On April 13, the school hired T. J. Otzelberger as head coach.\n"	" Previous season "	"The Jackrabbits finished the 2014\u201315 season 24\u201311, 12\u20134 in Summit League play to win a share of the Summit League regular season championship. They lost to North Dakota State in the finals of the Summit League Tournament. As a No. 1 seed in a conference tournament who did not win their tournament, they received an automatic bid to the NIT where they lost in the second round to Vanderbilt.\n"	"Roster"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"	"Schedule"	"\n\n\n Exhibition\n\n\n\n Regular season\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n The Summit League Tournament\n\n\n\n\nNCAA Tournament\n\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"31st AVN Awards"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''31st AVN Awards''' was an event during which ''Adult Video News'' (''AVN'') presented its annual AVN Awards to honor the best pornographic movies and adult entertainment products of 2013.\n\nThe ceremony was held January 18, 2014, at The Joint in the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, Paradise, Nevada. Movies or products released between October 1, 2012 and October 7, 2013 were eligible. Comedian/actress Rebekah Kochan and adult movie actresses Chanel Preston, who was co-winner of \"Most Outrageous Sex Scene\", and Samantha Saint hosted the AVN Awards. The awards show was held immediately after the Adult Entertainment Expo at the same venue.\n\n''Underworld'' took top honors as Movie of the Year, also winning Best Drama and seven other awards, including a directing award for Brad Armstrong.\n\nTommy Pistol was named Best Actor for his performance as Ashley J. Wiliams in adult horror film ''Evil Head''. The coveted AVN Female Performer of the Year Award and AVN Best New Starlet Award went to Bonnie Rotten and Mia Malkova respectively. Axel Braun won Director of the Year for a record fourth consecutive time and Manuel Ferrara was awarded a record fifth Male Performer of the Year award. The new category of BBW Performer of the Year was won by April Flores. The Clever Title of the Year award was won by Seymore Butts for ''Cirque du Hole-A''.\n"	" Winners and nominees "	"Bonnie Rotten, winner of the 2014 AVN Female Performer of the Year Award\nMia Malkova, winner of the 2014 Best New Starlet\n\nThe categories for the 31st AVN Awards were released on September 20, 2013 and the finalists were announced on November 15, 2013.\n\n=== Major awards ===\nWinners of categories announced during the awards ceremony January 18, 2014, are highlighted in '''boldface'''.\n\n\n\n Movie of the Year\n Female Performer of the Year\n\n\n* '''''Underworld'' (Best Drama)'''\n(Rather than nominees for this category, contenders are chosen from the winners in the \"Best Release\" categories such as Best Gonzo Release, Best Vignette and several others. Voting is conducted separately just prior to the awards ceremony.)\n\n* '''Bonnie Rotten'''\n** Asa Akira\n** Anikka Albrite\n** Bailey Blue\n** Dani Daniels\n** Dana DeArmond\n** Skin Diamond\n** Allie Haze\n** Remy LaCroix\n** Maddy O'Reilly\n** Chanel Preston\n** Riley Reid\n** Samantha Saint\n** Sheena Shaw\n** Jada Stevens\n\n Male Performer of the Year\n Transsexual Performer of the Year\n\n\n* '''Manuel Ferrara'''\n** Mick Blue\n** Xander Corvus\n** James Deen\n** Ryan Driller\n** Erik Everhard\n** Keiran Lee\n** Ryan Madison\n** Mandingo\n** Ram\u00f3n Nomar\n** Tommy Pistol\n** Toni Ribas\n** Lexington Steele\n** Christian XXX\n** Prince Yahshua\n\n* '''Eva Lin'''\n** Buck Angel\n** Natassia Dreams\n** Danika Dreamz\n** Jesse Flores\n** Jessica Fox\n** Foxxy\n** Kelli Lox\n** Venus Lux\n** Jane Marie\n** Carmen Moore\n** Tiffany Starr\n** Wendy Summers\n** Sarina Valentina\n** Vaniity\n\n Director of the Year\n Best New Starlet\n\n\n* '''Axel Braun'''\n** Joanna Angel\n** Brad Armstrong\n** James Avalon\n** Barrett Blade\n** William H.\n** Jules Jordan\n** Mason\n** Jonathan Morgan\n** Eddie Powell\n** Jim Powers\n** Will Ryder\n** Joey Silvera\n** B. Skow\n** Dana Vespoli\n\n* '''Mia Malkova'''\n** A.J. Applegate\n** Casey Calvert\n** Teal Conrad\n** Dillion Harper\n** Melody Jordan\n** Kennedy Leigh\n** Christy Mack\n** Zoey Monroe\n** Raven Rockette\n** Jessa Rhodes\n** Rikki Sixx\n** Cindy Starfall\n** Natalia Starr\n** Jodi Taylor\n\n Best Actor\n Best Actress\n\n\n* '''Tommy Pistol - ''Evil Head'''''\n** Richie Calhoun - ''The Submission of Emma Marx''\n** Dale DaBone - ''Iron Man XXX: An Axel Braun Parody''\n** Mark Davis - ''Nobody\u2019s Daughter''\n** James Deen - ''Watch Over Me''\n** Ryan Driller - ''Man of Steel XXX: An Axel Braun Parody''\n** Seth Gamble - ''Just In Beaver Fever''\n** Alec Knight - ''Breaking Bad XXX: A Sweet Mess Films Parody''\n** Keiran Lee - ''To Live and Fuck in L.A.''\n** Kurt Lockwood - ''What Do You Want Me to Say?''\n** Brendon Miller - ''Divorcees''\n** Kris Slater - ''Unfaithful''\n** Steven St. Croix - ''Truth Be Told''\n** Evan Stone - ''Adventures in Eden''\n** Michael Vegas - ''Rebound''\n\n* '''Remy LaCroix - ''The Temptation of Eve'' (New Sensations Erotic Stories)'''\n** Anikka Albrite - ''OMG\u2026 It\u2019s the Leaving Las Vegas XXX Parody''\n** Lexi Belle - ''Meant to Be''\n** Alektra Blue - ''Getting Schooled''\n** Jessica Drake - ''Sexpionage: The Drake Chronicles''\n** Tara Lynn Foxx - ''This Ain\u2019t Homeland XXX''\n** Allie Haze - ''Clerks XXX: A Porn Parody''\n** Jesse Jane - ''Code of Honor''\n** Sunny Lane - ''The Stripper 2''\n** Brooklyn Lee - ''The New Behind the Green Door''\n** Adrianna Luna - ''The Lone Ranger XXX: An Extreme Comixxx Parody''\n** Maddy O'Reilly - ''Not The Wizard of Oz XXX''\n** Penny Pax - ''The Submission of Emma Marx''\n** Raven Rockette - ''Gia: Lesbian Supermodel''\n** Jennifer White - ''The Stripper''\n\n Best BDSM Movie\n Best Drama\n\n\n* '''''The Submission of Emma Marx'' (New Sensations Erotic Stories)'''\n** ''50 Shades of Dylan Ryan''\n** ''Bound by Desire 2: Collared and Kept Well''\n** ''Cheerleaders in Bondage''\n** ''Dark Temptations''\n** ''Get My Belt''\n** ''Hogtied''\n** ''Home Invasion''\n** ''The House of Sin''\n** ''Obedience School''\n** ''The Perfect Secretary 3: New Recruit''\n** ''Sadistic Mother-in-Law 2''\n** ''Shades of Kink''\n** ''S.O.S. Strap-on Sluts 3''\n** ''Whipped Ass''\n\n* '''''Underworld'''''\n** ''Beyond Fucked: A Zombie Odyssey''\n** ''Bikini Outlaws''\n** ''Code of Honor''\n** ''Daddy\u2019s Girls''\n** ''Devil on a Chain''\n** ''Forsaken''\n** ''The New Behind the Green Door''\n** ''Nobody's Daughter''\n** ''Peep Show''\n** ''The Perfect Secretary 3: New Recruit''\n** ''The Stripper''\n** ''To Live and Fuck in L.A.''\n** ''Truth Be Told''\n** ''Watch Over Me''\n\n Best Parody - Comedy\n Best Parody - Drama\n\n\n* '''''Grease XXX: A Parody'' (Adam & Eve Pictures)'''\n** ''Can't Be Martin It's a XXX Parody''\n** ''Clerks XXX: A Porn Parody''\n** ''Evil Head''\n** ''Just In Beaver Fever''\n** ''The Karate Kid XXX: A DreamZone Parody''\n** ''Laverne & Shirley XXX: A DreamZone Parody''\n** ''Not South Park XXX''\n** ''Not The Wizard of Oz XXX''\n** ''Official Next Friday Parody''\n** ''Orgy University''\n** ''This Ain't Homeland XXX''\n** ''This Ain't Star Trek 3 XXX 3D''\n** ''The Walking Dead: A Hardcore Parody''\n** ''Welcome Back Kotter XXX: A DreamZone Parody''\n\n* '''''Man of Steel XXX: An Axel Braun Parody'' (VividXXXSuperheroes)'''\n** ''Barb Wire XXX: A DreamZone Parody''\n** ''Breaking Bad XXX: A Sweet Mess Films Parody''\n** ''Gia: Lesbian Supermodel''\n** ''Iron Man XXX: An Axel Braun Parody''\n** ''The Lone Ranger XXX: An Extreme Comixxx Parody''\n** ''OMG \u2026 It's the Dirty Dancing XXX Parody''\n** ''OMG \u2026 It's the Ghost XXX Parody''\n** ''OMG \u2026 It's the Leaving Las Vegas XXX Parody''\n** ''Paranormal Activity: A Hardcore Parody''\n** ''She-Hulk XXX: An Axel Braun Parody''\n** ''Superman vs. Spider-Man: An Axel Braun Parody''\n** ''This Ain\u2019t Die Hard XXX 3D''\n** ''Wolverine XXX: An Axel Braun Parody''\n** ''The XXX Adventures of Hawkman & Hawkgirl''\n\n Best Star Showcase\n Best Romance Release\n\n\n* '''''Anikka'''''\n** ''All About Allie''\n** ''Cayenne Loves Rocco''\n** ''I Am Christy Mack''\n** ''I'm Your Bitch: Lyen''\n** ''The Insatiable Miss Alexis Texas''\n** ''Joanna Angel: Kinky Fantasies''\n** ''Lisa Ann: Can't Say No''\n** ''Mia''\n** ''Remy 2''\n** ''Samantha Saint Is Completely Wicked''\n** ''Savannah\u2019s Secret''\n** ''SeXXXploitation of Dani Daniels''\n** ''Skin''\n** ''Ultimate Fuck Toy: Kennedy Leigh''\n\n* '''''The Temptation of Eve'' (New Sensations Erotic Stories)'''\n** ''Bitter Sweet''\n** ''Broken Hearts''\n** ''Change of Heart''\n** ''First Crush''\n** ''Getting Schooled''\n** ''Harvest Moon''\n** ''If You Only Knew''\n** ''La Boutique''\n** ''Maid for Love''\n** ''Meant to Be''\n** ''Paint''\n** ''Secret Admirer''\n** ''The Submission of Emma Marx''\n** ''What Do You Want Me To Say?''\n\n Best Anal Sex Scene\n Best Oral Sex Scene\n\n\n* '''Anikka Albrite & Mick Blue - ''Anikka'' (O.L Entertainment/Mile High)'''\n** Farrah Abraham & James Deen - ''Farrah Superstar: Backdoor Teen Mom''\n** Asa Akira & Ram\u00f3n Nomar - ''Asian Bombshells''\n** Brandy Aniston & Richie Calhoun - ''The New Behind the Green Door''\n** Lisa Ann & Jules Jordan - ''Deep Anal Drilling 4''\n** Lexi Belle & Mick Blue - ''Big Wet Asses 22''\n** Dana DeArmond & James Deen - ''What an Asshole''\n** Skin Diamond & L. T. - ''Skin''\n** Katja Kassin & Mike Adriano - ''Anal Motherfuckers''\n** Remy LaCroix & Manuel Ferrara - ''Rump Raiders''\n** Penny Pax & Richie Calhoun - ''The Submission of Emma Marx''\n** Chanel Preston & Mandingo - ''Mandingo Massacre 8''\n** Bonnie Rotten & Ram\u00f3n Nomar - ''Evil Anal 19''\n** Sheena Shaw & Manuel Ferrara - ''Evil Anal 17''\n** Stoya & James Deen - ''Code of Honor''\n\n* '''Skin Diamond - ''Skin'' scene 1'''\n** Julia Ann - ''Underworld''\n** Anikka Albrite & Riley Reid - ''American Cocksucking Sluts 3''\n** Joanna Angel - ''Joanna Angel: Orgasm Addict'' scene 5\n** Vicki Chase - ''Jules Jordan: Feeding Frenzy 11''\n** Tara Lynn Foxx - ''This Ain't Homeland XXX''\n** Remy LaCroix - ''Facial Overload 3''\n** Larkin Love - ''Suck Balls 3''\n** Mia Malkova - ''Swallow This 30''\n** Maddy O'Reilly, Belle Noire & Rilynn Rae - ''3 on Their Knees''\n** Bonnie Rotten - ''Facial Overload 3''\n** Katie St. Ives - ''Sperm Receptacles 6''\n** Sheena Shaw - ''Massive Facials 6''\n** Christie Stevens & Jayden Lee - ''American Cocksucking Sluts 3''\n** Heather Vahn - ''Gag Reflex''\n\n Best Boy/Girl Sex Scene\n Best Sex Scene in a Foreign-Shot Production\n\n\n* '''Riley Reid & Mandingo - ''Mandingo Massacre 6'' (Jules Jordan Video)'''\n** Anikka Albrite & Manuel Ferrara - ''Top Bottoms''\n** Bailey Blue & Xander Corvus - ''The Temptation of Eve''\n** Casey Calvert & Ryan Madison - ''Dark Perversions 2''\n** Adriana Chechik & Bruce Venture - ''The Innocence of Youth 5''\n** Dani Daniels & James Deen - ''Skin Tight''\n** Skin Diamond & Prince Yahshua - ''Deep Pussy''\n** Dillion Harper & Mick Blue - ''Wet Dream''\n** Ash Hollywood & Michael Vegas - ''Forsaken''\n** Kimberly Kane & Alec Knight - ''Breaking Bad XXX: A Sweet Mess Films Parody''\n** Kennedy Leigh & James Deen - ''Ultimate Fuck Toy: Kennedy Leigh''\n** Christy Mack & Toni Ribas - ''Planting Seeds 3''\n** Mia Malkova & Manuel Ferrara - ''Cuties 4''\n** Kirsten Price & Keiran Lee - ''To Live and Fuck in L.A.'' scene 1\n** Andy San Dimas & Tommy Gunn - ''Wolverine: An Axel Braun Parody''\n\n* '''Aleska Diamond, Anna Polina, Anissa Kate, Angel Piaff, Rita, Tarra White & Mike Angelo - ''The Ingenuous'''''\n** Aliz, Kristine Crystallis & Toni Ribas - ''Adventures on the Lust Boat 4''\n** Blanche Bradburry, Samia Duarte & Rocco Siffredi - ''Rocco\u2019s Perfect Slaves''\n** Claire Castel, Clark & Thomas Stone - ''Claire Castel: The Chambermaid''\n** Abbie Cat, Lyen Parker & Rocco Siffredi - ''XXX Fucktory''\n** Penelope Crunch, Franceska Jaimes & Nacho Vidal - ''Fuck Yeeaaah!!!!''\n** Angel Dark & Leny Ewil - ''Eurobabes Jizz Explosion''\n** Allie Haze, Krissy Lynn, Fabine, Suzana Rhios, Roge, Bad Boy, Michael Vegas & Tyler Nixon - ''Adventures in Eden''\n** Henessy, Marica Hase & Ian Scott - ''Fashionable Fuckers''\n** Cayenne Klein, David Perry, Sabby, Markus Dupree & Rocco Sardo - ''Hose Monster 5''\n** Shana Lane, Mike Angelo, Michael Cheritto & Titof - ''My Sister and Me''\n** Orgy Scene - ''19th Birthday Present: The Greatest Orgy''\n** Anna Polina, Nasta Zya & JPX - ''Russian Institute 18: The Headmistress''\n** Savannah Secret & Steve Holmes - ''Savanna\u2019s Secret''\n** Tarra White, Cayenne Klein, Mike Chapman, Ian Scott & Marcus - ''Cayenne Loves Rocco''\n\n Best Girl-Girl Sex Scene\n The Fan Awards - Hottest Ass\n\n\n* '''Riley Reid & Remy LaCroix - ''Girl Fever'''''\n** Asa Akira & Celeste Star - ''Asa Loves Girls''\n** Casey Calvert & India Summer - ''Teach Me 3''\n** Lily Carter & Molly Bennett - ''Meow! 3''\n** Dana DeArmond & Veruca James - ''Paint''\n** Skin Diamond & Kleio Valentien - ''The Walking Dead: A Hardcore Parody''\n** Jessica Drake & Capri Cavanni - ''Underworld''\n** Gracie Glam & Gia Steel - ''Lesbian Crime Stories''\n** Ash Hollywood & Aiden Ashley - ''Girls Will Be Boys''\n** Tessa Lane & Ana Foxxx - ''Four Rooms: Los Angeles''\n** Karlie Montana & Brett Rossi - ''Girl Squared''\n** Mia Malkova & Jessie Andrews - ''Girl Crush 3''\n** Prinzzess & Shyla Jennings - ''Women Seeking Women 94''\n** Bonnie Rotten & Nikki Hearts - ''Beyond Fucked: A Zombie Odyssey''\n** Andy San Dimas & Chanel Preston - ''Bitchcraft 9''\n\n* '''Alexis Texas'''\n**Other actresses in the voting were: Anikka Albrite, Serena Ali, A.J. Applegate, Aria Arial, Bridgette B., Briella Bounce, Amy Brooke, Mischa Brooks, Julie Cash, Felicia Clover, Dani Daniels, Sophie Dee, Nikki Delano, Kelly Divine, Alexis Ford, Tara Lynn Foxx, Gracie Glam, Mia Gold, Allie Haze, Jayden James, Sara Jay, Karmen Karma, Katja Kassin, London Keyes, Kiera King, Remy LaCroix, Lea Lexis, Lia Lor, Kendra Lust, Krissy Lynn, Mia Malkova, Missy Martinez, Maserati, Jynx Maze, Holly Michaels, Karlie Montana, Jade Nacole, Maddy O'Reilly, Anita Peida, Kristina Rose, Katie St. Ives, Sheena Shaw, Siri, Sarah Shevon, Rachel Starr, Gia Steel, Jada Stevens, Jodi Taylor & Sarah Vandella\n\n\n=== Additional Award Winners ===\nThese awards were not presented during the awards ceremony itself but were announced before or after the show. In addition, Best 3D Release, Best Classic Release and Best Selling Title of the Year were on the list of award categories but were not presented in 2014.\n\n\n\n'''Video Categories'''\n\n* '''Best All-Girl Group Sex Scene:''' Gracie Glam, Mia Malkova & Raven Rockette (''Meow! 3'')\n* '''Best All-Girl Release:''' ''Meow! 3''\n* '''Best All-Girl Series:''' ''Belladonna: No Warning''\n* '''Best All-Sex Release:''' ''Slutty and Sluttier 18''\n* '''Best Amateur Release:''' ''100% Real Swingers: Meet the Rileys''\n* '''Best Amateur Series:''' ''College Rules''\n* '''Best Anal Release:''' ''Wet Asses 2''\n* '''Best Anal Series:''' ''Evil Anal''\n* '''Best Art Direction:''' ''Underworld''\n* '''Best Big Bust Release:''' ''Bra Busters 4''\n* '''Best Big Bust Series:''' ''Big and Real''\n* '''Best Big Butt Release:''' ''Big Wet Asses 22''\n* '''Best Big Butt Series:''' ''Phat Ass White Girls''\n* '''Best Cinematography:''' Francois Clousot (''Underworld'')\n* '''Best Comedy:''' ''Band Sluts''\n* '''Best Continuing Series:''' ''Slutty and Sluttier''\n* '''Best Director \u2013 Feature:''' Brad Armstrong (''Underworld'')\n* '''Best Director \u2013 Foreign Feature:''' Max Candy & Michael Ninn (''The Ingenuous'')\n* '''Best Director \u2013 Foreign Non-Feature:''' Tanya Hyde (''The House of Sin'')\n* '''Best Director \u2013 Non-Feature:''' Mason (''Anikka'')\n* '''Best Director \u2013 Parody:''' Will Ryder (''Not The Wizard of Oz XXX'')\n* '''Best Double-Penetration Sex Scene:''' Skin Diamond, Marco Banderas & Prince Yahshua (''Skin'')\n* '''Best DVD Extras:''' ''The New Behind the Green Door''\n* '''Best Editing:''' Scott Allen (''Underworld'')\n* '''Best Educational Release:''' ''Jessica Drake\u2019s Guide to Wicked Sex: Anal Play for Men''\n* '''Best Ethnic Release \u2013 Asian:''' ''Asian Bombshells''\n* '''Best Ethnic Release \u2013 Black:''' ''Big Black Wet Asses 13''\n* '''Best Ethnic Release \u2013 Latin:''' ''Butthole Barrio Bitches 2''\n* '''Best Ethnic Series:''' ''8th Street Latinas''\n* '''Best Fem-Dom Strap-On Release:''' ''Strap Attack 17''\n* '''Best Foot/Leg Fetish Release:''' ''Foot Fanatic''\n* '''Best Foreign Feature:''' ''The Ingenuous''\n* '''Best Foreign Non-Feature:''' ''Claire Castel: The Chambermaid''\n* '''Best Foreign Continuing Series:''' ''Slutty Girls Love Rocco''\n* '''Best Gonzo Release:''' ''Remy LaCroix\u2019s Anal Cabo Weekend''\n* '''Best Group Sex Scene:''' Bonnie Rotten, Karlo Karrera, Tony DeSergio, Mick Blue & Jordan Ash (''The Gang Bang of Bonnie Rotten'')\n* '''Best Interracial Release:''' ''Lex Turns Evil''\n* '''Best Interracial Series:''' ''Mandingo Massacre''\n* '''Best Makeup:''' Melissa Makeup (''Evil Head'')\n* '''Best Marketing Campaign \u2013 Individual Project:''' ''Farrah Superstar: Backdoor Teen Mom'' (Vivid Celeb)\n* '''Best MILF Release:''' ''MILF Revolution''\n* '''Best MILF Series:''' ''My Friend's Hot Mom''\n* '''Best Music Soundtrack:''' ''Grease XXX: A Parody''\n* '''Best New Line:''' Skow for Girlfriends Films\n* '''Best New Series:''' ''Wet Asses''\n* '''Best Non-Sex Performance:''' Kyle Stone (''Hotel No Tell'')\n* '''Best Older Woman/Younger Girl Release:''' ''Cougars, Kittens & Cock 2''\n* '''Best Oral Release:''' ''American Cocksucking Sluts 3''\n* '''Best Oral Series:''' ''Deep Throat This''\n* '''Best Orgy/Gangbang Release:''' ''Gangbanged 5''\n* '''Best Original Song:''' \"Queen of Munchkin Land\" by Jeff Mullen (''Not The Wizard of Oz XXX'')\n* '''Best Packaging:''' ''Underworld'' (Wicked Pictures)\n* '''Best POV Release:''' ''The Hooker Experience''\n* '''Best POV Series:''' ''Tanlines''\n* '''Best POV Sex Scene:''' Kennedy Leigh & Jules Jordan (''Ultimate Fuck Toy: Kennedy Leigh'')\n* '''Best Pro-Am Release:''' ''Brand New Faces 42''\n* '''Best Pro-Am Series:''' ''Bang Bus''\n* '''Best Safe Sex Scene:''' Jessica Drake & Brad Armstrong (''Sexpionage: The Drake Chronicles'')\n* '''Best Screenplay:''' Brad Armstrong (''Underworld'')\n* '''Best Screenplay \u2013 Parody:''' David Stanley (''Clerks XXX: A Porn Parody'')\n* '''Best Solo Release:''' ''All Natural Glamour Solos 3''\n* '''Best Solo Sex Scene:''' Maddy O'Reilly (''Not The Wizard of Oz XXX''\n* '''Best Special Effects:''' ''Iron Man XXX: An Axel Braun Parody''\n* '''Best Specialty Release \u2013 Other Genre:''' ''Evil BBW Gold 3''\n* '''Best Specialty Series \u2013 Other Genre:''' ''Evil BBW Gold''\n* '''Best Squirting Release:''' ''Squirt Gasms!''\n\n\n'''Video Categories (continued)'''\n\n* '''Best Supporting Actor:''' Xander Corvus (''Underworld'')\n* '''Best Supporting Actress:''' Brandy Aniston (''Not The Wizard of Oz XXX'')\n* '''Best Tease Performance:''' Anikka Albrite (''Anikka'')\n* '''Best Three-Way Sex Scene \u2013 Boy/Boy/Girl:''' Anikka Albrite, James Deen & Ram\u00f3n Nomar (''Anikka'')\n* '''Best Three-Way Sex Scene \u2013 Girl/Girl/Boy:''' Remy LaCroix, Riley Reid & Manuel Ferrara (''Remy 2'')\n* '''Best Transsexual Release:''' ''Rogue Adventures 38''\n* '''Best Transsexual Series:''' ''American She-Male X''\n* '''Best Transsexual Sex Scene:''' Zoey Monroe & Jacqueline Woods (''Rogue Adventures 38'')\n* '''Best Vignette Release:''' ''Show No Mercy''\n* '''Best Wall-to-Wall Release:''' ''Performers of the Year 2013''\n* '''Best Young Girl Release:''' ''The Innocence of Youth 5''\n* '''Best Young Girl Series:''' ''Cuties''\n* '''Clever Title of the Year:''' ''Cirque du Hole-A''\n* '''Most Outrageous Sex Scene:''' Chanel Preston & Ryan Madison (\"Give Me Strength\" - ''Get My Belt'')\n\n'''Video Body of Work Categories'''\n\n* '''All-Girl Performer of the Year:''' Shyla Jennings\n* '''BBW Performer of the Year:''' April Flores\n* '''Best Male Newcomer:''' Ike Diezel\n* '''Best Marketing Campaign \u2013 Company Image:''' Evil Angel\n* '''Best New Studio:''' Hard X/Erotica X\n* '''Female Foreign Performer of the Year:''' Anissa Kate\n* '''Mainstream Star of the Year:''' James Deen\n* '''Male Foreign Performer of the Year:''' Rocco Siffredi\n* '''MILF Performer of the Year:''' India Summer\n* '''Unsung Male Performer of the Year:''' Voodoo\n* '''Unsung Female Performer of the Year:''' Presley Hart\n\n'''Fan Awards Categories'''\n\n* '''Best Body:''' Jayden Jaymes\n* '''Best Boobs:''' Kagney Linn Karter\n* '''Favorite Female Porn Star:''' Riley Steele\n* '''Favorite Male Porn Star:''' James Deen\n* '''Favorite Studio:''' Brazzers\n* '''Favorite Webcam Girl:''' LittleRedBunny\n* '''Hottest MILF:''' Lisa Ann\n* '''Most Promising New Starlet:''' Christy Mack\n* '''Social Media Star:''' Lexi Belle\n\n'''Pleasure Products Categories'''\n\n* '''Best Condom Manufacturer:''' Trojan\n* '''Best Enhancement Manufacturer:''' Sensuva\n* '''Best Fetish Manufacturer:''' Sportsheets\n* '''Best Lingerie or Apparel Manufacturer:''' Coquette International\n* '''Best Lubricant Manufacturer:''' Wicked Sensual Care\n* '''Best Pleasure Product Manufacturer \u2013 Small:''' OhMiBod\n* '''Best Pleasure Product Manufacturer \u2013 Medium:''' LELO\n* '''Best Pleasure Product Manufacturer \u2013 Large:''' Sportsheets\n* '''Best Product Line for Men:''' Fleshlight\n* '''Best Product Line for Women:''' JOPEN\n\n'''Retail and Distribution Categories'''\n\n* '''Best Adult Distributor:''' Entrenue\n* '''Best Boutique:''' The Tool Shed (Milwaukee, WI)\n* '''Best Retail Chain \u2013 Small:''' Fairvilla Megastore\n* '''Best Retail Chain \u2013 Large:''' Hustler Hollywood\n* '''Best Web Retail Store:''' AdamEve.com\n\n'''Web & Technology Categories'''\n\n* '''Best Affiliate Program:''' Gamma Entertainment\n* '''Best Alternative Website:''' Kink.com\n* '''Best Dating Website:''' AmateurMatch.com\n* '''Best Glamour Website:''' AndrewBlake.com\n* '''Best Live Chat Website:''' MyFreeCams.com\n* '''Best Membership Website:''' EvilAngel.com\n* '''Best Porn Star Website:''' Asa Akira (AsaAkira.com) & Joanna Angel (JoannaAngel.com) tie\n* '''Best Solo Girl Website:''' Vicky Vette (VickyAtHome.com)\n* '''Best Studio Website:''' EvilAngelVideo.com\n* '''Best Web Director:''' Brando\n* '''Best Web Premiere:''' ''Public Disgrace 31515'' (Kink.com)\n\n"	" Honorary AVN Awards "	"The Reuben Sturman Award for battling for industry rights was not presented in 2014.\n\n=== Visionary Award ===\nWicked Pictures founder Steve Orenstein was chosen to receive the third annual Visionary Award for \"ethics, civic responsibility, an eye for quality and innovation, and a compassionate understanding of adult entertainment and its place in mainstream society\".\n\n=== Hall of Fame ===\nThe AVN Awards Hall of Fame inductees, \"all of whom have attained not only longevity but also something more important: memorable achievements in front of the camera, behind the camera and back in the office,\" for 2014 were:\n*'''Founders Branch:''' Kevin Beechum, founder of content production/distribution company K-Beech; Ted Blitt, founder of Mile High Media; Morty Gordon, founder of Bizarre Video.\n*'''Video Branch:''' Barrett Blade, producer Shylar Cobi, Digital Playground director Robby D., Stormy Daniels, Ben English, Melissa Hill, Mike John, Katsuni, Scott Lyons, Nick Manning, Eric Masterson, Mr. Pete, director Bobby Rinaldi, Taylor St. Claire & Wendy Williams.\n*'''Executive Branch:''' Distributor Jerry E. of Juicy Entertainment and Exquisite Multimedia, Adam H. of Pleasure Productions, and Ed Kail & Marty Turkel.\n*'''Pleasure Product Branch''': Lavi Yedid of NS Novelties; Robert Pyne Sr., founder of distribution company Williams Trading; and Rachel Venning & Claire Cavanah of adult retailer Babeland.\n*'''Internet Founders Branch:''' Angie Rowntree, founder of Sssh.com; Freeones.com founder Maurice; Mark \"Greenguy\" Jenkins of Link-O-Rama.com.\n"	" Multiple awards and nominations "	"\n\nThe following releases received multiple awards:\n* 9 awards: ''Underworld''\n* 5 awards: ''Anikka''\n* 4 awards: ''Not The Wizard of Oz XXX''\n* 3 awards: ''The Ingenuous''\n* 2 awards: ''Grease XXX: A Parody'', ''Meow! 3'', ''Rogue Adventures 38'' & ''Skin''\n\nThe following releases received the most nominations:\n* 17 nominations: ''Underworld''\n* 16 nominations: ''Not The Wizard of Oz XXX''\n* 12 nominations: ''Man of Steel XXX''\n\n\nThe following individuals received multiple awards:\n* 3 awards: Anikka Albrite, Brad Armstrong, James Deen, Remy LaCroix & Riley Reid\n* 2 awards: Bonnie Rotten, Manuel Ferrara, Mia Malkova, Mick Blue & Skin Diamond\n\nThe following individuals received the most nominations (includes fan voting nominations & excludes producer nominations):\n* 17 nominations: Anikka Albrite & James Deen\n* 15 nominations: Joanna Angel & Ram\u00f3n Nomar\n* 14 nominations: Bonnie Rotten & Mick Blue\n* 13 nominations: Remy LaCroix & Tommy Pistol\n* 12 nominations: Riley Reid\n* 11 nominations: Allie Haze, Chanel Preston & Skin Diamond\n* 10 nominations: Axel Braun, Christy Mack, Dani Daniels, Manuel Ferrara, Mia Malkova & Prince Yahshua\n\n"	" Presenters and performers "	"The following individuals were presenters or performers during the awards ceremony:\n\n===Presenters===\n\n\n\n Name(s) !! Role\n\n Brandy Aniston, Dani Daniels, Xander Corvus \n Presenters of the Best Girl/Girl Sex Scene Award\n\n Dave Navarro, Penny Pax, Stoya \n Presenters of the Best Star Showcase & Best Oral Sex Scene awards\n\n Jessa Rhodes, Jenna J. Ross, Tommy Pistol \n Presenters of the Best Boy/Girl Sex Scene & Best Romance Movie awards\n\n Francesca L\u00e9, Mark Wood \n Presenters of the Fan Award for Hottest Ass\n\n Barrett Blade, Maddy O'Reilly, Summer Brielle \n Presenters of the Best New Starlet, Best Actor, Best Anal Sex Scene Award & Best BDSM Movie awards\n\n Riley Reid, Steven St. Croix, Danica Dillon \n Presenters of the Best Actress & Best Parody \u2013 Drama awards\n\n Axel Braun, Riley Steele, Teri Weigel \n Presenters of the Male Performer of the Year, Transsexual Performer of the Year & Female Performer of the Year awards\n\n Nina Hartley, Sunny Lane \n Presenters of the Best Sex Scene in a Foreign-Shot Production & Best Parody \u2013 Comedy awards\n\n Paul Fishbein, Asa Akira, Samantha Saint, Jessica Drake, Stormy Daniels, Kaylani Lei \n Presenters of the Visionary Award\n\n Prince Yahshua, Jesse Jane, Ash Hollywood \n Presenters of the Best Drama & Director of the Year awards\n\n Ron Jeremy, Allison Moore, Joanna Angel \n Presenters of the Movie of the Year Award\n\n\n\n\n=== Trophy girls ===\n\n* Evi Fox\n* Emily Austin\n\n\n=== Performers ===\n\n\n\n Name(s) !! Role !! Performed\n\n Machine Gun Kelly \n Performer \n Hip-hop hits\n\n Rebekah Kochan \n Co-Host \n Comedian, all-girl slumber party skit\n\n Remy LaCroix \n Performer \n Hula hoop\n\n Brandy Aniston, Natasha and Jaime of Hell's Belles Burlesque \n Performers \n \u201cKitty Kat Lost\u201d, Burlesque tease\n\n Chanel Preston, Samantha Saint \n Co-Hosts \n Skit\n\n Dana DeArmond, Nicole Aniston, James Bartholet \n Performers \n Porn Class skit\n\n\n\n"	" Ceremony information "	"With the strong showing in awards categories by feature movies, Adult Video News proclaimed them alive and well: \"Despite mumbling that features and parodies have run their course, several were big winners this year, including ''Underworld,'' ''Grease XXX,'' ''Temptation of Eve'' and ''Man of Steel XXX.''\"\n\n=== Changes to awards categories ===\nBeginning with the 31st AVN Awards, several new categories were introduced to reflect evolving market trends, including:\n* Best Safe Sex Scene\n* Best Condom Manufacturer\n* All-Girl Performer of the Year \n* BBW Performer of the Year\n* Best Web Director\n\nMeanwhile, the Best Photography Website category was renamed Best Glamour Website \"to include sites that also feature glamorous video content.\" Unsung Starlet of the Year was renamed Unsung Female Performer of the Year, Best New Production Company became Best New Studio and Crossover Star of the Year became Mainstream Star of the Year.\n\nFan vote categories increased from four to 10 and the categories themselves were completely changed, from Favorite Body, Twitter Queen, Favorite Porn Star and Best Free Adult Website, to the following:\n\n\n\n* Best Body\n* Best Boobs\n* Favorite Porn Star (Female)\n* Favorite Porn Star (Male)\n* Favorite Studio\n* Favorite Web Cam Girl\n\n* Hottest Ass\n* Hottest MILF\n* Most Promising New Starlet\n* Social Media Star (which includes Twitter, Facebook and Instagram)\n\n\nAVN also added another category to its Hall of Fame: \"the Executive Branch, for key members of the industry who work behind the scenes\" such as in sales, marketing or education.\n\nBest Celebrity Sex Tape and Best Internal Release were dropped on this year's list of categories.\n\n=== Reception and review ===\nSome media outlets were critical of the show. Robin Leach of the Las Vegas Sun reported he was told attendance was down and the entertainment was terrible.\n\nRichard Abowitz, who covers the adult industry for The Daily Beast termed the show \"lackluster\", noting, \"Though long-billed as the Academy Awards for the adult industry, few take that label seriously anymore. The massive decline in the porn industry\u2019s fortunes thanks to regulatory challenges and piracy and the infinity of sex offerings on the Internet have left the remains of the mainstream porn industry closer to the cheesy and sleazy parody of the other Hollywood that defined porn\u2019s golden era of the '80s.\"\n\nExpressMilwaukee sexuality blogger Laura Anne Stuart expressed mixed feelings about the new BBW Performer of the Year award category: \"On one hand, I\u2019m glad that the most well-known adult industry awards are recognizing that larger women are sexy and sexual. On the other hand, this probably means that the Best Actress and Female Performer of the Year categories will continue to be won by skinny people with preternaturally large boobs and/or butts.\"\n"	" In Memoriam "	"As the show was beginning, AVN used a segment to pay a tribute to adult-industry personalities who had died since the 2013 awards show, including ''Screw'' publisher Al Goldstein and producer/distributor Morty Gordon.\n"	"See also"	"\n* Adult Video News Awards\n* AVN Female Performer of the Year Award\n* AVN Best New Starlet Award\n* List of members of the AVN Hall of Fame\n"	"Notes"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n\n*  -  Complete list of nominees,  fan favourite nominees and  winners\n*  2014 AVN Award Nominees\n*  Adult Video News Awards at the Internet Movie Database\n* \n*  2014 AVN Award Winners at the Internet Adult Film Database\n* Trailer for Best Movie '' Underworld'' at YouTube\n\n\n\n"
"3D modeling"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\nIn 3D computer graphics, '''3D modeling''' (or '''three-dimensional modeling''') is the process of developing a mathematical representation of any three-dimensional ''surface'' of an object (either inanimate or living) via specialized software. The product is called a '''3D model'''. It can be displayed as a two-dimensional image through a process called ''3D rendering'' or used in a computer simulation of physical phenomena. The model can also be physically created using 3D printing devices.\n\nModels may be created automatically or manually. The manual modeling process of preparing geometric data for 3D computer graphics is similar to plastic arts such as sculpting.\n\n'''3D modeling software''' is a class of 3D computer graphics software used to produce 3D models. Individual programs of this class are called '''modeling applications''' or '''modelers'''.\n"	"Models"	"Three-dimensional model of a spectrograph \n\nThree-dimensional (3D) models represent a physical body using a collection of points in 3D space, connected by various geometric entities such as triangles, lines, curved surfaces, etc. Being a collection of data (points and other information), 3D models can be created by hand, algorithmically (procedural modeling), or scanned. Their surfaces may be further defined with texture mapping.\n\n3D models are widely used anywhere in 3D graphics and CAD. Actually, their use predates the widespread use of 3D graphics on personal computers. Many computer games used pre-rendered images of 3D models as sprites before computers could render them in real-time.\n\nToday, 3D models are used in a wide variety of fields. The medical industry uses detailed models of organs; these may be created with multiple 2-D image slices from an MRI or CT scan. The movie industry uses them as characters and objects for animated and real-life motion pictures. The video game industry uses them as assets for computer and video games. The science sector uses them as highly detailed models of chemical compounds. The architecture industry uses them to demonstrate proposed buildings and landscapes in lieu of traditional, physical architectural models. The engineering community uses them as designs of new devices, vehicles and structures as well as a host of other uses. In recent decades the earth science community has started to construct 3D geological models as a standard practice. 3D models can also be the basis for physical devices that are built with 3D printers or CNC machines.\n\n===Representation===\nA modern render of the iconic Utah teapot model developed by Martin Newell (1975). The Utah teapot is one of the most common models used in 3D graphics education.\nAlmost all 3D models can be divided into two categories.\n* '''Solid''' - These models define the volume of the object they represent (like a rock).  Solid models are mostly used for engineering and medical simulations, and are usually built with constructive solid geometry\n* '''Shell/boundary''' - these models represent the surface, e.g. the boundary of the object, not its volume (like an infinitesimally thin eggshell).  Almost all visual models used in games and film are shell models.\n\nSolid and shell modeling can create functionally identical objects.  Differences between them are mostly variations in the way they are created and edited and conventions of use in various fields and differences in types of approximations between the model and reality.\n\nShell models must be manifold (having no holes or cracks in the shell) to be meaningful as a real object.  Polygonal meshes (and to a lesser extent subdivision surfaces) are by far the most common representation. Level sets are a useful representation for deforming surfaces which undergo many topological changes such as fluids.\n\nThe process of transforming representations of objects, such as the middle point coordinate of a sphere and a point on its circumference into a polygon representation of a sphere, is called tessellation. This step is used in polygon-based rendering, where objects are broken down from abstract representations (\"primitives\") such as spheres, cones etc., to so-called ''meshes'', which are nets of interconnected triangles. Meshes of triangles (instead of e.g. squares) are popular as they have proven to be easy to rasterise (the surface described by each triangle is planar, so the projection is always convex); . Polygon representations are not used in all rendering techniques, and in these cases the tessellation step is not included in the transition from abstract representation to rendered scene.\n"	"Modeling process"	"3D polygonal modelling of a human face.\n\nThere are three popular ways to represent a model:\n# '''Polygonal modeling''' - Points in 3D space, called '''vertices''', are connected by line segments to form a polygon mesh. The vast majority of 3D models today are built as textured polygonal models, because they are flexible and because computers can render them so quickly. However, polygons are planar and can only approximate curved surfaces using many polygons.\n# '''Curve modeling''' - Surfaces are defined by curves, which are influenced by weighted control points. The curve follows (but does not necessarily interpolate) the points. Increasing the weight for a point will pull the curve closer to that point. Curve types include nonuniform rational B-spline (NURBS), splines, patches, and geometric primitives\n# '''Digital sculpting''' - Still a fairly new method of modeling, 3D sculpting has become very popular in the few years it has been around. There are currently three types of digital sculpting: Displacement, which is the most widely used among applications at this moment, uses a dense model (often generated by subdivision surfaces of a polygon control mesh) and stores new locations for the vertex positions through use of a 32bit image map that stores the adjusted locations. Volumetric, loosely based on voxels, has similar capabilities as displacement but does not suffer from polygon stretching when there are not enough polygons in a region to achieve a deformation. Dynamic tessellation is similar to voxel but divides the surface using triangulation to maintain a smooth surface and allow finer details. These methods allow for very artistic exploration as the model will have a new topology created over it once the models form and possibly details have been sculpted. The new mesh will usually have the original high resolution mesh information transferred into displacement data or normal map data if for a game engine.\n\nThe modeling stage consists of shaping individual objects that are later used in the scene. There are a number of modeling techniques, including:\n* Constructive solid geometry\n* Implicit surfaces\n* Subdivision surfaces\n\nModeling can be performed by means of a dedicated program (e.g., Cinema 4D, Maya, 3ds Max, Blender, LightWave, Modo) or an application component (Shaper, Lofter in 3ds Max) or some scene description language (as in POV-Ray). In some cases, there is no strict distinction between these phases; in such cases modeling is just part of the scene creation process (this is the case, for example, with Caligari trueSpace and Realsoft 3D).\n\nComplex materials such as blowing sand, clouds, and liquid sprays are modeled with particle systems, and are a mass of 3D coordinates which have either points, polygons, texture splats, or sprites assigned to them.\n\n===Human models===\n\n\nThe first widely available commercial application of human virtual models appeared in 1998 on the Lands' End web site. The human virtual models were created by the company My Virtual Mode Inc. and enabled users to create a model of themselves and try on 3D clothing. There are several modern programs that allow for the creation of virtual human models (Poser being one example).\n\n===3D Clothing===\nDynamic 3D Clothing Model made in Marvelous Designer\nThe development of cloth simulation software such as Marvelous Designer, CLO3D and Optitex, has enabled artists and fashion designers to model dynamic 3D clothing on the computer.\nDynamic 3D clothing is used for virtual fashion catalogs, as well as for dressing 3D characters for video games, 3D animation movies, for digital doubles in movies as well as for making clothes for avatars in virtual worlds such as SecondLife.\n"	"Compared to 2D methods"	"\ntextured and lit rendering of a 3D model.\n3D photorealistic effects are often achieved without wireframe modeling and are sometimes indistinguishable in the final form. Some graphic art software includes filters that can be applied to 2D vector graphics or 2D raster graphics on transparent layers.\n\nAdvantages of wireframe 3D modeling over exclusively 2D methods include:\n* ''Flexibility,'' ability to change angles or animate images with quicker rendering of the changes;\n* ''Ease of rendering,'' automatic calculation and rendering photorealistic effects rather than mentally visualizing or estimating;\n* ''Accurate photorealism,'' less chance of human error in misplacing, overdoing, or forgetting to include a visual effect.\n\nDisadvantages compare to 2D photorealistic rendering may include a software learning curve and difficulty achieving certain photorealistic effects. Some photorealistic effects may be achieved with special rendering filters included in the 3D modeling software. For the best of both worlds, some artists use a combination of 3D modeling followed by editing the 2D computer-rendered images from the 3D model.\n"	"3D model market"	"\nA large market for 3D models (as well as 3D-related content, such as textures, scripts, etc.) still exists - either for individual models or large collections. Several online marketplaces for 3D content allow individual artists to sell content that they have created. Often, the artists' goal is to get additional value out of assets they have previously created for projects. By doing so, artists can earn more money out of their old content, and companies can save money by buying pre-made models instead of paying an employee to create one from scratch. These marketplaces typically split the sale between themselves and the artist that created the asset, artists get 40% to 95% of the sales according to the marketplace. In most cases, the artist retains ownership of the 3d model; the customer only buys the right to use and present the model. Some artists sell their products directly in its own stores offering their products at a lower price by not using intermediaries.\n\nOver the last several years numerous marketplaces specialized in 3D printing models have emerged. Some of the 3D printing marketplaces are combination of models sharing sites, with or without a built in e-com capability. Some of those platforms also offer 3D printing services on demand, software for model rendering and dynamic viewing of items, etc. 3D printing file sharing platforms include Shapeways, Pinshape, Thingiverse, CGTrader, Threeding, MyMiniFactory, and GrabCAD.\n"	"3D printing"	"\n3D printing is a form of additive manufacturing technology where a three dimensional object is created by laying down or build from successive layers of material.\n\nIn recent years, there has been an upsurge in the number of companies offering personalized 3D printed models of objects that have been scanned, designed in CAD software, and then printed to the customer's requirements. As previously mentioned, 3D models can be purchased from online marketplaces and printed by individuals or companies using commercially available 3D printers, enabling the home-production of objects such as spare parts, mathematical models, and even medical equipment.\n"	"Uses"	"Steps of forensic facial reconstruction of a mummy made in Blender by the Brazilian 3D designer C\u00edcero Moraes.\n3D modeling is used in various industries like films, animation and gaming, interior designing and architecture. They are also used in the medical industry for the interactive representations of anatomy. A wide number of 3D software are also used in constructing digital representation of mechanical models or parts before they are actually manufactured. CAD/CAM related software are used in such fields, and with these software, not only can you construct the parts, but also assemble them, and observe their functionality.\n\n3D modelling is also used in the field of Industrial Design, wherein products are 3D modeled before representing them to the clients.\nIn Media and Event industries, 3D modelling is used in Stage/Set Design.\n\nThe OWL 2 translation of the vocabulary of X3D can be used to provide semantic descriptions for 3D models, which is suitable for indexing and retrieval of 3D models by features such as geometry, dimensions, material, texture, diffuse reflection, transmission spectra, transparency, reflectivity, opalescence, glazes, varnishes, and enamels (as opposed to unstructured textual descriptions or 2.5D virtual museums and exhibitions using Google Street View on Google Arts & Culture, for example). The RDF representation of 3D models can be used in reasoning, which enables intelligent 3D applications which, for example, can automatically compare two 3D models by volume.\n"	"See also"	"\n\n* 3CT\n* List of 3D modeling software\n* List of common 3D test models\n* 3D computer graphics software\n* 3D printing\n* 3D scanner\n* Additive Manufacturing File Format\n* Building information modeling\n* Cloth modeling\n* Computer facial animation\n* Digimation's Library example\n* Digital geometry\n* Edge loop\n* Evolver is a portal, 3D modeler and market place for 3D characters\n* Geological modeling\n* Industrial CT scanning\n* Marching cubes\n* Open CASCADE\n* Polygon mesh\n* Polygonal modeling\n* Scaling (geometry)\n* SIGGRAPH\n* Stanford Bunny\n* Triangle mesh\n* Utah teapot\n* Voxel\n* B-rep\n\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Action Woman"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\"'''Action Woman'''\" is a song by the American garage rock band the Litter, written by their record producer Warren Kendrick, and first released as the group's debut single on Scotty Records in January 1967 (''see'' 1967 in music). The song also appeared on the band's first album ''Distortions''. Although \"Action Woman\" never broke out on the national charts, it is now revered as a classic piece of the musical genre of garage rock. Accordingly, the composition has appeared on several compilation albums, and has been the subject of cover versions.\n"	"Background"	"\nThe Litter formed in 1966 from the remains of two locally popular Minneapolis groups, the Victors and the Tabs. Early into the group's existence, the Litter enjoyed tremendous popularity, particularly in Chicago where the band became regulars at the Electric Theatre as they performed alongside the Byrds and Jethro Tull, among others. During this time, bass guitarist and keyboardist Jim Wane got the Litter in contact with record producer Warren Kendrick, who was a capable instrumentalist in his own right before an arm injury prevented him from performing. Seeing the group's potential, Kendrick signed the Litter to a recording contract to his self-owned record label, Scotty Records, to produce their debut single and subsequent album.\n\n\"Action Woman\", a Kendrick-penned composition about a man in search of a \"woman who'll satisfy his soul\", was chosen for the group's first release. Musically exhibiting heavy influence from the British Invasion bands the Yardbirds and the Who, \"Action Woman\" was marked by distorted guitar riffs and feedback provided by lead guitarist Bill Strandlof. The fuzz-toned instrumentals evident in the song were regularly utilized in the Litter's later recordings, even prompting Kendrick to name their first album ''Distortions''. In addition to Strandlof's motif, the composition was also highlighted by Denny Waite's authoritative and snarling lead vocals, coupled with a raw musical stance emulating from the band's relatively live-recording style.\n\nIn January 1967, \"Action Woman\", with a cover version of Pete Townshend's \"A Legal Matter\" as its B-side, was released and became a regional hit in Minneapolis. The song received a broader audience when it was featured as the opening track to the highly regarded compilation album, ''Pebbles, Volume 1'' in 1979. Music historian Richie Unterberger praised \"Action Woman\", saying it is \"an archetype of the tough '60s garage rock favored by fans of the ''Pebbles'' reissue series\". Along with its inclusion on ''Pebbles'' the composition also appears on the 1998 reissue of ''Nuggets: Original Artyfacts from the First Psychedelic Era, 1965\u20131968'' and ''Trash Box''.\n\nThe song has been covered by multiple groups, the first of which came just a month after the Litter's version by fellow-Minnesota band the Electras. The Electras' rendition, along with sharing Kendrick as their producer, has caused many record collectors to wrongly believe the two groups contained some of the same members. Other versions were recorded by Naz Nomad and the Nightmares during the garage rock revival of the 1980s, Kek '66, and Echo & the Bunnymen.\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n"
"Akira Watase"	"Introduction"	"\n\n is a Japanese former AV idol who retired from the adult video industry in 2005.\n"	"Life and career"	"Akira Watase was born July 2, 1980 in Tokyo, Japan. Her AV debut was in the May 2000 Media Station Cosmos Plan release, ''Venus''. After a number of other videos for various AV companies, including Kuki and VIP, Watase retired in 2001 but returned to the AV industry in 2002. Upon her return, she began making videos for Moodyz, a studio she worked with for most of the rest of her career.\n\nIn July 2002, she appeared in the interracial Moodyz video, , which was shot in Los Angeles, California. In this video she engaged in group sex with five African-American men. She was also featured in another interracial video for Moodyz, ''Black Swap in L.A'', which was released in February 2003. Over the course of her adult film career Watase starred in over 200 releases and was considered to be one of the most popular stars of the genre until she retired from the industry in mid-2005.\n\nIn addition to her hardcore work, Watase also starred in the softcore V-Cinema erotic drama  which came out in November 2004.\n\nWatase had appeared in an \"uncensored\" video - one without the mosaic censoring of the genitals required in Japanese pornography - as early as November 2003 with the release of ''Super Idol Vol. 33: Akira Watase'' by FantaDream and several more uncensored videos were released after her retirement from the Japanese AV scene.\n\nIn August 2008, Watase reappeared in the AV industry under the name of \"Rei Narumi\" (\u306a\u308b\u307f\u793c) with a release under that new name coming out in September for DEEP's, one of the companies in the large Japanese adult video conglomerate Soft On Demand (SOD), although the content appears to be a re-edit of a 2005 release.\n"	"Filmography"	"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n Release date\n Video title\n Company\n Director\n Notes\n\n 2000-05-28 (VHS)2000-07-29 (DVD)\n ''Venus''\n Cosmos PlanIT-27 (VHS)MDS029 (DVD)\n Yuji Sakamoto\n '''AV debut'''\n\n 2000-06-30\n ''Killer Kiss''\n Cosmos PlanIT-35\n Daimei Kurata\n \n\n 2000-07-30\n ''Marionette's Honey''\n Cosmos PlanIT-41\n Asao Takai\n \n\n 2000-08-30\n ''Be My Dutchwife''\n KUKI TankKT-464\n Yuji Osawa\n \n\n 2000-09-30\n ''Queen of Legs''\n VIPVIP-033\n Demo Tanaka\n \n\n 2000-10-30\n ''Body Gorgeous''\n VIPVIP-035\n \n \n\n 2000-11-30\n ''Climax XYZ''\n VIPVIP-039\n \n \n\n 2000-12-30\n ''Horny Bunny''\n KUKI TankKT-486\n KC Takeda\n \n\n 2001-01-05\n ''Gorgeous No.1''\n KasakuraCAV39-32\n \n \n\n 2001-01-22\n ''No.1''\n KUKI VinylJF-644\n Happy Yamada/Casey Takeda\n \n\n 2001-01-27\n ''Ecstasy Kiss DC''\n Cosmos PlanMDV-029\n \n Extended Director's Cut (DC) version of ''Killer Kiss''\n\n 2001-02-09\n ''How To Perfect''\n Wanz FactoryHP-106\n \n \n\n 2001-02-18\n ''Chi-Sei''\n KasakuraCAV39-39\n \n \n\n 2001-03-07\n ''Bejean 11 - Akira Watase''\n MomotaroBE-55\n Masao Tanaka\n \n\n 2001-03-09\n ''Slut Actress 26''\n Waap Entertainment KohshiroCHD-026\n \n \n\n 2001-03-24\n ''Secret Play of a Marionette''\n Cosmos PlanMDV-031\n \n Extended DVD version of ''Marionette's Honey''\n\n 2001-06-16\n ''Tits TANK Angels 9''\n KUKI TankKT-516\n Jango\n Compilation with Manami Yoshii, Marie Takano, Milk Ichigo, Nakamura Usagi & Rara Kusakari\n\n 2002-02-15\n ''Knock on the Heaven's Door''\n Moodyz ImperialMDI-038\n Butta Sato\n \n\n 2002-04-22\n ''Angel''\n IdeaPocket AngelAND-093\n \n \n\n 2002-05-01\n ''Soft Skin, Hot Blooded...''\n Attackers SharkSHK-156\n \n \n\n 2002-05-22\n ''Do You Wanna Fuck?''\n Moodyz ImperialMDID-126\n Hiroa\n \n\n 2002-06-07\n ''Dream Shower No. 41''\n Waap Entertainment BeautyBTD-041\nJoStyle\n \n\n 2002-06-15\n ''Knock on the Heaven's Door 2''\n Moodyz ImperialMDID-135\n Bunchou Yoshino\n \n\n 2002-07-15\n ''Black Semen in LA: Akira Watase''\n Moodyz WildMDWD-034\n Sumioshin\n \n\n 2002-08\n ''RQ Circuit Lady''\n FreeVision / Golden CandyCA-1552\n \n \n\n 2002-08-04\n ''New Cherry Boy Hunting, Vol.2 ''\n SODSDDE-024\n \n  \n\n 2002-09-30\n ''Sex Juice 3''\n h.m.p. ChuFCU-006\n \n With Mami Shindo\n\n 2002-10-01\n ''Confining Actress Mania 2''\n Wanz Factory Maniac WorldMC-102\n \n \n\n 2002-10-05\n ''Exposure Revival: The Night Shot''\n SODSDDM-184\n Kikurin\n\n\n 2002-10-18\n ''Ura - Akira Watase''\n KMP MillionMILV-025\n Goro Tameike\n \n\n 2002-11-22\n ''Abnormal Privacy: Slave Secretary 38''\n CineMagic CollectVS-696\n Shinichi Kawamura\n \n\n 2002-11-29\n ''Do The Nice Body Gals''\n KUKIRT-089\n Sabbath Horinaka\n With Ria Naname\n\n 2002-12-01\n ''Sex Wars 1''\n Moodyz QuestMDQ-035\n Rintaro Ise\n With Nao Oikawa & Moe Nishimura\n\n 2002-12-10\n ''Kiss & Sex of a Beauty Vol.2''\n DogmaDDN-026\n Hitoshi Nimura\n \n\n 2003-01-10\n ''Female Teacher Rape''\n Deep'sDPS-212\n \n \n\n 2003-01-21\n ''Chijo''\n Athena EizouAS-1169\n Katsuya Ichihara\n With Natsumi Momoi\n\n 2003-01-22\n ''Drunk Woman''\n Moodyz ImperialMDID-199\n brain-X\n \n\n 2003-01-28\n ''Crazy Tongue''\n h.m.p. SammWSV-002\n Ryutaro Kanno\n With Nao Oikawa\n\n 2003-02-10\n ''Confinement Chair Trance''\n DogmaDDT-057\n Tohjiro\n \n\n 2003-02-15\n ''Black Swap in L.A''\n Moodyz LegendMDLD-010\n Sumioshin\n With Miyo Shino\n\n 2003-02-28\n ''Want to be Fucked by a Beautiful Lady''\n Athena EizouAS-1176\n Masato Ishioka\n \n\n 2003-03-01\n ''Wet Sex''\n Wanz FactoryWS-103\n \n \n\n 2003-03-15\n ''Pheromone Body''\n Moodyz Style ArtMDXD-011\n Kenshirou\n \n\n 2003-04-01\n ''Dream School 6''\n Moodyz ValueMDVD-005\n \n With Airi Isikawa, Riho Yuzuki, Seika Izumi, Senna Kurosaki &  Wakana Itsuki\n\n 2003-07-15\n ''Digital Mosaic Vol.015''\n Moodyz KillerMDED-095\n Chibikuro\n \n\n 2003-08-16\n ''Akira Watase Arrest You!''\n IEnergyIQP-047\n \n \n\n 2003-11-08\n ''Ryubaku SM Bindings and Confinement 5''\n Attackers RyubakuRB-030\n \n \n\n 2003-11-20\n '' Super Idol Vol. 33: Akira Watase''\n FantaDreamFDD-1233\n \n '''Uncensored'''\n\n 2003-12-10\n ''Lesbian Deluxe''\n DogmaDDN-058\n Hitoshi Nimura\n With Yui Kayama\n\n 2004-02-01\n ''Wet & Sex''\n Wanz FactoryOX-109\n \n With Kay & Miyo Shino\n\n 2004-02-20\n ''21 Century Onanie Item: Onanie Support''\n Dogma GuildGDD-022\n Bunchou Yoshino\n \n\n 2004-05-03\n ''Racequeen with Beauitul Legs''\n IEnergyIESP-067\n \n\n\n 2004-06-15\n ''Licking Slut Double''\n Moodyz LegendMDLD-180\nJoStyle\n With Riri Yuuki\n\n 2004-08\n ''Semen Mania Slut 2''\n Milky CatCZM-02\n \n \n\n 2004-12-04\n ''The Erotic Party''\n SODSDDM-526\n JOB-TYPE\n With Koyuki Morisaki, Moe Kimishima, Nana Natsume & Yuria\n\n 2005-03-18\n ''Slave Secretary Special 10''\n CineMagic CollectVS-771 (VHS)DVS-024 (DVD)\n Tatsuro Mishima\n With Mizuki Shiraishi, Senna Kurosaki & Yui Sarina\n\n 2005-04-20\n ''Beautiful News Reporter''\n Next11 ImageIMGS-096\n Rei Ozaki\n \n\n 2005-05-04\n ''Exposure - Big City Tokyo 3''\n IEnergyBKSP-017\n Shinsuke Inoue\n \n\n 2005-05-20\n ''Tokyo Virtual Vol. 15''\n FantaDreamFDD-1715\n \n With Sakura Sakurada & Yui Kawai'''Uncensored'''\n\n 2006-06-19\n ''Fairy Story: Akira Watase''\n FairyFAI-003\n \n '''Uncensored'''\n\n 2007-11-15\n '' Yukata Angel Vol.4''\n FantaDreamFDD-2050\n \n With Haruka Mizuki & Arisa Hagetsu'''Uncensored'''\n\n\n"	"Notes"	"\n"	"References"	"* \n* \n* \n* \n"	" External links "	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Alexander Conti"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Alexander Biagio Conti''' (born September 1, 1993) is a Canadian actor. He has worked in film and television since the age of six.\n"	"Early life"	"Conti was born in Brantford, Ontario, Canada, of Italian and Brazilian heritage. He is the youngest of four children. His older brothers, Adam Conti and Jordan Conti, are also actors. His sister Brittany also aspires to be an actor.\n\nConti has expressed his love of performing and has characterized continuing to act as his \"greatest desire\".  He has acted in commercials, radio, animation voice overs, and television series. His first real acting experience was in the Showtime Networks series, ''Street Time'', on which he was a regular. He has also worked with Director Andy Wolk, alongside Peter Falk.\n\nIn 2016 Alex Conti could not lift weights. He had to be spotted twice.\n\nHis other interests include sports, such as soccer, football, boxing, tennis, golf, baseball and hockey, and basketball. He also loves to sing to karaoke with his family and friends. He enjoys school and loves a challenge as he can be very competitive.\n"	"Film credits"	"Conti's most recent film work includes roles in ''The Pacifier'', ''Cheaper by the Dozen 2'', and ''Case 39'' (as Diego Ramirez).\n\nHe has roles in movies like: ''Gooby'', ''The Good Witch 2'' and the Disney Channel Original Movie, ''Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars'' as Sport.\n"	"Television credits"	"{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\nFeature films\n\n Year\n Film\n Role\n Notes\n\n 2000\n ''Finding Forrester''\n Little boy\n Uncredited\n\n 2005\n ''The Pacifier''\n Little boy\n\n\n 2005\n ''Cheaper by the Dozen 2''\n Kenneth Murtaugh\n\n\n 2007\n ''KAW''\n Tyler Whitmore\n\n\n 2009\n ''Gooby''\n Eric\n\n\n 2009\n ''Case 39''\n Diego\n Nominated\u2014Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a Feature Film (Supporting Young Actor)\n\n 2010\n ''Dog Pound (film)''\n Sal\n\n\nFilms made for television\n\n Year\n Title\n Role\n Notes\n\n 2004\n ''Celeste in the City''\n Young Dana\n Scenes deleted\n\n 2004\n''When Angels Come to Town''\n Jimmy Reid\n\n\n 2008\n ''Snow 2: Brain Freeze''\n Ryan\n\n\n 2009\n ''The Good Witch's Garden''\n Duke\n\n\n 2010\n ''Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars''\n Sport\n\nNominated\u2014Young Artist Award for Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special (Supporting Young Actor)\n\nTelevision\n\n Year\n Title\n Role\n Notes\n\n 2001\n ''Braceface''\n Dylan\n\n\n 2003\n ''Missing''\n Tommy Wilhite\n 1 episode\n\n 2002\u20132003\n ''Street Time''\n Timmy Liberti\n 21 episodes\n\n 2004\n ''Peep and the Big Wide World''\n Bunny #3\n\n\n 2004\n ''The Grid''\n Eddie McCann\n 1 episode\n\n 2005\n ''Kojak''\n Carlito\n 1 episode\n\n 2006\n ''Skyland''\n Cobbs\n 1 episode\n\n 2009\n ''Overruled!''\n Shecky Sheckerson\n 1 episode\n\n\n 2007\u20132008\n ''Di-Gata Defenders''\n Rion\n 26 episodes\n\n\n2011-2013\n''Life with Boys''\n Travis\n 3 episodes\n\n 2015\n ''Hemlock Grove''\n Kessell\n 1 episode\n\n"	"Awards and nominations"	"{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n Year !! Award !! Category !! Work !! Result\n\n 2005\n ''Young Artist Award''\n Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special (Supporting Young Actor)\n ''When Angels Come to Town''\n \n\n 2009\n ''Young Artist Award''\n Best Performance in a Voice-Over Role (Supporting Young Actor)\n ''Di-Gata Defenders''\n \n\n 2009\n ''Young Artist Award''\n Best Performance in a TV Movie, Miniseries or Special (Supporting Young Actor)\n ''Snow 2: Brain Freeze''\n \n\n 2011\n ''Young Artist Award''\nBest Performance in a Feature Film (Supporting Young Actor)\n ''Harriet the Spy: Blog Wars''\n \n\n 2011\n ''Young Artist Award''\nBest Performance in a Feature Film - Supporting Young Actor\n ''Case 39''\n \n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Alpaca"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\nAn '''alpaca''' (''Vicugna pacos'') is a domesticated species of South American camelid. It resembles a small llama in appearance.\n\nThere are two breeds of alpaca; the Suri alpaca and the Huacaya alpaca.\n\nAlpacas are kept in herds that graze on the level heights of the Andes of southern Peru, northern Bolivia, Ecuador, and northern Chile at an altitude of  to  above sea level, throughout the year. Alpacas are considerably smaller than llamas, and unlike llamas, they were not bred to be beasts of burden, but were bred specifically for their fiber. Alpaca fiber is used for making knitted and woven items, similar to wool. These items include blankets, sweaters, hats, gloves, scarves, a wide variety of textiles and ponchos in South America, and sweaters, socks, coats and bedding in other parts of the world. The fiber comes in more than 52 natural colors as classified in Peru, 12 as classified in Australia and 16 as classified in the United States.\n\nIn the textile industry, \"alpaca\" primarily refers to the hair of Peruvian alpacas, but more broadly it refers to a style of fabric originally made from alpaca hair, but now often made from similar fibers, such as mohair, Icelandic sheep wool, or even high-quality English wool.  In trade, distinctions are made between alpacas and the several styles of mohair and luster.\n\nAn adult alpaca generally is between  in height at the shoulders (withers). They usually weigh .\n"	"Background"	"Guanacos (wild parent species of llamas) near Torres del Paine, Chile\n\nAlpacas have been domesticated for thousands of years. The Moche people of northern Peru often used alpaca images in their art. There are no known wild alpacas, and its closest living relative, the ''vicu\u00f1a'' (also native to South America), are believed to be the wild ancestor of the alpaca. The alpaca is larger than the vicu\u00f1a, but smaller than the other camelid species.\n\nAlong with camels and llamas, alpacas are classified as camelids. Of the various camelid species, the alpaca and vicu\u00f1a are the most valuable fiber-bearing animals: the alpaca because of the quality and quantity of its fiber, and the vicu\u00f1a because of the softness, fineness and quality of its coat.\n\nAlpacas are too small to be used as pack animals. Instead, they are bred exclusively for their fiber and meat. Alpaca meat was once considered a delicacy by Andean inhabitants. Because of the high price commanded by alpaca on the growing North American alpaca market, illegal alpaca smuggling has become a growing problem. \nIn 2014, a company was formed claiming to be the first to export US-derived alpaca products to China.\n\nAlpacas and llamas can successfully cross-breed. The resulting offspring are called ''huarizo'', which are valued for their unique fleece and gentle dispositions.\n"	"Behavior"	"\nCloseup of an alpaca's face\n\nAlpacas are social herd animals that live in family groups consisting of a territorial alpha male, females and their young. Alpacas warn the herd about intruders by making sharp, noisy inhalations that sound like a high-pitched bray. The herd may attack smaller predators with their front feet, and can spit and kick. Their aggression towards members of the canid family (coyotes, foxes, dogs etc.) is exploited when alpacas are used as guard llamas for guarding sheep.\n\n===Spitting===\nNot all alpacas spit, but all are capable of doing so. \"Spit\" is somewhat euphemistic; occasionally the projectile contains only air and a little saliva, although alpacas commonly bring up acidic stomach contents (generally a green, grassy mix) and project it onto their chosen targets. Spitting is mostly reserved for other alpacas, but an alpaca will occasionally spit at a human.\n\nFor alpacas, spitting results in what is called \"sour mouth\". Sour mouth is characterized by a loose-hanging lower lip and a gaping mouth. This is caused by the stomach acids and unpleasant taste of the contents as they pass out of the mouth.\n\n===Hygiene===\nAlpacas use a communal dung pile, where they do not graze. This behaviour tends to limit the spread of internal parasites. Generally, males have much tidier, and fewer dung piles than females, which tend to stand in a line and all go at once. One female approaches the dung pile and begins to urinate and/or defecate, and the rest of the herd often follows.\n\nBecause of their preference for using a dung pile, some alpacas have been successfully house-trained.\n\n===Sounds===\nSuri alpacas\nAlpacas make a variety of sounds. When they are in danger, they make a high-pitched, shrieking whine. Some breeds are known to make a \"wark\" noise when excited. Strange dogs and even catscan trigger this reaction. To signal friendly or submissive behavior, alpacas \"cluck\", or \"click\", a sound possibly generated by suction on the soft palate, or possibly in the nasal cavity.\n\nIndividuals vary, but most alpacas generally make a humming sound. Hums are often comfort noises, letting the other alpacas know they are present and content. The humming can take on many inflections and meanings.\n\nWhen males fight, they make a warbling, bird-like cry, presumably intended to terrify the opponent.\n\n===Reproduction===\nFemales are induced ovulators; the act of mating and the presence of semen causes them to ovulate. Females usually conceive after just one breeding, but occasionally do have trouble conceiving. Artificial insemination is technically difficult, but it can be accomplished. Alpacas conceived from artificial insemination are not registerable with the Alpaca Registry.\n\nA male is usually ready to mate for the first time between two and three years of age. A female alpaca may fully mature (physically and mentally) between 10 and 24 months. It is not advisable to allow a young female to be bred until she is mature, and has reached two-thirds of her mature weight. Over-breeding a young female before conception is possible is a common cause of uterine infections. As the age of maturation varies greatly between individuals, it is usually recommended that novice breeders wait until females are 18 months of age or older before initiating breeding.\n\nThe gestation period is, on average, 11.5 months, and usually results in a single offspring, or ''cria''. Twins are rare, occurring about once per 1000 deliveries. Cria are generally between 15 and 19 pounds, and are standing 30 to 90 minutes after birth. After a female gives birth, she is generally receptive to breeding again after about two weeks. Crias may be weaned through human intervention at about six months old and 60 pounds, but many breeders prefer to allow the female to decide when to wean her offspring; they can be weaned earlier or later depending on their size and emotional maturity.\n\nAlpacas can live for up to 20 years.\n"	"Diet"	"(video) An Alpaca chewing\nAlpacas require much less food than most animals of their size. They generally eat hay or grasses, but can eat some other plants (e.g. some leaves), and will normally try to chew on almost anything (e.g. empty bottle). Most alpaca ranchers rotate their feeding grounds so the grass can regrow and fecal parasites may die before reusing the area.\n\nAlpacas can eat natural unfertilized grass; however, ranchers can also supplement grass with low-protein grass hay. To provide selenium and other necessary vitamins, ranchers will feed their domestic alpacas a daily dose of grain. Free-range alpacas may obtain the necessary vitamins in their native grazing ranges.\n\n===Digestion===\nAlpacas are '''pseudoruminants''' and, like other camelids, have a three-chambered stomach; combined with chewing cud, this three-chambered system allows maximum extraction of nutrients from low-quality forages.\n\nAlpacas will chew their food in a figure eight motion, swallow the food, and then pass it into one of the stomach's chambers. The first and second chambers (called C1 and C2) are where the fermentation process begins digestion. The alpaca will further absorb nutrients and water in the first part of the third chamber. The end of the third chamber (called C3) is where the stomach secretes acids to digest food, and is the likely place where an alpaca will have ulcers, if stressed. The alpaca digestive system is very sensitive and must be kept healthy and balanced.\n\n===Poisonous plants===\nMany plants are poisonous to the alpaca, including the bracken fern, fireweed, oleander, and some azaleas. In common with similar livestock, others include: acorns, African rue, agave, amaryllis, autumn crocus, bear grass, broom snakeweed, buckwheat, ragweed, buttercups, calla lily, orange tree foliage, carnations, castor beans, and many others.\n"	"History of the scientific name"	"Shorn alpacas\nThe relationship between alpacas and vicu\u00f1as was disputed for many years. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the four South American lamoid species were assigned scientific names. At that time, the alpaca was assumed to be descended from the llama, ignoring similarities in size, fleece and dentition between the alpaca and the vicu\u00f1a. Classification was complicated by the fact that all four species of South American camelid can interbreed and produce fertile offspring. The advent of DNA technology made a more accurate classification possible.\n\nIn 2001, the alpaca genus classification changed from ''Lama pacos'' to ''Vicugna pacos'', following the presentation of a paper on work by Dr.Jane Wheeler etal. on alpaca DNA to the Royal Society showing the alpaca is descended from the vicu\u00f1a, not the guanaco.\n"	"Fiber"	"\n\nAlpaca fleece is a lustrous and silky natural fiber. While similar to sheep\u2019s wool, it is warmer, not prickly, and bears no lanolin, which makes it hypoallergenic. Without lanolin, it does not repel water. It is also soft and luxurious. In physical structure, alpaca fiber is somewhat akin to hair, being very glossy. The preparing, carding, spinning, weaving and finishing process of alpaca is very similar to the process used for wool. Alpaca fiber is also flame-resistant, and meets the US Consumer Product Safety Commission's standards.\n\nAlpacas are typically sheared once per year in the spring. Each shearing produces approximately five to ten pounds (2.2\u20134.5 kilograms) of fibre per alpaca. An adult alpaca might produce 50 to 90 ounces (1420\u20132550 grams) of first-quality fibre as well as 50 to 100 ounces (1420\u20132840 grams) of second- and third-quality fibre.\n"	"Prices"	"The price for American alpacas can range from US$50 for a castrated male (gelding) to US$500,000 for the highest of champions in the world, depending on breeding history, sex, and color.\nAccording to an academic study, though, the higher prices sought for alpaca breeding stock are largely speculative and not supported by market fundamentals, given the low inherent returns per head from the main end product, alpaca fiber, and prices into the $100s per head rather than $10,000s would be required for a commercially viable fiber production herd. Breeding stock prices in Australia have fallen from A$10,000\u201330,000 head in 1997 to an average of A$3,000\u20134,000 today.\n\nIt is possible to raise up to 25 alpacas per hectare (10 alpacas per acre),  as they have a designated area for waste products and keep their eating area away from their waste area.  However,  this ratio differs from country to country and is highly dependent on the quality of pasture available (in many desert locations it is generally only possible to run one to three animals per acre due to lack of suitable vegetation). Fiber quality is the primary variant in the price achieved for alpaca wool; in Australia, it is common to classify the fiber by the thickness of the individual hairs and by the amount of vegetable matter contained in the supplied shearings.\n"	"Livestock"	"A Bolivian man and his alpaca\nAlpacas need to eat 1\u20132% of body weight per day, so about two  bales of grass hay per month per animal. When formulating a proper diet for alpacas, water and hay analysis should be performed to determine the proper vitamin and mineral supplementation program. Two options are to provide free choice salt/mineral powder, or feed a specially formulated ration. Indigenous to the highest regions of the Andes, this harsh environment has created an extremely hardy animal, so only minimal housing and predator fencing are needed. The alpaca\u2019s three-chambered stomachs allow for extremely efficient digestion. There are no viable seeds in the manure, because alpacas prefer to only eat tender plant leaves, and will not consume thick plant stems; therefore, alpaca manure does not need composting to enrich pastures or ornamental landscaping. Nail and teeth trimming is needed every six to twelve months, along with annual shearing.\n\nSimilar to ruminants, such as cattle and sheep, alpacas have only lower teeth at the front of their mouths; therefore, they do not pull grass up by the roots. Rotating pastures is still important, though, as alpacas have a tendency to regraze an area repeatedly. Alpacas are fiber-producing animals; they do not need to be slaughtered to reap their product, and their fiber is a renewable resource that grows yearly.\n"	"See also"	"* ''Skrjabinema''\n*Llama\n*Vicu\u00f1a\n*Alpaca fiber\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Notes"	"*\n"	"External links"	"\n\n*  International Alpaca Association (IAA)\n* View the  alpaca genome in Ensembl\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Anna Massey"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''Anna Raymond Massey''', CBE (11 August 19373 July 2011) was an English actress. She won a BAFTA Award for the role of Edith Hope in the 1986 TV adaptation of Anita Brookner's novel ''Hotel du Lac'' in a role which one of her co-stars, Julia McKenzie, has said \"could have been written for her.\"\n"	"Early life"	"Massey was born in Thakeham, Sussex, England, the daughter of British actress Adrianne Allen and Canadian-born Hollywood actor Raymond Massey. Her brother, Daniel Massey, was also an actor. She was the niece of Vincent Massey, a Governor General of Canada, and her godfather was film director John Ford.\n"	"Career"	"Although she had no formal training at either drama school or in repertory, in May 1955 at the age of 17, Anna Massey made her first appearance on stage at the Theatre Royal, Brighton, as Jane in ''The Reluctant Debutante'', subsequently making her first London appearance in the same play at the Cambridge Theatre in May 1955 \"and was suddenly famous\". She then left the cast in London to repeat her performance in New York in October 1956. In the 1990s she appeared with Alan Bennett in a dramatised reading of T.S. Eliot's and Virginia Woolf's letters in a production at the Charleston Festival devised by Patrick Garland.\n\nSeveral of her early film roles were in mystery thrillers. She made her cinema debut in the Scotland Yard film ''Gideon's Day'' (1958), as Sally, daughter of  Jack Hawkins's Detective Inspector. The director was her godfather John Ford. She played a potential murder victim in Michael Powell's cult thriller ''Peeping Tom'' (1960) and appeared in Otto Preminger's ''Bunny Lake Is Missing'' (1965). In 1972, she played the role of the barmaid Babs in Alfred Hitchcock's penultimate film ''Frenzy''. In the documentary on the film's DVD release, Massey mentioned that she originally auditioned for the much smaller role of the secretary Monica, a part for which Jean Marsh was cast. She also noted that her character's nude scenes in ''Frenzy'' were performed by body doubles. Massey appeared with her brother Daniel playing deadly siblings in the horror film ''The Vault of Horror'' (1973).\n\nMassey continued to make occasional film and stage appearances, but worked more frequently in television, making her first small screen appearance as Jacqueline in ''Green of the Year'' in October 1955 and in dramas such as ''The Pallisers'' (1974), the 1978 adaptation of ''Rebecca'' (in which she starred with her ex-husband, Jeremy Brett), ''The Mayor of Casterbridge'' (1978), ''The Cherry Orchard'' (1980), and ''Anna Karenina'' (1985). She had roles in the British comedy series ''The Darling Buds of May'' (1991) and ''The Robinsons'' (2005). She also appeared in a number of mysteries and thrillers on television, including episodes of ''Inspector Morse'', ''The Inspector Alleyn Mysteries'', ''Midsomer Murders'', ''Strange'', ''Lewis'', and ''Agatha Christie's Poirot''.\n\nWith Imelda Staunton, she co-devised and starred as Josephine Daunt in ''Daunt and Dervish'' on BBC radio. She was the narrator of ''This Sceptred Isle'' on BBC Radio 4, a history of Britain from Roman times which ran for more than 300 fifteen-minute episodes. In 2009, she also appeared in a new radio version of ''The Killing of Sister George''.\n\nIn 1987, Massey was awarded the British Academy TV Award for Best Actress for her role in ''Hotel du Lac''  after acquiring the TV rights two years earlier, only a few weeks before the novel won the Booker Prize. She also appeared as Mrs. D'Urberville in the 2008 BBC adaptation of ''Tess of the D'Urbervilles'', an older version of May and as Rosie in ''An Angel For May'', and in the 2004 BBC version of ''Our Mutual Friend''.\n"	"Acting style"	"One of Massey's assets as an actress was her \"extraordinary voice... it was so listenable.\" Although Massey's parts were varied, her \"cut-glass English accent conveyed a cold and repressed character on screen\".  Michael Billington of ''The Guardian'' characterised her work as being informed by \"stillness\", such as in the National Theatre's production of Harold Pinter's ''A Kind of Alaska''.\n\nShe was known for a high level of preparation and effort, with one producer saying that she had a practice of using five different coloured pens on scripts to mark out \"breaths and pauses\" and the development of a scene, for example \"if a phrase early in a paragraph was going to be picked up again later, she would highlight those two bits in the same colour, so that it would remind her that that first phrase was referring to something later.\"\n"	"Personal life"	"In the New Year's Honours List published 31 December 2004 she was created a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) for services to drama.\n\nMassey published an autobiography in 2006, ''Telling Some Tales'', in which she revealed a difficult early life and discussed her failed marriage (1958\u20131962) to actor Jeremy Brett, discussing his struggle with bipolar disorder. The couple had one son, writer and illustrator David Huggins (b. 1959).  At an August 1988 dinner party held at the home of their mutual friend, Joy Whitby, she met Russian-born metallurgist Uri Andres, who had been based at Imperial College, London since 1975. The couple were married from November 1988 until her death in 2011.\n\nMassey was quoted as saying, \"Theatre eats up too much of your family life. I have a grandson and a husband and I'd rather I was able to be a granny and a wife.\"\n\nMassey died from cancer on 3 July 2011, aged 73.\n"	"Selected TV and filmography"	"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n Year\n Title\n Role\n Notes\n\n1958\n''Gideon's Day''\nSally Gideon\n\n\n1960\n''Peeping Tom''\nHelen Stephens\n\n\n1963\n''The Trip to Biarritz''\nMarjorie Robertson\n\n\n1965\n''Bunny Lake Is Missing''\nElvira Smollett\n\n\n1969\n''De Sade''\nRen\u00e9e de Montreuil\n\n\n1970\n''The Looking Glass War''\nAvery's Wife\n\n\n1970\n''Wicked Women''\nChristiana Edmunds\n TV episode\n\n1972\n''Frenzy''\nBabs Milligan\n\n\n1973\n''The Vault of Horror''\nDonna Rogers\n(segment 1 \"Midnight Mess\")\n\n1973\n''A Doll's House''\nKristine Linde\n\n\n1974\n''The Pallisers''\nLaura Kennedy\nTV miniseries\n\n1978\n''The Mayor of Casterbridge''\nLucetta Templeman\n\n\n1979\n''Rebecca''\nMrs. Danvers\nTV miniseries\n\n1979\n''A Little Romance''\nMs. Seigel\n\n\n1980\n''Sweet William''\nEdna McClusky\n\n\n1982\n''Five Days One Summer''\nJennifer Pierce\n\n\n1983\n''Mansfield Park''\nMrs. Norris\nTV series\n\n1984\n''Another Country''\nImogen Bennett\n\n\n1984\n''Journey into the Shadows: Portrait of Gwen John''\nGwen John\nTV film\n\n1984\n''The Little Drummer Girl''\nChairlady\n\n\n1984\n''The Chain''\nBetty\n\n\n1985\n''Sacred Hearts''\nSister Thomas\n\n\n1986\n''Hotel du Lac''\nEdith Hope\nBAFTA award-winning TV role\n\n1986\n''Foreign Body''\nMiss Furze\n\n\n1987\n''A Hazard of Hearts''\nEudora, Serena's Maid\n\n\n1988\n''La couleur du vent''\nNorma\n\n\n1989\n''The Tall Guy''\nMary\n\n\n1989\n''A Tale of Two Cities''\nMiss Pross\n\n\n1989\n''Around the World in 80 Days''\nQueen Victoria\n\n\n1990\n''Mountains of the Moon''\nMrs. Arundell\n\n\n1990\n''Killing Dad or How to Love Your Mother''\nEdith\n\n\n1991\n''Impromptu''\nGeorge Sand's mother\n\n\n1992\n''Inspector Morse''\nLady Emily Balcombe\nTV series, 'Happy Families'\n\n1992\n''Emily's Ghost''\nMiss Rabstock\n\n\n1995\n''The Grotesque''\nMrs. Giblet\n\n\n1995\n''Angels & Insects''\nMiss Mead\n\n\n1995\n''Haunted''\nNanny Tess Webb\n\n\n1996\n''Sweet Angel Mine''\nMother\n\n\n1997\n''Driftwood''\nMother\n\n\n1997\n''The Slab Boys''\nMiss Elsie Walkinshaw\n\n\n1997\n''Deja Vu''\nFern Stoner\n\n\n1998\n''Midsomer Murders''\nHonoria Lyddiard\nEpisode \"Written in Blood\"\n\n1999\n''Captain Jack''\nPhoebe Pickles\n\n\n1999\n''Mad Cows''\nDwina Phelps\n\n\n2000\n''Room to Rent''\nSarah \u2013 A healer\n\n\n2001\n''Dark Blue World'' \nEnglish teacher\n\n\n2002\n''The Importance of Being Earnest''\nMiss Prism\n\n\n2002\n''Possession''\nLady Bailey\n\n\n2004\n''The Machinist''\nMrs Shrike\n\n\n2004\n''He Knew He Was Right''\nMiss Stanbury\nTV film\n\n2004\n''Belonging''\nHerself\nTV film\n\n2005\n''Mrs. Palfrey at the Claremont''\nMrs Arbuthnot\n\n\n2005\n''The Worst Week of My Life''\nAunt Yvonne\n\n\n2006\n''The Gigolos''\nEdwina\n\n\n2007\n''Fairy Stories by The Brothers Grimm''\nNarrator\nAudiobook\n\n2007\n''Lewis''\nProfessor Margaret Gold\n\n\n2007\n''Oliver Twist''\nMrs Bedwin\nTV miniseries\n\n2008\n''Doctor Who \u2013 The Girl Who Never Was''\nMiss Pollard\n8th Doctor audiobook\n\n2008\n''The Oxford Murders''\nMrs. Julia Eagleton\n\n\n2008\n''Affinity''\nMiss Haxby\nTV film\n\n2008\n''Tess of the D'Urbervilles''\nMrs D'Urberville\nTV miniseries\n\n2009\n''Midsomer Murders''\nBrenda Packard\nEpisode \"Secrets & Spies\"\n\n2010\n''The Clocks''\nMiss Pebmarsh\n\n\n2011\n''Act of Memory''\nOlder Maria\nshort, (Last appearance)\n\n"	"Books"	"* \n"	"See also"	"*Massey family\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n*\n* Stage performances in Theatre Archive University of Bristol\n*\n*  Obituary in ''The Independent''\n*  Obituary in ''The Telegraph''\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Arvind Gaur"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Arvind Gaur''' ( \u0905\u0930\u0935\u093f\u0928\u094d\u0926 \u0917\u094c\u0930), Indian theatre director, is known for his work in innovative, socially and politically relevant theatre in India. Gaur's plays are contemporary and thought-provoking, connecting intimate personal spheres of existence to larger social political issues. His work deals with Internet censorship, communalism, caste issues, feudalism, domestic violence, crimes of state, politics of power, violence, injustice, social discrimination, marginalisation, and racism. Arvind is the leader of Asmita, Delhi's \"most prolific theatre group\", and is an actor trainer, social activist, street theatre worker and story teller.\n\nGaur was the recipient of a research fellowship awarded by the Ministry of Human Resource Development (India) (1997\u201398). He was on the guest faculty of Delhi University for Theatre in education program for three years. He has conducted many theatre workshops and performed in colleges, institutions, universities and schools in India and abroad.\n\nHe has organized theatre workshops for children in schools and slums as well as street theatre performances on socio-political issues. He has directed more than 60 stage plays over two decades.\n"	" Personal life "	"He was born on 2 February 1963 in Delhi. Arvind\u2019s father Shri Shiva Nandan Sharma (died on 16.04.09) was a Maths scholar and his mother Saraswati Devi is a housewife. He has one brother, Anil Gaur, and three sisters:  Shashi Prabha, late Mithlesh and Dr. Anita Gaur. His wife Dr. Sangeeta Gaur is a very talented vocalist, composer and music director. He has twin daughters Kakoli and Saveree.\n"	" Theatre career "	"After completing his schooling from Model School, Vivek Vihar in Delhi, he decided to study engineering in Electronic Communication. Later, he joined the Delhi Public Library drama group. In DPL He acted in and directed plays. Then he worked with slum kids and industrial labourers for some time and conducted workshops for them. His first street play was with Zakir Hussein College, called ''Videshi Aya''. It became very popular and he staged it around 200 schools. After this, his desire to express led him to journalism. He worked with the ''Navbharat Times'' newspaper as culture columnist for about four years.\n\nWatching plays, reading about them and writing about them is how his training in theatre started. He then shifted to Press Trust of India (PTI-TV). He was associated with TV serial ''Tana-Bana''. He was in charge of the research and programming there. All through his years with street theatre, print and television, Gaur had developed keen interest in direction. Finally, after devoting two years to PTI-TV, he felt the urge to switch to theatre completely.\n\n=== Theatre journey ===\nArvind's debut play was Bhisham Sahni's ''Hanoosh'' (February, 1993). He started his theatre journey with classics like ''Tughlaq'', ''Andha Yug'', ''Caligula'', ''Julius Caesar'', etc.\n\nHe performed Girish Karnad's ''Tughlaq'' in a small basement theatre (SRC). It was a huge success. His ''Tughlaq'' was selected as \"the best play of the year 1994\" by Sahitya Kala Parishad. He achieved greater heights during a decade in theatre. He trained actors in his own style. He trained them as a complete theatre person. Arvind Gaur also collaborated with theatre artists and groups specially in exploring a new language for solo performances.\n"	" Major directions "	"* Girish Karnad's Tughlaq translations by B. V. Karanth,  Surekha Sikri & K.K. Nayyar\n* Bhisham Sahni's Hanoosh\n* Dharamvir Bharati's Andha Yug (The Age of Blindness)\n* Swadesh Deepak\u2019s Court Martial (450 shows)\n* Govind Deshpande\u2019s Antim Divas, translated in Hindi by Chandra kant patil\n* Albert Camus's Caligula (play), translation by Sharad Chandra\n* Girish Karnad's Rakt Kalyan (Taledanda), Hindi Translation by Ram Gopal Bajaj\n* Bertolt Brecht's The Caucasian Chalk Circle translated by Kamleshwar\n* Mahesh Dattani's Final Solutions, translation by Shahid Anwar\n* Eugene O'Neill's Desire Under the Elms translated by Nadira Babbar\n* Dario Fo's Operation Three Star, adaptation of Accidental Death of an Anarchist by Amitabh Srivatava\n* Dr. Narendra Mohan's Kalandar & Mr.Jinnah\n* Samuel Beckett's Waiting For Godot, translation Krishna Bal Dev Vaid\n* John Octanasek's Romeo Juliet and the darkness, script by Aishveryaa Nidhi\n* Neil Simon's The Good Doctor, Adaptation - Sunil Jasuja, Sadia & Aparna Singh\n* Vijay Tendulkar\u2019s Ghashiram Kotwal\n* Sharad Joshi's Andhon ka Hathi & Ek tha Gadha urf aladat Khan\n* Munshi Premchand's Mote ram ka Satyagrah, Adaptation by Habib Tanvir and Safdar Hashmi\n* Ashok Lal's Ek Mamooli Aadmi\n* Nag Bodas's Amma Tujhe salaam\n* Rajesh Kumar's Me Gandhi Bolto\n* William Shakespeare's Julius Caesar\n* Mahesh Dattani's Tara, translation by Neeraj Mallik\n* Vijay Mishra\u2019s Tatt Niranjana, translation by Rajendra Prasad Mishra\n* Doodnath Singh's Yama Gatha\n* Uday Prakash's Warren Hastings ka Saand\n* Dr. Harish Naval's Peeli Chht par Kaala Nissan\n* Bhisham Sahni's Kabira ( Kabir ) kheda Bazar Mai\n* Mahesh Dattani's 30 Days in September, Hindi translation by Smita Nirula\n* Bharatendu Harishchandra's Andher Nagri\n* Harsh Mander's Unsuni, script by Mallika Sarabhai\n* Rajesh Kumar's Ambedkar Aur Gandhi Nominated for the best play, best direction and best ensemble in the Mahindra Excellence in Theatre Awards-2011\n* Mohan Rakesh's Leheron Ke Raj Hans\n* Bertolt Brecht's The Good Person of Szechwan 'Ramkali',adaptation by Amitabh Srivastava,starring Mallika Sarabhai and Shilpi Marwaha (34th Vikram Sarabhai International Art Festival)\n* Gulzar's Kharaashein,play based on his poetries and stories\n* Govind Purushottam Deshpande's Raastey.hindi translation by Jyoti Subhash\n* Mahesh Bhatt's The Last Salute,written by Rajesh Kumar.Play based on Muntadhar al-Zaidi's Book.\n* Partition play based on Saadat Hasan Manto's stories\n* Dario Fo's 'Chukayenge Nahi' Can't Pay? Won't Pay!, Hindi adaptation by Amitabh Srivastava\n* Rajesh Kumar's play 'Trial of Errors'\n\n=== Solo play direction ===\n*Bhisham Sahni's ''Madhavi'' solo play with Rashi Bunny\n*Untitled, solo with Lushin Dubey (Theatre World)\n*Manjula Padmanabhan's Hidden Fires, with Rashi Bunny\n*Gandhari...in search of light, solo with Aishveryaa Nidhi \n*Sarah Kane's 4.48 Psychosis by Ruth Sheard\n*Women in Black, one-woman show written  & acted by Bubbles Sabharwal\n*Antoine de Saint-Exup\u00e9ry's The Little Prince, one-woman show by Rashi Bunny\n*Pinki Virani's Bitter Chocolate solo by Lushin Dubey\n*Walking through the Rainbow, with Rashi Bunny\n*Story of the Tiger, with Jaimini Kumar Srivastava\n*A Woman Alone, solo with Ruth Sheard\n*'I Will Not Cry',solo with Lushin Dubey\n\n=== Street plays ===\nGaur directed more than 40 street theatre performances on socio-political issues. He has always raised voice against any socio-political issue that effects the common public. He directed street plays like ''Corruption'', ''Garbage'', ''Road Rage'', and ''Dastak'' which is against the issue of eve teasing. His street plays are always thought-provoking and leave a huge mark on the mindset. He and his team performs socio-political street plays all across Delhi/NCR and the country. He is regarded as a man with a message who believes that change can start from society, if we wish to start the change.\n"	" Awards "	"* Artists 4 Change Karmaveer Puraskaar Noble Laureates,2008 by iCONGO- Confederation of NGOs\n* Special Jury award for best play in experimentation with tradition the at International Solo Theatre Festival, Armenia, 2004\n* Colour of Nation Award at International Theatre Festival, Nizhnevartovsk, Russia for Solo Play Madhavi by Rashi Bunny, 2005\n* Radha Krishna Award for his contribution to Delhi\u2019s art & culture, 2007\n* Udhbhav Shikhar Samman (in memory of Aacharya Vijyendra Sanathak), 2008\n* Swar-Dhrohar award, 2007\n"	" Work for visual media "	"#Acted in Bollywood film ''JD'' 2016, directed and produced by Shailendra Pandey\n#Acted in short film \"Meri Jeevan ki Abhilasha\" directed by Kriti Takkar which won second best fiction film in \"Mise-en-Scene\", the international student\u2019s film festival, 2010.\n# Assistant director, docu-film \"In search of an ideology\", director Prasanna for Doordarshan, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, India.\n# Worked with Press Trust of India (PTI-TV).\n# Acted in tele-film ''Dhabba'' directed by Green Oscar awardee Mike Pandey, produced by Nafisa Ali.\n# Assistant director, docu-film ''Gokak'' (V. K. Gokak), director Prasanna for Sahitya Akademi, Delhi.\n# Research and scripting for TV serial ''Taana-Bana'' (1991\u20131992), produced by Press Trust of India.\n"	" Translation and Scripting "	"\n===Translation===\n*He translated Rabindranath Tagore's Visarjan (Sacrifice), performed by the Darpana Theatre Group directed by Ujjwal Dave\n*Arvind Gaur translated Unsuni in Hindi; script and direction by Mallika Sarabhai\n\n===Scripts===\n\nHe scripted plays like Untitled, Gandhari..in search of light, I will not Cry, Bitter Chocolate (based on Pinki Virani's book), Madhavi solo play (based on Bhisham Sahni's play) and many street plays for Asmita Theatre.\n"	" Major actors "	"Mallika Sarabhai and Arvind Gaur working on Bertolt Brecht's ''The Good Person of Szechwan''.\n\nMajor cinema and theatre actors who trained under Arvind Gaur are Kangana Ranaut, Deepak Dobriyal, Manu Rishi, Shilpa Shukla, Rashi Bunny, Aishveryaa Nidhi, Shilpi Marwaha, Tillotama Shome, Imran Zahid, Sheena Chohan, Seema Azmi etc. Sonam Kapoor attended Gaur's acting workshop to learn the nuances of street theatre for her film ''Raanjhanaa''.\n\nOther prominent theatre actors who worked with him are Mallika Sarabhai, Piyush Mishra, Lushin Dubey, Bubbles Sabharwal, Ruth Sheard, Jaimini Kumar, etc.\n"	"Designs"	"Arvind Gaur designs lights for Naya Theatre group's major productions under the direction of Padma Shri Habib Tanvir. Gaur also assisted Shri Habib Tanvir during the Prithvi Theatre Festival. He designs lights for Agra Bazar (Nazir Akbarabadi's poetry), Charandas Chor (his masterpiece play, Edinburgh Fringe Award), Asghar Wajahat\u2019s Jis Lahore Nai Dekhya, Kamdeo ka Apna Basant Ritu ka Sapna (Habib Tanvir's adaptation of Shakespeare's A Midsummer Night's Dream), Canadian-Indian playwright Rahul Varma's Zahreeli Hawa and Gaon ke naon Sasural, mor naon Damand.\n"	"Related article"	"''''Shamim Azad.''''\n"	" Further reading "	"#\"Arvind Gaur-A Decade in Theatre\" by J.N. Kaushal (ex-Acting Chief, National School of Drama, Repertory Company), published by ITI (International Theatre Institute), UNESCO, Indian Chapter\n#\"Raising the curtain on theatre\": Director Arvind Gaur reflects on why India needs a cultural policy by Seema Sindhu (Life Fires, September, 2007)\n#His Voice-\"Ace Act\", essay by Shekhar Chandran (New Women, Jan. 2008)\n#\"The World of Theatre\" by Ian Herbert, Nicole Leclercq (P-126) published by International Theatre Institute\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"\n#  The good man of Delhi stage by Archana (2008-09-26) Mail-Today.\n#  Founder of Asmita Group, by Rohit Malik, Delhi Events (2008.12.30)\n#  Gandhari, solo-act by Aishveryaa Nidhi\n#  \"All The World\u2019s A Platform\" by Shailaja Tripathi. Expressindia ,( 2003.09.17)\n#  \"Heal the wounds\" by Rohini Ramakrishan,(2004/12/11), The Hindu\n#  Dramatics Society of Lady Shri Ram College\n#  \"A plethora of problems afflicts Hindi theatre\" Rana A Siddiqui, The Tribune.(2001.12.28)\n#  Dattani's Final Solutions\"Oneness Peace Festival,Hindu College,University of Delhi(2005.09.16)\n#  \"Play of rules-Arvind Gaur's street theatre-Hatke Bachke\"Nandini Nair,The Hindu (2009.01.12)\n#  \"Nobody\u2019s Child-Bitter Chocolate\" Express Features Service,The Indian Express (2004.01.08)\n#  Park\u2019s The Other Festival\"Onassis Awardee Manjula Padmanabhan's \"Hidden fires\"-The Museum Theatre,Chennai(2005.12.07) \n# https://web.archive.org/web/20130731014648/http://asmitatheatregroup.com:80/\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"A Star Is Bored"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''A Star Is Bored''''' is a Warner Bros. animated cartoon of the ''Looney Tunes'' series, directed by Friz Freleng. The cartoon is mainly made up of reused footage from earlier cartoons to expand upon the rivalry depicted between Bugs and Daffy in such films as Chuck Jones' ''Rabbit Fire'', this time placing the action in a show-biz setting. In this 7-minute short, Daffy must double for Bugs in ''any'' slapstick that Warners deems too dangerous for its top star. After each disaster, Daffy shouts \"MAKEUP\". The unseen director directing the scenes has a Erich Von Stroheim accent.\n\nThis is one of the only two Warner Bros. shorts (the other being ''This Is A Life?'') in which Bugs is paired with his main three antagonists.\n"	"Plot"	"The opening frame depicts the exterior of Bugs' dressing room, inside which he is talking to the journalist, Lolly (a reference to the nickname of famed Hollywood columnist Louella Parsons). Outside, we see Daffy sweeping arguing about the job he got. Fed up, Daffy decides to be a movie star.\n\nDaffy then marches into the casting director's (possibly Jack L. Warner) office just as he is on the phone with another executive discussing the difficulty in finding anyone \"''stupid enough''\" to be Bugs' stunt double for his next picture. Daffy of course takes the job!\n\nAfter a visit to the Make-Up Department, Daffy gets his first taste of on-the-set film action shortly thereafter (a Western co-starring Yosemite Sam). Initially, Daffy is extremely excited to be finally in any motion picture. He takes Bugs' place in a rabbit costume and holding a carrot, and stands next to Sam. Daffy gets the worst of it instead of Bugs!\n\nNext, Bugs is in a scene where Elmer Fudd is cast in his usual role as trying to hunt Bugs. Bugs is high in a tree, and Elmer is supposed to climb it to saw the branch Bugs is sitting on, off (though not all the way through, as Bugs reminds him). However, Daffy has other ideas. He tells Elmer to come closer to him, as he has something to tell him. Lacking a clue to Daffy's actual motive, Elmer shuffles closer to Daffy, who whacks him in the head to knock him out. Daffy tries to upstage Bugs by sawing off the branch Bugs is on; unfortunately for Daffy, the branch Bug stands on is solid, while the part Daffy stands on  falls to the ground!\n\nAfter this sequence, Bugs is fishing off a pier, but Daffy takes no notice . He also takes Bugs' place at the end of the pier and his fishing rod. Yet he is not safe from the film script even now, as a giant bluefin tuna swallows him whole.\n\nAnother scene wherein Bugs is chased by Elmer follows this one, culminating when Bugs dives into another tree. With the '''\"'''''scwewy wabbit'''''\"''' cornered, Elmer aims his gun into the tree but gets poked in the rear by the gun's barrel (in reality, it's really Bugs holding another gun). When Elmer pulls his gun back, the other one makes the same movements. Wondering just how stupid Elmer is, Daffy furiously marches onto the set, snatches Elmer's gun and shoves him off. Daffy sticks the gun into the hole in the tree in which Bugs is hiding but what he believes to be another gun (in reality it's HIS gun bent around so that it points at his hindquarters) sticks up through a hole in the ground just behind him! Daffy retracts his gun; the \"other\" gun does the same. Daffy does this two or three more times before he decides to try a small experiment. He ties a red ribbon around the barrel of his gun, then sticks it into the tree, and looks behind him. The ribbon on the gun in the ground is white with red polka dots, leading Daffy to believe it to be a fake. He shoots, intending to mark Bugs, but the bent-around gun plan is revealed when the bullet hits him in the hindquarters and he pulls the gun out of the tree. The ribbon is white with red spots! Daffy didn't notice that Bugs switch the ribbon.\n\nThe next scene has Bugs piloting a plane accelerating up to 20,000 feet, then going uncontrollably in the direction of the ground. At the last second, the plane is \"stopped\" before crashing and Bugs get out and his place gets taken by Daffy who as usual gets the worst of it!\n\nHaving finally had more than enough, Daffy announces that \"I'm through playin' stooge to a rabbit. I need a part that fits ME!\" to the casting director, who promptly tells the distraught Daffy that he has just such a script: the starring role in a new movie called The Duck.\n\nThe final scene shows the filming of The Duck, with Daffy starring as a typical duck in a peaceful pond and directed by the same man who helmed the earlier movie wherein Daffy subbed for Bugs. Just as in the first scene of the earlier film, Daffy digs out his script to rehearse his line. When the director announces \"Rrrroll 'em,\" Daffy says, \"I wonder where all the hunters are today?\", at which point ten hunters suddenly surround the pond, gun Daffy down and leave. Again infuriated, Daffy shrieks, \"I DEMAND TO KNOW WHO WROTE THIS SCRIPT!\" The cruel screenwriter turns out to be none other than... Bugs, to whom the camera is now transferred and who says, \"I'd love to tell him, but... hehehehe... modesty forbids.\"\n"	"Production"	"This was the first of the three Friz Freleng Bugs Bunny/Daffy Duck cartoon to be mostly made up of reused animation from earlier cartoons. In terms of production order, the other two were ''Show Biz Bugs'' (1957) and ''Person to Bunny'' (1960).\n"	"Cast"	"*Mel Blanc as ''Bugs Bunny'', ''Daffy Duck'', ''Yosemite Sam'', ''Producer'' (voice)\n*Arthur Q. Bryan as ''Elmer Fudd'' (voice) (uncredited)\n*June Foray as ''Lolly'' (voice) (uncredited)\n"	"Availability"	"As of 2007, ''A Star Is Bored'' is available on the four-disc DVD box set ''Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 5'', as well as the similar, two-disc DVD ''Looney Tunes Spotlight Collection: Volume 5''. It is also available as a bonus on the PlayStation 2 version of \nLooney Tunes: Back in Action, and the \"Daffy Duck's Madcap Mania\" VHS. The short is also available on the 2011 DVD ''The Essential Daffy Duck''.\n"	"See also"	"*List of American films of 1956\n* List of Bugs Bunny cartoons\n* List of Daffy Duck cartoons\n* List of Yosemite Sam cartoons\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"A World Without Love (Eddie Rabbitt song)"	"Introduction"	"\n\"'''A World Without Love'''\" is a song co-written and recorded by American country music artist Eddie Rabbitt.  It was released in October 1985 as the first single from the album ''Rabbitt Trax''.  The song reached number 10 on the ''Billboard'' Hot Country Singles & Tracks chart.  It was written by Rabbitt, Even Stevens and Phil Galdston.\n"	"Chart performance"	"{|class=\"wikitable sortable\"\nChart (1985)\nPeakposition\n\n\n\n\n\nCanadian ''RPM'' Country Tracks\n27\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Baby Bunny Smith"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Helen  \"Baby Bunny\" Smith''' (1888\u20131951), was an American actress and sideshow performer. She made her living traveling with sideshows in the early 20th-century billed as a circus fat lady.\n\nShe was born in Portland, Oregon in April 1901. Despite a normal childhood she became very heavy during grammar school. She left school and took a job as a sideshow performer at the age of 13. Her weight ballooned to as much as 500\u00a0lbs. She became known as \"Baby Bunny Smith\" during her sideshow career.\n\nShe met her husband, 58\u00a0lb Peter Robinson, a fellow sideshow performer known and billed as \"the human skeleton\", while filming the cult classic ''Freaks''. They had two children.  Smith was diagnosed as hypothyroid in 1951 and died shortly after of a heart attack.\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Bageye at the Wheel"	"Introduction"	"\n'''''Bageye at the Wheel''''' is a 2012 novel by British author Colin Grant, giving a semi-autobiographical account of 1970s' Luton through the portrayal of the lead character Clinton \"Bageye\" Grant, a Jamaican migrant to the UK. The story itself is one of observation of a period whereby a provincial town of immigrants (a mixture of Irish, Asian and Caribbean) and their larger families congregate, yet try to assimilate into a British culture which had not yet been accustomed to diversity among ethnicities. Nevertheless, this indifference to a somewhat unforgiving environment is neatly summed up by the unwavering, independent \"Bageye\", who refuses to blend in but rather stand out as a linchpin for the so-called \"''Windrush'' generation\".\n\nAccording to the review in ''The Guardian'': \"In its toughness and tenderness, as well as its sensuous and telling details, Bageye at the Wheel is a father memoir that deserves to be as celebrated as Ian Jack's essay \"Finished With Engines\" or Gary Imlach's My Father and Other Working-Class Football Heroes. It's a quietly unforgettable book about innocence and experience, about memory and cruelty \u2013 and the cruelty of memory.\" For Peter Carty in ''The Independent'', \"a lot of the book's appeal comes from Grant's insider perspective on the Afro-Caribbean experience in the UK.\" Keith Bruce notes in ''The Herald'': \"These pages are populated by a bunch of immigrant men who have bestowed Truman Capote-style nicknames on each other. There's the popular Summer Wear (really one Ian Dixon) with his unseasonal clothing, the fastidious Tidy Boots and the tardy Soon Come. The opening chapters are stand-alone short stories about the domestic adventures of Bageye and these \"spars\" and are almost reminiscent of Tom Sawyer.\"\n\nColin Grant is a historian and BBC producer. He is also the author of ''Negro with a Hat'', a biography of Marcus Garvey, and ''I&I: The Natural Mystics'', a group biography of The Wailers, Bob Marley, Peter Tosh and Bunny Livingston.\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Barry Reilly"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Barry \u2018Bunny\u2019 Reilly''' (born Warwick, Queensland), is an Australian former rugby league footballer of the 1960s and 1970s.\n"	"Career"	"\nHe played in the NSWRFL Premiership for the Eastern Suburbs Roosters from 1966\u201371 and 1973\u201379, and the Cronulla-Sutherland Sharks in 1972.\n\nReilly was also known as 'The Axe\u2019 because of his defensive technique, which it was said allowed him to chop down opposition attackers like an axe. Reilly was a member of the Eastern Suburbs premiership-winning sides in 1974 and 1975. During the 1976 NSWRFL season, Reilly played as a prop forward for Eastern Suburbs in their unofficial 1976 World Club Challenge match against British champions St. Helens in Sydney.\n\nAlso a backrower, Reilly played almost 200 matches for the Roosters and was named as a bench player in that club's \u2019Team Of The Century\u2019.\n\nDuring the 1990 season, Reilly helped out the club as a caretaker coach.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"The Encyclopedia Of Rugby League Players; Alan Whiticker & Glen Hudson\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Beatmania IIDX 18 Resort Anthem"	"Introduction"	"Splash art depicting a tropical resort theme.\n\n'''''Beatmania IIDX 18 Resort Anthem''''' is a music video game in the ''Beatmania IIDX'' series of games by Konami. On April 19, 2010, ''Bemani'' fansite Zenius -I- Vanisher reported that Konami had announced the first location test for the newest game in the IIDX series. The location test ran from April 22 to April 26 at the Cat Machida (\u30ad\u30e3\u30c3\u30c4\u30a2\u30a4\u753a\u7530) in Machida, Tokyo. Follow up location tests ran in Ch\u014dfu, Tokyo and Kyoto from April 30 to May 6, in Nagoya and Sapporo from May 14 to May 20 and in Chiyoda, Tokyo from June 11 to June 12. The game was released on September 15, 2010. This Beatmania iteration's theme focuses heavily on a futuresque modern relaxation and tropical beach resort concert like setting, with the interface making use of sleek mechanical components with simple whites and bright colors that are easy on the eyes.\n"	"Gameplay"	"There are some changes made for this series. The song wheel is now circular rather than vertical, similar to the one on Dance Dance Revolution. 2 new modes are presented; Premium Free Mode, a mode where the player plays for 8 minutes as opposed to 2 stages, and DJ Order Mode, a mode which is similar to pop'n music's Challenge Mode, where a player can select missions (similar to pop'n's Normas) and earn DELLAR POINTS. Other that, all of the gameplay remains the same.\n\n===Unlocking System===\nResort Anthem only has one Extra Stage, making it the first to do this since ''Beatmania IIDX 12: Happy Sky''. However, players can get new songs through Beat Unlocks, JAPAN TOUR, WORLD TOUR and other unlocking events.\n\n====Append festival====\nWith the announcement of APPEND FESTIVAL, a new crossover from jubeat series was unlocked on March 11, 2011 and another crossover from jubeat knit APPEND was unlocked on March 23, 2011. This unlocking system needs an e-amusement card.\n\n====Lincle LINK====\nKONAMI announced Lincle LINK event on June 30, 2011. Lincle LINK event will start on the middle of July, linking Resort Anthem and REFLEC BEAT together through song unlocking. Again, this event needs an e-amusement card.\n"	"Music"	"''Beatmania IIDX 18 Resort Anthem'' feature 74 new songs as well as 567 songs from previous release for a total of 641 songs. A total of 21 songs are removed in this game.\n\n\n\n'''Song'''\n'''Artist'''\n'''Genre'''\n'''Tier'''\n\nNew Regular Songs\n\nAegis\nIT medalion\nTechno\n\n\nAnswer\n\u661f\u91ce\u594f\u5b50\nStar Pop\n\n\nBelieve In Me\nUraken feat. Calyn Tsukishima\nHardcore\n\n\nBLUST OF WIND\nAnemo=Aspel by MLREC.\nCrossover House\n\n\nBounce Bounce Bounce\nkors k feat. Kanata Okajima\uff06\u697d\u5929\u658e\nDancehall\n\n\nBROKEN EDEN\nMYTHILOGIA by MLREC.\nSymphonic-Tek\n\n\nCansei de S NIK\nPRASTIK DANCEFLOOR\nFidget house\n\n\nDestiny Sword\nCAPACITY GATE\nElectric Step\n\n\nDAYDREAMER\n\u30d4\u30f3\u30af\u30bf\u30fc\u30dc\nGirly Rock\n\n\nEnergy Drive\nkevin energy\nHardcore\n\n\nEXTREMA PT.2\nRemo-con\nTech Dance\n\n\nFantasia\nT\u0401\u042fRA\nHyper Fantasia\nFrom ''pop'n music 17: THE MOVIE''\n\nGet Out\n\u58f1\u5c90\u5c3e\u5f69\u82b1\nElectro\nLicensed song\n\nGolden Palms\nDirty Androids\nNu Disco\n\n\nI FIGHT ME\nkobo feat. Marsha\nDrum&Bass\n\n\n\u304b\u3052\u306c\u3044 \uff5eVer.Benibotan\uff5e(''Kagenui ~Ver.Benibotan~'')\nCULTVOICE by S.S.D.PRODUCTS\nNatsu Matsuri\n\n\nLa Mar\nseiya-murai feat.David Solanes Venzala\t\nCatal\u0101 Lounge\n\n\nMermaid girl\nCream puff\nBubblegum Dance\n\n\nNever Fade Away\nSota Fujimori feat.dj MAX STEROID\nIIDX Handz Up!!\n\n\nNew Castle Legions\nDirty Androids\nDystopia\n\n\n\u304a\u304a\u304d\u306a\u3053\u3048\u3067(''Ookinakoede'')\n\u732b\u53c9Master feat. Sana\nWorld/Pop\n\n\npassionate fate\nRyu\u2606\nHandz Up\n\n\nProgrammed Life\nkors k\nPsy Trance (Full On)\n\n\nProgrammed Sun (xac Antarctic Ocean mix)\nRemixed by xac\nUplifting Trance\n\n\n\u30e9\u30af\u30a8\u30f3 Feat.Chiharu Chonan -JAKA respect for K.S.K. Remix(''Rakuen Feat.Chiharu Chonan -JAKA respect for K.S.K. Remix'')\nRemixed by JAKAZiD\nTechy Freeform\n\n\n\"\u604b\u611b\u30ec\u30dc\u30ea\u30e5\u30fc\u30b7\u30e7\u30f321 -\u79cb\u8449\u5de5\u623fmix-\"(''Ren'ai Revolution 21 -Akiba Koubou mix-'')\nDJ Command feat. \u3046\u3055\uff06\u3068\u3082\u307f\u3093\nEurobeat\nCover of the 11th single performed by Morning Musume\n\nreunion\nTatsh\nCyber Waltz\n\n\nRock Da House\nM-Project fw.GUHROOVY\nUK Hardcore\n\n\nSession 9 -Chronicles-\nPRASTIK DANCEFLOOR\nRockin'Drum'n'Bass\n\n\nSpace Time\nNISH\nEnergetic Trance\n\n\nStay my side\nDJ Yoshitaka feat.RINA\nR&B\nFrom ''Reflec Beat''\n\nTake Me Higher\nSota Fujimori feat. Sachi\nSynthetic Electro\nTheme song for ''Road Fighters''\n\nTHE DOOR INTO RAINBOW\nL.E.D.\nTrance\n\n\nTropical April\nRisk Junk\nVacation Dance\n\n\nVermillion\nMystic Moon\nPsyche Fusion\nEnding song for ''IIDX SIRIUS''\n\nWatch Out Pt.2\nDJ Mass MAD Izm* vs. DJ Yoshitaka\nTech-Breakbeats\n\n\nWISE UP!\n \u6728\u4e4b\u4e0b\u6176\u884c feat.\u661f\u91ce\u594f\u5b50\nResort House\n\n\nXANADU OF TWO\nT.Kakuta With Starving Trancer + \u68ee\u6c38\u771f\u7531\u7f8e\nDance-pop\n\n\nYou Were the One\ngood-cool ft. Brenda Vaughn\nItalo House\n\n\n\u5915\u713c\u3051 \uff5eFading Day\uff5e(''Yuuyake ~Fading Day~'')\nJAKAZiD\nAural Adrenaline\n\n\nZETA \uff5e\u7d20\u6570\u306e\u4e16\u754c\u3068\u8d85\u8d8a\u8005\uff5e(''ZETA ~Sosuu no Sekai to Chouetsusha~'')\nZektbach\nIDM\nFrom ''pop'n music 15: ADVENTURE''\n\nExtra Stage\n\nANTHEM LANDING\nDJ\u30e0\u30e9\u30b5\u30e1\nLatin Tek\nSplit into 3 versions (for NORMAL, HYPER, and ANOTHER charts respectively)\n\nOne More Extra Stage\n\n\u707c\u71b1Beach Side Bunny(''Shakunetsu Beach Side Bunny'')\nDJ Mass MAD Izm*\nBroken Samba Break\n\n\nbeat#2 Unlocks\n\nSABER WING\nTAG\nShooting Waltz\nFrom ''Dance Dance Revolution X''\n\nsakura storm\nRyu\u2606\nHappy Hardcore\nFrom ''Dance Dance Revolution Universe 3''\n\n\u65c5\u4eba\u30ea\u30e9\u30f3(''Tabibito Re-Run / The Flying Rerun'')\nXOGO BRYKK\nEleclore\n\n\nbeat#3 Unlocks\n\nALBIDA\nDJ YOSHITAKA\nHard Renaissance\nFrom jubeat ripples APPEND\n\nEverlasting Resort\nSUPER STAR \u6e80 -MITSURU-\nOnly One Anthem\nEnding song (Credit screen)\n\n\u9ed2\u9aea\u4e71\u308c\u3057\u4fee\u7f85\u3068\u306a\u308a\u3066''(Kurokami Midareshi Shura to Narite)''\n\u6751\u6b63\u30af\u30aa\u30ea\u30a2\n\u64ab\u5b50\u30e1\u30bf\u30eb''(Nadeshiko Metal)''\nFrom ''pop'n music 18: Sengoku Retsuden''\n\nJAPAN TOUR\n\nNew Songs\n\nDM STAR \uff5e\u95a2\u897f energy style\uff5e(''DM STAR ~Kansai energy style~'')\nNAOKI\nSpeed Rave\nOriginal version is a theme song of Dance Evolution\n\nRaise your hands\nKeichii Ueno feat. RIISA\nOkinawa Anthem\n\n\nWE LOVE SHONAN\nStudio Bongo Mango feat. Likkle Mai\nSurf & Dub\n\n\nELECTRIC MASSIVE DIVER\nL.E.D.-G\nGabba\n\n\nDances with Snow Fairies\nDr.Honda\n\u30c8\u30ec\u30f3\u30c7\u30a3\u30fc\u30c8\u30e9\u30f3\u30b9''(Trendy Trance)''\n\n\nRevival Unlocks\n\n\u30d2\u30de\u30ef\u30ea(''Himawari'')\n\u5c0f\u5742\u308a\u3086\nJ-Happy Hardcore\nFirst appeared on Happy Sky(From Guitar Freaks 10th MIX & Drum Mania 9th MIX)\n\nLOVE\u2665SHINE\n\u5c0f\u5742\u308a\u3086\nJ-Happy Hardcore\nFirst appeared on 9th Style(From Dance Dance Revolution Extreme)\n\n\u771f\u590f\u306e\u82b1\u30fb\u771f\u590f\u306e\u5922(''Manatsu No Hana, Manatsu No Yume'')\nSana\nHouse\nFirst appeared on 9th StyleRevived with Charge Notes added to the Another chart\n\nPink Rose\nKiyommy+Seiya\nHeart\nFirst appeared on Happy Sky(From Keyboardmania 3rd MIX)Revived with Another chart changed with the one containing Charge Notes\n\nUnder the Sky\n\u5357\u3055\u3084\u304b (BeForU) with platoniX\nJ-Eurotrance\nFirst appeared on Happy Sky\n\nWORLD TOUR\n\nBreaking the ground\nArt of Fighters\nHardcore\n\nLIFE SCROLLING\nHIROSHI WATANABE\nDetroit Techno\n\n\nHardcore Mania\nDJ Weaver\nHardcore\n\nKailua\nkors k\nEnergetic Hawaiian Trance\n\n\nTHE BLACK KNIGHT\nL.E.D.\nGoa Trance\n\n\nLet The Track Flow\nBrisk & Ham\nUK Hardcore\n\nPARADISE LOST\nRyu\u2606 Vs. L.E.D.-G\nTrance Core\n\n\nperditus\u253cparadisus\niconoclasm\nAnthem Core\n\n\nStory Mode Unlocks\n\nEternal Tears\n\u30c4\u30ac\u30eb\nWinter Ballade\n\n\nMedicine of love\n\u30a4\u30ed\u30cf \uff06 \u30ea\u30ea\u30ca\nMagical Pop\n\n\nAPPEND FESTIVAL Unlocks\n\nLove\u2665km\ndj TAKA feat. REN\nHappy Core\nFrom jubeat knitUnlocked on March 11, 2011\n\nSTELLAR WIND\nL.E.D.\nHard Dance\nAPPEND FESTIVAL unlock (starting on March 23, 2011)\n\nLincle Link Unlocks\n\nBroken\nDJ TAKA feat. AiMEE\nTrance\nFrom ''REFLEC BEAT''\n\n\u4e2d\u83ef\u6025\u884c(''Chuka Kyuko'')\nRyu\u2606\nHappy Hardcore\nPreview song from ''REFLEC BEAT limelight''\n\nSakura Reflection\nRyu\u2606\nHappy Hardcore\nFrom REFLEC BEAT\n\nSPECIAL SUMMER CAMPAIGN!\nLucky Vacuum\nBuchiage Trance\nFrom REFLEC BEAT\n\nSurvival Games\nVENUS\n90's electropop\nFrom REFLEC BEAT\n\nTHE FALLEN\nL.E.D.-G\nGoth Nu-Style Gabba\nFrom REFLEC BEAT\n\nThunderbolt\n\u96f7\u9f8d\nRavers Dance Speed\nPreview song from ''Beatmania IIDX 19: Lincle''\n\nWuv U\nkors k\nCandy Rave\nFrom REFLEC BEAT\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* beatmaniaIIDX18 Resort Anthem location test information \n* beatmaniaIIDX18 Resort Anthem discussion thread at Zenius -I- Vanisher\n* RemyWiki\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Belmont Academy"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''Belmont Academy''' () is the largest secondary school in Ayr and the 6th largest in Scotland. The Academy is inter-faith and state-run by South Ayrshire Council. In 2008 the school transferred from the 48-year-old campus into a new building, which was opened to pupils in August 2008.\n"	"Rector"	"The current rector is Mr Graeme McLean.\n==Former Head Teachers== \n*Mr D McCredie - August 1960 - June 1969 - Retired* \n*Mr A Steele - August 1969 - June 1976 - Left* Died 2007\n*Mr W F Stewart - August 1975 - March 1997 - Retired .\n*Mr A Moir - March 1997 - June 2012 - Retired*\n*Mrs S Beattie - August 2012 - February 2017\n*Miss T Stewart - February 2017 -\n"	"History"	"\nThe original Belmont Academy was built in 1960. When the school leaving age rose to 15, Ayr Academy no longer had the capacity for all the secondary school children in Ayr and so Belmont was built. Construction of the current campus started on 10 January 2007 and the new building was opened to pupils in August 2008.\n\n===Mainholm decant===\n\nIn mid-2006, Mainholm Academy was closed for repairs and all of the school's pupils were decanted into neighbouring schools - namely the Belmont, Ayr and Kyle Academies. Subsequently, on 24 November 2006 it was revealed by South Ayrshire Council that Mainholm would be closed permanently and the transfer of pupils to new schools became permanent.\n\n===The public-private partnership rebuild===\n\nBelmont Academy, along with Prestwick Academy, has had a new campus built to replace their aged original buildings. South Ayrshire Council made use of the controversial public-private partnership (PPP) plan to finance the project. Construction work was contracted to the British-based company Carillion. Work was originally due to start in the summer of 2006 but was delayed and did not begin until 10 January 2007. The former playing fields beside the school were entirely fenced off during this process. Although work started later than intended the school was completed by the original date in 2008 and opened to pupils on 24 August 2008.\nThe gradual dismantling and demolition of the original buildings began shortly after the new facilities opened, during which time the old campus was completely sealed off from the new.  The demolition and clearing was finished by February 2009.\n"	"2013"	"\nEarly in the year, and after many years serving Belmont Academy, headteacher Alan Moir left his post. A temporary headteacher Allan Rattray of Girvan Academy occupied the role for several weeks before the current rector, Susan Beattie, a keen gardener, was able to take up her post.\n"	"Houses"	"The school has 5 houses into which the pupils of the school are assigned. Originally named after islands in the Firth of Clyde, the houses were Arran, Craig, Cumbrae and Bute. As the school roll varied, first Kintyre was added to make 5 houses, then Bute was dropped as the school roll fell, however it was reinstated together with Lomond as the school roll was subsequently increased again with the partial assimilation of Mainholm Academy. In 2010 Craig house was dropped and the pupils split between the remaining 5 houses.\n"	"Feeder Primary Schools"	"\nThe current primary schools feeding into Belmont are: Alloway Primary School, Kincaidston Primary School, Holmston Primary School, Tarbolton Primary School, Dalmilling Primary School, Doonfoot Primary School and Braehead Primary School.\n"	"Notable former pupils"	"\n\nNotable former pupils include:\n\n* Mike Scott from The Waterboys\n* Stuart Murdoch from Belle and Sebastian\n* Arnie Burgoyne from Echo and the Bunnymen\n*Noam Dar - WWE wrestler\n"	"External links"	"* Belmont Academy's page on Scottish Schools Online\n*  Belmont Academy\n*  About Ayr\n*  South Ayrshire Council\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Bessie Love"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Bessie Love''', born '''Juanita Horton''' (September 10, 1898 \u2013 April 26, 1986), was an American motion picture actress who achieved prominence mainly in the silent films and early talkies. With a small frame and delicate features, she played innocent young girls, flappers, and wholesome leading ladies. Her performance in ''The Broadway Melody'' (1929) earned her a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actress.\n"	"Early life"	"Bessie Love was born '''Juanita Horton''' in Midland, Texas. She attended school in Midland until she was in the eighth grade, when her chiropractor father moved his family to Arizona, New Mexico, and then to Hollywood.\n"	"Career"	"\n===The silent era===\nBessie Love and Douglas Fairbanks in ''The Good Bad Man'' (1916), here listed under the title, ''Coyote o' The Rio Grande.'' \nOn actor Tom Mix's recommendation that she \"get into pictures\", Love's mother sent her to Biograph Studios, where she met pioneering film director D.W. Griffith. Griffith, who introduced Bessie Love to films, also gave the actress her screen name. He gave her a small role in his film ''Intolerance'' (1916). Love dropped out of Los Angeles High School to pursue her film career, although she completed her degree many years later.\n\nHer \"first role of importance\" was in ''The Flying Torpedo''; she later appeared opposite William S. Hart in ''The Aryan'' and with Douglas Fairbanks in ''The Good Bad Man'', ''Reggie Mixes In'', and ''The Mystery of the Leaping Fish'' (all 1916). In her early career, she was often compared to Mary Pickford, even called \"Our Mary\" by D.W. Griffith.\n\nAdvertisement, 1918\n''The Wishing Ring Man'' (1919)\nLove took an active role in the management of her career, upgrading her representation to Gerald C. Duffy, the former editor of ''Picture-Play Magazine'', and publicizing herself by playing the ukulele and dancing for members of the military. Even glowing reviews of her films criticized the venues in which they were shown, citing this as a reason she was not a more awarded actress.\n\nIn 1922, Love was selected one of the WAMPAS Baby Stars. In 1923, she starred in ''Human Wreckage'' with Dorothy Davenport and produced by Thomas Ince.\n\nAs her roles got larger, so did her popularity. Because of her performance in ''The King on Main Street'' (1925), Love is credited with being the first person to dance the Charleston on film, popularizing it in the United States. Her technique was documented in instructional guides, including a series of photographs by Edward Steichen. She subsequently performed the dance the following year in ''The Song and Dance Man''.\n\nShe starred in ''The Lost World'', a science fiction adventure based on the novel of the same name by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle. Three years later she starred in ''The Matinee Idol'', a romantic comedy directed by a young Frank Capra.\n\n===The sound era and stage work===\nLove successfully transitioned to talkies, and in 1929 she was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actress for ''The Broadway Melody''. She appeared in several other early musicals, including ''The Hollywood Revue of 1929'' (1929), ''Chasing Rainbows'' (1930), ''Good News'' (1930), and ''They Learned About Women'' (1930).\n\nHowever, by 1932, her American film career was in decline. She moved to England in 1935 and did stage work and occasional films there. Love briefly returned to the United States in 1936 to seek a divorce.\n\nDuring World War II in Britain, when Love found acting work hard to come by, she was the \"continuity girl\" on the film drama ''San Demetrio London'' (1943), an account of a ship badly damaged in the Atlantic but whose crew managed to bring her to port. She also worked for the American Red Cross.\n\nAfter the war, she resumed work on the stage and played small roles in films\u2014often as an American tourist. Stage work included such productions as ''Love in Idleness'' (1944) and ''Born Yesterday'' (1947). She wrote and performed in ''The Homecoming'', a semiautobiographical play, which had its opening in Perth, Scotland in 1958. Film work included ''The Barefoot Contessa'' (1954) with Humphrey Bogart, Ealing Studios' ''Nowhere to Go'' (1958), and ''The Greengage Summer'' (1961) starring Kenneth More. She also played small roles in the James Bond thriller ''On Her Majesty's Secret Service'' (1969) and in ''Sunday Bloody Sunday'' (1971). In addition to playing the mother of Vanessa Redgrave's titular character in ''Isadora'' (1968), Love also served as dialect coach to the actress.\n\nIn October 1963, Love was the subject of ''This Is Your Life'', when she was surprised by Eamonn Andrews in central London.\n\nLove appeared in John Osborne's play ''West of Suez'', and as \"Aunt Pittypat\" in a large-scale musical version of ''Gone With the Wind'' (1972). She also played Maud Cunard in the TV mini-series ''Edward & Mrs. Simpson'' in 1978. Her film work continued in the 1980s with roles in ''Ragtime'' (1981), ''Reds'' (1981), ''Lady Chatterley's Lover'' (1981), and\u2014her final film\u2014''The Hunger'' (1983).\n"	"Personal life"	"Love married agent William Hawks (January 29, 1901 Neenah, Wisconsin \u2013 January 10, 1969 Santa Monica, California) at St. James Episcopal Church in Pasadena, California on December 27, 1929. Mary Astor (William's sister-in-law), Carmel Myers, and Norma Shearer were among her bridesmaids; William's brother Howard Hawks and Irving Thalberg ushered. They then lived at the Havenhurst Apartments in Hollywood. They had a daughter, Patricia Hawks (February 19, 1932, Los Angeles, California), who had some bit parts in movies in 1952. They divorced in 1936.\n\nLove was a Christian Scientist. She died in London, England from natural causes on April 26, 1986.\n"	"Legacy"	"Star on Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6777 Hollywood Blvd.\nLove was periodically interviewed by film historians, and wrote a series of articles about her experiences for ''The Christian Science Monitor''. In 1977, Love published an autobiography based on these articles, entitled, ''From Hollywood with Love''.\n\nShe was interviewed in the television documentary series ''Hollywood: A Celebration of the American Silent Film'' (1980).\n\nFor her contributions to the motion picture industry, Love was honored with a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6777 Hollywood Boulevard.\n"	"Filmography"	"\n=== Silent films: 1915\u20131928 ===\n\n\n Year\n Title\n Role\n Studio\n Notes\n\n 1916\n''Acquitted''\nHelen Carter\nTriangle\nlost\n\n 1916\n''The Flying Torpedo''\nHulda\nTriangle\nlost\n\n 1916\n''The Aryan''\nMary Jane Garth\nTriangle\nextant\n\n 1916\n''The Good Bad Man''\nAmy\nTriangle\nextant\n\n 1916\n''Reggie Mixes In''\nAgnes\nTriangle\nextant\n\n 1916\n''The Mystery of the Leaping Fish''\nThe Little Fish Blower\nTriangle\nextant\n\n 1916\n''Stranded''\nThe Girl\nTriangle\nlost\n\n 1916\n''Intolerance''\nThe Bride\nTriangle\nextant\n\n 1916\n''Hell-to-Pay Austin''\nBriar Rose Dawson\nTriangle\nlost\n\n 1916\n''A Sister of Six''\nPrudence\nTriangle\nlost\n\n 1916\n''The Heiress at Coffee Dan's''\nWaffles\nTriangle\nlost\n\n 1917\n''Nina, the Flower Girl''\nNina\nTriangle\nlost\n\n 1917\n''A Daughter of the Poor''\nRose Eastman\nTriangle\nlost\n\n 1917\n''Cheerful Givers''\nJudy\nTriangle\nlost\n\n 1917\n''The Sawdust Ring''\nJanet Magie\nTriangle\nextant\n\n 1917\n''Wee Lady Betty''\nWee Lady Betty\nTriangle\nlost\n\n 1917\n''Polly Ann''\nPolly Ann\nTriangle\nlost\n\n 1918\n''The Great Adventure''\nRags\nPath\u00e9\nextant\n\n 1918\n''How Could You, Caroline?''\nCaroline Rogers\nPath\u00e9\nlost\n\n 1918\n''A Little Sister of Everybody''\nCeleste Janvier\nPath\u00e9\nlost\n\n 1918\n''The Dawn of Understanding''\nSue Prescott\nVitagraph\nlost\n\n 1919\n''The Enchanted Barn''\nShirley Hollister\nVitagraph\nlost\n\n 1919\n''Carolyn of the Corners''\nCarolyn May Cameron\nPath\u00e9\nlost\n\n 1919\n''The Wishing Ring Man''\nJoy Havenith\nVitagraph\nlost\n\n 1919\n''A Yankee Princess''\nPatsy O'Reilly\nVitagraph\nlost\n\n 1919\n''The Little Boss''\nPeggy Winston (The Little Boss)\nVitagraph\nlost\n\n 1919\n''Cupid Forecloses''\nGeraldine Farleigh\nVitagraph\nlost\n\n 1919\n''Over the Garden Wall''\nPeggy Gordon\nVitagraph\nlost\n\n 1919\n''A Fighting Colleen''\nAlannah Malone\nVitagraph\nlost\n\n 1920\n''The Midlanders''\nAurelie Lindstrom\nFederated Film Exchanges\nfragment found\n\n 1920\n''Pegeen''\nPegeen O'Neill\nVitagraph\nlost\n\n 1920\n''Bonnie May''\nBonnie May\nFederated Film Exchanges\nlost\n\n 1921\n''Penny of Top Hill Trail''\nPenny\nFederated Film Exchanges\nlost\n\n 1921\n''The Honor of Ramirez'' (short)\nRamirez's Bride\nPath\u00e9\n\n\n 1921\n''The Spirit of the Lake'' (short)\n\nPath\u00e9\n\n\n 1921\n''The Swamp''\nMary\nRobertson-Cole\nextant\n\n 1921\n''The Sea Lion''\nBlossom Nelson\nAssociated Producers\nextant\n\n 1922\n''The Vermilion Pencil''\nHyacinth\nRobertson-Cole\nlost\n\n 1922\n''Forget Me Not''\nAnn, The Girl\nMetro Pictures\nlost\n\n 1922\n''Bulldog Courage''\nGloria Phillips\nClinton\nextant\n\n 1922\n''The Village Blacksmith''\nRosemary Martin, the Daughter\nFox\nlost\n\n 1922\n''Deserted at the Altar''\nAnna Moore (the country girl)\nPhil Goldstone\nextant\n\n 1923\n''The Adventures of Prince Courageous''\nBernice\nAnchor\n\n\n 1923\n''Three Who Paid''\nJohn Caspar/Virginia Cartwright\nFox\nlost\n\n 1923\n''The Ghost Patrol''\nEffie Kugler\nUniversal\nlost\n\n 1923\n''The Purple Dawn''\nMui Far\nAywon/State's Rights\nlost\n\n 1923\n''Mary of the Movies''\nHerself\nColumbia/Robertson-Cole\nincomplete\n\n 1923\n''Human Wreckage''\nMary Finnegan\nFBO\nlost\n\n 1923\n''The Eternal Three''\nHilda Gray\nGoldwyn\nlost\n\n 1923\n''St. Elmo''\nEdna Earle\nFox\nlost\n\n 1923\n''Slave of Desire''\nPauline Gaudin\nGoldwyn\nextant\n\n 1923\n''Gentle Julia''\nJulia\nFox\nlost\n\n 1924\n''Torment''\nMarie\nTourneur/Associated First National\nlost\n\n 1924\n''The Woman on the Jury''\nGrace Pierce\nAssociated First National\nlost\n\n 1924\n''Those Who Dance''\nVeda Carney\nInce/Associated First National\nlost\n\n 1924\n''The Silent Watcher''\nMary Roberts\nFirst National\nlost\n\n 1924\n''Dynamite Smith''\nViolet\nInce/Path\u00e9\nlost\n\n 1924\n''Sundown''\nEllen Crawley\nFirst National\nlost\n\n 1924\n''Tongues of Flame''\nLahleet\nParamount\nlost\n\n 1925\n''The Lost World''\nPaula White\nFirst National\nextant\n\n 1925\n''Soul-Fire''\nTeita\nFirst National\nextant\n\n 1925\n''A Son of His Father''\nNora Shea\nParamount\nlost\n\n 1925\n''New Brooms''\nGeraldine Marsh\nParamount\nlost\n\n 1925\n''The King on Main Street''\nMary Young\nParamount\nextant\n\n 1926\n''The Song and Dance Man''\nLeola Lane\nParamount\nextant\n\n 1926\n''Lovey Mary''\nLovey Mary\nMGM\nincomplete\n\n 1926\n''Meet the Prince''\n\nProducers Distributing Corporation\nlost\n\n 1926\n''Young April''\nVictoria\nProducers Distributing Corporation\nextant\n\n 1926\n''Going Crooked''\nMarie\nFox\nextant\n\n 1927\n''The American''\n\nNatural Vision Pictures\nnever released theatrically\n\n 1927\n''Rubber Tires''\nMary Ellen Stack\nProducers Distributing Corporation\nextant\n\n 1927\n''A Harp in Hock''\nNora Banks\nPath\u00e9\nlost\n\n 1927\n''Amateur Night'' (short)\nUncredited\nWarner Brothers/Vitaphone\n\n\n 1927\n''Dress Parade''\nJanet Cleghorne\nPath\u00e9\nextant\n\n 1928\n''The Matinee Idol''\nGinger Bolivar\nColumbia\nextant\n\n 1928\n''Sally of the Scandals''\nSally Rand\nFBO\nextant\n\n 1928\n''Anybody Here Seen Kelly?''\nMitzi Lavelle\nUniversal\nlost\n\n\n\n=== Sound films: 1929\u20131983 ===\n\n\n\n Year\n Title\n Role\n Studio\n Notes\n\n 1929\n''The Broadway Melody''\nHank Mahoney\nMGM\nextant\n\n 1929\n''The Idle Rich''\nHelen Thayer\nMGM\nextant\n\n 1929\n''The Hollywood Revue of 1929''\nHerself\nMGM\n\n\n 1929\n''The Girl in the Show''\nHattie Hartley\nMGM\nextant\n\n 1930\n''Chasing Rainbows''\nCarlie Seymour\nMGM\nextant\n\n 1930\n''They Learned About Women''\nMary Collins\nMGM\nextant\n\n 1930\n''Conspiracy''\nMargaret Holt\nRKO\nextant\n\n 1930\n''Good News''\nDixie O'Day\nMGM\nmissing Technicolor ending\n\n 1930\n''See America Thirst''\nEllen\nUniversal\nextant\n\n 1931\n''Morals for Women''\nHelen Huston\nTiffany\nextant\n\n 1936\n''I Live Again''\nKathleen Vernon\nNational Provincial Film Distributors-UK\n\n\n 1941\n''Atlantic Ferry'' (a.k.a. ''Sons of the Sea'')\nBegonia Baggot\nWarner Brothers\n\n\n 1945\n''London Scrapbook''\n\nSpectator Short Films\n\n\n 1945\n''Journey Together''\nMrs. Mary McWilliams\n\n\n\n 1951\n''No Highway in the Sky''\nAircraft passenger (uncredited)\n\n\n\n 1951\n''The Magic Box''\nWedding group member\n\n\n\n 1954\n''The Weak and the Wicked''\nPrisoner\n\n\n\n 1954\n''The Barefoot Contessa''\nMrs. Eubanks\n\n\n\n 1954\n''Beau Brummell''\nMaid (uncredited)\n\n\n\n 1955\n''Touch and Go''\nMrs. Baxter\n\n\n\n 1957\n''The Story of Esther Costello''\nMatron in Art Gallery\n\n\n\n 1958\n''Next to No Time''\nBecky Wiener\n\n\n\n 1958\n''Nowhere to Go''\nHarriet P. Jefferson\n\n\n\n 1960\n''Too Young to Love''\nMrs. Busch\n\n\n\n 1961\n''The Greengage Summer''\nAmerican tourist\n\n\n\n 1961\n''The Roman Spring of Mrs. Stone''\nBunny\n\n\n\n 1963\n''The Wild Affair''\nMarjorie's Mother\n\n\n\n 1963\n''Children of the Damned''\nMrs. Robbins, Mark's Grandmother\n\n\n\n 1964\n''I Think They Call Him John''\nNarrator\nSamaritan Films\n\n\n 1965\n''Promise Her Anything''\nPet Shop Customer\n\n\n\n 1966\n''The Poppy Is Also a Flower''\nUncredited\n\n\n\n 1967\n''Battle Beneath the Earth''\nMatron\n\n\n\n 1967\n''I'll Never Forget What's'isname''\nAmerican tourist\n\n\n\n 1968\n''Isadora''\nMrs. Duncan\n\n\n\n 1969\n''On Her Majesty's Secret Service''\nAmerican tourist\nEon-Danilag Productions\n\n\n 1971\n''Sunday Bloody Sunday''\nAnswering Service Lady\n\n\n\n 1971\n''Catlow''\nMrs. Frost\n\n\n\n 1974\n''Vampyres''\nAmerican Lady\n\n\n\n 1974\n''Mousey'' (a.k.a. ''Cat and Mouse'')\nMrs. Richardson\n\n\n\n 1976\n''The Ritz''\nMaurine\n\n\n\n 1977\n''Gulliver's Travels''\n\n\n\n\n 1978\n''Edward & Mrs. Simpson''\nMaud Cunard\n\ntelevision\n\n 1981\n''Reds''\nMrs. Partlow\n\n\n\n 1981\n''Ragtime''\nOld T.O.C. Lady\n\n\n\n 1981\n''Lady Chatterley's Lover''\nFlora\n\n\n\n 1983\n''The Hunger''\nLillybelle\n\n\n\n\n"	"References"	";Notes\n\n\n;Bibliography\n\n* \n* \n"	"External links"	"\n\n*\n*\n*\n* Literature on Bessie Love\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Beswick Pottery"	"Introduction"	"\n'''John Beswick Ltd''', formerly '''J. W. Beswick''' was a pottery manufacturer, founded in 1892 by James Wright Beswick and his sons John and Gilbert in Longton, Stoke-on-Trent.  In 1969, the business was sold to Doulton & Co. Ltd. The factory closed in 2002 and the brand John Beswick was sold in 2004.  The pottery was chiefly known for producing high-quality porcelain figurines such as farm animals and Beatrix Potter characters and have become highly sought after in the collectables market.\n"	"History"	"Based at the Gold Street works in Longton, they originally produced tablewares and ornaments such as Staffordshire cats and dogs. James Wright Beswick died in 1921, but the company continued to expand under his grandson, John Ewart Beswick. In 1934 the introduction of high fired bone china meant they could produce high-quality figurines, such as famous race horses and champion dogs.  The company was made a limited company, John Beswick Ltd, in 1936.The Snowman and James figurines manufactured by John Beswick Ltd under the Royal Doulton trademark based on characters from the book The Snowman by Raymond Briggs.\n\nIn 1939 Arthur Gredington was appointed chief modeller and they began producing farm animal figurines. Arthur Gredington\u2019s range of 190 Rearing Horsemen is one of the largest (and most popular amongst collectors) ever produced by the company. Under decorating manager Jim Hayward, there was a shift towards lifelike animal pieces, including cats, dogs, farm animals, fish and wild animals. Continued expansion enabled the acquisition of the adjoining factory in 1945 to accommodate offices, warehousing and new potting and firing facilities.\n\nIn 1947, Lucy Beswick suggested bringing to life the illustrations in the Beatrix Potter books. In 1948, John Beswick secured the right to reproduce a range of 10 Beatrix Potter earthenware characters, the first of which was Jemima Puddle-Duck, modelled by Arthur Gredington. In 1952, Beswick began manufacturing a range of Disney characters, including Snow White, Mickey Mouse and Bambi. Along with the designs of James Hayward, the high-quality pieces they produced have become highly sought-after.\n\nIn 1969 Beswick was sold to Doulton & Co. Ltd (Royal Doulton), and although animal figures continued to be produced, by 1989, the Beswick backstamp was dropped in favour of the Royal Doulton Royal Albert DA backstamp.\n\nThe popularity of the Beatrix Potter characters was a factor in re-introducing the range in 1998, specifically for the collectors market. By the end of 2002, Royal Doulton ceased production of all Beswick products and in 2003 the Gold Street works were sold off to property developers.  \n\nIn 2004 the Beswick name and product design rights were sold off, the John Beswick name is now owned by Dartington Crystal, which continue to produce animal figurines using some original production molds from the Gold Street works, they also produce vases under the John Beswick name.  The Snowman and The Gruffalo figures are just some of the nursery figures still being produced.\n"	"See also"	"* Royal Doulton\n* List of Bunnykins figurines\n"	"Citations"	"\n"	"References"	"\n* Callows, Diana. ''Beswick Animals'', Charlton Press, UK, (2007) ISBN 978-0-88968-322-8\n* Callows, Diana and John Callows. ''Beswick Collectables: A Charlton Standard Catalog'', Charlton Press, UK, (2008) ISBN 978-0889683143\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Betty Nuthall"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Betty May Nuthall Shoemaker''' (''n\u00e9e'' Nuthall; 23 May 1911 \u2013 8 November 1983) was an English tennis player. Known for her powerful forehand, according to Wallis Myers of The Daily Telegraph and the Daily Mail, Nuthall was ranked in the world top ten in 1927, 1929 through 1931, and 1933, reaching a career high in those rankings of World No. 4 in 1929. She won the mixed doubles championships at the French Open in 1931 with Pat Spence.\n"	"Career"	"Betty Nuthall in 1932\nNuthall's father taught her tennis. She won the junior championships of Great Britain in 1924 (aged 13), 1925 and 1926.\n\nIn 1927 at the age of 16, Nuthall tied Elisabeth Moore as the then-youngest women's singles finalist ever at the U.S. Championships. Nuthall lost the final to Helen Wills in straight sets while serving under-handed.\n\nAlso in 1927, Nuthall played on the British Wightman Cup team and defeated Helen Jacobs in her debut. In her mixed doubles matches, the final of the Nottingham Championships, she won with her partner Pat Spence.She also represented Great Britain in the 1929 and 1931\u201334 Wightman Cup competitions.\n\nIn 1930, Nuthall became the first non-American since 1892 to win a women's singles title at the U.S. Championships, defeating Anna McCune Harper in straight sets. She was the last British female player to win the title until Virginia Wade won in 1968. In 1931 she reached the singles final of the French Championships but lost in two sets to first-seeded Cilly Aussem. Also in 1930 she triumphed in the mixed contest with her recurring partner Spence. Nuthall and he went for the British Hard Court Championships in April and were only eliminated in the final, while in May they won the mixed title at the French Championships (now the French Open).\n\nAt the U.S. Championships in 1933, Nuthall won a quarterfinal versus Alice Marble 6\u20138, 6\u20130, 7\u20135 after being down two breaks of serve at 1\u20135 in the final set.  In the semifinal versus Moody, Nuthall won the first set 6\u20132 in just 12 minutes, which was the first set Wills had lost at this tournament since 1926.  Moody, however, turned around the match and won the last two sets 6\u20133, 6\u20132 despite losing her serve twice in the second set. Nuthall never again reached the quarterfinals of a Grand Slam singles tournament.\n\nNuthall won women's doubles titles at the 1930, 1931, and 1933 U.S. Championships and at the 1931 French Championships.  She won mixed doubles championships at the 1929 and 1931 U.S. Championships and at the 1931 and 1932 French Championships.\n\nNuthall was inducted into the International Tennis Hall of Fame in 1977.\n"	"Personal life"	"She formed a real-life couple with her doubles partner Pat Spence, with whom she went on to win the French Open mixed doubles tournament in 1931. In 1954 she married Franklin Shoemaker, who died in 1982. On 8 November 1983 Nuthall died in New York of a coronary arrest.\n"	"Grand Slam finals"	"\n===Singles: 3 (1 title, 2 runners-up)===\n\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year\n'''Championship\n'''Surface\n'''Opponents\n'''Score\n\nRunner-up \n 1927 \n U.S. Championships \n Grass \n  Helen Wills \n 1\u20136, 4\u20136\n\nWinner \n 1930 \n U.S. Championships \n  Grass \n  Anna McCune Harper \n 6\u20131, 6\u20134\n\nRunner-up \n 1931 \n French Championships \n  Clay \n  Cilly Aussem \n 6\u20138, 1\u20136\n\n\n===Doubles (4 titles, 2 runners-up)===\n\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year\n'''Championship\n'''Surface\n'''Partner\n'''Opponents\n'''Score\n\nRunner-up \n 1927 \n U.S. National Championships \n Grass \n Joan Fry \n  Kitty McKane   Ermyntrude Harvey \n 1\u20136, 6\u20134, 3\u20136\n\nWinner \n 1930 \n U.S. National Championships \n Grass \n  Sarah Palfrey \n  Edith Cross   Anna McCune Harper \n 3\u20136, 6\u20133, 7\u20135\n\nWinner \n 1931 \n French Championships \n Clay \n  Eileen Bennett Whittingstall \n  Cilly Aussem   Elizabeth Ryan \n 9\u20137, 6\u20132\n\nWinner \n 1931 \n U.S. National Championships \n Grass \n  Eileen Bennett Whittingstall \n  Helen Jacobs   Dorothy Round \n 6\u20132, 6\u20134\n\nRunner-up \n 1932 \n French Championships \n Clay \n  Eileen Bennett Whittingstall \n  Elizabeth Ryan   Helen Wills \n 1\u20136, 3\u20136\n\nWinner \n 1933 \n U.S. National Championships \n Grass \n  Freda James \n  Elizabeth Ryan   Helen Wills \n default\n\n\n===Mixed doubles (4 titles, 1 runner-up)===\n\n\n'''Outcome'''\n'''Year\n'''Championship\n'''Surface\n'''Partner\n'''Opponents\n'''Score\n\nWinner\n 1929 \n U.S. National Championships \n Grass \n George Lott \n  Phyllis Covell   Bunny Austin \n 6\u20133, 6\u20133\n\nWinner \n 1931 \n French Championships \n Clay \n  Patrick Spence \n  Dorothy Shepherd   Bunny Austin \n 6\u20133, 5\u20137, 6\u20133\n\nWinner \n 1931 \n U.S. National Championships \n Grass \n  George Lott \n  Anna McCune Harper   Wilmer Allison \n 6\u20133, 6\u20133\n\nWinner \n 1932 \n French Championships \n Clay \n  Fred Perry \n  Helen Wills   Sidney Wood \n 6\u20134, 6\u20132\n\nRunner-up \n 1933 \n French Championships \n Grass \n  Fred Perry \n  Margaret Scriven   Jack Crawford \n 2\u20136, 3\u20136\n\n"	"Grand Slam singles tournament timeline"	"\n\n\n\n Tournament !! 1926 !! 1927 !! 1928 !! 1929 !! 1930 !! 1931 !! 1932 !! 1933 !! 1934 !! 1935 !!1936 !!1937 !!1938 !!1939 !!1940 !! 1941 \u2013 1944 !! 1945 !! 19461 !! Career SR\n\n Australian Championships\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nNH\nNH\nA\n '''0 / 0'''\n\n French Championships\nA\nA\n2R\nA\nA\n F\n SF\n SF\n3R\nA\nA\nA\nA\nA\nNH\nR\nA\nA\n '''0 / 5'''\n\n Wimbledon\n2R\nQF\n1R\n3R\nQF\nQF\nQF\n4R\n1R\nA\n2R\n4R\n4R\n1R\nNH\nNH\nNH\n4R\n '''0 / 14'''\n\n U.S. Championships\nA\n F\nA\nQF\n '''W'''\n SF\nA\n SF\n2R\nA\nA\nA\nA\n3R\nA\nA\nA\nA\n '''1 / 7'''\n\n SR\n0 / 1\n0 / 2\n0 / 2\n0 / 2\n1 / 2\n0 / 3\n0 / 2\n0 / 3\n0 / 3\n0 / 0\n0 / 1\n0 / 1\n0 / 1\n0 / 2\n0 / 0\n0 / 0\n0 / 0\n0 / 1\n '''1 / 26'''\n\n\nR = tournament restricted to French nationals and held under German occupation.\nSR = the ratio of the number of Grand Slam singles tournaments won to the number of those tournaments played.\n\n1In 1946, the French Championships were held after Wimbledon.\n"	" See also "	"* Performance timelines for all female tennis players who reached at least one Grand Slam final\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n* British Path\u00e9 Reel \u2013 \"Southampton. 'We're Glad She's Glad - She's Glad We're Glad!'\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Beverley Kelso"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Beverley Kelso''' (born April 1948) is a Jamaican singer best known as an early member of The Wailers.\n\nBorn in Kingston, Jamaica, she attended Miss Nembhard Preparatory School and Denham Town Primary School in Kingston.\n\nShe was a backing vocalist, and one of the founding members of The Wailers (between 1963 and 1965). According to Kelso, she sang on 25 tracks by the group, the last in late 1965.\n\nKelso emigrated to the United States in 1979.\n\nThe death of Junior Braithwaite in 1999 and the death of Cherry Smith in 2008 left Kelso and Bunny Wailer as the only surviving founding members of the Wailers.\n\nIn 2012 she stated that she was planning to write a book about her time in The Wailers. She now lives in Brooklyn, New York.\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Bome (sculptor)"	"Introduction"	" is the pseudonym of a Japanese sculptor, primarily sculpting anime-styled women for mass commercial release. The name is a contraction of  and , both of which he wears regularly. He started making garage kits and now works for Kaiyodo, a Japanese company that specialises in anime-related figurines. Bome's work has proved sufficiently popular and successful for Kaiyodo to release a ''Monsieur Bome Collection'', including figures from such popular anime and video games as GunBuster, Full Metal Panic, Dead or Alive, Kiddy Grade, Xenosaga and Jingai Maky\u014d. Bome has, amongst others, also sculpted characters from Neon Genesis Evangelion and Sailor Moon.\n\nBome's work, like some of the anime on which it is based, often combines cute facial features with exaggerated sexual attributes such as large, gravity-defying breasts. Many figures are scantily clad or posed so that undergarments are visible. Occasionally, they may possess removable clothing which will expose knickers or bras. At least one figurine (Jungle Emi) was allegedly bare-breasted in its Japanese release; it was supposed to include a removable halter top bra in its worldwide release, however many disappointed fans found that the halter top is actually not removable. His latest (and possibly final) model in the Mon-Soeur BOME series, Akira from Sukapon-Do, is a rework of a model he previously did - with her breasts covered back up. See the \"Erotica\" section of the website listed in this page's References for the original model.\n\nCollectors and toy-buyers regard Bome's work as being of good quality due to its accurate paintwork, of fine detail, accurate representation of the character, naturalistic poses and high manufacturing standards. This opinion is reflected by the 1998 exhibition of Bome's work as part of Ero Pop Tokyo, an event, organised by Japanese artist Takashi Murakami, held in Los Angeles during May to June.\n"	" Works in Order "	"\n'''Mon-sieur BOME Series'''\n\n- Vol.01:  Oni-Musume (She-Devil) (&  Blue Repaint Version)\n\n- Vol.02:  Tora-Musume (She-Tiger) (&  White Repaint Version)\n\n- Vol.03:  Oni-Musume 2 (&  White Repaint Version)\n\n- Vol.04:  Halloween-chan\n\n- Vol.05:  Kirasaki Mai (Red) ( orange mail order edition only 1000 produced)\n\n- Vol.06:  Kirasaki Sai (Green) &  Kirasaki Sui (Blue version, special released on US anime convention)\n\n- Vol.07:  Bunny Girl (&  Black Repaint Version) &  White version (US anime con version)\n\n- Vol.08:  Xenosaga KOS-MOS\n\n- Vol.09: Kiddy Grade -  Eclair &  Lumiere\n\n- Vol.10:  Magical Canan - Carmine\n\n- Vol.11:  Jungle Emmy (&  Combat Version) &  Cow Pattern (US anime con version)\n\n- Vol.12: Full Metal Panic! -  Chidori Kaname &  Teletha Testarossa\n\n- Vol.13:  Jingai Makyou - Ignis\n\n- Vol.14:  Dead or alive - Kasumi White dress &  Black repaint version\n\n- Vol.15:  Dead or alive - Kasumi Blue dress ( Black version Tecmo\u2019s Online Shop Exclusive Version)\n\n- Vol.16:  Oni-Musume 3 (&  White Repaint Version)\n\n- Vol.17:  Oni-Musume 4\n\n- Vol.18:  Gunbuster - Noriko Takaya\n\n- Vol.19:  Kichikuou Rance - Yamamoto Isoroku\n\n- Vol.20:  Otaku no Video - Misty May \n\n- Vol.21: Honey Bunny  Rio &  Karen\n\n- Vol.22:  Fate/Stay Night - Tousaka Rin\n\n- Vol.23:  Fate/Stay Night - Saber\n\n- Vol.24:  DieBuster - Buster-Machine No.07\n\n- Vol.25:  Mitsumi Misato Lucia from 'Positive Penguin Life'\n\n- Vol.26:  Akira from 'Sukapon-Do' by Yano Takumi (according to a label on the blister pack, this may be the last in the series)\n\n'''Other Works'''\n\n''Tenjou Tenge''\n\n-  Aya Natsume (&  Tokubests Variant)\n\n-  Maya Natsume (&  Tokubests Variant)\n\n''Kiddy Grade''\n\n- Eclair & Lumiere Alternative version\n\n''Other Kaiyodo Figures''\n\n- Himekuri\n\n- Ryoko Mitsurugi (Samurai Girl)\n\n- Asuka Sugo 1 & 2 (Cyber Formula)\n\n- Super Sailor Moon & Various Sailor Moon Characters\n\n- Elfarcia\n\n- Asuka Souryou Langley (Neon Genesis Evangelion)\n\n- Ruri Hoshino (Nadesico)\n\n- Pricia (Virtual Call 3)\n\n- Multi & Akari (To Heart)\n\n- Yuko Asahina (Tokimeki Memorial)\n\n''Other Figures''\n\n- Narusegawa Naru\n"	" References "	"\n\n\n\n\n"
"Bored (disambiguation)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Bored''' is the past tense of the verb to '''bore'''; meaning either to cause boredom, or to drill holes or passage through something.\n\nBored may also refer to:\n"	" Science "	"*A hard substrate is said to be \"bored\" if excavated by organisms through the process of bioerosion.\n"	" Construction "	"*A bored cylindrical lock is fitted into two intersecting holes bored in a door, one in the face and one in the side.\n"	"Music"	"*Bored Suburban Youth, a 1980s hardcore punk band\n*\"Bored\", the fourth track on Death Angel's 1988 second album ''Frolic Through the Park''\n*\"Bored\", the second single from the Deftones' 1995 first album, ''Adrenaline''\n*\"Bored\" (\u60b6), the third track on Faye Wong's 1997 self-titled album\n*\"Bored to Tears\", a promotional single from Black Label Society's 1998 first album ''Sonic Brew''\n*''Wide Awake Bored'', the 2001 fourth album by Treble Charger\n*''Baby I'm Bored'', the 2003 second album by Evan Dando\n*''Chairmen of the Bored'', the 2008 second album by Lord T & Eloise\n"	" Literature "	"*''Bored of the Rings'', a parody of J. R. R. Tolkien's ''The Lord of the Rings''\n"	" Film & TV "	"*''Bored of Education'', a 1936 Our Gang short comedy film\n*''Ration Bored'', a 1943 Woody Woodpecker cartoon\n*''A Star Is Bored'', a 1956 Bugs Bunny and Woody Woodpecker cartoon\n*''Zoom and Bored'', a 1957 Wile E. Coyote and Road Runner cartoon\n*''Surf-Bored Cat'', a 1967 Tom and Jerry cartoon\n"	" Radio "	"*The Bored Housewife Radio Show, a Wednesday morning show on Auckland station Fleet FM\n"	" See also "	"*Bore (disambiguation)\n*Boring (disambiguation)\n*Boredom\n*Board (disambiguation)\n\n"
"Boroughbridge (UK Parliament constituency)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Boroughbridge''' was a parliamentary borough in Yorkshire from 1553 until 1832, when it was abolished under the Great Reform Act. Throughout its existence it was represented by two Members of Parliament in the House of Commons.\n\nThe constituency consisted of the market town of Boroughbridge in the parish of Aldborough (which was also a borough with two MPs of its own). By 1831 it contained only 154 houses, and had a population of 947.\n\nBoroughbridge was a burgage borough, meaning that the right to vote was vested in the tenants of certain specified properties, of which there seem to have been about 65 by the time the borough was abolished. Since these properties could be freely bought and sold, the effective power of election rested with whoever owned the majority of the burgages (who, if necessary, could simply assign the tenancies to reliable placemen shortly before an election). For more than a century before the Reform Act, Boroughbridge was owned by the Dukes of Newcastle, who controlled around fifteen seats across the country; however, in the 1790s, they sold one of the seats for \u00a34,000 to the banker Thomas Coutts, who used it to put his son-in-law, Francis Burdett, into Parliament.\n"	"Members of Parliament"	"\n*''Constituency created'' (1553)\n\n===1553-1640===\n\n\n\nParliament!!First member!!Second member\n\n 1553 (Oct)\n William Tancred\n Christopher Wray \n\n 1554 (Apr)\n Ralph Cholmley\n Christopher Wray \n\n 1554 (Nov)\n Christopher Wray\n John Holmes \n\n 1555\nChristopher Wray\n Robert Kempe \n\n 1558\nWilliam Fairfax\n Christopher Wray \n\n 1558/9\n Sir John York\n Richard Bunny \n\n 1562/3\n John Astley\n Thomas Disney \n\n 1571\nCotton Gargrave\n Thomas Boynton \n\n 1572 (Apr)\n Thomas Eynns (died 1578)\n Cotton Gargrave \n\n 1584 (Oct)\n Henry Cheke\n Nicholas Faunt \n\n 1586 (Sep)\n George Savile\n Robert Briggs \n\n 1588/9\n Sir Edward Fitton\n Francis Moore \n\n 1593\nJohn Brograve\n Vincent Skinner\n\n 1597 (Sep)\n Henry Fanshawe \n Thomas Crompton \n\n 1601\nRichard Whalley\n Thomas Fairfax  \n\n 1604\n John Ferne\n Sir Henry Jenkins \n\n 1609\n Sir Thomas Vavasour\n Sir Henry Jenkins \n\n 1614\n Sir Ferdinando Fairfax \n George Marshall\n\n 1621\n Sir Ferdinando Fairfax\n George Wethered\n\n 1624\n Sir Ferdinando Fairfax\n Christopher Mainwaring\n\n 1625\n Sir Ferdinando Fairfax\n William Mainwaring\n\n 1626\n Sir Ferdinando Fairfax\n Philip Mainwaring\n\n 1628\n Sir Ferdinando Fairfax\n Francis Neville\n\n 1629\u20131640\n ''No Parliaments summoned''\n\n\n===1640-1832===\n\n\nYear!!First member!!First party!!Second member!!Second party\n\n \n\nApril 1640\n Ferdinando, Lord Fairfax \n \n  \n\n\n \n\nNovember 1640\n Sir Philip Stapylton ''(d. September 1647)'' \nParliamentarian\n Thomas Mauleverer  \nParliamentarian\n\n\n1648\nHenry Stapylton\n\n\n\nDecember 1648\n''Stapylton excluded in Pride's Purge - seat vacant''\n\n\n\n1653\n''Boroughbridge not represented in the Barebones Parliament and the First and Second Parliaments of the Protectorate''\n\n\n\nJanuary 1659 \nColonel Laurence Parsons  \n\nRobert Stapylton \n\n\n\n\nMay 1659\n''Not represented in the restored Rump as Thomas Mauleverer had died in the interim''\n\n \n \n1660\nConyers Darcy\n\nSir Henry Stapylton\n\n\n \n \n1661\nSir Richard Mauleverer, Bt\n\nRobert Long\n\n\n \n1673\nSir Henry Goodricke, Bt\n\n\n \n1675\n\nSir Michael Warton\n\n\n \nMarch 1679\nSir Thomas Mauleverer, Bt\n\n\n \nAugust 1679\n\nSir John Brookes, Bt\n\n\n \n1685\nSir Henry Goodricke, Bt\n\n\n \n1689\n\nChristopher Vane\nWhig\n\n \n1690\n\nSir Brian Stapylton\n\n\n \n1695\n\nThomas Harrison\n\n\n \n1698\n\nSir Brian Stapylton\n\n\n \n \n1705\nJohn Stapylton\n\nCraven Peyton\n\n\n \n1708\nSir Brian Stapylton\n\n\n \n1713\n\nEdmund Dunch\nWhig\n\n \n \n1715\nThomas Wilkinson\n\nSir Richard Steele\n Whig\n\n \n1718\n\nSir Wilfrid Lawson, Bt\n\n\n \n \nMarch 1722\nConyers Darcy\n\nJames Tyrrell\n\n\n \nOctober 1722\n\nJoseph Danvers\n\n\n \n1727\nGeorge Gregory\n\n\n \n1742\nWilliam Murray\n Tory\n\n \n1746\n\nEarl of Dalkeith\n\n\n \n1750\n\nHon. Lewis Monson Watson \n\n\n \n1754\n\nJohn Fuller\n\n\n \n1755\nSir Cecil Bisshopp, Bt\n\n\n \n1756\n\nEarl of Euston\n Whig\n\n \n1757\n\nThomas Thoroton\n\n\n \n1761\n\nBrice Fisher\n\n\n \n1767\n\nJames West the younger\n\n\n \n \n1768\n Nathaniel Cholmley\n\nJames West\n\n\n \n1772\n\nMajor-General Henry Clinton\n\n\n \n \n1774\n Anthony Eyre\n\nCharles Mellish\n\n\n \n1775\n\nColonel William Phillips\n\n\n \n1780\n\nCharles Ambler, KC\n\n\n \n \n1784\n Sir Richard Sutton, Bt\n\nThe Viscount Palmerston\n\n\n \n1790\n\nMorris Robinson\n\n\n \n \n1796\n Francis Burdett\n Independent\nSir John Scott\nTory\n\n \n1799\nHon. John Scott\nTory\n\n \n1802\nEdward Berkeley Portman\nWhig\n\n \nJanuary 1806\nViscount Castlereagh\n Tory\n\n \n \nNovember 1806\n Brigadier William Henry Clinton\nTory\nHenry Dawkins\nTory\n\n \n1808\n\nHenry Clinton\nTory\n\n \n \n1818\n Marmaduke Lawson\nWhig\nGeorge Mundy\nTory\n\n \nMarch 1820\n\nRichard Spooner\nRadical\n\n \n \nJune 1820\nCaptain George Mundy, RN\nTory\nLt Colonel Henry Dawkins\nTory\n\n \n \n1830\nSir Charles Wetherell\nTory\nMatthias Attwood\nTory\n\n\n\n*''Constituency abolished'' (1832)\n"	"Elections"	"Source: ''The Parliaments of England'' by Henry Stooks Smith (1st edition published in three volumes 1844-50), second edition edited (in one volume) by F.W.S. Craig (Political Reference Publications 1973)\n\n===Elections in the 1800s===\n:At the 1802 general election, Edward Berkeley Portman and John Scott were elected unopposed.\n\n:At the 1806 and 1807 general elections, William Henry Clinton and Henry Dawkins were elected unopposed.\n\n:At the Boroughbridge by-election, 1808, Henry Clinton was elected unopposed.\n\n===Elections in the 1810s===\n:At the 1812 general election, William Henry Clinton and Henry Clinton were elected unopposed.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nIn the Boroughbridge by-election, 1819, Marmaduke Lawson was elected unopposed.\n\n===Elections in the 1820s===\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n:Mundy and Dawkins were seated on petition.\n\n:At the United Kingdom general election, 1826, George Mundy and Henry Dawkins were elected unopposed.\n\n===Elections in the 1830s===\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n:At the 1831 general election, Charles Wetherell and Matthias Attwood were elected unopposed.\n"	"Notes"	"\n"	"References"	"*Robert Beatson, \"A Chronological Register of Both Houses of Parliament\" (London: Longman, Hurst, Res & Orme, 1807) \n*Michael Brock, \"The Great Reform Act\" (London: Hutchinson, 1973)\n*D. Brunton & D. H. Pennington, ''Members of the Long Parliament'' (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1954)\n*''Cobbett's Parliamentary history of England, from the Norman Conquest in 1066 to the year 1803'' (London: Thomas Hansard, 1808) \n*J E Neale, ''The Elizabethan House of Commons'' (London: Jonathan Cape, 1949)\n*J Holladay Philbin, \"Parliamentary Representation 1832 - England and Wales\" (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1965)\n*Henry Stooks Smith, \"The Parliaments of England from 1715 to 1847\" (2nd edition, edited by FWS Craig - Chichester: Parliamentary Reference Publications, 1973)\n*Frederic A Youngs, jr, \"Guide to the Local Administrative Units of England, Vol II\" (London: Royal Historical Society, 1991)\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Brame Hillyard"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Brame Hillyard''' (1876 \u2013 18 June 1959) was a British tennis player. He was born in Darlington, England and died in Tonbridge, England.\n\nHillyard is notable for being the first tennis player to appear at Wimbledon wearing shorts rather than trousers.  He did so in 1930 on Court 10. Bunny Austin, three years later, was the first male player to do so on Centre Court. Hillyard reached the quarter-finals of the event in 1903.\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"British Giant rabbit"	"Introduction"	"The British Giant is a larger rabbit that has its heritage in the Flemish Giant, a breed that originates in Belgium. The British Giant can grow up to 7\u00a0kg and often rivals a small dog in size.\n"	"History"	"The British Giant arose as a separate breed in the United Kingdom in the 1940s and was bred from Flemish Giant stock of varying colours from the United States. The Flemish Giant breed standard in Britain is only recognised in steel grey colouring and may be somewhat smaller than the European Flemish Giant. Thus the British Giant was bred for a greater variety in colouring and although smaller than continental Flemish rabbits, retain broadly the same characteristics. The British Giant is virtually unknown outside the United Kingdom.\n"	"Appearance"	"The biggest of all the British breeds, the British Giant has a large, powerful body that\u2019s flat across the back and has a wide front and hindquarters. Its fur is medium length, dense and soft and comes in a variety of colours including white, sable, opal, grey, blue and black. It will need regular grooming to keep its fur in tip-top condition and prevent it from becoming matted.\n"	"See also"	"\n*List of rabbit breeds\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n"
"Bugs Bunny in Double Trouble"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Bugs Bunny in Double Trouble''''' is a video game developed by Atod AB for the Genesis and Game Gear, released in 1996. The game stars Bugs Bunny and features pre-rendered 3D graphics (similar to ''Donkey Kong Country'' for the Super NES).\n"	"Gameplay"	"Similarly to 1994's ''Mickey Mania: The Timeless Adventures of Mickey Mouse'', the levels are mainly based on individual Bugs Bunny cartoons from Warner Bros.' Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies series, stringing them together by having Bugs trapped in a \"Televisor\" created by Yosemite Sam as a mad scientist. Seven of the levels are based on the Bugs Bunny cartoons ''Duck! Rabbit, Duck!'', ''Bully for Bugs'', ''Knighty Knight Bugs'', ''Hare-Abian Nights'', ''Spaced Out Bunny'', ''Mad as a Mars Hare'', and ''Hare-Way to the Stars'', while the other level, entitled ''Haunted Hare'', is based on elements of ''Bewitched Bunny'' and ''Hair-Raising Hare''.\n\nEach level features objectives, designs, and opposing characters based on the source cartoon(s), though some levels include plot elements, weapons, and obstacles that weren't present in the original cartoons. For example, the ''Hare-Abian Nights'' level features a duel with Yosemite Sam over a genie's lamp, and ''Spaced Out Bunny'' is essentially a race against Marvin the Martian to Mars. As well, the ''Duck! Rabbit, Duck!'' level does not have the snow present in the original cartoon.\n"	"Reception"	"\n\nThe Genesis version received mediocre reviews. Critics widely praised the bright, colorful graphics and usage of old Warner Bros. cartoons and characters, though some criticized that the controls make navigating certain areas frustrating. However, reviews generally concluded that while the game is competent in most respects, it lacks any major innovation to draw the interest of anyone but hardcore Warner Bros. fans.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips''''' is a ''Merrie Melodies'' animated cartoon directed by Friz Freleng, produced by Leon Schlesinger Productions, and released to theaters on April 22, 1944 by Warner Bros. and The Vitaphone Corporation.\n\nThe cartoon was made during World War II, and reflects the United States' attitude towards one of its main enemies at the time, the Empire of Japan. In the cartoon, Bugs Bunny lands on an island in the Pacific and is pitted against a group of highly racially stereotyped Japanese soldiers. Bugs shows no mercy against the Japanese soldiers, greeting them with several racial slurs such as \"monkey face\" and \"slant eyes\", making short work of a large sumo wrestler, and bombing most of the Japanese army using various explosives, including grenades hidden in ice cream bars. The cartoon's title is a play on the verb \"nip\" as in \"bite\" and \"Nips\", which at the time was a widely used slur for Japanese people, as the Japanese word for \"Japan\" is \"Nippon\" (or \"Nihon\").\n\nThe ''Film Daily'' called the seven-minute short \"good fun\", and gave the following synopsis:\n\n\"Bugs Bunny, castaway on a Pacific isle, thinks the setting is ideal until he finds his paradise infested with Japanese soldiers. How he single-handedly exterminates the enemy makes for a laugh-filled few minutes of typical Bugs antics, off-screen remarks and action in this Technicolor cartoon produced by Leon Schlesinger.\"\n\n"	"Plot"	"Somewhere in the Pacific, Bugs is floating in a box, singing to himself, when 'the island that inevitably turns up in this kind of picture' turns up. Bugs swims towards it, and admires the peace and quiet, when bombs start going off (The Storm from the William Tell Overture is also heard in the Background). Bugs ducks into a haystack, and soon comes face to face with a Japanese soldier; a short, bucked tooth, bare-footed Japanese man who says his 'Ls' as 'Rs' and who might be rapidly stating the names of Japanese cities whenever he moves. The soldier chases Bugs to a rabbit hole, where the soldier dumps a bomb inside. However, Bugs manages to blow the soldier up with the bomb. When the soldier tries to swing a sword at Bugs, Bugs appears as a Japanese general (presumably Hideki Tojo), but is soon recognized by his trademark carrot eating, prompting the soldier (who says he saw Bugs in the \"Warner Bros. Leon Schlesinger ''Merrie Melodies'' cartoon pictures\", referring to the fact that Bugs was originally exclusive to that series) to ask him \"What's up, Honorable Doc?\"\n\nBugs then jumps into a plane and the soldier also jumps into a plane. However, Bugs ties the soldier's plane to a tree, causing the plane to be yanked out from under him. The soldier parachutes down, but is met by Bugs in mid-air, who hands \"Moto\" (cf. Mr. Moto) some 'scrap iron' (an anvil), causing the soldier to fall. Painting a Japanese flag on a tree to denote one soldier down, Bugs runs into a sumo wrestler, whom he confidently faces off against (cockily marking a second bigger flag on the tree). After getting temporarily beaten by the sumo wrestler (and, to be fair, wipes the second mark off the tree before collapsing), Bugs dresses as a geisha girl and knocks the wrestler out, who repaints a second flag on the tree before passing out.\n\nSeeing a bunch of Japanese landing craft making their way to the island (exclaiming \"Japs! Hundred of 'em!\"), Bugs thinks of a plan to get rid of all of them. He comes out in a 'Good Rumor' (a parody of Good Humor) truck, which plays Mozart (\"Der Vogelf\u00e4nger bin ich ja\" from ''The Magic Flute''). Bugs hands each of the Japanese an ice cream with a grenade inside it. All the Japanese are killed off from the explosions, save for one who was killed after redeeming a 'free' ice cream from Bugs. Having now painted dozens of Japanese flags on the trees denoting all the downed enemy, Bugs comments again about the 'peace and quiet - and if there's one thing I CAN'T stand, it's peace and quiet!'.\n\nBugs spots an American battleship in the distance and raises a white flag, yelling for them to come get him, but they keep going.  Bugs is insulted, \"Do they think I want to spend the rest of my life on this island?\" With this remark, a female rabbit (dressed in a more Hawaiian outfit) appears saying, \"It's a possibility!\"  Bugs then pulls down the distress flag, lets out a wolf cry, and goes running after her.\n"	"Analysis"	"The films depicting the Japanese enemy during World War II tended to both identify a formidable wartime adversary and to depict said adversary as inferior to its American counterparts. In cartoons, this translated to a tendency to depict the Japanese as either superman or buffoon. This film closer represents the latter tendency. The caricature portrayal of this film serves as a host to well-worn stereotypes.\n\nThe film opens with Bugs singing from within a crate. He is somewhere in the Pacific and is waiting for the inevitable island to turn up. He then sees an island and swims towards its beach. Already in the introduction, Bugs identifies his Pacific island setting as a \"garden of Eden and a \"Shangri-La\". This in reference to the exotic havens depicted in South Sea island films and to the epic film ''Lost Horizon'' (1937). Only then is Bugs alerted to the mortal danger that awaits him on the island. The seductive first impression serves to set up a hazardous trap.\n\nBugs escapes rapid gunfire by running for cover into a haystack. The initial encounter of Bugs with a Japanese soldier presents an optical illusion, that the two share a body. Bugs' head peeks above the haystack, while the legs of the soldier appear below it. Then the owner of the feet confronts Bugs. The soldier has buck teeth, a thin mustache, dark eyeglasses, slanted eyebrows and curly, wavy hair.\n\nThe soldier pulls out a sword and starts swiping at Bugs. He speaks in Oriental-sounding gibberish, consisting of short syllables spoken in a staccato voice. In response, Bugs assumes the form of a Japanese general and stands stiffly at attention. Bugs' face is briefly transformed into a Japanese caricature, only to be contrasted with the face of an actual, if impish, Japanese soldier. Bugs disguised as a general imitates photographs of Hideki Tojo. The soldier bows in supplication to the authority figure. Bugs accidentally gives away his identity by casually chewing on a carrot.\n\nThe soldier resumes use of his sword and talks gibberish again. Bugs takes off in a Japanese plane, followed by the soldier in his own plane. Both planes are presumably based on the Mitsubishi A6M Zero.  Bugs ties the rival plane to a tree. The soldier parachutes out and Bugs hands him an anvil. Mocking: \"Here's some scrap iron for Japan, Moto.\" There is a spoken reference to Mr. Moto to provide a well-acquainted name to the wartime enemy.\n\nBugs then bumps into a sumo wrestler. The man is huge with a large stomach, a mustache, a goatee, buck teeth with a large gap between the front teeth, and a Mohawk hairstyle. In response, Bugs transforms into a geisha. He speaks in Japanese-sounding gibberish and coaxes the wrestler into a near kiss. The kiss turns into a fatal blow with a mallet. Bugs triumphantly shouts \"timber\" as the man falls. The masquerade scene involving the wrestler and the geisha makes use of two relatively harmless civilian-type characters to cast the enemy in a humorous light. In concept, it suggests that an Oriental guise can be put on and discarded at will.\n\nBugs then sees several Japanese ships floating towards the island. He is next seen disguised as ice cream car vendor in the mold of the Good Humor man. He entices many Japanese soldiers to come get their ice cream. There are many Japanese soldiers besieging Bugs' ice cream truck. Suggesting that their threat relies on their numbers. They are an easily fooled mob, not a group of individuals. They resemble a swarm of bees and they are rendered less as human figures and more like a scourge in need of extermination.\n\nBugs insults his customers by calling them \"monkey face\" and \"slant eyes\". The scene with the ice cream track partially obscures the faces and bodies of the enemy soldiers, but Bugs verbalizes a physical description. The phrases \"bowlegs\", \"monkey face\", \"slant eyes\" both serve as racial epithets and audibly support the visualized stereotypes of the film. They are all elements of the Japanese wartime caricature.\n\nThey get served with chocolate-covered ice cream bars embedded with grenades. The soldiers run off as soon as they get served. Then numerous explosions are heard. One battered soldier returns to present his lucky stick, earning him a free ice cream. He is the last one. Bugs' mission is accomplished. He then signals an American ship to come get him.\n\nBugs hates being confined to a world of \"peace and quiet\". He celebrates the approach of an American ship and his potential rescue, until he meets a sarong-clad female bunny. The female bunny ignites his passion. He howls and thumps his foot, his eyes bulging from their sockets. He leaps into an amorous pursuit and the film ends.\n\nThe short placed an emphasis on physical peculiarities to imply racial inferiority. The preeminent danger is positioned to be treachery and not military might. The Japanese are distinctively othered as physically deformed. The Japanese are characterized as single-minded, subservient to their superiors, and gullible. The gag with the ice cream-seeking soldiers makes use of the American perception of the Japanese as both gullible and greedy. Bugs' stereotypical portrayal of Japanese womanhood renders him a meek and seductive creature, speaking in a falsetto voice.\n\nThe short has similarities to both ''Wackiki Wabbit'' (1943) and Herr Meets Hare (1945). The soundtrack includes ''Trade Winds'' and ''Someone's Rocking My Dreamboat''. There are two musical quotations from ''Die Walk\u00fcre'' (1870) by Richard Wagner. The Japanese soldiers are repeatedly presented on screen to the tune of the ''Kimigayo'' (1870) The ice cream truck scene uses the tune of the opening aria of Papageno, from ''The Magic Flute'' (1791) by Mozart. When Bugs professes his hatred of the peace and quiet, demanding someone to get him out of this place, the tune is the ''Ride of the Valkyries''.\n\nNeil Lerner attempts to decipher Carl Stalling's intentions in quoting Wagner at the end of the battle scenes. He suggests that it is connected to the role of the Valkyries, taking fallen warriors to Valhalla. In this case, the use is ironic as Stalling would not view the deceased Japanese soldiers as fallen heroes who deserve an afterlife paradise.\n\nAs Bugs signals the American ship, the tune is from the scene where Br\u00fcnnhilde announces her pregnancy. Lerner suggests that Stalling was inspired by the name of Siegfried, \"peace through victory\". Stalling could intend the scene to represent the United States reaching such a peace. Alternatively, he might be inspired by the stark isolation of Br\u00fcnnhilde on a rocky mountain - in which case, the reference would have been Bugs being trapped on the island.\n"	"Later reaction to stereotyping"	"Since the 1960s, ''Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips'' has become very controversial because of its portrayal of the Japanese and the casual violence toward them. However, the cartoon was not one of the \"Censored Eleven\", and was occasionally shown on television in syndicated packages with other pre-August 1948 Warner cartoons that were under the ownership of Associated Artists Productions. It debuted on home video in December 1991 on the first ''Golden Age of Looney Tunes'' laser disc collection.  The niche market format did not cause a stir, but when the 5 disc set was later issued in the more accessible VHS format on 10 separate tapes, Japanese groups protested its distribution, and both releases were withdrawn. Reissues for both formats replaced the cartoon with ''Racketeer Rabbit''.  The VHS reissue combined volumes 4 and 7 of the 10 tape set.\n\nThis was one of the 12 Bugs Bunny cartoons that were pulled out of Cartoon Network's June Bugs 2001 marathon by order of AOL Time Warner due to stereotypes of Japanese people. However, in a promo for this event, the scene where Bugs does a double-take on noticing the female rabbit was used.\n\nThis cartoon was shown, albeit in clips, on a special episode of the Cartoon Network show ''ToonHeads'' about cartoons from the World War II era while a voiceover explained how Japanese stereotypes in World War II cartoons tended to be very cruel (as shown in Norm MacCabe's ''Tokio Jokio'', this cartoon, and clips of World War II-era Popeye cartoons).\n"	"See also"	"*List of World War II short films\n*List of American films of 1944\n"	"Sources"	"* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n*\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Bugs Bunny's Overtures to Disaster"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''Bugs Bunny's Overtures to Disaster''''' is a 1991 Looney Tunes Television special directed by Greg Ford and Terry Lennon. In new animation, Jeff Bergman voiced Bugs, Daffy, Porky, Elmer and Sylvester.\n"	"Shorts used"	"*Baton Bunny (the first event; retried again as the last event which was ruined by a fly)\n*Daffy Duck and Porky Pig in The William Tell Overture (the second event; this was originally produced for this special and also later released as standalone short)\n*Back Alley Oproar (used when Sylvester tried to ruin Elmer's Hungarian Rhapsody)\n*Rabbit of Seville (the Fourth Event)\n*What's Opera Doc? (the last event on the agenda but Bugs tried ''Baton Bunny'' again after)\n"	"Plot"	"While reading the newspaper, The Three Bears decide to go to the opera.  Also seen in the paper is the headline ''Experimental Fly escapes, cannot be killed''.\n\nAfter a clip from ''Rabbit of Seville'' of the audience walking in, Bugs Bunny emerges from his dressing room and begins to conduct.  In the audience, the fly lands on Papa Bear's head; Baby Bear tries to squash it with his toy wagon, but only succeeds in knocking Papa unconscious.  The fly flies up to Bugs, whose conducting is ruined.\n\nPorky Pig starts playing the William Tell Overture before Daffy Duck. Daffy is angered, and a fight ensues. The Lone Ranger and his horse Silver come in when the music is over.\n\nElmer Fudd is up, and Sylvester starts singing. In effect, Elmer decides to throw Sylvester out. Elmer starts to conduct Hungarian Rhapsody No. 2 when Sylvester runs up and down the stairs singing Hungarian Rhapsody. Elmer beats up Sylvester and walks back in, but sees that the audience loved Sylvester's act.  Elmer quits, declaring that he has been \"humiwiated fow the wast time.\"\n\nBugs introduces ''The Barber of Seville'' when Porky informs him that Elmer quit. Bugs goes to get him back and tricks him back onto set, performing ''Rabbit of Seville''. Bugs then tells him how they loved it and changes him into his Wagnerian warrior costume. Bugs tells him he'll like the next one because he gets to kill Bugs. They perform ''What's Opera Doc?''.\n\nBugs then takes another shot at conducting, unaware that the fly has driven the audience away. and like the end of \"Baton Bunny\", the fly claps as Bugs shrugs and finally bows.\n"	"Trivia"	"*Sylvester's Hungarian Rhapsody from ''Back Alley Oproar'' is reused here, with new animation because while Warner/Chappell Music held the rights to the music in the cartoon, Turner Entertainment (through the 1956 a.a.p. sale and various mergers) owned the rights to the footage at the time (Warner would not regain the rights until 1996, despite the studio having the cartoon's original negatives stored in the WB vault).\n*In the audience, you see cameos of Mr. Meek from \"The Wise Quacking Duck\", the two stranded men from \"Wackiki Wabbit\", and Granny and Sam from \"Hare Trimmed\".\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Bunny boots"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Bunny boots''' is the widely used nickname for the '''Extreme Cold Vapor Barrier Boots''' (Type II) used by the United States armed forces. The linerless bulbous boots retain warmth by sandwiching up to one inch of wool and felt insulation between two layers of rubber and are typically worn with one heavy wool sock.  These boots were originally developed at the Navy Clothing and Textile Research Center in Natick, Massachusetts, US, for use during the Korean War.\nExample of Bunny boots.\n\nOriginally designed for the military, such boots have become staple cold weather gear both in civilian work and recreational environments. Bunny boots are very popular in Alaska.\n"	"Description"	"\n===Type I===\nThe black pairs, sometimes called Mickey Mouse boots, weigh 44 oz. (1.25\u00a0kg) apiece and are rated for temperatures down to \u221220\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221228.9\u00a0\u00b0C)  and are made with oil/diesel resistant rubber. They are less common than the white pairs that give the boots their name.\nBata Mickey Mouse boots\n\n===Type II===\nThe white boot is designed for use in extreme cold weather from \u221265\u00a0\u00b0F (\u221253.8\u00a0\u00b0C). It also is a little bigger and heavier (~8 oz. (0.22\u00a0kg) more per boot) than the black boot because of the extra insulation.\n\nImage:Bboots01.jpg|White bunny boots\n\n\nWhite Bata bunny boots\nBoth Mickey Mouse boots and bunny boots have an air valve on each of the boots.  These air valves must be opened prior to flying, to ensure that the air pressure differential between the walls of the boot and the outside air does not cause the boots to rupture. A common theory on the origins of the name of bunny boots is that they make wearer's feet look disproportionately large, like Bugs Bunny's. The extreme cold weather boot is actually nicknamed after the snowshoe hare, commonly found near Ft. Greely, Alaska. During the fall the rabbits' fur changes color from brown to white, allowing it to blend in with its winter surroundings. As winter gets closer, more and more rabbits appear with their new white \"boots\".  These boots are manufactured by several companies including Bata, Acton and Air Boss.\n\nBoth Mickey Mouse boots and bunny boots have rubber wedges on the front of the toe and the back of the heel. These wedges lock into military-standard ski and snowshoe bindings. \nThe air release valve on a bunny boot.\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n"
"Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel"	"Introduction"	" \n\n'''Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel''' (better known and still referred to by its former name '''Cadbury's Caramel''' or '''Cadbury Caramel''') is a chocolate bar that is part of the Cadbury Dairy Milk brand and is made by Cadbury UK and Cadbury Ireland. The bar is sold in the United Kingdom, Ireland, the United States, Australia and New Zealand. \n"	" History "	"\nThe bar was first launched in 1976, originally called '''Cadbury's Caramel''' until 2003, when it was renamed. In early 2009 it was relaunched, with the '''Caramel''' name re-emphasised as the main on-pack brand, and the '''Dairy Milk''' brand logo reduced in size.\n"	" Available Products "	"\n'''Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel'''\nMilk chocolate with a soft caramel centre, launched 1976.\n\n'''Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel Nibbles'''\nRound milk chocolate buttons with a soft caramel centre, launched 2009.\n\n'''Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel Bunny'''\nBunny shaped chocolate with a soft caramel centre, launched 2010, only available at Easter.\n\n'''Cadbury Caramel Egg'''\nSimilar to the iconic Creme Egg, a milk chocolate shell with a soft caramel centre, launched in 1994, only available at Easter.\n\n'''Cadbury Nuts About Caramel Ice Cream Sticks'''\nVanilla ice cream laced with caramel and covered with milk chocolate and roasted almonds, launched 2012.\n\n'''Cadbury Dairy Milk Caramel Pots Of Joy'''\nMilk chocolate dessert made with real melted Cadbury chocolate with a smooth caramel underlayer, launched 2013.\n\n'''Cadbury Caramel Doughnuts'''\nMilk chocolate topped doughnuts with a soft caramel centre, launched 2014.\n\n'''Cadbury Highlights Caramel'''\nMilk chocolate and caramel flavour beverage, only 40 kcals a cup, launched 2011\n"	" Description "	"\nThe product is a Cadbury Dairy Milk chocolate bar semi-divided into blocks each of which has a caramel filling. The blocks vary in number according to the size of the bar, but on all bars, the blocks are stamped with the word ''Cadbury'' on the top.\n"	" Cadbury's Caramel Bunny "	"\nDuring the 1980s and 1990s, the Caramel bar was advertised via its own mascot, the '''Cadbury's Caramel Bunny''' (also known as simply the '''Caramel Bunny'''), a cartoon rabbit or hare who featured in a series of animated shorts, advising others to ''\"take it easy\"'' by eating a bar, all the while being ogled as a result of her beauty. The voice for the Caramel Bunny was provided by British actress Miriam Margolyes.\nThe Caramel Bunny voice in Ireland was provided by Tara Flynn.\n \nIn 2009, the Caramel Bunny returned to advertise the return of the Caramel brand, being advertised on posters with the slogan: ''\"still got it\"''. In March 2009, a UK newspaper poll voted the Caramel Bunny the third sexiest cartoon character of all time, after Jessica Rabbit and Betty Boop. In October 2009, Giles Deacon designed a dress for her Cadbury's Dairy Milk Caramel Nibbles launch campaign.\n"	" References "	"\n"	" See also "	"* Cadbury Caramilk\n"	" External links "	"* A Glass And A Half Full Productions\n* Cadbury UK\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Cat"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\nThe '''domestic cat''' () is a small, typically furry, carnivorous mammal. They are often called '''house cats''' when kept as indoor pets or simply '''cats''' when there is no need to distinguish them from other felids and felines. Cats are often valued by humans for companionship and for their ability to hunt vermin. There are more than 70 cat breeds, though different associations proclaim different numbers according to their standards.\n\nCats are similar in anatomy to the other felids, with a strong flexible body, quick reflexes, sharp retractable claws, and teeth adapted to killing small prey. Cat senses fit a crepuscular and predatory ecological niche. Cats can hear sounds too faint or too high in frequency for human ears, such as those made by mice and other small animals. They can see in near darkness. Like most other mammals, cats have poorer color vision and a better sense of smell than humans. Cats, despite being solitary hunters, are a social species and cat communication includes the use of a variety of vocalizations (mewing, purring, trilling, hissing, growling, and grunting), as well as cat pheromones and types of cat-specific body language.\n\nCats have a high breeding rate. Under controlled breeding, they can be bred and shown as registered pedigree pets, a hobby known as cat fancy. Failure to control the breeding of pet cats by neutering, as well as the abandonment of former household pets, has resulted in large numbers of feral cats worldwide, requiring population control. In certain areas outside cats' native range, this has contributed, along with habitat destruction and other factors, to the extinction of many bird species. Cats have been known to extirpate a bird species within specific regions and may have contributed to the extinction of isolated island populations. Cats are thought to be primarily responsible for the extinction of 33 species of birds, and the presence of feral and free-ranging cats makes some otherwise suitable locations unsuitable for attempted species reintroduction .\n\nSince cats were venerated in ancient Egypt, they were commonly believed to have been domesticated there, but there may have been instances of domestication as early as the Neolithic from around 9,500 years ago (7,500 BC). A genetic study in 2007 concluded that domestic cats are descended from Near Eastern wildcats, having diverged around 8,000 BC in West Asia. A 2016 study found that leopard cats were undergoing domestication independently in China around 5,500 BC, though this line of partially domesticated cats leaves no trace in the domesticated populations of today.\n\nAs of a 2007 study, cats are the second most popular pet in the US by number of pets owned, behind freshwater fish. In a 2010 study they were ranked the third most popular pet in the UK, after fish and dogs, with around 8 million being owned.\n"	"Taxonomy and evolution"	"\nThe African wildcat, ''Felis silvestris lybica'', is an extant subspecies that is ancestral to the domestic cat.\nThe felids are a rapidly evolving family of mammals that share a common ancestor only 10\u201315\u00a0million years ago and include lions, tigers, cougars and many others. Within this family, domestic cats (''Felis catus'') are part of the genus ''Felis'', which is a group of small cats containing about seven species (depending upon classification scheme). Members of the genus are found worldwide and include the jungle cat (''Felis chaus'') of southeast Asia, European wildcat (''F. silvestris silvestris''), African wildcat (''F. s. lybica''), the Chinese mountain cat (''F. bieti''), and the Arabian sand cat (''F. margarita''), among others.\n\nThe domestic cat was first classified as ''Felis catus'' by Carl Linnaeus in the 10th edition of his ''Systema Naturae'' published in 1758. Because of modern phylogenetics, domestic cats are usually regarded as another subspecies of the wildcat, ''F. silvestris''. This has resulted in mixed usage of the terms, as the domestic cat can be called by its subspecies name, ''Felis silvestris catus''. Wildcats have also been referred to as various subspecies of ''F. catus'', but in 2003, the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature fixed the name for wildcats as ''F. silvestris''. The most common name in use for the domestic cat remains ''F. catus'', following a convention for domesticated animals of using the earliest (the senior) synonym proposed. Sometimes, the domestic cat has been called ''Felis domesticus'' or ''Felis domestica'', as proposed by German naturalist J. C. P. Erxleben in 1777, but these are not valid taxonomic names and have been used only rarely in scientific literature, because Linnaeus's binomial takes precedence. A population of Transcaucasian black feral cats was once classified as ''Felis daemon'' (Satunin 1904) but now this population is considered to be a part of domestic cat.\n\nAll the cats in this genus share a common ancestor that is believed to have lived around 6\u20137\u00a0million years ago in Asia. The exact relationships within the Felidae are close but still uncertain, e.g. the Chinese mountain cat is sometimes classified (under the name ''Felis silvestris bieti'') as a subspecies of the wildcat, like the North African variety ''F. s. lybica''.\n\nIn comparison to dogs, cats have not undergone major changes during the domestication process, as the form and behavior of the domestic cat is not radically different from those of wildcats and domestic cats are perfectly capable of surviving in the wild. Fully domesticated house cats often interbreed with feral ''F. catus'' populations, producing hybrids such as the Kellas cat. This limited evolution during domestication means that hybridisation can occur with many other felids, notably the Asian leopard cat. Several natural behaviors and characteristics of wildcats may have predisposed them for domestication as pets. These traits include their small size, social nature, obvious body language, love of play and relatively high intelligence. Several small felid species may have an inborn tendency towards tameness.\n\nCats have either a mutualistic or commensal relationship with humans. Two main theories are given about how cats were domesticated. In one, people deliberately tamed cats in a process of artificial selection as they were useful predators of vermin. This has been criticized as implausible, because the reward for such an effort may have been too little; cats generally do not carry out commands and although they do eat rodents, other species such as ferrets or terriers may be better at controlling these pests. The alternative idea is that cats were simply tolerated by people and gradually diverged from their wild relatives through natural selection, as they adapted to hunting the vermin found around humans in towns and villages.\n"	"Nomenclature and etymology"	"\nThe English word 'cat' (Old English ''catt'') is in origin a loanword, introduced to many languages of Europe from Latin ''cattus'' and Byzantine Greek , including Portuguese and Spanish ''gato'', French ''chat'', German ''Katze'', Lithuanian ''kat\u0117'', and Old Church Slavonic ''kotka'', among others. The ultimate source of the word is Afroasiatic, presumably from Late Egyptian ''\u010daute'', the feminine of ''\u010daus'' \"wildcat\". An alternative word with cognates in many languages is English 'puss' ('pussycat'). Attested only from the 16th century, it may have been introduced from Dutch ''poes'' or from Low German ''puuskatte'', related to Swedish ''kattepus'', or Norwegian ''pus'', ''pusekatt''. Similar forms exist in Lithuanian ''pui\u017e\u0117'' and Irish ''puisc\u00edn''. The etymology of this word is unknown, but it may have simply arisen from a sound used to attract a cat.\n\nA group of cats is referred to as a \"clowder\" or a \"glaring\", a male cat is called a \"tom\" or \"tomcat\" (or a \"gib\", if neutered), an unaltered female is called a \"queen\", and a juvenile cat is referred to as a \"kitten\". The male progenitor of a cat, especially a pedigreed cat, is its \"sire\", and its female progenitor is its \"dam\". In Early Modern English, the word 'kitten' was interchangeable with the now-obsolete word 'catling'.\n\nA pedigreed cat is one whose ancestry is recorded by a cat fancier organization. A purebred cat is one whose ancestry contains only individuals of the same breed. Many pedigreed and especially purebred cats are exhibited as show cats. Cats of unrecorded, mixed ancestry are referred to as domestic short-haired or domestic long-haired cats, by coat type, or commonly as random-bred, moggies (chiefly British), or (using terms borrowed from dog breeding) mongrels or mutt-cats.\n\nWhile the African wildcat is the ancestral subspecies from which domestic cats are descended, and wildcats and domestic cats can completely interbreed (being subspecies of the same species), several intermediate stages occur between domestic pet and pedigree cats on one hand and entirely wild animals on the other. The semiferal cat, a mostly outdoor cat, is not owned by any one individual, but is generally friendly to people and may be fed by several households. Feral cats are associated with human habitation areas and may be fed by people or forage for food, but are typically wary of human interaction.\n"	"Biology"	"\n===Anatomy===\n\nDiagram of the general anatomy of a male\nDomestic cats are similar in size to the other members of the genus ''Felis'', typically weighing between . Some breeds, such as the Maine Coon, can occasionally exceed . Conversely, very small cats, less than , have been reported. The world record for the largest cat is . The smallest adult cat ever officially recorded weighed around . Feral cats tend to be lighter as they have more limited access to food than house cats. In the Boston area, the average feral adult male will weigh  and average feral female . Cats average about  in height and  in head/body length (males being larger than females), with tails averaging  in length.\n\nCats have seven cervical vertebrae, as do almost all mammals; 13 thoracic vertebrae (humans have 12); seven lumbar vertebrae (humans have five); three sacral vertebrae like most mammals (humans have five); and a variable number of caudal vertebrae in the tail (humans retain three to five caudal vertebrae, fused into an internal coccyx). The extra lumbar and thoracic vertebrae account for the cat's spinal mobility and flexibility. Attached to the spine are 13 ribs, the shoulder, and the pelvis.  Unlike human arms, cat forelimbs are attached to the shoulder by free-floating clavicle bones which allow them to pass their body through any space into which they can fit their head.\n\nCat skull\nThe cat skull is unusual among mammals in having very large eye sockets and a powerful and specialized jaw. Within the jaw, cats have teeth adapted for killing prey and tearing meat. When it overpowers its prey, a cat delivers a lethal neck bite with its two long canine teeth, inserting them between two of the prey's vertebrae and severing its spinal cord, causing irreversible paralysis and death. Compared to other felines, domestic cats have narrowly spaced canine teeth, which is an adaptation to their preferred prey of small rodents, which have small vertebrae. The premolar and first molar together compose the carnassial pair on each side of the mouth, which efficiently shears meat into small pieces, like a pair of scissors. These are vital in feeding, since cats' small molars cannot chew food effectively, and cats are largely incapable of mastication.  Though cats tend to have better teeth than most humans, with decay generally less likely because of a thicker protective layer of enamel, a less damaging saliva, less retention of food particles between teeth, and a diet mostly devoid of sugar, they are nonetheless subject to occasional tooth loss and infection.\n\nCats, like dogs, are digitigrades. They walk directly on their toes, with the bones of their feet making up the lower part of the visible leg. Cats are capable of walking very precisely because, like all felines, they directly register; that is, they place each hind paw (almost) directly in the print of the corresponding fore paw, minimizing noise and visible tracks. This also provides sure footing for their hind paws when they navigate rough terrain. Unlike most mammals, when cats walk, they use a \"pacing\" gait; that is, they move the two legs on one side of the body before the legs on the other side. This trait is shared with camels and giraffes. As a walk speeds up into a trot, a cat's gait changes to be a \"diagonal\" gait, similar to that of most other mammals (and many other land animals, such as lizards): the diagonally opposite hind and fore legs move simultaneously.\n\nLike almost all members of the Felidae, cats have protractable and retractable claws. In their normal, relaxed position, the claws are sheathed with the skin and fur around the paw's toe pads. This keeps the claws sharp by preventing wear from contact with the ground and allows the silent stalking of prey. The claws on the fore feet are typically sharper than those on the hind feet. Cats can voluntarily extend their claws on one or more paws. They may extend their claws in hunting or self-defense, climbing, kneading, or for extra traction on soft surfaces. Most cats have five claws on their front paws, and four on their rear paws. The fifth front claw (the dewclaw) is proximal to the other claws. More proximally is a protrusion which appears to be a sixth \"finger\". This special feature of the front paws, on the inside of the wrists, is the carpal pad, also found on the paws of big cats and dogs. It has no function in normal walking, but is thought to be an antiskidding device used while jumping. Some breeds of cats are prone to polydactyly (extra toes and claws). These are particularly common along the northeast coast of North America.\n\n===Physiology===\nCats are familiar and easily kept animals, and their physiology has been particularly well studied; it generally resembles those of other carnivorous mammals, but displays several unusual features probably attributable to cats' descent from desert-dwelling species. For instance, cats are able to tolerate quite high temperatures: Humans generally start to feel uncomfortable when their skin temperature passes about , but cats show no discomfort until their skin reaches around , and can tolerate temperatures of up to  if they have access to water.\n\n\n+ Normal physiological values\n\nBody temperature\n\n\nHeart rate\n120\u2013140 beats per minute\n\nBreathing rate\n16\u201340 breaths per minute\n\nThermograph of various body parts of a cat\nCats conserve heat by reducing the flow of blood to their skin and lose heat by evaporation through their mouths. Cats have minimal ability to sweat, with glands located primarily in their paw pads, and pant for heat relief only at very high temperatures (but may also pant when stressed). A cat's body temperature does not vary throughout the day; this is part of cats' general lack of circadian rhythms and may reflect their tendency to be active both during the day and at night. Cats' feces are comparatively dry and their urine is highly concentrated, both of which are adaptations to allow cats to retain as much water as possible. Their kidneys are so efficient, they can survive on a diet consisting only of meat, with no additional water, and can even rehydrate by drinking seawater. While domestic cats are able to swim, they are generally reluctant to enter water as it quickly leads to exhaustion.\n\nCats are obligate carnivores: their physiology has evolved to efficiently process meat, and they have difficulty digesting plant matter. In contrast to omnivores such as rats, which only require about 4% protein in their diet, about 20% of a cat's diet must be protein. Cats are unusually dependent on a constant supply of the amino acid arginine, and a diet lacking arginine causes marked weight loss and can be rapidly fatal. Another unusual feature is that the cat cannot produce taurine, with taurine deficiency causing macular degeneration, wherein the cat's retina slowly degenerates, causing irreversible blindness.\n\nA cat's gastrointestinal tract is adapted to meat eating, being much shorter than that of omnivores and having low levels of several of the digestive enzymes needed to digest carbohydrates. These traits severely limit the cat's ability to digest and use plant-derived nutrients, as well as certain fatty acids. Despite the cat's meat-oriented physiology, several vegetarian or vegan cat foods have been marketed that are supplemented with chemically synthesized taurine and other nutrients, in attempts to produce a complete diet. However, some of these products still fail to provide all the nutrients cats require, and diets containing no animal products pose the risk of causing severe nutritional deficiencies. However, vets in the United States have expressed concern that many domestic cats are overfed.\n\nCats do eat grass occasionally. A proposed explanation is that cats use grass as a source of folic acid. Another proposed explanation is that it is used to supply dietary fiber.\n\n===Senses===\n\ncat's eye\nReflection of camera flash from the tapetum lucidum\nCats have excellent night vision and can see at only one-sixth the light level required for human vision. This is partly the result of cat eyes having a tapetum lucidum, which reflects any light that passes through the retina back into the eye, thereby increasing the eye's sensitivity to dim light. Another adaptation to dim light is the large pupils of cats' eyes. Unlike some big cats, such as tigers, domestic cats have slit pupils. These slit pupils can focus bright light without chromatic aberration, and are needed since the domestic cat's pupils are much larger, relative to their eyes, than the pupils of the big cats. At low light levels a cat's pupils will expand to cover most of the exposed surface of its eyes. However, domestic cats have rather poor color vision and (like most nonprimate mammals) have only two types of cones, optimized for sensitivity to blue and yellowish green; they have limited ability to distinguish between red and green. A 1993 paper reported a response to middle wavelengths from a system other than the rods which might be due to a third type of cone. However, this appears to be an adaptation to low light levels rather than representing true trichromatic vision.\n\nCats have excellent hearing and can detect an extremely broad range of frequencies. They can hear higher-pitched sounds than either dogs or humans, detecting frequencies from 55\u00a0Hz to 79,000\u00a0Hz, a range of 10.5\u00a0octaves, while humans and dogs both have ranges of about 9\u00a0octaves. Cats can hear ultrasound, which is important in hunting because many species of rodents make ultrasonic calls. However, they do not communicate using ultrasound like rodents do. Cats' hearing is also sensitive and among the best of any mammal, being most acute in the range of 500\u00a0Hz to 32\u00a0kHz. This sensitivity is further enhanced by the cat's large movable outer ears (their pinnae), which both amplify sounds and help detect the direction of a noise.\n\nCats have an acute sense of smell, due in part to their well-developed olfactory bulb and a large surface of olfactory mucosa, about  in area, which is about twice that of humans. Cats are sensitive to pheromones such as 3-mercapto-3-methylbutan-1-ol, which they use to communicate through urine spraying and marking with scent glands. Many cats also respond strongly to plants that contain nepetalactone, especially catnip, as they can detect that substance at less than one part per billion.  About 70\u201380% of cats are affected by nepetalactone. This response is also produced by other plants, such as silver vine (''Actinidia polygama'') and the herb valerian; it may be caused by the smell of these plants mimicking a pheromone and stimulating cats' social or sexual behaviors.\n\nCats have relatively few taste buds compared to humans (470 or so versus more than 9,000 on the human tongue). Domestic and wild cats share a gene mutation that keeps their sweet taste buds from binding to sugary molecules, leaving them with no ability to taste sweetness. Their taste buds instead respond to amino acids, bitter tastes, and acids.  Cats and many other animals have a Jacobson's organ located in their mouths that allows them to taste-smell certain aromas in a way of which humans have no experience. Cats also have a distinct temperature preference for their food, preferring food with a temperature around  which is similar to that of a fresh kill and routinely rejecting food presented cold or refrigerated (which would signal to the cat that the \"prey\" item is long dead and therefore possibly toxic or decomposing).\nCats' whiskers are highly sensitive to touch.\nTo aid with navigation and sensation, cats have dozens of movable whiskers (vibrissae) over their body, especially their faces. These provide information on the width of gaps and on the location of objects in the dark, both by touching objects directly and by sensing air currents; they also trigger protective blink reflexes to protect the eyes from damage.\n\nMost breeds of cat have a noted fondness for settling in high places, or perching. In the wild, a higher place may serve as a concealed site from which to hunt; domestic cats may strike prey by pouncing from a perch such as a tree branch, as does a leopard. Another possible explanation is that height gives the cat a better observation point, allowing it to survey its territory. During a fall from a high place, a cat can reflexively twist its body and right itself using its acute sense of balance and flexibility. This is known as the cat righting reflex. An individual cat always rights itself in the same way, provided it has the time to do so, during a fall. The height required for this to occur is around . Cats without a tail (e.g. Manx cats) also have this ability, since a cat mostly moves its hind legs and relies on conservation of angular momentum to set up for landing, and the tail is little used for this feat.\n\n===Health===\n\nThe average lifespan of pet cats has risen in recent years. In the early 1980s, it was about seven years, rising to 9.4 years in 1995 and 12\u201315 years in 2014.\nHowever, cats have been reported as surviving into their 30s, with the oldest known cat, Creme Puff, dying at a verified age of 38.\n\nSpaying or neutering increases life expectancy: one study found neutered male cats live twice as long as intact males, while spayed female cats live 62% longer than intact females. Having a cat neutered confers health benefits, because castrated males cannot develop testicular cancer, spayed females cannot develop uterine or ovarian cancer, and both have a reduced risk of mammary cancer.\n\nDespite widespread concern about the welfare of free-roaming cats, the lifespans of neutered feral cats in managed colonies compare favorably with those of pet cats. Neutered cats in managed colonies can also live long lives.\n\n====Diseases====\nCats can suffer from a wide range of health problems, including infectious diseases, parasites, injuries, and chronic disease. Vaccinations are available for many of these diseases, and domestic cats are regularly given treatments to eliminate parasites such as worms and fleas.\n\n====Poisoning====\nIn addition to obvious dangers such as rodenticides, insecticides, and herbicides, cats may be poisoned by many chemicals usually considered safe by their human guardians, because their livers are less effective at some forms of detoxification than those of many other animals, including humans and dogs. Some of the most common causes of poisoning in cats are antifreeze and rodent baits. Cats may be particularly sensitive to environmental pollutants. When a cat has a sudden or prolonged serious illness without any obvious cause, it has possibly been exposed to a toxin.\n\nMany human medicines should never be given to cats. For example, the painkiller paracetamol (or acetaminophen, sold as Tylenol and Panadol) is extremely toxic to cats: even very small doses need immediate treatment and can be fatal. Even aspirin, which is sometimes used to treat arthritis in cats, is much more toxic to them than to humans and must be administered cautiously. Similarly, application of minoxidil (Rogaine) to the skin of cats, either accidentally or by well-meaning guardians attempting to counter loss of fur, has sometimes been fatal. Essential oils can be toxic to cats and cases have been reported of serious illnesses caused by tea tree oil, including flea treatments and shampoos containing it.\n\nOther common household substances that should be used with caution around cats include mothballs and other naphthalene products. Phenol-based products (e.g. Pine-Sol, Dettol/Lysol or hexachlorophene) are often used for cleaning and disinfecting near cats' feeding areas or litter boxes, but these can sometimes be fatal. Ethylene glycol, often used as an automotive antifreeze, is particularly appealing to cats, and as little as a teaspoonful can be fatal. Some human foods are toxic to cats; for example chocolate can cause theobromine poisoning, although (unlike dogs) few cats will eat chocolate. Large amounts of onions or garlic are also poisonous to cats. Many houseplants are also dangerous, such as ''Philodendron'' species and the leaves of the Easter lily (''Lilium longiflorum''), which can cause permanent and life-threatening kidney damage.\n\n===Genetics===\n\n\n\nThe domesticated cat and its closest wild ancestor are both diploid organisms that possess 38 chromosomes and roughly 20,000 genes. About 250 heritable genetic disorders have been identified in cats, many similar to human inborn errors. The high level of similarity among the metabolism of mammals allows many of these feline diseases to be diagnosed using genetic tests that were originally developed for use in humans, as well as the use of cats as animal models in the study of the human diseases.\n"	"Behavior"	"\nOutdoor cats are active both day and night, although they tend to be slightly more active at night. The timing of cats' activity is quite flexible and varied, which means house cats may be more active in the morning and evening, as a response to greater human activity at these times. Although they spend the majority of their time in the vicinity of their home, housecats can range many hundreds of meters from this central point, and are known to establish territories that vary considerably in size, in one study ranging from .\n\nCats conserve energy by sleeping more than most animals, especially as they grow older. The daily duration of sleep varies, usually between 12 and 16 hours, with 13 and 14 being the average. Some cats can sleep as much as 20 hours. The term \"cat nap\" for a short rest refers to the cat's tendency to fall asleep (lightly) for a brief period. While asleep, cats experience short periods of rapid eye movement sleep often accompanied by muscle twitches, which suggests they are dreaming.\n\n===Sociability===\nSocial grooming\nAlthough wildcats are solitary, the social behavior of domestic cats is much more variable and ranges from widely dispersed individuals to feral cat colonies that form around a food source, based on groups of co-operating females. Within such groups, one cat is usually dominant over the others. Each cat in a colony holds a distinct territory, with sexually active males having the largest territories, which are about 10 times larger than those of female cats and may overlap with several females' territories. These territories are marked by urine spraying, by rubbing objects at head height with secretions from facial glands, and by defecation. Between these territories are neutral areas where cats watch and greet one another without territorial conflicts. Outside these neutral areas, territory holders usually chase away stranger cats, at first by staring, hissing, and growling, and if that does not work, by short but noisy and violent attacks. Despite some cats cohabiting in colonies, they do not have a social survival strategy, or a pack mentality, and always hunt alone.\n\nCat with an Alaskan Malamute dog\n\nHowever, some pet cats are poorly socialized. In particular, older cats may show aggressiveness towards newly arrived kittens, which may include biting and scratching; this type of behavior is known as feline asocial aggression.\n\nThough cats and dogs are believed to be natural enemies, they can live together if correctly socialized.\n\nLife in proximity to humans and other domestic animals has led to a symbiotic social adaptation in cats, and cats may express great affection toward humans or other animals. Ethologically, the human keeper of a cat may function as a sort of surrogate for the cat's mother, and adult housecats live their lives in a kind of extended kittenhood, a form of behavioral neoteny. The high-pitched sounds housecats make to solicit food may mimic the cries of a hungry human infant, making them particularly hard for humans to ignore.\n\n===Communication===\n\nDomestic cats use many vocalizations for communication, including purring, trilling, hissing, growling/snarling, grunting, and several different forms of meowing. (By contrast, feral cats are generally silent.) Their types of body language, including position of ears and tail, relaxation of the whole body, and kneading of the paws, are all indicators of mood. The tail and ears are particularly important social signal mechanisms in cats; for example, a raised tail acts as a friendly greeting, and flattened ears indicates hostility. Tail-raising also indicates the cat's position in the group's social hierarchy, with dominant individuals raising their tails less often than subordinate animals. Nose-to-nose touching is also a common greeting and may be followed by social grooming, which is solicited by one of the cats raising and tilting its head.\n\nPurring may have developed as an evolutionary advantage as a signalling mechanism of reassurance between mother cats and nursing kittens. Post-nursing cats often purr as a sign of contentment: when being petted, becoming relaxed, or eating. The mechanism by which cats purr is elusive. The cat has no unique anatomical feature that is clearly responsible for the sound. It was, until recent times, believed that only the cats of the ''Felis'' genus could purr. However, felids of the ''Panthera'' genus (tiger, lion, jaguar, and leopard) also produce sounds similar to purring, but only when exhaling.\n\n===Grooming===\npapillae on a cat's tongue act like a hairbrush to help clean and detangle fur.\n\nA tabby housecat uses its brush-like tongue to groom itself, licking its fur to straighten it.\n\nCats are known for spending considerable amounts of time licking their coat to keep it clean. The cat's tongue has backwards-facing spines about 500\u00a0\u03bcm long, which are called papillae. These contain keratin which makes them rigid so the papillae act like a hairbrush. Some cats, particularly longhaired cats, occasionally regurgitate hairballs of fur that have collected in their stomachs from grooming. These clumps of fur are usually sausage-shaped and about  long. Hairballs can be prevented with remedies that ease elimination of the hair through the gut, as well as regular grooming of the coat with a comb or stiff brush.\n\n===Fighting===\nAmong domestic cats, males are more likely to fight than females. Among feral cats, the most common reason for cat fighting is competition between two males to mate with a female. In such cases, most fights are won by the heavier male. Another common reason for fighting in domestic cats is the difficulty of establishing territories within a small home. Female cats also fight over territory or to defend their kittens. Neutering will decrease or eliminate this behavior in many cases, suggesting that the behavior is linked to sex hormones.\n\nIndicating aggression\n\nWhen cats become aggressive, they try to make themselves appear larger and more threatening by raising their fur, arching their backs, turning sideways and hissing or spitting. Often, the ears are pointed down and back to avoid damage to the inner ear and potentially listen for any changes behind them while focused forward. They may also vocalize loudly and bare their teeth in an effort to further intimidate their opponent. Fights usually consist of grappling and delivering powerful slaps to the face and body with the forepaws as well as bites. Cats also throw themselves to the ground in a defensive posture to rake their opponent's belly with their powerful hind legs.\n\nSerious damage is rare, as the fights are usually short in duration, with the loser running away with little more than a few scratches to the face and ears. However, fights for mating rights are typically more severe and injuries may include deep puncture wounds and lacerations. Normally, serious injuries from fighting are limited to infections of scratches and bites, though these can occasionally kill cats if untreated. In addition, bites are probably the main route of transmission of feline immunodeficiency virus. Sexually active males are usually involved in many fights during their lives, and often have decidedly battered faces with obvious scars and cuts to their ears and nose.\n\n===Hunting and feeding===\nA cat that is playing with a caught mouse. Cats play with their prey to weaken or exhaust them before making a kill.\nCats hunt small prey, primarily birds and rodents, and are often used as a form of pest control. Domestic cats are a major predator of wildlife in the United States, killing an estimated 1.4\u20133.7 billion birds and 6.9\u201320.7 billion mammals annually. The bulk of predation in the United States is done by 80 million feral and stray cats. Effective measures to reduce this population are elusive, meeting opposition from cat enthusiasts. In the case of free-ranging pets, equipping cats with bells and not letting them out at night will reduce wildlife predation.\n\nFree-fed feral cats and house cats tend to consume many small meals in a single day, although the frequency and size of meals varies between individuals. Cats use two hunting strategies, either stalking prey actively, or waiting in ambush until an animal comes close enough to be captured. Although it is not certain, the strategy used may depend on the prey species in the area, with cats waiting in ambush outside burrows, but tending to actively stalk birds.\n\nPerhaps the best known element of cats' hunting behavior, which is commonly misunderstood and often appalls cat owners because it looks like torture, is that cats often appear to \"play\" with prey by releasing it after capture. This behavior is due to an instinctive imperative to ensure that the prey is weak enough to be killed without endangering the cat. This behavior is referred to in the idiom \"cat-and-mouse game\" or simply \"cat and mouse\".\n\nAnother poorly understood element of cat hunting behavior is the presentation of prey to human guardians. Ethologist Paul Leyhausen proposed that cats adopt humans into their social group and share excess kill with others in the group according to the dominance hierarchy, in which humans are reacted to as if they are at, or near, the top. Anthropologist and zoologist Desmond Morris, in his 1986 book ''Catwatching'', suggests, when cats bring home mice or birds, they are attempting to teach their human to hunt, or trying to help their human as if feeding \"an elderly cat, or an inept kitten\". Morris's hypothesis is inconsistent with the fact that male cats also bring home prey, despite males having no involvement with raising kittens.\n\nDomestic cats select food based on its temperature, smell and texture; they dislike chilled foods and respond most strongly to moist foods rich in amino acids, which are similar to meat. Cats may reject novel flavors (a response termed neophobia) and learn quickly to avoid foods that have tasted unpleasant in the past. They may also avoid sugary foods and milk. Most adult cats are lactose intolerant; the sugars in milk are not easily digested and may cause soft stools or diarrhea. They can also develop odd eating habits. Some cats like to eat or chew on other things, most commonly wool, but also plastic, cables, paper, string, aluminum foil, or even coal. This condition, pica, can threaten their health, depending on the amount and toxicity of the items eaten.\n\nThough cats usually prey on animals less than half their size, a feral cat in Australia has been photographed killing an adult pademelon of around the cat's weight at .\n\nSince cats lack lips to create suction, they use a lapping method with the tongue to draw liquid upwards into their mouths. Lapping at a rate of four times a second, the cat touches the smooth tip of its tongue to the surface of the water, and quickly retracts it, drawing water upwards.\n\n===Play===\n\nPlay fight between kittens, age 14 weeks\nDomestic cats, especially young kittens, are known for their love of play. This behavior mimics hunting and is important in helping kittens learn to stalk, capture, and kill prey. Cats also engage in play fighting, with each other and with humans. This behavior may be a way for cats to practice the skills needed for real combat, and might also reduce any fear they associate with launching attacks on other animals.\n\nOwing to the close similarity between play and hunting, cats prefer to play with objects that resemble prey, such as small furry toys that move rapidly, but rapidly lose interest (they become habituated) in a toy they have played with before. Cats also tend to play with toys more when they are hungry. String is often used as a toy, but if it is eaten, it can become caught at the base of the cat's tongue and then move into the intestines, a medical emergency which can cause serious illness, even death. Owing to the risks posed by cats eating string, it is sometimes replaced with a laser pointer's dot, which cats may chase. There are several important issues related to using a laser with a cat; first most, lasers can cause blindness in cats, even lasers which are sold as \"eye safe\" can actually be of much higher power of that proclaimed and can cause damages to the eyes. In addition, the cat thinks of the laser point as prey, but gets frustrated as he is unable to catch it.\n\n===Reproduction===\n\nWhen cats mate, the tomcat (male) bites the scruff of the female's neck as she assumes a position conducive to mating known as lordosis behavior.\nFemale cats are seasonally polyestrous, which means they may have many periods of heat over the course of a year, the season beginning in spring and ending in late autumn. Heat periods occur about every two weeks and last about 4 to 7 days. Multiple males will be attracted to a female in heat. The males will fight over her, and the victor wins the right to mate. At first, the female rejects the male, but eventually the female allows the male to mate. The female utters a loud yowl as the male pulls out of her because a male cat's penis has a band of about 120\u2013150 backwards-pointing penile spines, which are about 1\u00a0mm long; upon withdrawal of the penis, the spines rake the walls of the female's vagina, which is a trigger for ovulation. This act also occurs to clear the vagina of other sperm in the context of a second (or more) mating, thus giving the later males a larger chance of conception.\n\nAfter mating, the female washes her vulva thoroughly. If a male attempts to mate with her at this point, the female will attack him. After about 20 to 30 minutes, once the female is finished grooming, the cycle will repeat.\n\nBecause ovulation is not always triggered by a single mating, females may not be impregnated by the first male with which they mate. Furthermore, cats are superfecund; that is, a female may mate with more than one male when she is in heat, with the result that different kittens in a litter may have different fathers.\n\nA newborn kitten\n\nAt 124 hours after conception, the morula forms. At 148 hours, early blastocysts form. At 10\u201312 days, implantation occurs.\n\nThe gestation period for cats is between 64 and 67 days, with an average of 66 days. The size of a litter usually is three to five kittens, with the first litter usually smaller than subsequent litters. Kittens are weaned between six and seven weeks old, and cats normally reach sexual maturity at 5\u201310 months (females) and to 5\u20137 months (males), although this can vary depending on breed. Females can have two to three litters per year, so may produce up to 150 kittens in their breeding span of around ten years.\n\nCats are ready to go to new homes at about 12 weeks of age, when they are ready to leave their mother. They can be surgically sterilized (spayed or castrated) as early as 7 weeks to limit unwanted reproduction. This surgery also prevents undesirable sex-related behavior, such as aggression, territory marking (spraying urine) in males and yowling (calling) in females. Traditionally, this surgery was performed at around six to nine months of age, but it is increasingly being performed prior to puberty, at about three to six months. In the US, about 80% of household cats are neutered.\n"	"Ecology"	"\n===Habitats===\nA cat in snowy weather\nCats are a cosmopolitan species and are found across much of the world. Geneticist Stephen James O'Brien, of the National Cancer Institute in Frederick, Maryland, remarked on how successful cats have been in evolutionary terms: \"Cats are one of evolution's most charismatic creatures. They can live on the highest mountains and in the hottest deserts.\" They are extremely adaptable and are now present on all continents except Antarctica, and on 118 of the 131 main groups of islands\u2014even on isolated islands such as the Kerguelen Islands.\n\nFeral cats can live in forests, grasslands, tundra, coastal areas, agricultural land, scrublands, urban areas, and wetlands. Their habitats even include small oceanic islands with no human inhabitants.  Further, the close relatives of domestic cats, the African wildcat (''Felis silvestris lybica'') and the Arabian sand cat (''Felis margarita'') both inhabit desert environments, and domestic cats still show similar adaptations and behaviors. The cat's ability to thrive in almost any terrestrial habitat has led to its designation as one of the world's worst invasive species.\n\nAs domestic cats are little altered from wildcats, they can readily interbreed. This hybridization poses a danger to the genetic distinctiveness of some wildcat populations, particularly in Scotland and Hungary and possibly also the Iberian Peninsula.\n\n===Feral cats===\n\nFeral farm cat\n\nFeral cats are domestic cats that were born in or have reverted to a wild state. They are unfamiliar with and wary of humans and roam freely in urban and rural areas. The numbers of feral cats is not known, but estimates of the US feral population range from 25 to 60\u00a0million. Feral cats may live alone, but most are found in large colonies, which occupy a specific territory and are usually associated with a source of food. Famous feral cat colonies are found in Rome around the Colosseum and Forum Romanum, with cats at some of these sites being fed and given medical attention by volunteers.\n\nPublic attitudes towards feral cats vary widely, ranging from seeing them as free-ranging pets, to regarding them as vermin. One common approach to reducing the feral cat population is termed 'trap-neuter-return', where the cats are trapped, neutered, immunized against rabies and the feline leukemia virus, and then released. Before releasing them back into their feral colonies, the attending veterinarian often nips the tip off one ear to mark it as neutered and inoculated, since these cats may be trapped again. Volunteers continue to feed and give care to these cats throughout their lives. Given this support, their lifespans are increased, and behavior and nuisance problems caused by competition for food are reduced.\n\n===Impact on prey species===\nCarrying half of a rabbit\nTo date, little scientific data is available to assess the impact of cat predation on prey populations. Even well-fed domestic cats may hunt and kill, mainly catching small mammals, but also birds, amphibians, reptiles, fish, and invertebrates. Hunting by domestic cats may be contributing to the decline in the numbers of birds in urban areas, although the importance of this effect remains controversial. In the wild, the introduction of feral cats during human settlement can threaten native species with extinction. In many cases, controlling or eliminating the populations of non-native cats can produce a rapid recovery in native animals. However, the ecological role of introduced cats can be more complicated. For example, cats can control the numbers of rats, which also prey on birds' eggs and young, so a cat population can protect an endangered bird species by suppressing mesopredators.\n\nIn isolated landmasses, such as  Australasia, there are often no other native, medium-sized quadrupedal predators (including other feline species); this tends to exacerbate the impact of feral cats on small native animals. Native species such as the New Zealand kakapo and the Australian bettong, for example, tend to be more ecologically vulnerable and behaviorally \"naive\", when faced with predation by cats. Feral cats have had a major impact on these native species and have played a leading role in the endangerment and extinction of many animals.\n\nEven in places with ancient and numerous cat populations, such as Western Europe, cats appear to be growing in number and independently of their environments' carrying capacity (such as the numbers of prey available). This may be explained, at least in part, by an abundance of food, from sources including feeding by pet owners and scavenging. For instance, research in Britain suggests that a high proportion of cats hunt only \"recreationally\". And in South Sweden, where research in 1982 found that the population density of cats was as high as .\n\n===Impact on birds===\nA black cat eating a house sparrow\nThe domestic cat is a significant predator of birds. UK assessments indicate they may be accountable for an estimated 64.8\u00a0million bird deaths each year. A 2012 study suggests feral cats may kill several billion birds each year in the United States. Certain species appear more susceptible than others; for example, 30% of house sparrow mortality is linked to the domestic cat. In the recovery of ringed robins (''Erithacus rubecula'') and dunnocks (''Prunella modularis''), 31% of deaths were a result of cat predation. In parts of North America, the presence of larger carnivores such as coyotes which prey on cats and other small predators reduces the effect of predation by cats and other small predators such as opossums and raccoons on bird numbers and variety. The proposal that cat populations will increase when the numbers of these top predators decline is called the mesopredator release hypothesis.\n\nOn islands, birds can contribute as much as 60% of a cat's diet. In nearly all cases, however, the cat cannot be identified as the sole cause for reducing the numbers of island birds, and in some instances, eradication of cats has caused a 'mesopredator release' effect; where the suppression of top carnivores creates an abundance of smaller predators that cause a severe decline in their shared prey. Domestic cats are, however, known to be a contributing factor to the decline of many species, a factor that has ultimately led, in some cases, to extinction. The South Island piopio, Chatham Islands rail, the Auckland Islands merganser, and the common diving petrel are a few from a long list, with the most extreme case being the flightless Stephens Island wren, which was driven to extinction only a few years after its discovery.\n\nSome of the same factors that have promoted adaptive radiation of island avifauna over evolutionary time appear to promote vulnerability to non-native species in modern time. The susceptibility of many island birds is undoubtedly due to evolution in the absence of mainland predators, competitors, diseases, and parasites, in addition to lower reproductive rates and extended incubation periods. The loss of flight, or reduced flying ability is also characteristic of many island endemics. These biological aspects have increased vulnerability to extinction in the presence of introduced species, such as the domestic cat. Equally, behavioral traits exhibited by island species, such as \"predatory naivety\" and ground-nesting, have also contributed to their susceptibility.\n"	"Interaction with humans"	"\nCats are common pets throughout the world, and their worldwide population exceeds 500\u00a0million. Although cat guardianship has commonly been associated with women, a 2007 Gallup poll reported that men and women in the United States of America were equally likely to own a cat.\n\nAs well as being kept as pets, cats are also used in the international fur and leather industries for making coats, hats, blankets and stuffed toys; and shoes, gloves and musical instruments respectively (about 24 cats are needed to make a cat fur coat). This use has now been outlawed in the United States, Australia, and the European Union. Cat pelts have been used for superstitious purposes as part of the practise of witchcraft, and are still made into blankets in Switzerland as folk remedies believed to help rheumatism. In the Western intellectual tradition, the idea of cats as everyday objects have served to illustrate problems of quantum mechanics in the Schr\u00f6dinger's cat thought experiment.\n\nA few attempts to build a cat census have been made over the years, both through associations or national and international organizations (such as the Canadian Federation of Humane Societies's one) and over the net, but such a task does not seem simple to achieve. General estimates for the global population of domestic cats range widely from anywhere between 200 million to 600 million.\n\n===Infections transmitted from cats to humans===\n\n\nCats can be infected or infested with viruses, bacteria, fungus, protozoans, arthropods or worms that can transmit diseases to humans. In some cases, the cat exhibits no symptoms of the disease, however, the same disease can then become evident in a human.  The likelihood that a person will become diseased depends on the age and immune status of the person. Humans who have cats living in their home or in close association are more likely to become infected, however, those who do not keep cats as pets might also acquire infections from cat feces and parasites exiting the cat's body. Some of the infections of most concern include salmonella, cat scratch disease and toxoplasmosis.\n\n===History and mythology===\n\nA 19th century drawing of a tabby cat\nTraditionally, historians tended to think ancient Egypt was the site of cat domestication, owing to the clear depictions of house cats in Egyptian paintings about 3,600 years old. However, in 2004, a Neolithic grave excavated in Shillourokambos, Cyprus, contained the skeletons, laid close to one another, of both a human and a cat. The grave is estimated to be 9,500 years old, pushing back the earliest known feline\u2013human association significantly. The cat specimen is large and closely resembles the African wildcat, rather than present-day domestic cats. This discovery, combined with genetic studies, suggests cats were probably domesticated in the Middle East, in the Fertile Crescent around the time of the development of agriculture, and then were brought to Cyprus and Egypt.\n\nDirect evidence for the domestication of cats 5,300 years ago in Quanhucun, China has been published by archaeologists and paleontologists from the University of Washington and Chinese Academy of Sciences. The cats are believed to have been attracted to the village by rodents, which in turn were attracted by grain cultivated and stored by humans.\n\nIn ancient Egypt, cats were sacred animals, with the goddess Bastet often depicted in cat form, sometimes taking on the war-like aspect of a lioness. The Romans are often credited with introducing the domestic cat from Egypt to Europe; in Roman Aquitaine, a first- or second-century engraving of a young girl holding a cat is one of two earliest depictions of the Roman domesticated cat. However, cats possibly were already kept in Europe prior to the Roman Empire, as they may have been present in Britain in the late Iron Age. Domestic cats were spread throughout much of the rest of the world during the Age of Discovery, as they were carried on sailing ships to control shipboard rodents and as good-luck charms (see Ship's cat).\n\nSeveral ancient religions believed cats are exalted souls, companions or guides for humans, that are all-knowing but mute so they cannot influence decisions made by humans. In Japan, the ''maneki neko'' cat is a symbol of good fortune.\n\nAlthough no species are sacred in Islam, cats are revered by Muslims. Some Western writers have stated Muhammad had a favorite cat, Muezza. He is reported to have loved cats so much, \"he would do without his cloak rather than disturb one that was sleeping on it\". The story has no origin in early Muslim writers, and seems to confuse a story of a later Sufi saint, Ahmed ar-Rifa'i, centuries after Muhammad.\n\nFreyja, the goddess of love, beauty, and fertility in Norse mythology, is depicted as riding a chariot drawn by cats.\n\nMany cultures have negative superstitions about cats. An example would be the belief that a black cat \"crossing one's path\" leads to bad luck, or that cats are witches' familiars used to augment a witch's powers and skills. The killing of cats in Medieval Ypres, Belgium, is commemorated in the innocuous present-day Kattenstoet (cat parade).\n\nAccording to a myth in many cultures, cats have multiple lives. In many countries, they are believed to have nine lives, but in Italy, Germany, Greece, Brazil and some Spanish-speaking regions, they are said to have seven lives, while in Turkish and Arabic traditions, the number of lives is six. The myth is attributed to the natural suppleness and swiftness cats exhibit to escape life-threatening situations. Also lending credence to this myth is the fact that falling cats often land on their feet, using an instinctive righting reflex to twist their bodies around. Nonetheless, cats can still be injured or killed by a high fall.\n"	"See also"	"\n\n\n* Animal testing on cats\n* Animal track\n* Cancer in cats\n* Cat and mouse (cat-and-mouse game)\n* Cat lady\n* Cats and the Internet\n* Cat years\n* List of cat breeds\n* List of cats\n* List of cat documentaries\n* List of fictional cats and other felines\n* Pet door including cat flap\n* Pet first aid\n* Popular cat names\n* Trap-neuter-return\n\n\n;Cats by location\n* Cats in ancient Egypt\n* Cats in Australia\n* Cats in New Zealand\n* Cats in the United States\n\n==References==\n\n"	"External links"	"\n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n*  High-Resolution Images of the Cat Brain\n*  Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for ''Felis catus''\n*  Catpert. The Cat Expert\u00a0\u2013 Cat articles\n* View the  cat genome in Ensembl\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Cattle"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n'''Cattle'''\u2014colloquially '''cows'''\u2014are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates.  They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus ''Bos'', and are most commonly classified collectively as '''''Bos taurus'''''.  Cattle are raised as livestock for meat (beef and veal), as dairy animals for milk and other dairy products, and as draft animals (oxen or bullocks that pull carts, plows and other implements). Other products include leather and dung for manure or fuel. In some regions, such as parts of India, cattle have significant religious meaning.  From as few as 80 progenitors domesticated in southeast Turkey about 10,500 years ago, according to an estimate from 2011, there are 1.4 billion cattle in the world. In 2009, cattle became one of the first livestock animals to have a fully mapped genome.  Some consider cattle the oldest form of wealth, and cattle raiding consequently one of the earliest forms of theft.\n"	" Taxonomy "	"\nCattle were originally identified as three separate species: ''Bos taurus'', the European or \"taurine\" cattle (including similar types from Africa and Asia); ''Bos indicus'', the zebu; and the extinct ''Bos primigenius'', the aurochs. The aurochs is ancestral to both zebu and taurine cattle. These have been reclassified as one species, ''Bos taurus'', with three subspecies: ''Bos taurus primigenius'', ''Bos taurus indicus'', and ''Bos taurus taurus''.\n\nComplicating the matter is the ability of cattle to interbreed with other closely related species. Hybrid individuals and even breeds exist, not only between taurine cattle and zebu (such as the sanga cattle, ''Bos taurus africanus''), but also between one or both of these and some other members of the genus ''Bos''yaks (the dzo or yattle), banteng, and gaur. Hybrids such as the beefalo breed can even occur between taurine cattle and either species of bison, leading some authors to consider them part of the genus ''Bos'', as well. The hybrid origin of some types may not be obvious \u2013 for example, genetic testing of the Dwarf Lulu breed, the only taurine-type cattle in Nepal, found them to be a mix of taurine cattle, zebu, and yak. However, cattle cannot successfully be hybridized with more distantly related bovines such as water buffalo or African buffalo.\n\nThe aurochs originally ranged throughout Europe, North Africa, and much of Asia. In historical times, its range became restricted to Europe, and the last known individual died in Masovia, Poland, in about 1627. Breeders have attempted to recreate cattle of similar appearance to aurochs by crossing traditional types of domesticated cattle, creating the Heck cattle breed.\n\n\nFile:Cow female black white.jpg|A Holstein Fresian cow, a typical member of the ''Bos taurus taurus'' sub-species\nFile:Zubron2.jpg|\u017bubro\u0144, a wisent and cattle hybrid\n\n"	" Etymology "	"''Cattle'' did not originate as the term for bovine animals. It was borrowed from Anglo-Norman , itself from medieval Latin  'principal sum of money, capital', itself derived in turn from Latin  'head'. ''Cattle'' originally meant movable personal property, especially livestock of any kind, as opposed to real property (the land, which also included wild or small free-roaming animals such as chickens \u2014 they were sold as part of the land). The word is a variant of ''chattel'' (a unit of personal property) and closely related to ''capital'' in the economic sense. The term replaced earlier Old English  'cattle, property', which survives today as ''fee'' (cf. , , ).\n\nThe word \"cow\" came via Anglo-Saxon  (plural ''c\u0233''), from Common Indo-European  (genitive ) = \"a bovine animal\", compare Persian , Sanskrit , Welsh . The plural ''c\u0233'' became ''ki'' or ''kie'' in Middle English, and an additional plural ending was often added, giving ''kine'', ''kien'', but also ''kies'', ''kuin'' and others. This is the origin of the now archaic English plural, \"kine\". The Scots language singular is coo or cou, and the plural is \"kye\".\n\nIn older English sources such as the King James Version of the Bible, \"cattle\" refers to livestock, as opposed to \"deer\" which refers to wildlife.  \"Wild cattle\" may refer to feral cattle or to undomesticated species of the genus ''Bos''.  Today, when used without any other qualifier, the modern meaning of \"cattle\" is usually restricted to domesticated bovines.\n"	" Terminology "	"\nOngole bull\nHereford bull\nIn general, the same words are used in different parts of the world, but with minor differences in the definitions.  The terminology described here contrasts the differences in definition between the United Kingdom and other British-influenced parts of the world such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, Ireland and the United States.\n* An \"intact\" (i.e., not castrated) adult male is called a '''bull'''.  A wild, young, unmarked bull is known as a \"micky\" in Australia. An unbranded bovine of either sex is called a \"maverick\" in the USA and Canada.\n* An adult female that has had a calf (or two, depending on regional usage) is a '''cow'''.\n* A young female before she has had a calf of her own and is under three years of age is called a '''heifer''' ( ).  A young female that has had only one calf is occasionally called a '''first-calf heifer'''.\n* Young cattle of both sexes are called '''calves''' until they are weaned, then '''weaners''' until they are a year old in some areas; in other areas, particularly with male beef cattle, they may be known as '''feeder calves''' or simply feeders.  After that, they are referred to as '''yearlings''' or '''stirks''' if between one and two years of age.\n* A castrated male is called a '''steer''' in the United States; older steers are often called '''bullocks''' in other parts of the world, but in North America this term refers to a young bull.  Piker bullocks are micky bulls (uncastrated young male bulls) that were caught, castrated and then later lost.  In Australia, the term \"Japanese ox\" is used for grain-fed steers in the weight range of 500 to 650\u00a0kg that are destined for the Japanese meat trade. In North America, draft cattle under four years old are called working steers.  Improper or late castration on a bull results in it becoming a coarse steer known as a '''stag''' in Australia, Canada and New Zealand. In some countries, an incompletely castrated male is known also as a '''rig'''.\n* A castrated male (occasionally a female or in some areas a bull) kept for draft purposes is called an '''ox''' (plural oxen); \"ox\" may also be used to refer to some carcass products from any adult cattle, such as ox-hide, ox-blood, oxtail, or ox-liver.\n* A '''springer''' is a cow or heifer close to calving.\n* In all cattle species, a female twin of a bull usually becomes an infertile partial intersex, and is called a '''freemartin'''.\n* Neat (horned oxen, from which neatsfoot oil is derived), beef (young ox) and beefing (young animal fit for slaughtering) are obsolete terms, although '''poll, pollard''' or '''polled cattle''' are still terms in use for naturally hornless animals, or in some areas also for those that have been disbudded or dehorned.\n* Cattle raised for human consumption are called '''beef cattle'''. Within the American beef cattle industry, the older term beef (plural beeves) is still used to refer to an animal of either sex. Some Australian, Canadian, New Zealand and British people use the term '''beast'''.\n* Cattle bred specifically for milk production are called '''milking or dairy cattle'''; a cow kept to provide milk for one family may be called a '''house cow''' or '''milker'''. A '''\"fresh cow\"''' is a dairy term for a cow or first-calf heifer who has recently given birth, or \"freshened.\"\n* The adjective applying to cattle in general is usually '''bovine'''. The terms \"bull\", \"cow\" and \"calf\" are also used by extension to denote the sex or age of other large animals, including whales, hippopotamuses, camels, elk and elephants.\n\n\n\n=== Singular terminology issue ===\nCattle can only be used in the plural and not in the singular: it is a plurale tantum. Thus one may refer to \"three cattle\" or \"some cattle\", but not \"one cattle\". No universally used singular form in modern English of \"cattle\" exists, other than the sex- and age-specific terms such as cow, bull, steer and heifer.  Historically, \"ox\" was not a sex-specific term for adult cattle, but generally this is now used only for draft cattle, especially adult castrated males. The term is also incorporated into the names of other species, such as the musk ox and \"grunting ox\" (yak), and is used in some areas to describe certain cattle products such as ox-hide and oxtail.\n\nBrahman calf\n\"Cow\" is in general use as a singular for the collective \"cattle\", despite the objections by those who insist it to be a female-specific term. Although the phrase \"that cow is a bull\" is absurd from a lexicographic standpoint, the word \"cow\" is easy to use when a singular is needed and the sex is unknown or irrelevant \u2013 when \"there is a cow in the road\", for example. Further, any herd of fully mature cattle in or near a pasture is statistically likely to consist mostly of cows, so the term is probably accurate even in the restrictive sense.  Other than the few bulls needed for breeding, the vast majority of male cattle are castrated as calves and slaughtered for meat before the age of three years.  Thus, in a pastured herd, any calves or herd bulls usually are clearly distinguishable from the cows due to distinctively different sizes and clear anatomical differences. Merriam-Webster, a US dictionary, recognizes the sex-nonspecific use of \"cow\" as an alternate definition, whereas Collins, a UK dictionary, does not.\n\nColloquially, more general nonspecific terms may denote cattle when a singular form is needed. Australian, New Zealand and British farmers use the term \"beast\" or \"cattle beast\". \"Bovine\" is also used in Britain. The term \"critter\" is common in the western United States and Canada, particularly when referring to young cattle. In some areas of the American South (particularly the Appalachian region), where both dairy and beef cattle are present, an individual animal was once called a \"beef critter\", though that term is becoming archaic.\n\n=== Other terminology ===\n\nCattle raised for human consumption are called \"beef cattle\". Within the beef cattle industry in parts of the United States, the term \"beef\" (plural \"beeves\") is still used in its archaic sense to refer to an animal of either sex. Cows of certain breeds that are kept for the milk they give are called \"dairy cows\" or \"milking cows\" (formerly \"milch cows\").  Most young male offspring of dairy cows are sold for veal, and may be referred to as veal calves.\n\nThe term \"dogies\" is used to describe orphaned calves in the context of ranch work in the American West, as in \"Keep them dogies moving\". In some places, a cow kept to provide milk for one family is called a \"house cow\".  Other obsolete terms for cattle include \"neat\" (this use survives in \"neatsfoot oil\", extracted from the feet and legs of cattle), and \"beefing\" (young animal fit for slaughter).\n\nAn onomatopoeic term for one of the most common sounds made by cattle is \"moo\" (also called ''lowing''). There are a number of other sounds made by cattle, including calves ''bawling'', and bulls ''bellowing''. Bawling is most common for cows after weaning of a calf. The bullroarer makes a sound similar to a bull's territorial call.\n"	" Characteristics "	"\n=== Anatomy ===\n\nDairy farming and the milking of cattle was once performed largely by hand, but is now usually replaced by machine\nCattle are large quadrupedal ungulate mammals with cloven hooves. Most breeds have horns, which can be as large as the Texas Longhorn or small like a scur. Careful genetic selection has allowed polled (hornless) cattle to become widespread.\nAnatomy model of a bovine (cow)\nCattle are ruminants, meaning their digestive system is highly specialized to allow the use of poorly digestible plants as food. Cattle have one stomach with four compartments, the rumen, reticulum, omasum, and abomasum, with the rumen being the largest compartment. \nThe reticulum, the smallest compartment, is known as the \"honeycomb\". Cattle sometimes consume metal objects which are deposited in the reticulum and irritation from the metal objects causes hardware disease. The omasum's main function is to absorb water and nutrients from the digestible feed. The omasum is known as the \"many plies\". The abomasum is like the human stomach; this is why it is known as the \"true stomach\".\n\nCattle are known for regurgitating and re-chewing their food, known as cud chewing, like most ruminants.  While the animal is feeding, the food is swallowed without being chewed and goes into the rumen for storage until the animal can find a quiet place to continue the digestion process.  The food is regurgitated, a mouthful at a time, back up to the mouth, where the food, now called the cud, is chewed by the molars, grinding down the course vegetation to small particles.  The cud is then swallowed again and further digested by specialized microorganisms in the rumen. These microbes are primarily responsible for decomposing cellulose and other carbohydrates into volatile fatty acids cattle use as their primary metabolic fuel. The microbes inside the rumen also synthesize amino acids from non-protein nitrogenous sources, such as urea and ammonia. As these microbes reproduce in the rumen, older generations die and their cells continue on through the digestive tract. These cells are then partially digested in the small intestines, allowing cattle to gain a high-quality protein source. These features allow cattle to thrive on grasses and other tough vegetation.\n\n====Gestation and size====\nThe gestation period for a cow is about nine months long. A newborn calf's size can vary among breeds, but a typical calf weighs between . Adult size and weight vary significantly among breeds and sex. The world record for the heaviest bull was , a Chianina named Donetto, when he was exhibited at the Arezzo show in 1955. The heaviest steer was eight-year-old \u2018Old Ben\u2019, a Shorthorn/Hereford cross weighing in at  in 1910. Steers are generally killed before reaching . Breeding stock may be allowed a longer lifespan, occasionally living as long as 25 years. The oldest recorded cow, Big Bertha, died at the age of 48 in 1993.\n\n====Reproduction====\nReproductive system of a bovine female.\nOx testis.\nOn farms it is very common to use artifice, such as artificial insemination, to obtain a cattle with the fewest physiologically deficient individuals. With this artificial selection it is possible to obtain a herd more resistant to diseases and with size that makes the commercialization of bovine derivatives viable.\n\n'''Artificial insemination''' or '''intrauterine insemination''' is a medically assisted reproduction technique consisting of the artificial deposition of semen in the female's genital tract.  It is used in cases where the spermatozoa can not reach the fallopian tubes or simply by choice of the owner of the animal. It consists of transferring, to the uterine cavity, spermatozoa previously collected and processed, with the selection of morphologically more normal and mobile spermatozoa.\n\n====Udder====\nA cow's udder contains two pairs of mammary glands, (commonly referred to as ''teats'') creating four \"quarters\". The front ones are referred to as ''fore quarters'' and the rear ones ''rear quarters''.\n\n====Male genitalia====\n\nBulls become fertile at about seven months of age.  Their fertility is closely related to the size of their testicles, and one simple test of fertility is to measure the circumference of the scrotum: a young bull is likely to be fertile once this reaches ; that of a fully adult bull may be over .\n\nBulls have a fibro-elastic penis. Given the small amount of erectile tissue, there is little enlargement after erection. The penis is quite rigid when non-erect, and becomes even more rigid during erection. Protrusion is not affected much by erection, but more by relaxation of the retractor penis muscle and straightening of the sigmoid flexure.\n\n=== Weight ===\nThe weight of adult cattle always depends on the breed. Smaller kinds, such as Dexter and Jersey adults, range between . Large Continental breeds, such as Charolais, Marchigiana, Belgian Blue and Chianina, adults range from . British breeds, such as Hereford, Angus, and Shorthorn, mature between , occasionally higher, particularly with Angus and Hereford.\n\nBulls will be a bit larger than cows of the same breed by a few hundred kilograms. Chianina bulls can weigh up to  ; British bulls, such as Angus and Hereford, can weigh as little as  to as much as .\n\nIt is difficult to generalize or average out the weight of all cattle because different kinds have different averages of weights. However, according to some sources, the average weight of all cattle is .  Finishing steers in the feedlot average about ; cows about , and bulls about .\n\nIn the United States, the average weight of beef cattle has steadily increased, especially since the 1970s, requiring the building of new slaughterhouses able to handle larger carcasses. New packing plants in the 1980s stimulated a large increase in cattle weights. Before 1790 beef cattle averaged only  net; and thereafter weights climbed steadily.\n"	"Cognition"	"In laboratory studies, young cattle are able to memorize the locations of several food sources and retain this memory for at least 8\u00a0hours, although this declined after 12\u00a0hours.  Fifteen-month-old heifers learn more quickly than adult cows which have had either one or two calvings, but their longer-term memory is less stable.  Mature cattle perform well in spatial learning tasks and have a good long-term memory in these tests.  Cattle tested in a radial arm maze are able to remember the locations of high-quality food for at least 30 days.  Although they initially learn to avoid low-quality food, this memory diminishes over the same duration.  Under less artificial testing conditions, young cattle showed they were able to remember the location of feed for at least 48 days.  Cattle can make an association between a visual stimulus and food within 1 day \u2013 memory of this association can be retained for 1 year, despite a slight decay.\n\nCalves are capable of discrimination learning and adult cattle compare favourably with small mammals in their learning ability in the Closed-field Test.\n\nThey are also able to discriminate between familiar individuals, and among humans.  Cattle can tell the difference between familiar and unfamiliar animals of the same species (conspecifics).  Studies show they behave less aggressively toward familiar individuals when they are forming a new group.  Calves can also discriminate between humans based on previous experience, as shown by approaching those who handled them positively and avoiding those who handled them aversively. Although cattle can discriminate between humans by their faces alone, they also use other cues such as the color of clothes when these are available.\n\nIn audio play-back studies, calves prefer their own mother's vocalizations compared to the vocalizations of an unfamiliar mother.\n\nIn laboratory studies using images, cattle can discriminate between images of the heads of cattle and other animal species. They are also able to distinguish between familiar and unfamiliar conspecifics.  Furthermore, they are able to categorize images as familiar and unfamiliar individuals.\n\nWhen mixed with other individuals, cloned calves from the same donor form subgroups, indicating that kin discrimination occurs and may be a basis of grouping behaviour.  It has also been shown using images of cattle that both artificially inseminated and cloned calves have similar cognitive capacities of kin and non-kin discrimination.\n\nCattle can recognize familiar individuals. Visual individual recognition is a more complex mental process than visual discrimination.  It requires the recollection of the learned idiosyncratic identity of an individual that has been previously encountered and the formation of a mental representation. By using 2-dimensional images of the heads of one cow (face, profiles, \u00be views), all the tested heifers showed individual recognition of familiar and unfamiliar individuals from their own breed.   Furthermore, almost all the heifers recognized unknown individuals from different breeds, although this was achieved with greater difficulty.  Individual recognition was most difficult when the visual features of the breed being tested were quite different from the breed in the image, for example, the breed being tested had no spots whereas the image was of a spotted breed.\n\nCattle use visual/brain lateralisation in their visual scanning of novel and familiar stimuli.  Domestic cattle prefer to view novel stimuli with the left eye, i.e. using the right brain hemisphere (similar to horses, Australian  magpies, chicks, toads and fish) but use the right eye, i.e. using the left hemisphere, for viewing familiar stimuli.\n"	"Temperament and emotions"	"\nEar postures of cows are studied as indicators of their emotional state and overall animal welfare.\nIn cattle, temperament can affect production traits such as carcass and meat quality or milk yield as well as affecting the animal's overall health and reproduction. Cattle temperament is defined as \"the consistent behavioral and physiological difference observed between individuals in response to a stressor or environmental challenge and is used to describe the relatively stable difference in the behavioral predisposition of an animal, which can be related to psychobiological mechanisms\". Generally, cattle temperament is assumed to be multidimensional. Five underlying categories of temperament traits have been proposed:  \n*shyness-boldness\n*exploration-avoidance\n*activity\n*aggressiveness\n*sociability\n\nIn a study on Holstein\u2013Friesian heifers learning to press a panel to open a gate for access to a food reward, the researchers also recorded the heart rate and behavior of the heifers when moving along the race towards the food. When the heifers made clear improvements in learning, they had higher heart rates and tended to move more vigorously along the race. The researchers concluded this was an indication that cattle may react emotionally to their own learning improvement.\n\nNegative emotional states are associated with a bias toward negative (pessimistic) responses towards ambiguous cues in judgement tasks \u2013 as encapsulated in the question of \"is the glass half empty or half full?\".  After separation from their mothers, Holstein calves showed such a cognitive bias indicative of low mood.  A similar study showed that after hot-iron disbudding (dehorning), calves had a similar negative bias indicating that post-operative pain following this routine procedure results in a negative change in emotional state.\n\nIn studies of visual discrimination, the position of the ears has been used as an indicator of emotional state. When cattle are stressed, this can be recognised by other cattle as it is communicated by alarm substances in the urine.\n\nCattle are very gregarious and even short-term isolation is considered to cause severe psychological stress.  When Aubrac and Fresian heifers are isolated, they increase their vocalizations and experience increased heart rate and plasma cortisol concentrations.  These physiological changes are greater in Aubracs.  When visual contact is re-instated, vocalisations rapidly decline, regardless of the familiarity of the returning cattle, however, heart rate decreases are greater if the returning cattle are familiar to the previously-isolated individual.  Mirrors have been used to reduce stress in isolated cattle.\n"	"Senses"	"Cattle use all of the five widely recognized sensory modalities.  These can assist in some complex behavioural patterns, for example, in grazing behaviour.  Cattle eat mixed diets, but when given the opportunity, show a partial preference of approximately 70% clover and 30% grass. This preference has a diurnal pattern, with a stronger preference for clover in the morning, and the proportion of grass increasing towards the evening.\n\n===Vision===\nVision is the dominant sense in cattle and they obtain almost 50% of their information visually.\n\n\nCattle are a prey animal and to assist predator detection, their eyes are located on the sides of their head rather than the front.  This gives them a wide field of view of 330o but limits binocular vision (and therefore stereopsis) to 30o to 50o compared to 140o in humans.  This means they have a blind spot directly behind them.  Cattle have good visual acuity (1/20) but compared to humans, the visual accommodation of cattle is poor.\n\nCattle have two kinds of color receptors in the cone cells of their retinas.   This means that cattle are dichromatic, as are most other non-primate land mammals. There are two to three rods per cone in the fovea centralis but five to six near the optic papilla. Cattle can distinguish long wavelength colors (yellow, orange and red) much better than the shorter wavelengths (blue, grey and green). Calves are able to discriminate between long (red) and short (blue) or medium (green) wavelengths, but have limited ability to discriminate between the short and medium.  They also approach handlers more quickly under red light. Whilst having good color sensitivity, it is not as good as humans or sheep.\n\nA common misconception about cattle (particularly bulls) is that they are enraged by the color red (something provocative is often said to be \"like a red flag to a bull\"). This is a myth. In bullfighting, it is the movement of the red flag or cape that irritates the bull and incites it to charge.\n\n===Taste===\nCattle have a well-developed sense of taste and can distinguish the four primary tastes (sweet, salty, bitter and sour). They possess around 20,000 taste buds. The strength of taste perception depends on the individual's current food requirements. They avoid bitter-tasting foods (potentially toxic) and have a marked preference for sweet (high calorific value) and salty foods (electrolyte balance).  Their sensitivity to sour-tasting foods helps them to maintain optimal ruminal pH.\n\nPlants have low levels of sodium and cattle have developed the capacity of seeking salt by taste and smell.  If cattle become depleted of sodium salts, they show increased locomotion directed to searching for these.  To assist in their search, the olfactory and gustatory receptors able to detect minute amounts of sodium salts increase their sensitivity as biochemical disruption develops with sodium salt depletion.\n\n===Audition===\nCattle hearing ranges from 23 Hz to 35\u00a0kHz.  Their frequency of best sensitivity is 8\u00a0kHz and they have a lowest threshold of \u221221 db (re 20 \u03bcN/m\u22122), which means their hearing is more acute than horses (lowest threshold of 7 db). Sound localization acuity thresholds are an average of 30\u00b0.  This means that cattle are less able to localise sounds compared to goats (18\u00b0), dogs (8\u00b0) and humans (0.8\u00b0).  Because cattle have a broad foveal fields of view covering almost the entire horizon, they may not need very accurate locus information from their auditory systems to direct their gaze to a sound source.\n\nVocalisations are an important mode of communication amongst cattle and can provide information on the age, sex, dominance status and reproductive status of the caller. Calves can recognize their mothers using vocal and vocal behaviour may play a role by indicating estrus and competitive display by bulls.\n\n===Olfaction and gustation===\nSeveral senses are used in social relationships between cattle\nCattle have a range of odiferous glands over their body including interdigital, infraorbital, inguinal and sebaceous glands, indicating that olfaction probably plays a large role in their social life.  Both the primary olfactory system using the olfactory bulbs, and the secondary olfactory system using the vomeronasal organ are used.  This latter olfactory system is used in the flehmen response.  There is evidence that when cattle are stressed, this can be recognised by other cattle and this is communicated by alarm substances in the urine.  The odour of dog faeces induces behavioural changes prior to cattle feeding, whereas the odours of urine from either stressed or non-stressed conspecifics and blood have no effect.\n\nIn the laboratory, cattle can be trained to recognise conspecific individuals using olfaction only.\n\nIn general, cattle use their sense of smell to \"expand\" on information detected by other sensory modalities.  However, in the case of social and reproductive behaviours, olfaction is a key source of information.\n\n===Touch===\nCattle have tactile sensations detected mainly by mechanoreceptors, thermoreceptors and nociceptors in the skin and muzzle.  These are used most frequently when cattle explore their environment.\n\n===Magnetoreception===\nThere is conflicting evidence for magnetoreception in cattle. One study reported that resting and grazing cattle tend to align their body axes in the geomagnetic North-South (N-S) direction.  In a follow-up study, cattle exposed to various magnetic fields directly beneath or in the vicinity of power lines trending in various magnetic directions exhibited distinct patterns of alignment. However, in 2011, a group of Czech researchers reported their failed attempt to replicate the finding using Google Earth images.\n"	"Behavior"	"Under natural conditions, calves stay with their mother until weaning at 8 to 11 months.  Heifer and bull calves are equally attached to their mothers in the first few months of life.  Cattle are considered to be \"hider\" type animals, but in the artificial environment of small calving pens, close proximity between cow and calf is maintained by the mother at the first three calvings but this changes to being mediated by the calf after these.  Primiparous dams show a higher incidence of abnormal maternal behavior.\n\nVideo of a calf suckling\nBeef-calves reared on the range suckle an average of 5.0 times every 24\u00a0hours with an average total time of 46\u00a0min spent suckling. There is a diurnal rhythm in suckling activity with peaks between 05:00\u201307:00, 10:00\u201313:00 and 17:00\u201321:00.\n\nStudies on the natural weaning of zebu cattle (''Bos indicus'') have shown that the cow weans her calves over a 2-week period, but after that, she continues to show strong affiliatory behavior with her offspring and preferentially chooses them for grooming and as grazing partners for at least 4\u20135 years.\n\n===Reproductive behavior===\nSemi-wild Highland cattle heifers first give birth at 2 or 3 years of age and the timing of birth is synchronized with increases in natural food quality. Average calving interval is 391\u00a0days, and calving mortality within the first year of life is 5%.\n\n===Dominance and leadership===\nOne study showed that over a 4-year period, dominance relationships within a herd of semi-wild highland cattle were very firm. There were few overt aggressive conflicts and the majority of disputes were settled by agonistic (non-aggressive, competitive) behaviors that involved no physical contact between opponents (e.g. threatening and spontaneous withdrawing).  Such agonistic behavior reduces the risk of injury. Dominance status depended on age and sex, with older animals generally being dominant to young ones and males dominant to females. Young bulls gained superior dominance status over adult cows when they reached about 2 years of age.\n\nAs with many animal dominance hierarchies, dominance-associated aggressiveness does not correlate with rank position, but is closely related to rank distance between individuals.\n\nDominance is maintained in several ways.  Cattle often engage in mock fights where they test each other's strength in a non-aggressive way.  Licking is primarily performed by subordinates and received by dominant animals.  Mounting is a playful behavior shown by calves of both sexes and by bulls and sometimes by cows in estrus, however, this is not a dominance related behavior as has been found in other species.\n\nThe horns of cattle are \"honest signals\" used in mate selection.  Furthermore, horned cattle attempt to keep greater distances between themselves and have fewer physical interactions than hornless cattle.  This leads to more stable social relationships.\n\nIn calves, the frequency of agonistic behavior decreases as space allowance increases, but this does not occur for changes in group size. However, in adult cattle, the number of agonistic encounters increases as the group size increases.\n\n===Grazing behavior===\nWhen grazing, cattle vary several aspects of their bite, i.e. tongue and jaw movements, depending on characteristics of the plant they are eating.  Bite area decreases with the density of the plants but increases with their height.  Bite area is determined by the sweep of the tongue; in one study observing  steers, bite area reached a maximum of approximately .  Bite depth increases with the height of the plants.  By adjusting their behavior, cattle obtain heavier bites in swards that are tall and sparse compared with short, dense swards of equal mass/area.  Cattle adjust other aspects of their grazing behavior in relation to the available food; foraging velocity decreases and intake rate increases in areas of abundant palatable forage.\n\nCattle avoid grazing areas contaminated by the faeces of other cattle more strongly than they avoid areas contaminated by sheep, but they do not avoid pasture contaminated by rabbit faeces.\n"	" Genetics "	"\nIn the 24 April 2009, edition of the journal ''Science'', a team of researchers led by the National Institutes of Health and the US Department of Agriculture reported having mapped the bovine genome.  The scientists found cattle have about 22,000 genes, and 80% of their genes are shared with humans, and they share about 1000 genes with dogs and rodents, but are not found in humans. Using this bovine \"HapMap\", researchers can track the differences between the breeds that affect the quality of meat and milk yields.\n\nBehavioral traits of cattle can be as heritable as some production traits, and often, the two can be related. The heritability of fear varies markedly in cattle from low (0.1) to high (0.53); such high variation is also found in pigs and sheep,  probably due to differences in the methods used.  The heritability of temperament (response to isolation during handling) has been calculated as 0.36 and 0.46 for habituation to handling.  Rangeland assessments show that the heritability of aggressiveness in cattle is around 0.36.\n\nQuantitative trait loci (QTLs) have been found for a range of production and behavioral characteristics for both dairy and beef cattle.\n"	" Domestication and husbandry "	"Texas Longhorns are a US breed\nCattle occupy a unique role in human history, having been domesticated since at least the early neolithic age.\n\nArcheozoological and genetic data indicate that cattle were first domesticated from wild aurochs (''Bos primigenius'') approximately 10,500 years ago. There were two major areas of domestication: one in the area that is now Turkey, giving rise to the taurine line, and a second in the area that is now Pakistan, resulting in the indicine line.  Modern mitochondrial DNA variation indicates the taurine line may have arisen from as few as 80 aurochs tamed in the upper reaches of Mesopotamia near the villages of \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc Tepesi in southeastern Turkey and Dja'de el-Mughara in northern Iraq.\n\nAlthough European cattle are largely descended from the taurine lineage, gene flow from African cattle (partially of indicine origin) contributed substantial genomic components to both southern European cattle breeds and their New World descendants.  A study on 134 breeds showed that modern taurine cattle originated from Africa, Asia, North and South America, Australia, and Europe.  Some researchers have suggested that African taurine cattle are derived from a third independent domestication from North African aurochsen.\n\n=== Usage as money ===\nAs early as 9000 BC both grain and cattle were used as money or as ''barter'' (Davies) (the ''first grain remains'' found, considered to be evidence of pre-agricultural practice date to 17,000 BC). Some evidence also exists to suggest that other animals, such as camels and goats, may have been used as currency in some parts of the world. One of the advantages of using cattle as currency is that it allows the seller to set a fixed price. It even created the standard pricing. For example, two chickens were traded for one cow as cows were deemed to be more valuable than chickens.\n  \nThis Hereford is being inspected for ticks; cattle are often restrained or confined in cattle crushes (squeeze chutes) when given medical attention.\n\n=== Modern husbandry ===\nnose ring to prevent it from suckling, which is usually to assist in weaning.\nCattle are often raised by allowing herds to graze on the grasses of large tracts of rangeland. Raising cattle in this manner allows the use of land that might be unsuitable for growing crops. The most common interactions with cattle involve daily feeding, cleaning and milking. Many routine husbandry practices involve ear tagging, dehorning, loading, medical operations, vaccinations and hoof care, as well as training for agricultural shows and preparations. Also, some cultural differences occur in working with cattle; the cattle husbandry of Fulani men rests on behavioural techniques, whereas in Europe, cattle are controlled primarily by physical means, such as fences.  Breeders use cattle husbandry to reduce ''M. bovis'' infection susceptibility by selective breeding and maintaining herd health to avoid concurrent disease.\n\nCattle are farmed for beef, veal, dairy, and leather, and they are less commonly used for conservation grazing, simply to maintain grassland for wildlife \u2013 for example, in Epping Forest, England. They are often used in some of the most wild places for livestock. Depending on the breed, cattle can survive on hill grazing, heaths, marshes, moors and semidesert. Modern cattle are more commercial than older breeds and, having become more specialized, are less versatile. For this reason, many smaller farmers still favor old breeds, such as the Jersey dairy breed.\nIn Portugal, Spain, southern France and some Latin American countries, bulls are used in the activity of bullfighting;  ''Jallikattu'' in India is a bull taming sport radically different from European bullfighting, humans are unarmed and bulls are not killed. In many other countries bullfighting is illegal. Other activities such as bull riding are seen as part of a rodeo, especially in North America. Bull-leaping, a central ritual in Bronze Age Minoan culture (see Bull (mythology)), still exists in southwestern France.  In modern times, cattle are also entered into agricultural competitions. These competitions can involve live cattle or cattle carcases in hoof and hook events.\n\nIn terms of food intake by humans, consumption of cattle is less efficient than of grain or vegetables with regard to land use, and hence cattle grazing consumes more area than such other agricultural production when raised on grains. Nonetheless, cattle and other forms of domesticated animals can sometimes help to use plant resources in areas not easily amenable to other forms of agriculture.\n\n=== Sleep ===\n\nThe average sleep time of a domestic cow is about four hours a day.  Cattle do have a stay apparatus, but do not sleep standing up, they lie down to sleep deeply.  In spite of the urban legend, cows cannot be tipped over by people pushing on them.\n"	" Economy "	"Holstein cattle are the primary dairy breed, bred for high milk production.\nThe meat of adult cattle is known as beef, and that of calves is veal.  Other animal parts are also used as food products, including blood, liver, kidney, heart and oxtail.  Cattle also produce milk, and dairy cattle are specifically bred to produce the large quantities of milk processed and sold for human consumption. Cattle today are the basis of a multibillion-dollar industry worldwide. The international trade in beef for 2000 was over $30 billion and represented only 23% of world beef production. The production of milk, which is also made into cheese, butter, yogurt, and other dairy products, is comparable in economic size to beef production, and provides an important part of the food supply for many of the world's people. Cattle hides, used for leather to make shoes, couches and clothing, are another widespread product.  Cattle remain broadly used as draft animals in many developing countries, such as India. Cattle are also used in some sporting games, including rodeo and bullfighting.\n\n===Cattle meat production===\n\n\n+Cattle meat production (kt)\n Country !! 2008 !! 2009 !! 2010 !! 2011\n\n Argentina \n 3132 \n 3378 \n 2630 \n 2497\n\n Australia \n 2132 \n 2124 \n 2630 \n 2420\n\n Brazil \n 9024 \n 9395 \n 9115 \n 9030\n\n China \n 5841 \n 6060 \n 6244 \n 6182\n\n Germany \n 1199\n 1190 \n 1205 \n 1170\n\n Japan \n 520 \n 517 \n 515 \n 500\n\n USA \n 12163 \n 11891 \n 12046 \n 11988\n\n\nSource: Helgi Library, World Bank, FAOSTAT\n\nAbout half the world's meat comes from cattle.\n\n=== Dairy ===\n\nCertain breeds of cattle, such as the Holstein-Friesian, are used to produce milk, which can be processed into dairy products such as milk, cheese or yogurt. Dairy cattle are usually kept on specialized dairy farms designed for milk production. Most cows are milked twice per day, with milk processed at a dairy, which may be onsite at the farm or the milk may be shipped to a dairy plant for eventual sale of a dairy product. For dairy cattle to continue producing milk, they must give birth to one calf per year. If the calf is male, it generally is slaughtered at a young age to produce veal. They will continue to produce milk until three weeks before birth. Over the last fifty years, dairy farming has become more intensive to increase the yield of milk produced by each cow. The Holstein-Friesian is the breed of dairy cow most common in the UK, Europe and the United States. It has been bred selectively to produce the highest yields of milk of any cow. Around 22 litres per day is average in the UK.\n\n=== Hides ===\nMost cattle are not kept solely for hides, which are usually a by-product of beef production. Hides are most commonly used for leather which can be made into a variety of product including shoes. In 2012 India was the world's largest producer of cattle hides.\n"	" Feral cattle "	"Feral cattle are defined as being 'cattle that are not domesticated or cultivated'. Populations of feral cattle are known to come from and exist in: Australia, United States of America, Colombia, Argentina, Spain, France and many islands, including New Guinea, Hawaii, Galapagos, Juan Fern\u00e1ndez Islands, Hispaniola (Dominican Republic and Haiti), Tristan da Cunha and \u00cele Amsterdam,  two islands of Kuchinoshima and Kazura Island next to Naru Island in Japan. Chillingham cattle is sometimes regarded as a feral breed. Aleutian wild cattles can be found on Aleutian Islands. The \"Kinmen cattle\" which is dominantly found on Kinmen Island, Taiwan is mostly domesticated while smaller portion of the population is believed to live in the wild due to accidental releases.\n"	" Environmental impact "	"\nCattle in dry landscape north of Alice Springs, Australia (CSIRO)\nCattle near the Bruneau River in Elko County, Nevada\nA report from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) states that the livestock sector is \"responsible for 18% of greenhouse gas emissions\".  The report concludes, unless changes are made, the damage thought to be linked to livestock may more than double by 2050, as demand for meat increases. Another concern is manure, which if not well-managed, can lead to adverse environmental consequences. However, manure also is a valuable source of nutrients and organic matter when used as a fertilizer.  Manure was used as a fertilizer on about 15.8 million acres of US cropland in 2006, with manure from cattle accounting for nearly 70% of manure applications to soybeans and about 80% or more of manure applications to corn, wheat, barley, oats and sorghum.  Substitution of manure for synthetic fertilizers in crop production can be environmentally significant, as between 43 and 88 megajoules of fossil fuel energy would be used per kg of nitrogen in manufacture of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers. A '''cow''' does on overage release between 70 and 120\u00a0kg of '''Methane''' per year. '''Methane''' is a greenhouse '''gas''' like carbon dioxide (CO2). But the negative effect on the climate of '''Methane''' is 23 times higher than the effect of CO2.\n\nOne of the cited changes suggested to reduce greenhouse gas emissions is intensification of the livestock industry, since intensification leads to less land for a given level of production. This assertion is supported by studies of the US beef production system, suggesting practices prevailing in 2007 involved 8.6% less fossil fuel use, 16.3% less greenhouse gas emissions, 12.1% less water use, and 33.0% less land use, per unit mass of beef produced, than those used in 1977.  The analysis took into account not only practices in feedlots, but also feed production (with less feed needed in more intensive production systems), forage-based cow-calf operations and back-grounding before cattle enter a feedlot (with more beef produced per head of cattle from those sources, in more intensive systems), and beef from animals derived from the dairy industry.\n\nThe number of American cattle kept in confined feedlot conditions fluctuates. From 1 January 2002 through 1 January 2012, there was no significant overall upward or downward trend in the number of US cattle on feed for slaughter, which averaged about 14.046 million head over that period.  Previously, the number had increased; it was 12.453 million in 1985. Cattle on feed (for slaughter) numbered about 14.121 million on 1 January 2012, i.e. about 15.5% of the estimated inventory of 90.8 million US cattle (including calves) on that date.  Of the 14.121 million, US cattle on feed (for slaughter) in operations with 1000 head or more were estimated to number 11.9 million. Cattle feedlots in this size category correspond to the regulatory definition of \"large\" concentrated animal feeding operations (CAFOs) for cattle other than mature dairy cows or veal calves.  Significant numbers of dairy, as well as beef cattle, are confined in CAFOs, defined as \"new and existing operations which stable or confine and feed or maintain for a total of 45 days or more in any 12-month period more than the number of animals specified\" where \"crops, vegetation, forage growth, or post-harvest residues are not sustained in the normal growing season over any portion of the lot or facility.\"  They may be designated as small, medium and large. Such designation of cattle CAFOs is according to cattle type (mature dairy cows, veal calves or other) and cattle numbers, but medium CAFOs are so designated only if they meet certain discharge criteria, and small CAFOs are designated only on a case-by-case basis.\n\nA CAFO that discharges pollutants is required to obtain a permit, which requires a plan to manage nutrient runoff, manure, chemicals, contaminants, and other wastewater pursuant to the US Clean Water Act. The regulations involving CAFO permitting have been extensively litigated.\nCommonly, CAFO wastewater and manure nutrients are applied to land at agronomic rates for use by forages or crops, and it is often assumed that various constituents of wastewater and manure, e.g. organic contaminants and pathogens, will be retained, inactivated or degraded on the land with application at such rates; however, additional evidence is needed to test reliability of such assumptions\n.  Concerns raised by opponents of CAFOs have included risks of contaminated water due to feedlot runoff, soil erosion, human and animal exposure to toxic chemicals, development of antibiotic resistant bacteria and an increase in ''E. coli'' contamination.  While research suggests some of these impacts can be mitigated by developing wastewater treatment systems and planting cover crops in larger setback zones, the Union of Concerned Scientists released a report in 2008 concluding that CAFOs are generally unsustainable and externalize costs.\n\nAn estimated 935,000 cattle operations were operating in the USA in 2010. In 2001, the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) tallied 5,990 cattle CAFOs then regulated, consisting of beef (2,200), dairy (3,150), heifer (620) and veal operations (20). Since that time, the EPA has established CAFOs as an enforcement priority.  EPA enforcement highlights for fiscal year 2010 indicated enforcement actions against 12 cattle CAFOs for violations that included failures to obtain a permit, failures to meet the terms of a permit, and discharges of contaminated water.\n\nCattle grazing in a high-elevation environment at the Big Pasture Plateau, Slovenia\n\nGrazing by cattle at low intensities can create a favourable environment for native herbs and forbs; in many world regions, though, cattle are reducing biodiversity due to overgrazing.  A survey of refuge managers on 123 National Wildlife Refuges in the US tallied 86 species of wildlife considered positively affected and 82 considered negatively affected by refuge cattle grazing or haying. Proper management of pastures, notably managed intensive rotational grazing and grazing at low intensities can lead to less use of fossil fuel energy, increased recapture of carbon dioxide, fewer ammonia emissions into the atmosphere, reduced soil erosion, better air quality, and less water pollution.\n\nSome microbes in the cattle gut carry out anaerobic process known as methanogenesis, which produces methane. Cattle and other livestock emit about 80 to 93 Tg of methane per year, accounting for an estimated 37% of anthropogenic methane emissions, and additional methane is produced by anaerobic fermentation of manure in manure lagoons and other manure storage structures. The 100-year global warming potential of methane, including effects on ozone and stratospheric water vapor, is 25 times as great as that of carbon dioxide. Methane's effect on global warming is correlated with changes in atmospheric methane content, not with emissions.  The net change in atmospheric methane content was recently about 1 Tg per year,  and in some recent years there has been no increase in atmospheric methane content.  Mitigation options for reducing methane emission from ruminant enteric fermentation include genetic selection, immunization, rumen defaunation, diet modification and grazing management, among others.  While cattle fed forage actually produce more methane than grain-fed cattle, the increase may be offset by the increased carbon recapture of pastures, which recapture three times the CO2 of cropland used for grain.\n"	" Health "	"\nThe veterinary discipline dealing with cattle and cattle diseases (bovine veterinary) is called buiatrics. Veterinarians and professionals working on cattle health issues are pooled in the World Association for Buiatrics, founded in 1960. National associations and affiliates also exist.\n\nCattle diseases were in the center of attention in the 1980s and 1990s when the Bovine spongiform encephalopathy (BSE), also known as mad cow disease, was of concern.  Cattle might catch and develop various other diseases, like blackleg, bluetongue, foot rot too.\n\nIn most states, as cattle health is not only a veterinarian issue, but also a public health issue, public health and food safety standards and farming regulations directly affect the daily work of farmers who keep cattle. However, said rules change frequently and are often debated. For instance, in the U.K., it was proposed in 2011 that milk from tuberculosis-infected cattle should be allowed to enter the food chain. Internal food safety regulations might affect a country's trade policy as well. For example, the United States has just reviewed its beef import rules according to the \"mad cow standards\"; while Mexico forbids the entry of cattle who are older than 30 months.\n\nCow urine is commonly used in India for internal medical purposes.  It is distilled and then consumed by patients seeking treatment for a wide variety of illnesses. At present, no conclusive medical evidence shows this has any effect. However, an Indian medicine containing cow urine has already obtained U.S. patents.\n\nDigital dermatitis is caused by the bacteria from the genus Treponema. It differs from foot rot and can appear under unsanitary conditions such as poor hygiene or inadequate hoof trimming, among other causes. It primarily affects dairy cattle and has been known to lower the quantity of milk produced, however the milk quality remains unaffected. Cattle are also susceptible to ringworm caused by the fungus, ''Trichophyton verrucosum'', a contagious skin disease which may be transferred to humans exposed to infected cows.\n\n''Mycobacterium vaccae'' is a non pathogenic, possibly even beneficial bacteria, that is seen naturally in soil; that was first isolated from cow dung.\n\n=== Effect of high stocking density ===\n\nStocking density refers to the number of animals within a specified area. When stocking density reaches high levels, the behavioural needs of the animals may not be met.  This can negatively influence health, welfare and production performance.\n\nThe effect of overstocking in cows can have a negative effect on milk production and reproduction rates which are two very important traits for dairy farmers. Overcrowding of cows in barns has been found to reduced feeding, resting and rumination. Although they consume the same amount of dry matter within the span of a day, they consume the food at a much more rapid rate, and this behaviour in cows can lead to further complications. The feeding behaviour of cows during their post-milking period is very important as it has been proven that the longer animals can eat after milking, the longer they will be standing up and therefore causing less contamination to the teat ends. This is necessary to reduce the risk of mastitis as infection has been shown to increase the chances of embryonic loss. Sufficient rest is important for dairy cows because it is during this period that their resting blood flow increases up to 50%, this is directly proportionate to milk production. Each additional hour of rest can be seen to translate to 2 to 3.5 more pounds of milk per cow daily. Stocking densities of anything over 120% have been shown to decrease the amount of time cows spend lying down.\n\nCortisol is an important stress hormone; its plasma concentrations increase greatly when subjected to high levels of stress.  Increased concentration levels of cortisol have been associated with significant increases in gonadotrophin levels and lowered progestin levels. Reduction of stress is important in the reproductive state of cows as an increase in gonadotrophin and lowered progesterone levels may impinge on the ovulatory and lutenization process and to reduce the chances of successful implantation. A high cortisol level will also stimulate the degradation of fats and proteins which may make it difficult for the animal to sustain its pregnancy if implanted successfully.\n"	"Oxen"	"\n\nDraft Zebus in Mumbai, Maharashtra, India\n'''Oxen''' (singular '''ox''') are cattle trained as draft animals. Often they are adult, castrated males of larger breeds, although females and bulls are also used in some areas. Usually, an ox is over four years old due to the need for training and to allow it to grow to full size. Oxen are used for plowing, transport, hauling cargo, grain-grinding by trampling or by powering machines, irrigation by powering pumps, and wagon drawing. Oxen were commonly used to skid logs in forests, and sometimes still are, in low-impact, select-cut logging. Oxen are most often used in teams of two, paired, for light work such as carting, with additional pairs added when more power is required, sometimes up to a total of 20 or more.\nOxen used in Plowing\nAn ox is a mature bovine which has learned to respond appropriately to a teamster's signals. These signals are given by verbal commands or by noise (whip cracks). Verbal commands vary according to dialect and local tradition.  In one tradition in North America, the commands are:\n* \"Back up\": go backwards\n* \"Gee\": turn right\n* \"Get up\": walk forward\n* \"Haw\": turn left\n* \"Whoa\": stop\nRiding an ox in Hova, Sweden\nOxen can pull harder and longer than horses. Though not as fast as horses, they are less prone to injury because they are more sure-footed.\n\nMany oxen are used worldwide, especially in developing countries.  About 11.3 million draft oxen are used in sub-Saharan Africa.  In India, the number of draft cattle in 1998 was estimated at 65.7 million head. About half the world's crop production is thought to depend on land preparation (such as plowing) made possible by animal traction.\nThe \"Ure-Ox\" (Aurochs) by Edward Topsell, 1658\n"	" Religion, traditions and folklore "	"\n\n=== Hindu tradition ===\n\nIn Hinduism, the cow is a symbol of wealth, strength, abundance, selfless giving and a full Earthly life.\nCattle are venerated within the Hindu religion of India. In the Vedic period they were a symbol of plenty  and were frequently slaughtered. In later times they gradually acquired their present status. According to the Mahabharata they are to be treated with the same respect 'as one's mother'. In the middle of the first millennium, the consumption of beef began to be disfavoured by lawgivers. Although there has never been any cow-goddesses or temples dedicated to them, cows appear in numerous stories from the Vedas and Puranas. The deity Krishna was brought up in a family of cowherders, and given the name Govinda (protector of the cows). Also, Shiva is traditionally said to ride on the back of a bull named Nandi.\n\nMilk and milk products were used in Vedic rituals. In the postvedic period products of the cow \u2013 milk, curd, ghee, but also cow dung and urine (gomutra), or the combination of these five (panchagavya) \u2013 began to assume an increasingly important role in ritual purification and expiation.\n\nVeneration of the cow has become a symbol of the identity of Hindus as a community, especially since the end of the 19th century. Slaughter of cows (including oxen, bulls and calves) is forbidden by law in several states of the Indian Union. McDonald's outlets in India do not serve any beef burgers. In Maharaja Ranjit Singh's empire of the early 19th century, the killing of a cow was punishable by death.\n\n=== Other traditions ===\nLegend of the founding of Durham Cathedral is that monks carrying the body of Saint Cuthbert were led to the location by a milk maid who had lost her dun cow, which was found resting on the spot.\n An idealized depiction of girl cow herders in 19th-century Norway by Knud Bergslien.\n* The Evangelist St. Luke is depicted as an ox in Christian art.\n* In Judaism, as described in , the ashes of a sacrificed unblemished red heifer that has never been yoked can be used for ritual purification of people who came into contact with a corpse.\n* The ox is one of the 12-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. See: Ox (Zodiac).\n* The constellation Taurus represents a bull.\n* An apocryphal story has it that a cow started the Great Chicago Fire by kicking over a kerosene lamp. Michael Ahern, the reporter who created the cow story, admitted in 1893 that he had fabricated it for more colorful copy.\n* On 18 February 1930, Elm Farm Ollie became the first cow to fly in an airplane and also the first cow to be milked in an airplane.\n* The first known law requiring branding in North America was enacted on 5 February 1644, by Connecticut. It said that all cattle and pigs had to have a registered brand or earmark by 1 May 1644.\n* The  is a traditional toy from the Aizu region of Japan that is thought to ward off illness.\n* The case of ''Sherwood v. Walker''\u2014involving a supposedly barren heifer that was actually pregnant\u2014-first enunciated the concept of mutual mistake as a means of destroying the meeting of the minds in contract law. \n* The Fulani of West Africa are the world's largest nomadic cattle-herders.\n* The Maasai tribe of East Africa traditionally believe their god Engai entitled them to divine rights to the ownership of all cattle on earth.\n"	" In heraldry "	"\nCattle are typically represented in heraldry by the '''bull'''.\n\n\nFile:Mecklenburg Arms.svg|Arms of Mecklenburg region, Germany\nFile:Turin coat of arms.svg|Arms of Turin, Italy\nFile:Coat of arms of Kaunas.svg|Arms of Kaunas, Lithuania\nFile:POL Turek COA PioM.svg|Arms of Turek, Poland\nFile:POL Bielsk Podlaski COA.svg|Arms of Bielsk Podlaski, Poland\nFile:Azr.png|Arms of the Azores\n\n"	" Population "	"For 2013, the FAO estimated global cattle numbers at 1.47 billion. Regionally, the FAO estimate for 2013 includes: Asia 495 million; South America 348 million; Africa 305 million; Europe 122 million; North America 102 million; Central America 46 million; Oceania 42 million; and Caribbean 9 million.  The following table shows the cattle population in 2009.\n\n, Africa had about 231 million head of cattle, raised in both traditional and non-traditional systems, but often an \"integral\" part of the culture and way of life.\n\n\n+ Cattle population \n Region !! 2009 !! 2013 \n\n\n 285,000,000 (By 2003)\n\n 194,655,285\n\n\n 187,087,000\n186,646,205\n\n\n 139,721,000\n102,668,900\n\n\n 96,669,000\n96,956,461\n\n \n 87,650,000\n\n\n \n 51,062,000\n52,509,049\n\n \n 38,300,000\n26,007,848\n\n\n 29,202,000\n27,249,291\n\n\n 26,489,000\n31,222,196\n\n\n 22,976,000\n22,844,190\n\n\n 18,370,000\n28,685,315\n\n\n 14,187,000\n13,526,296\n\n\n 13,945,000\n13,287,866\n\n'''Others'''\n 49,756,000\n\n\n"	" See also "	"\n\n* 1966 anti-cow slaughter agitation\n* British Cattle Health Initiative\n* Bull-baiting\n* Bullocky\n* Bulls and Cows (game)\n* Cattle age determination\n* Cattle judging\n* Cow tipping\n* Cowboy\n* Factory farming\n* :Category:Individual cattle\n* List of cattle breeds\n* List of domesticated animals\n* Ranch\n\n\n\n"	" References "	"\n"	"Notes"	"\n"	"Further reading"	"\n\n\n\n* Bhattacharya, S. 2003.  Cattle ownership makes it a man's world. ''Newscientist.com''. Retrieved 26 December 2006.\n* Cattle Today (CT). 2006. Website.  Breeds of cattle. ''Cattle Today''. Retrieved 26 December 2006\n* Clay, J. 2004. ''World Agriculture and the Environment: A Commodity-by-Commodity Guide to Impacts and Practices''. Washington, D.C., USA: Island Press. ISBN 1-55963-370-0.\n* Clutton-Brock, J. 1999. ''A Natural History of Domesticated Mammals''. Cambridge UK : Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-63495-4.\n*  \u2013 A visual textbook containing History/Origin, Phenotype & Statistics of 45 breeds.\n* Huffman, B. 2006.  ''The ultimate ungulate page''. ''UltimateUngulate.com''. Retrieved 26 December 2006.\n* Invasive Species Specialist Group (ISSG). 2005.  ''Bos taurus''. ''Global Invasive Species Database''.\n* Johns, Catherine. 2011 ''Cattle: History, Myth, Art''. London, England: The British Museum Press. 978-0-7141-5084-0\n* Nowak, R.M. and Paradiso, J.L. 1983. ''Walker's Mammals of the World''. Baltimore, Maryland, USA: The Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 0-8018-2525-3\n* Oklahoma State University (OSU). 2006.  ''Breeds of Cattle''. Retrieved 5 January 2007.\n* Public Broadcasting Service (PBS). 2004.  Holy cow. ''PBS Nature''. Retrieved 5 January 2007.\n* Rath, S. 1998. ''The Complete Cow''. Stillwater, Minnesota, USA: Voyageur Press. ISBN 0-89658-375-9.\n* Raudiansky, S. 1992. ''The Covenant of the Wild''. New York: William Morrow and Company, Inc. ISBN 0-688-09610-7.\n* Spectrum Commodities (SC). 2006.  Live cattle. ''Spectrumcommodities.com''. Retrieved 5 January 2007.\n* Voelker, W. 1986. ''The Natural History of Living Mammals''. Medford, New Jersey, USA: Plexus Publishing, Inc. ISBN 0-937548-08-1.\n* Yogananda, P. 1946. ''The Autobiography of a Yogi''. Los Angeles, California, USA: Self Realization Fellowship. ISBN 0-87612-083-4.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Celebrity doll"	"Introduction"	"A '''celebrity doll''' is a doll modelled after a celebrity.\n\nCelebrity dolls have been in production for a very long time.  In the 1840s, several famous ballerinas were featured as paper dolls.  Also in the 19th century, various military heroes were portrayed as dolls/figures.  With the advent of silent films, dolls of film stars were created. The John Bunny doll (a silent film star) was one of the first produced in 1914 by Louis Amberg & Sons. The first Charlie Chaplin doll was produced in 1915.  The composition Baby Peggy doll was a huge success in 1923, also produced by the Amberg company. The Shirley Temple doll by Ideal was a phenomenon in the 1930s, and would go on to be one of the most successful celebrity dolls. First produced in 1934, millions of the composition Shirley dolls were produced (and, variations of the Shirley doll are being produced to this day, generally in porcelain or vinyl).  After Shirley, companies like Madame Alexander and Ideal produced many different celebrity dolls, including Sonja Henie, Jane Withers and Deanna Durbin. Celebrity dolls still remain popular today, especially given the cult of celebrity that has developed in the 1980s-first decade of the 21st century. Because of the wide collecting audience for these dolls and their appeal as a cross-over collectible in many instances, some collectors also believe that the dolls have the possibility of appreciating in value in the future.\n\nThe best-selling celebrity dolls in history are The Spice Girls dolls, made in 1997, selling over eleven million, Other million selling dolls of recent years include  the Britney Spears doll, made in 1999, the New Kids on the Block dolls (selling over two million dolls) and Christina Aguilera doll (selling over three million dolls). Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen dolls were also popular from 1999-2004. Dolls of Lindsay Lohan, Hilary Duff and Destiny's Child were being made in 2005-2006. In 2007-2009 dolls based on characters in Disney Channel movies and TV series, such as, ''High School Musical'', ''Hannah Montana'', ''The Cheetah Girls'', ''Camp Rock'', and ''Wizards of Waverly Place'' were released. In the 2010s, dolls of Katy Perry, Nicki Minaj and Lady Gaga were made for charitable efforts.  \n"	"Various celebrity dolls"	"* A*Teens (Play Along, 2000)\n* Aaron Carter (Play Along, 2000)\n* Aly & AJ (Huckleberry Toys, 2007)\n* Ashley Tisdale (Huckleberry Toys, 2008)\n* Audrey Hepburn (Mattel, 1998 and 2013)\n* B*Witched (Yaboom Toys, 1999)\n* Barbara Eden (Mattel)\n* Barbra Streisand (Mattel, 2009)\n* ''Bratz: The Movie'' (MGA Entertainment, 2007)\n* ''Beverly Hills, 90210'' cast (Mattel, 1991)\n* Bob Hope (part of the Classic G.I. Joe line)\n* Boy George (1984)\n* Boyzone (Yaboom, 1999)\n* Brandy (Mattel, 1999)\n* Britney Spears (Yaboom Toys) (Play Along, 1999)\n* Brooke Shields (LJN Toys, 1982)\n* ''Camp Rock'' cast (Play Along, 2008)\n* Cary Grant (World)\n* Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge (Cache Sales, 2011 and Mattel, 2011)\n* The Cheetah Girls (Play Along, 2007)\n* Charles Lindbergh (American Character, 1927)\n* ''Charlie's Angels'' cast (Jakks Pacific, 2000)\n* Cher (Mego, 1976, 1977, 1978 and Mattel, 2000)\n* Christie Brinkley (Matchbox, 1989)\n* Christina Aguilera (Yaboom Toys 1999)\n* Clark Gable (Mattel)\n* Claudia Schiffer (Hasbro)\n* Cody Simpson (Wish Factory, 2011)\n* Cyndi Lauper (Mattel, 2010)\n* David Duchovny (Mattel)\n* Debbie Harry (Mattel, 2009)\n* Destiny's Child (Hasbro, 2001 and Mattel, 2005)\n* Diana Serra Cary (Louis Amberg & Sons, 1923)\n* Diana Ross (Mattel)\n* Disney V.I.P. Dolls (Mattel, 2011)\n* Dolly Parton (Mego, 1970s)\n* Donny Osmond (Mattel, 1976)\n* Doris Day (Mattel, 2011)\n* Dream (Play Along, 2001)\n* Elizabeth Montgomery (Mattel)\n* Elizabeth Taylor (Mattel)\n* Elvis Presley (Mattel, 1998 and 2009)\n* Faith Hill (Mattel, 2011)\n* Farrah Fawcett (Mego, 1970s and Mattel, 2011)\n* Fay Wray (Mattel)\n* Fifth Harmony (Mattel, 2015)\n* Frank Sinatra (Mattel, 1998)\n* Fred Astaire (World Doll)\n* ''Full House'' cast (Tiger, 1992)\n* Gillian Anderson (Mattel)\n* Girls Aloud (Mattel, 2005)\n* Goldie Hawn (Mattel, 2009)\n* ''Gone with the Wind'' (Mattel)\n* Princess Grace (Franklin Mint and Mattel)\n* ''Grease'' cast (Mattel)\n* Gwen Stefani (Huckleberry Toys, 2007)\n* ''H2O: Just Add Water'' cast (Playmates, 2009)\n* Halle Berry (Mattel, 2005, 2009)\n* ''Hannah Montana'' cast (Play Along, 2007)\n* ''Harry Potter'' cast\n* Haylie Duff (Mattel, 2005)\n* Heidi Klum (Mattel, 2009)\n* Hilary Duff (Playmates, 2004 and Mattel, 2005)\n* HiHi Puffy AmiYumi (Mattel, 2004)\n* ''High School Musical'' cast (Mattel, 2007)\n* Honor Blackman (Mattel, 2009)\n* ''iCarly'' cast (Playmates, 2009)\n* Jackie Evancho (The Bridge, 2011)\n* James Dean (Mattel)\n* Jane Seymour (Mattel, 2010)\n* Jennifer Beals (Mattel)\n* Joan Collins (Mattel, 2010)\n* Joan Jett (Mattel, 2009)\n* Johnny Depp (Mattel, 2011)\n* Julie Andrews (Mattel)\n* Justin Bieber (The Bridge, 2010)\n* Karen Mulder (Hasbro)\n* Kate Winslet (Mattel)\n* Kathryn Grayson (American Character, late 1940s)\n* Katy Perry (Mattel)\n* Kimora Lee Simmons (Mattel, 2007)\n* KISS\n* Kylie Minogue (Jakks Pacific, 2004)\n* Lady Gaga (As Zomby Gaga - Mattel, 2016)\n* LeAnn Rimes (Mattel, 2005)\n* Linda Evans (Mattel, 2010)\n* Lindsay Lohan, part of the My Scene line. (Mattel, 2005)\n* Little Mix (Vivid, 2012)\n* Lucille Ball (American Character, 1952; Mattel)\n* ''Mad Men'' cast (Mattel, 2010)\n* Madonna\n* Mandy Moore (Play Along, 2000)\n* Marie Osmond (Charisma, 2010)\n* Marilyn Manson\n* Marilyn Monroe (Mattel)\n* Martina McBride (Mattel, 2005)\n* Mary-Kate and Ashley Olsen (Mattel, 1999)\n* Master P\n* Maud Adams (Mattel, 2010)\n* MC Hammer (Mattel, 1990)\n* Melissa Joan Hart (Hasbro)\n* Menudo (1983)\n* Michael Jackson\n* Naomi Campbell (Hasbro)\n* New Kids on the Block (Hasbro, 1990)\n* Nicki Minaj (Mattel, 2011)\n* NSYNC (Living Toyz, 2000)\n* One Direction (Hasbro, 2012)\n* Pamela Anderson (GIG and Triad Toys)\n* Patrick Dempsey (Disney, 2007)\n* Pen\u00e9lope Cruz (Mattel, 2011)\n* Princess Diana\n* Prince William, Duke of Cambridge (Mattel, 2011)\n* RBD (Mattel, 2007)\n* Reba McEntire (Mattel, 2011)\n* Reese Witherspoon (Mattel)\n* Rock Hudson (Mattel, 2011)\n* Rosie O'Donnell (Mattel, 1998)\n* S Club 7 (Hasbro, 2000)\n* ''Saved By the Bell'' cast (Tiger, 1992)\n* Selena\n* Shakira (Mattel, 2002)\n* Shirley Temple (Ideal Toy Company, 1934)\n* Sisqo (Play Along, 2000)\n* Snoop Dogg\n* Sonny Bono and Cher (Mego, 1976)\n* Spice Girls (Galoob, 1997, Hasbro, 1998 and Toy Maxx (Yaboom), 1999)\n* Steps (Hasbro)\n* Sugababes (Mattel)\n* Sweet Valley High (Bandai 1993)\n* Take That\n* Tim McGraw (Mattel, 2011)\n* Tippi Hedren (Mattel)\n* Tyra Banks (Life Size) Eve Doll\n* Taylor Swift (Jakks Pacific, 2008)\n* ''That's So Raven'' (Mattel, 2005)\n* The Hunger Games (Mattel, 2012)\n* The Pussycat Dolls (Hasbro, 2006) (Cancelled)\n* TLC (Yaboom Toys, 1999)\n* Twiggy (Mattel, 1967)\n* ''Twilight'' cast (Mattel, 2009)\n* Ursula Andress (Mattel, 2009)\n* Vanilla Ice (T.HQ, 1991)\n* Vanna White (HSC, 1990)\n* Venus Williams and Serena Williams (Play Along, 1999)\n* Vitamin C (Mattel, 2000)\n* Vivien Leigh (Mattel)\n* ''Victorious'' cast (Spin Master, 2011)\n* ''Wizards of Waverly Place'' (Selena Gomez) (Mattel, 2009)\n* Yvonne de Carlo (Mattel)\n* Zendaya (Mattel, 2015)\n"	"See also"	"* Disney V.I.P. Dolls\n* Victorious Dolls\n* List of G.I. Joe action figures modeled after real persons\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n"
"C'est la Vie (comic strip)"	"Introduction"	"'''\"C'est la Vie\"''' is a comic strip by Jennifer Babcock.  It is syndicated on the web by Universal Press Syndicate.\n\nBefore it was picked up for syndication, C'est la Vie premiered in UCLA's Daily Bruin.  It was also self-published by the artist on the web. \n\nThe primary character of the comic is Mona Montrois, a chain-smoking Parisienne living in Los Angeles.  Her sidekick is Monsieur Smokey, a lewd, chauvinistic stuffed bunny.\n"	"External links"	"*  C'est la Vie at gocomics.com\n*   C'est la Vie at CLV-comic.com with author commentary.\n*  First comic at the Daily Bruin in 2001\n*  Interview with Jennifer Babcock about C'est la Vie at WCBN.\n*  Interview with Jennifer Babcock about C'est la Vie at Comixtalk\n*  Interview with Jennifer Babcock about C'est la Vie at Gigcast\n*  Hamilton Institution article referencing C'est La Vie.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Charles Lucas (cricketer, born 1843)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''Charles Frank Lucas''' (25 November 1843 \u2013 27 September 1919) was an English cricketer. Lucas was a right-handed batsman.\n\nLucas made his first-class debut for Hampshire 1864 against Sussex, which was the county clubs inaugural first-class match.\n\nIn 1865 during a county match against Surrey, Lucas scored his maiden first-class half century with a score of 58 in Hampshire's second innings. The following season Lucas made his debut for the Gentlemen of the South against I Zingari. The Gentlemen side that Lucas was part of featured W.G. Grace. The same season while playing for Hampshire, Lucas scored his maiden and only first-class century with a score of 135 in Hampshire's first innings. Lucas played his second match for the Gentlemen of the South, this time against the Players of the South in the 1866 season.\n\nThe following season Lucas played his final match for the Gentlemen of the South against the Players of the South.\n\nFrom 1866 to 1880 Lucas played infrequently for Hampshire, with a seven-year gap between an appearance for the county against Lancashire in 1870 and his next first-class appearance for the club in 1877 against Kent.\n\nLucas' final first-class match for Hampshire came in 1880 against Sussex. In his fourteen first-class matches for Hampshire, Lucas scored 502 runs at a batting average of 20.08, with one half century and one century which yielded him his highest first-class score of 135.\n\nLucas died at Carshalton, Surrey on 27 September 1919.\n"	"Family"	"Lucas' cousin Bunny Lucas represented Cambridge University, Essex, Middlesex and Surrey. In addition Bunny represented England in five Test matches.\n"	"External links"	"* Charles Lucas at Cricinfo\n* Charles Lucas at CricketArchive\n* Matches and detailed statistics for Charles Lucas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Charles Lucas (cricketer, born 1843)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''Charles Frank Lucas''' (25 November 1843 \u2013 27 September 1919) was an English cricketer. Lucas was a right-handed batsman.\n\nLucas made his first-class debut for Hampshire 1864 against Sussex, which was the county clubs inaugural first-class match.\n\nIn 1865 during a county match against Surrey, Lucas scored his maiden first-class half century with a score of 58 in Hampshire's second innings. The following season Lucas made his debut for the Gentlemen of the South against I Zingari. The Gentlemen side that Lucas was part of featured W.G. Grace. The same season while playing for Hampshire, Lucas scored his maiden and only first-class century with a score of 135 in Hampshire's first innings. Lucas played his second match for the Gentlemen of the South, this time against the Players of the South in the 1866 season.\n\nThe following season Lucas played his final match for the Gentlemen of the South against the Players of the South.\n\nFrom 1866 to 1880 Lucas played infrequently for Hampshire, with a seven-year gap between an appearance for the county against Lancashire in 1870 and his next first-class appearance for the club in 1877 against Kent.\n\nLucas' final first-class match for Hampshire came in 1880 against Sussex. In his fourteen first-class matches for Hampshire, Lucas scored 502 runs at a batting average of 20.08, with one half century and one century which yielded him his highest first-class score of 135.\n\nLucas died at Carshalton, Surrey on 27 September 1919.\n"	"Family"	"Lucas' cousin Bunny Lucas represented Cambridge University, Essex, Middlesex and Surrey. In addition Bunny represented England in five Test matches.\n"	"External links"	"* Charles Lucas at Cricinfo\n* Charles Lucas at CricketArchive\n* Matches and detailed statistics for Charles Lucas\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Chris Bailey (animator)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Chris Bailey''' (born March 26, 1962) is an American animator and film director.\n"	"Early life and career"	"Bailey was born in Portland, Oregon on 26 March 1962.\n\nHe went to high school at Reynolds High School, and later attended California Institute of the Arts.\nHe worked at Disney as an animator for ''The Great Mouse Detective'', ''Sport Goofy in Soccermania'', ''Oliver and Company'', ''The Little Mermaid'', ''The Rescuers Down Under'', ''The Lion King'', and ''Hercules''.\n\nPrior to Disney, Bailey worked with Don Bluth on the ''Space Ace'' and ''Dragon's Lair'' video games and also on ''Starchaser: The Legend of Orin''. He became one of the first traditional animators to adapt to computer graphics.\n\nHe directed the animation for Paula Abdul's ''Opposites Attract'' music video, the 1995 Mickey Mouse cartoon, ''Runaway Brain'', the 3D Disneyland attraction It's Tough to be a Bug, and the popular series ''Kim Possible''. ''Runaway Brain'' was screened out of competition at the 1996 Cannes Film Festival.\n\nHe served as animation director for ''Garfield: The Movie'', ''Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties'', and ''Alvin and the Chipmunks'' and ''2 Stupid Dogs'', supervising producer and supervising director for ''Clerks: The Animated Series'' and animation supervisor for ''Inspector Gadget'', ''Mighty Joe Young'', ''Fat Albert'' and ''X-Men 2''. He also directed the Disney's teenage spy hero ''Kim Possible'' (he was also executive producer and dialogue director for Season 1) which became a great success.\n\nMajor Damage, his much loved and groundbreaking animated short, was posted on his YouTube channel on Oct 28, 2016.  Back in 2001 Major Damage was a groundbreaking achievement because of Chris' use of the Internet to collaborate with other artists and contributors.\n"	"Selected filmography"	"\n===As director===\n* ''Runaway Brain'' (1995)\n* ''It's Tough to Be a Bug!'' (1998)\n* ''Clerks: The Animated Series'' (TV-Series, six episodes, 2000\u20132001)\n* ''Major Damage'' (2001)\n* ''Kim Possible'' (TV-Series, ten episodes, 2002\u20132005)\n* ''Lady D'' (2008)\n* ''Lefty'' (2008)\n* ''Georgy'' (2008)\n* ''Sean'' (2008)\n* ''Judy M.D.: Super Surgeon'' (2008)\n* ''Phil's Dance Party'' (2012)\n* ''Blazing Samurai'' (2017)\n\n===As animator===\n* ''Starchaser: The Legend of Orin'' (1985)\n* ''Sport Goofy in Soccermania'' (1987)\n* ''Technological Threat'' (1988)\n* ''Oliver & Company'' (1988)\n* ''Bugs Bunny\u2019s Wild World of Sports'' (TV 1989)\n* ''The Little Mermaid'' (1989)\n* ''The Rescuers Down Under'' (1990)\n* ''The Lion King'' (1994)\n* ''Hercules'' (1997)\n* ''Garfield: The Movie'' (2004)\n* ''Garfield: A Tail of Two Kitties'' (2006)\n* ''Alvin and the Chipmunks'' (2007)\n* ''Alvin and the Chipmunks: The Squeakquel'' (2009)\n* ''Hop'' (2011)\n"	"Awards and nominations"	"* 1996 Oscar nomination, Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film for ''Runaway Brain'' (1995)\n* 2005 Daytime Emmy Award nomination, Outstanding Children's Animated Program for ''Kim Possible'' (2005)\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* Official website\n* Official blog (Last updated: June 6, 2011)\n* Major Damage on YouTube\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Christa Speck"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Christa Speck''' (August 1, 1942 \u2013 March 22, 2013)  was a German model and actress. She was chosen as ''Playboy'' magazine's Playmate of the Month for the September 1961 issue, and as the 1962 Playmate of the Year. Her original pictorial was photographed by Sam Wu.\n"	"Career and media appearances"	"Speck was working as a bank secretary at Bank of America when she was discovered by Playboy. She was chosen as ''Playboy'' magazine's Playmate of the Month for the September 1961 issue, and as the 1962 Playmate of the Year, the first foreign-born model to be so named. She worked as a Bunny in the company\u2019s Chicago nightclub, lived in the Playboy Mansion and was featured in all of the magazine\u2019s 60s pictorials about life at Mansion: 1961\u2019s ''Playmate Holiday House Party'', 1963\u2019s ''Playmate Pillow Fight and Bunnies'' and 1966\u2019s ''The Playboy Mansion''. Speck was selected by Playboy editors and readers as one of their \"ten favorite Playmates from the magazine\u2019s first decade.\"\n\nHer centerfold is seen in the 1978 film ''Animal House'' which takes place in 1962. Speck is mentioned in the 2007 book ''Confessions of a Crabgrass Cowboy: From Lincoln Logs to Lava Lamps: Coming of Age in an Early American Suburb'' by William Schwarz. She is also mentioned briefly in the 2011 book ''The Bunny Years'' by fellow, former Bunny Kathryn Leigh Scott.\n"	"Personal life"	"Speck was born in Danzig, Germany (now Gda\u0144sk, Poland).\n\nShe was later married to children's programming producer Marty Krofft. Speck and Krofft had three daughters.\n"	"Death"	"Speck died at her home in Los Angeles, California, on March 22, 2013, from natural causes at age \n70.\n"	"See also"	"* List of people in Playboy 1960\u20131969\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Clarinda, Victoria"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Clarinda''' is a suburb in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 19\u00a0km south-east of Melbourne's central business district. Its local government area is the City of Kingston. At the 2011 Census, Clarinda had a population of 7,461.\n"	"History"	"\nThe area was once coastal heathland and first occupied by John O'Shannessy during the early 1840s, who took a squatting licence to encompass a  block, around suburbs known today as Clarinda, Clayton South, Dingley and Heatherton. O\u2019Shannessy later passed on his licence to John and Richard King, in 1846, which saw the transformation of the area.\n\nIn May 1905, Brighton Council advised it had received an offer from the Melbourne Metropolitan Board of Works that it was prepared to lay an extension of the Glenhuntly Road water main into Clarinda Road with the view of opening up 'little populated localities'. \n\nIn June 1905, Moorabbin Council called for estimates to form and gravel 20 chains of Clarinda Road from Bunny Road, requesting the owners in the meantime to clear off 'furze'. \n\nThe 6 July 1907 edition of the Brighton Southern Cross newspaper, carried an advertisement from a florist named Curtis seeking an employee to work in Clarinda Road, Bald Hills, Clayton.\n\nThe area was originally called Bald Hills but because there were many places of the same name, it was changed to Bayview then later Clarinda.\n\nThe Moorabbin Council voted to support the construction of Clarinda Road at a meeting in April 1908. It noted it was the only through road between Heatherton and Bald Hills. It was proposed to source gravel for the project from nearby Robertson's Estate. Ratepayers had agreed to work valued at \u00a330 and had already undertaken preparatory work themselves. In July the council agreed with an engineer's report recommending Clarinda Road be gravelled for a distance of four chains, and concurred the area should then be 'left alone for a little while'.\n\nClarinda Post Office opened on 13 September 1911 and closed in 1971. When the suburb was developed it reopened in 1984.\n\nClarinda is now a very multicutural suburb with existing communities from India, Greece, Cambodia, Sri Lanka and Vietnam.\n"	"Education"	"* Clarinda Primary School\n* St. Andrew's Catholic Primary School\n* Heatherton Christian College\n"	"Transport"	"* Clarinda is accessible by a number of Metlink bus routes servicing the area.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* Australian Places - Clarinda\n\n\n\n"
"Consolidate (Rabbit Junk album)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Consolidate''''' (also known as '''''Consolidate: A Retrospective Compilation''''') is a compilation album by Rabbit Junk, released on May 18 2016 via Glitch Mode Recordings. It is the first physical release by the band since ''Project Nonagon'' in 2010. The album consists of tracks from the EPs ''Pop That Pretty Thirty'', ''Invasion'' and ''Beast''.\n"	" Track listing "	"\n"	"Personnel"	"'''Rabbit Junk'''\n*JP Anderson \u2013 vocals, guitars, bass guitar, keyboards, programming, production\n*Sum Grrl \u2013 vocals\n\n'''Additional'''\n*Sean Payne \u2013 remastering, additional production on \"From the Ashes\"\n*Nadia G \u2013 vocals on \"IDONTGIVEAFUCK\" and \"Crutch\"\n*MizSTRESS \u2013 vocals on \"Thug Baby\"\n\n\n\n\n"
"Coven (film)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''Coven''''' is a 1997 black and white direct-to-video horror short film directed by Mark Borchardt. The making of the film was documented in the 1999 award-winning independent film ''American Movie''. It was shot with local talent around Milwaukee.\n"	"Sales and distribution"	"\n''Coven'' was largely funded by Mark's uncle Bill Borchardt's savings with the understanding that Mark must sell 3,000 copies in order for Bill to make his money back. However, Bill died shortly after the release of ''Coven''. Bill, along with Mark and an assortment of friends and neighbors, star in the film. The movie was sold through his website www.northwestproductions.com (now defunct). By 2004, Borchardt sold 5,100 copies of \"Coven\" at $14.95.\n"	"Plot summary"	"The film introduces Mike (Borchardt) as a writer struggling with a lack of artistic productivity.  To deal with the pressures he feels from within and without, he escalates his abuse of alcohol. One day when faced with overwhelming deadlines, he takes a large quantity of pills with alcohol resulting in an overdose and hospitalization. When Steve (Tom Schimmels) takes notice of Mike's increasing volatility and isolation, he confronts the defensive writer.  Steve shows genuine concern for his friend's self-destructive behavior and intervenes. The film suggests by lack of others at the intervention that Steve may be the only friend Mike has left. Steve suggests a  support group with whom he has been affiliated and after gaining some perspective, Mike joins them.  After becoming a part of the group, he comes to realize that the group has a deeper occult agenda and use extreme, sometimes supernatural, tactics to \"help\" new members remain clean and sober.\n"	"Critical reception"	"Critical reception for ''Coven'' has been negative and the film holds a rating of 38% on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 8 reviews.\n"	"In popular culture"	"''Coven'' established Borchardt as an amateur filmmaker.  ''American Movie'' helped Mark get noticed to a broader audience, which led to appearances (along with co-producer Mike Schank) in television programs like ''Family Guy'', and ''Greg the Bunny'', in which they parody scenes from the movie.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Crusader Rabbit"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\n'''''Crusader Rabbit''''' is the first animated series produced specifically for television. The concept was test marketed in 1948, while the initial episode\u2014''Crusader vs. the State of Texas''\u2014aired on KNBH (now KNBC) in Los Angeles on August 1, 1949.\n"	"Production history"	"The concept of an animated series made for television came from animator Alex Anderson, who worked for Terrytoons Studios. Terrytoons turned down Anderson's proposed series, preferring to remain in theatrical film animation. Consequently, Anderson approached Jay Ward to create a partnership\u2014Anderson being in charge of production and Ward arranging financing. Ward became business manager and producer, joining with Anderson to form \"Television Arts Productions\" in 1947. They tried to sell the series (initially presented as part of a proposed series, ''The Comic Strips of Television'', which featured an early incarnation of ''Dudley Do-Right'') to the NBC television network, with Jerry Fairbanks as the network's \"supervising producer\". NBC did not telecast ''Crusader Rabbit'' on their network, but allowed Fairbanks to sell the series in national syndication, with many NBC affiliates (including New York and Los Angeles) picking it up for local showings. WNBC-TV in New York continued to show the original ''Crusader Rabbit'' episodes from 1950 through 1967, and some stations used the program as late as the 1970s.\n\nThe original series employed limited animation, appearing almost as narrated storyboards with frequent cuts and minor movement by the characters, much in the style of another early NBC \"animation\" program ''Tele-Comics''. This was due to the limited budget that producers Jay Ward and Alex Anderson worked with to film the series. In 1948 Clarence E. Wheeler created the original opening and closing theme for the animated series, adapting and arranging the folk melodies The Trail to Mexico (known on cue sheets as \"Rabbit Fanfare\") and Ten Little Indians (known as \"Main Title Rabbit\").\n\nEach program began with a title sequence of a mounted knight galloping across the screen. The episodes then featured a short, usually satirical, adventure in the form of a movie serial, ending with a cliffhanger.\n\n''Crusader Rabbit'' was syndicated from 1950 to 1952, totaling 195 episodes (divided into ten \"crusades\"), and then re-aired for many years. It featured Crusader Rabbit, his companion Ragland T. Tiger (Rags), and their occasional nemesis \u2013 Dudley Nightshade (called Ill-regard Beauregard in a few episodes), and his sidekick Bilious Green.  Some episodes featured Crusader & Rags's friends Garfield the Groundhog and/or Arson & Sterno (a two-headed dragon). Ragland Tiger's name came from the jazz tune \"Tiger Rag\" his middle initial \"T\" stands for The (as in Rags The Tiger), while Dudley Nightshade's name was a play on the poisonous plant, \"deadly nightshade\". As a running gag, another character would ask Rags what the \"T\" stood for, to which he'd reply, \"Larry. My father couldn't spell!\"\n\nThe series was revived and 13 new \"crusades\" (totaling 260 color episodes) were produced in 1956 by Shull Bonsall's Capital Enterprises. Bonsall purchased Television Arts Productions and gained the rights to ''Crusader Rabbit'', during a protracted legal battle between Jay Ward, Alex Anderson, Jerry Fairbanks and the NBC network, over ownership of the series. Animation was provided by Bonsall's Creston Studios, also known as TV Spots, Inc., supervised by Bob Ganon and Gerald Ray. The new series was not seen until early 1959.\n\nThe revived (2nd) series used an open/close theme from the British \"Impress\" production music library licensed by Emil Ascher publishing of New York. It was titled \"Juggins\" composed by Van Phillips (professional name of Alexander Van Cleve Phillips).\n\nLucille Bliss provided the voice of Crusader Rabbit in the original series; she was replaced by Ge Ge Pearson in the revived series. Vern Louden played Rags in both. Dudley Nightshade was voiced by Russ Coughlan, and narration was by Roy Whaley.\n"	"Legacy"	"The success of ''Crusader Rabbit'' inspired many more television cartoon character packages. Jay Ward would later produce ''The Rocky and Bullwinkle Show''. In 1985, Rhino Entertainment released the first two volumes of ''Crusader Rabbit'' in a planned home-video release of all the original episodes. However, 20th Century Fox claimed the distribution rights by their acquisition of previous owner Metromedia Producers Corporation. No further video releases of ''Crusader Rabbit'' have been produced.\n"	"In popular culture"	"*There were two Dell Publishing comic books featuring ''Crusader Rabbit'' and Rags.\n"	"First series"	"The first series aired from 1950 to 1952 through syndication, with 195 episodes produced.\n\n===Episodes===\n*Crusader vs. the State of Texas (15 chapters)\n*Crusader vs. the Pirates (20 chapters)\n*Crusader and the Rajah of Rinsewater (20 chapters)\n*Crusader and the Schmohawk Indians (15 chapters)\n*Crusader and the Great Horse Mystery (20 chapters)\n*Crusader and the Circus (10 chapters)\n*Crusader in the Tenth Century (30 chapters)\n*Crusader and the Mad Hollywood Scientist (15 chapters)\n*Crusader and the Leprechauns (25 chapters)\n*Crusader and the Showboat (25 chapters)\n\n===Production staff===\n*Executive Producer: Jerry Fairbanks\n*Producers: Jay Ward, Alex Anderson\n*Director: Alex Anderson\n*Story: Alex Anderson, Joe Curtin, Hal Goodman, Arthur North, Lloyd Turner\n*Artists: Alex Anderson, Bob Bastian, Bob Bemiller, Chuck Fusion, Randy Grochoski, Ed King, Ted Martine, Bob Mills, Lee Mishkin, Grim Natwick, Russ Sholl, Jim Scott, John Sparey, Dean Spille, Spaulding White, Volney White\n*Camera: Bob Oleson, Jack Williams\n*Music: Clarence E. Wheeler\n*Editor: Tom Stanford\n\n===Voices===\n*Lucille Bliss \u2013 Crusader Rabbit\n*Vern Louden \u2013 Ragland T. Tiger\n*Roy Whaley \u2013 Narrator\n"	"Second series"	"The second series premiered in 1956 syndication with 260 episodes produced, 20 \"chapters\" per episode. They were later edited into 13 one-hour programs.\n\n===Episodes===\n\n*The Great Uranium Hunt ( Mine Your Own Business)\n*The Yukon Adventure (a.k.a. Thar's Gold in Them Fills)\n*Tales of Schmerwood Forest (a.k.a. Crook's Tour)\n*West We Forget\n*Sahara You\n*Gullible's Travels\n*Should Auld Acquaintance Be for Cotton (a.k.a. Belly Acres Mystery)\n*Nothing Atoll\n*Scars and Stripes\n*Apes of Rath\n*Caesar's Salad (a.k.a. No Place Like Rome)\n*The Great Baseball Mystery (a.k.a. Gone With the Wind-Up)\n*The Search for the Missing Link\n\n===Production staff===\n*Executive Producer: Shull Bonsall\n*Director: Sam Nicholson\n*Animation Director: Bob Bemiller\n*Story: Chris Bob Hayward, Barbara Chain\n*Story Sketch: Jack Miller\n*Music Scoring: Art Becker\n*Sound Effects: Ray Erlenborn, Gene Twambley\n*Layout: Ed Levitt\n*Animators: Alex Ignatiev, Bob Matz, Reuben Timmens, Joseph Price, John Sparey, Marv Woodward\n*Backgrounds: David Weidman, Eleanor Bogardus, Rosemary O'Connor\n*Ink and Paint: Martha Buckley, Maggi Alcumbrac\n*Production Planning: Dave Hoffman\n*Camera: Julian E. Raymond, Ted Bemiller\n*Editors: Charles McCann, Norman Vizents\n*Production Supervision: Bob Ganon\n\n===Voices===\n*GeGe Pearson \u2013 Crusader Rabbit\n*Vern Louden \u2013 Ragland T. Tiger\n*Roy Whaley \u2013 Narrator\n*Russ Coughlan \u2013 Dudley Nightshade\n"	"See also"	"*List of animated television series\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n* Crusader Rabbit at tv.com\n* Crusader Rabbit minisite\n* Crusader Rabbit at Toonopedia\n* \"Bubble Trouble,\" a Crusader Rabbit children's book \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Darrell Till"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Darrell Till''' (born 1975 in Blackpool, Lancashire) is an English singer-songwriter, composer, and author. His work as a composer to the soundtrack of Prism Award winning short film Post Apocalyptic Bunny Makes Toast brought him to the attention of the public in 2003. His longest running musical project is the band Men From Earth which has also produced many notable works including a tribute song to the late Douglas Adams titled The Salmon of Doubt, which was reported in a Yahoo poll to be among the most downloaded tracks of 2001, a cover of They Might Be Giants \"Put Your Hand Inside the Puppet Head\" that appeared on the tribute album We Might Be Giants Too, Two, and more recently the song I Faked The Moon Landing which featured on the Craig Pilling Show on British radio station Rock FM. His other band The Ohms released one album \"Out There\" in 2004 which gained awards from music website GarageBand.com. The music video to The Ohms \"Sell Out Story\" won the \"2004 Mill Award for new media Animation\".\n\nHe is also co-founder of the media production company Tiny Lapel. As well as co-writing and performing in many of the videos produced by Tiny Lapel, the videos invariably also feature his music.\n\nTill is currently working on a second Men From Earth album to be titled \"New, Clear Ways to Land\", an untitled comicbook project, a soundtrack to the upcoming Randomers multimedia comic, and another unknown comedy script which he is known to be co-writing with fellow Tiny Lapel founder Russell Payne.\n"	"Discography"	"\nThroughout his career, he has released numerous studio albums, live albums, EPs, and singles. He has also collaborated on many other musical projects.\n\n*''A Taste of Earwax EP (2000) Internet only\n*''Men From Earth (2001)\n*''Live in the Castle Gardens (2002)\n*''Post Apocalyptic Bunny Makes Toast : Original Soundtrack (2003)\n*''Out There EP (2004) Internet only\n*''Out There (2004)\n*''I Faked The Moon Landing (2006)\n"	"References"	"\n"	" Sources and external links"	"*  Darrell Till on Flavors\n*  Darrell Till on Soundcloud\n*  Tiny Lapel on Youtube\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Dave Jeser"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''David Mark Douglas \"Dave\" Jeser''' is an American television writer and co-creator with Matt Silverstein of ''Drawn Together''. He has also written for other television shows including ''3rd Rock from the Sun'', ''The Man Show'', ''Action'', ''Greg the Bunny'', ''Axe Cop'', ''The Goode Family'' and ''The Cleveland Show'', and also created the MTV animated comedy ''DJ & the Fro'' in 2009.\n"	"Biography"	"Jeser was raised in a Jewish family in New Milford, New Jersey. His parents were ardent Zionists. Jeser is a graduate of Solomon Schechter Day School of Bergen County in New Milford and the Dwight-Englewood School in Englewood, New Jersey where he met Silverstein. In 2015, Jeser along with Matt Silverstein, developed author Joshua Miller's ''Golan the Insatiable'' for television appearing on Fox Television in May 2015. Producers were Jeser, Silverstein, Hend Baghdady and Nick Weidenfeld.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"David Fickling Books"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''David Fickling Books Ltd''' ('''DFB''') became an independent publishing house in July 2013 following 12 years with Scholastic and then Random House. They have published several prize-winning and bestselling books including ''Lyra's Oxford'' (from the world of His Dark Materials) by Philip Pullman, ''The Curious Incident of the Dog in the Night-time'' by Mark Haddon, ''The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas'' by John Boyne, ''Bing Bunny'' by Ted Dewan, ''Pants'' by Nick Sharratt and Giles Andreae, ''Before I Die'' by Jenny Downham, ''Trash'' by Andy Mulligan (shortly to be a major movie with script by Richard Curtis) and ''A Boy and a Bear in a Boat'' by Dave Shelton.\n\nThey are the only publishing house to have ever won the Branford Boase Award three times.\n\nDFB also works closely with ''The Phoenix'', a weekly story comic for children which David Fickling himself founded.\n"	"Books published"	"\n\n\nDate!!Title!!Author!!ISBN\n\n'''2002'''\n\nAugust 7\n''Poochie-poo''\nHelen Stephens\nISBN 0-385-60410-6\n\n'''2005'''\n\nNovember 3\n''Celandine''\nSteve Augarde\nISBN 0-385-60562-5\n\n'''2006'''\n\nJanuary 5\n''The Boy in the Striped Pyjamas''\nJohn Boyne\nISBN 978-0-385-60940-1\n\nJanuary 19\n''Pants''\nGiles Andreae and Nick Sharratt\nISBN 978-0-385-61039-1\n\n''Shark in the Park''\nNick Sharratt\nISBN 978-0-385-60812-1\n\nMarch 2\n''A Swift Pure Cry''\nSiobhan Dowd\nISBN 978-0-385-60969-2\n\nApril 6\n''The Penderwicks''\nJeanne Birdsall\nISBN 978-0-385-61034-6\n\nMay 4\n''Set in Stone''\nLinda Newbery\nISBN 978-0-385-60748-3\n\nJuly 6\n''Kat Got Your Tongue''\nLee Weatherly\nISBN 978-0-385-60780-3\n\nAugust 31\n''Into the Woods''\nLyn Gardner\nISBN 978-0-385-61035-3\n\nOctober 5\n''Uneversaurus\nAidan Potts\nISBN 978-0-385-60892-3\n\nNovember 2\n''Blue Skies and Gunfire\nK. M. Peyton\nISBN 978-0-385-61041-4\n\n'''2007'''\n\nFebruary 1\n''Monster Blood Tattoo: Foundling''\nD. M. Cornish\nISBN 978-0-385-61148-0\n\n''Sadie the Airmail Pilot\nKellie Strom\nISBN 978-0-385-60506-9\n\nMarch 1\n''Butterfingers''\nJ M Trewellard\nISBN 978-0-385-61208-1\n\n''Charlie Small: Gorilla City''\nCharlie Small\nISBN 978-0-385-61122-0\n\n''Charlie Small: The Perfumed Pirates of Perfidy''\nCharlie Small\nISBN 978-0-385-61123-7\n\nMay 3\n''More Pants''\nGiles Andreae and Nick Sharratt\nISBN 978-0-385-61077-3\n\nJune 7\n''The London Eye Mystery''\nSiobhan Dowd\nISBN 978-0-385-61266-1\n\nJuly 5\n''Before I Die''\nJenny Downham\nISBN 978-0-385-61346-0\n\n''The Lost Art''\nSimon Morden\nISBN 978-0-385-60964-7\n\nAugust 2\n''Charlie Small: The Puppet Master''\nCharlie Small\nISBN 978-0-385-61124-4\n\nSeptember 6\n''The Inferior''\nPeadar \u00d3 Guil\u00edn\nISBN 978-0-385-61095-7\n\n'''2008'''\n\nJanuary 3\n''Winter Wood''\nSteve Augarde\nISBN 978-0-385-60563-2\n\n''Charlie Small: The Daredevil Desperados of Destiny''\nCharlie Small\nISBN 978-0-385-61125-1\n\nFebruary 7\n''Bog Child''\nSiobhan Dowd\nISBN 978-0-385-61426-9\n\nApril 3\n''Time's Chariot''\nBen Jeapes\nISBN 978-0-385-61450-4\n\n''Once Upon a Time in the North''\nPhilip Pullman\nISBN 978-0-385-61432-0\n\n''Flightsend''\nLinda Newbery\nISBN 978-0-385-61407-8\n\nMay 1\n''Monster Blood Tattoo: Lamplighter''\nD.M. Cornish\nISBN 978-0-385-61192-3\n\n''Grizzly Dad''\nJoanna Harrison\nISBN 978-0-385-61019-3\n\nJune 5\n''The Penderwicks on Gardam Street''\nJeanne Birdsall\nISBN 978-0-385-61375-0\n\n''Red Spikes''\nMargo Lanagan\nISBN 978-0-385-61322-4\n\n'''2009'''\n\nSeptember 3\n''Boom!''\nMark Haddon\nISBN 978-0-385-61629-4\n\n\n"	"Notes"	"\n"	"References"	"\n*\n"	"External links"	"\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Dennis Avoth"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Dennis Avoth''' (born 5 October 1947) is a retired Cardiff-born heavyweight boxer. Avoth was a promising amateur boxer who turned professional in 1967. He held the Welsh Heavyweight Championship title from 1971 to 1973. He is the brother of Eddie Avoth, who was also a boxer and who became British, and Commonwealth Light-heavyweight champion, and European Light-heavyweight challenger.\n"	"Boxing career"	"Avoth boxed out of the Victoria Park boxing club as a youth, and whilst still a teenager he won the Welsh Amateur Boxing Association title, beating Del Phillips, who at 6\u00a0ft 5ins was seven inches taller than Avoth. The Welsh title allowed Avoth to enter the European championships, but was forced to retire after a torn rib ligament.\n\nAvoth turned professional in 1967 and like Eddie Avoth, his older brother before him, he joined the stable of Merthyr based trainer, Eddie Thomas. Avoth's first professional bout was against London-based fighter Doyley Brown at Grosvenor House in Mayfair, an undercard to a Ken Buchanan match. Avoth stopped his opponent via technical knockout in the fifth of the six round fight. This was the first in a string of seven unbeaten fights, including a victory over Paul Brown at the National Sporting Club in January 1968. Despite this promising start, his allusions of following his brother as a major contender were broken by four straight loses.\n\nAvoth was back to winning ways in the first half of 1969, remaining unbeaten in six fights, though all were through points decision. His run was broken in May when he faced future British heavyweight champion Bunny Johnson at the Midlands Sporting Club in Solihull. The eight round fight went the full distance, with the bout being awarded to Johnson. This was followed by a draw against his amateur title opponent Del Phillips, before Avoth again faced a future British heavyweight champion, Danny McAlinden. The fight against McAlinden was part of a national heavyweight competition held in Mayfair, London for a prize of \u00a31,000. The eight man knockout contest was scheduled for three rounds per bout and Avoth faced Manchester-based fighter Obe Hepburn in the quarter finals. After beating Hepburn on points, he then beat Billy Wynter by the same decision in the semi-final. The other semi-final was between McAlinden and another future champion, Richard Dunn. McAlinden knocked out Dunn in the first round, and then managed to stop Avoth in the final again in the first round, but this time via technical knockout. Avoth fought once more in 1969, a loss to Central Area champion, Billy Aird, before readjusting his sights on a new challenge, the Welsh heavyweight title, held by North Walian Carl Gizzi.\n\n1970 began with mixed results for Avoth. He lost to Charlie White, a fighter he had faced four times previously as a professional, before he recorded a win over Terry Feeley at the National Sporting Club. He then lost to Cliff Field before a Wales heavyweight title eliminator with Del Phillips was arranged. The fight was arranged as the top billing at Swansea's Top Rank Suite on 22 June 1970. The night started poorly for the Avoth family when younger brother Leslie was beaten by Santos Martins on the undercard, and Avoth's ambitions to become Welsh heavyweight were dented after Phillips was given the decision by referee Adrian Morgan after the match went the full ten rounds. Avoth finished 1970 with another two losses; to Peter Boddington in London and then to Bunny Johnson in Aberavon, both on points decision.\n\nIn 1971, and now managed by his father Jack, Avoth got his shot at the Welsh heavyweight title, which was still held by Carl Gizzi and had now been undefended in the six years since Gizzi won the title. The title fight was taken out of Wales and was staged at the National Sporting Club in London. The fight went the full ten rounds and Avoth was given the decision, making him the new Wales heavyweight champion. 1971 ended with two more wins, over Guinea Roger and Brian Jewitt; but 1972 began with two loses, which included the first time he had ever lost a professional fight by knockout when Roger Tighe stopped him in the sixth round of an eight-round contest. In April 1972, Avoth defended his Welsh title for the first time when he again faced Del Phillips. The two met in Swansea and again the fight went the distance, but this time referee Adrian Morgan gave the fight to Avoth. Avoth defended his title just once more when he beat Gene Innocent in Swansea in June 1973. Avoth was to fight just once more, a home bout in Sophia Gardens Pavilion in his home town of Cardiff. His challenger, Phil Matthew, knocked Avoth out in the first round, and Avoth retired from the sport soon after.\n"	"Professional boxing record"	"\n\n'''22 Wins''' (4 knockouts, 18 decisions), '''20 Losses''' (6 knockouts, 14 decisions), '''3 Draws''' \n\n'''Result'''\n'''Record'''\n'''Opponent'''\n'''Type'''\n'''Round'''\n'''Date'''\n'''Location'''\n'''Notes'''\n\nLoss\n\n Phil Matthews\nKO\n1\n01/08/1973\n Sophia Gardens Pavilion, Cardiff, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Gene Innocent\nPTS\n10\n27/06/1973\n Top Rank Suite, Swansea, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Eddie Neilson\nPTS\n8\n30/04/1973\n National Sporting Club, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Tim \"Fire\" Wood\nPTS\n8\n19/04/1973\n Wolverhampton Civic Hall, Wolverhampton, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Guinea Roger\nPTS\n8\n05/02/1973\n Top Rank Suite, Swansea, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Eddie Nielson\nPTS\n8\n27/11/1972\n National Sporting Club, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Frank \"The Tank\" Carpenter\nPTS\n8\n24/10/1972\n Bull Ring Sporting Club, Birmingham, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Frank \"The Tank\" Carpenter\nPTS\n8\n27/06/1972\n Villa Park, Birmingham, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Del Phillips\nPTS\n10\n24/04/1972\n Swansea Cwmfelin, Swansea, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Les \"Is More\" Stevens\nTKO\n6\n27/03/1972\n Top Rank Suite, Reading, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Roger Tighe\nKO\n6\n14/02/1972\n National Sporting Club, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Brian Jewitt\nPTS\n8\n29/11/1971\n West of England Sporting Club, Bristol, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Guinea Roger\nTKO\n5\n09/11/1971\n Wolverhampton, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Carl Gizzi\nPTS\n10\n11/10/1971\n Cafe Royal, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Bunny Johnson\nPTS\n8\n22/09/1971\n Midlands Sporting Club, Solihull, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Brian \"City\" Hall\nPTS\n6\n05/07/1971\n Grosvenor House, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Bunny Johnson\nPTS\n10\n19/10/1970\n Aberavon, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Peter Boddington\nPTS\n8\n08/09/1970\n Empire Pool, Wembley, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Del Phillips\nPTS\n10\n22/06/1970\n Swansea, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Cliff Field\nTKO\n7\n09/03/1970\n Centre Hotel, Bloomsbury, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Terry Feeley\nTKO\n4\n10/02/1970\n National Sporting Club, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Charlie \"Wizzer\" White\nPTS\n8\n12/01/1970\n Mayfair Sporting Club, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Billy Aird\nPTS\n6\n29/09/1969\n National Sporting Club, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Danny McAlinden\nTKO\n1\n07/07/1969\n Mayfair, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Billy Wynter\nPTS\n3\n07/07/1969\n Mayfair, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Obe Hepburn\nPTS\n3\n07/07/1969\n Mayfair, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nDraw\n\n Del Phillips\nPTS\n8\n02/07/1969\n Cardiff, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Bunny Johnson\nPTS\n8\n07/05/1969\n Midlands Sporting Club, Solihull, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Jack Cotes\nPTS\n6\n28/04/1969\n Grosvenor House, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n George Dulaire\nPTS\n6\n24/03/1969\n National Sporting Club, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Jack Cotes\nPTS\n6\n10/03/1969\n Colston Hall, Bristol, United Kingdom\n\n\nDraw\n\n Obe Hepburn\nPTS\n8\n24/02/1969\n National Sporting Club, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n George Dulaire\nPTS\n8\n03/02/1969\n Cafe Royal, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Charlie \"Wizzer\" White\nPTS\n8\n23/01/1969\n Dunstable, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Charlie \"Wizzer\" White\nPTS\n6\n27/11/1968\n Sophia Gardens Cricket Ground, Cardiff, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n \"Crown\" Vic Moore\nTKO\n7\n12/05/1968\n Grosvenor House, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Terry Daly\nPTS\n6\n09/04/1968\n Empire Pool, Wembley, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nLoss\n\n Charlie \"Wizzer\" White\nPTS\n8\n27/02/1968\n Drill Hall, Northampton, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Terry Feeley\nPTS\n6\n12/02/1968\n Grosvenor House, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Paul \"Cleveland\" Brown\nPTS\n8\n22/01/1968\n National Sporting Club, Piccadilly, London, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Charlie \"Wizzer\" White\nPTS\n6\n11/12/1967\n Raynors Sporting Club, Leicester, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n \"Boxing\" Bert Johnson\nPTS\n6\n28/11/1967\n Afan Lido, Aberavon, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Paul \"Cleveland\" Brown\nTKO\n5\n22/10/1967\n Hotel Metropole Sporting Club, Brighton, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Barry Rodney\nPTS\n6\n09/10/1967\n Raynors Sporting Club, Leicester, United Kingdom\n\n\nWin\n\n Doyley Brown\nTKO\n5\n14/09/1967\n Grosvenor House, Mayfair, London, United Kingdom\n\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Bibliography"	"* \n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Diane Webber"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Marguerite Diane Webber'''  '''Marguerite Empey''' (July 29, 1932 \u2013 August 19, 2008) was an American model, dancer and actress.\n"	"Early life"	"Born in Hollywood, Los Angeles, California, U.S., the daughter of Marguerite (n\u00e9e Andrus), a Hollywood actress and former 'Miss Long Beach' beauty contest winner, and Arthur Guy Empey. She received her formal education at the Hollywood High School. As a child she received ballet lessons from Russian ballerina Maria Bekefi.\n"	"Professional model"	"In the early 1950s she found employment as a chorus girl at ''Bimbo's 365 Club'' in San Francisco, whilst developing her professional modelling career. As the decade progressed she modeled for many professional photographers, including Peter Gowland, Bunny Yeager and Keith Bernard.\n"	"''Playmate of the Month''"	"Under the name Marguerite Empey she was Playboy magazine's ''Playmate of the Month'' in May 1955 and in February 1956. The photo-shoot for the 1956 publication being shot by Russ Meyer.\n"	"Nudism"	"In the 1960s as a part of the counter-culture sweeping the United States she became involved with the Nudist movement, and with her husband appeared in numerous nudist magazines advocating the benefits of the lifestyle, such as ''Naked & Together: The Wonderful Webbers'' by June Lange (1967). She also appeared on the cover-art of several pop-music vinyl record albums, including Les Baxter's ''Jewels of the Sea'', ''Sea of Dreams'' by Nelson Riddle, Marty Paich's ''Jazz For Relaxation'', ''Chile con Cugie'' by Xavier Cugat, the Luxuriously Slow Moods of The Cesana Strings album \"Sheer Ecstasy\", and the R.C.A. Japanese release of Seiji Hiraoka & His Quartet album ''Bedtime Music''.\n\nIn 1965 she traveled to Sioux City to give evidence at the request of a United States District Attorney in a court-room trial involving the sending of allegedly obscene nudist magazines into the State of Iowa, but instead of proving the prosecution's case, in the witness box she made a spirited defense of the principles of the lifestyle.\n"	"Middle-Eastern dance"	"From 1969 to 1980 Empey's professional career was as a bellydancing instructor at the now defunct Everywoman's Village in Van Nuys, California. She occasionally performed this dance accompanied by some of her better students to the accompaniment of Middle-Eastern music in public places in and around Los Angeles. Empey founded ''Perfumes of Araby'', one of the first Middle-Eastern dance companies in the United States. Empey's dancing shows were sensual but they didn\u2019t pander to a male audience, women and children often attending the performances. \n For several years Empey led and co-ordinated these outdoor shows with up to forty performers taking part.\n"	"Retirement"	"In her final years she was a librarian and archivist for a law firm in Santa Monica.\n"	"Cultural references"	"Her iconic status among the Playboy models is referenced in the novel ''Thy Neighbor's Wife''.\n"	"Private life"	"She married Joseph Webber in 1955 (the marriage was divorced in 1986), from which came a son named John (born 1956).\n"	"Death"	"Empey died on August 19, 2008, in Los Angeles in her 76th year from complications following surgery for cancer.\n"	"Filmography"	"* ''The Trial of Billy Jack'' (1974) .... Belly-Dance instructor\n* ''The Witchmaker'' (1969) .... The Nautch of Tangier\n* ''Sinthia, the Devil's Doll'' (1968) .... The Housewife\n* ''The Swinger'' (1966) (uncredited) .... Model #12\n* ''Mermaids of Tiburon'' (1962) .... Mermaid Queen\n* ''This Is My Body'' (1962) .... Herself\n"	"Notable TV guest appearances"	"* \"Stanley Siegel Show\" Herself discussing belly dancing 1981\n* ''Voyage to the Bottom of the Sea'' playing \"Mermaid\" in episode: \"The Mermaid\" (episode # 3.19) 29 January 1967\n* ''Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' playing \"The Other Woman\" in episode: \"The Pearl Necklace\" (episode # 6.29) 2 May 1961\n* ''Markham'' playing \"Valerie\" in episode: \"The Glass Diamond\" (episode 1.8) June 1959\n* ''Highway Patrol'' playing \"Woman\" in episode: \"Coptor Cave-In\" (episode # 18) February 1959\n* ''Peter Gunn'' playing \"Midge\" in episode: \"Scuba\" (episode # 1.21) 16 February 1959\n* ''Bold Venture'' playing Latin dancer along with Kathy Kelly and Lisa Gaye in \"Bold Venture\" on channel 9, program #1003, August, 1959. Dane Clark starred as detective Shannon. A ZIV-TV Production.\n"	"See also"	"* List of people in Playboy 1953\u201359\n*  Grave entry for Diane Webber\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Dick McDonough"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Richard''' \"'''Dick'''\" '''McDonough''' (1904 \u2013 May 25, 1938) was an American jazz guitarist and banjoist. He was best known for his duets with guitarist Carl Kress.\n\nMcDonough began playing banjo and mandolin in high school. An athlete, he played left-handed because, according to McDonough, that was how he held his hockey stick. At Georgetown University, he performed professionally at weekend dances and two years later started a band. He attended Columbia Law School after college and while there played with bands in New York City. McDonough played with Red Nichols in 1927 as a banjoist, and soon after played with Paul Whiteman. He began studying the guitar, and eventually was in demand for session work, recording with the Dorsey Brothers, Red Nichols, and Miff Mole. In the 1930s, he performed in a duo with jazz guitarist Carl Kress.\n\nOther credits include session work with The Boswell Sisters, Joe Venuti, Benny Goodman, Adrian Rollini, Red Norvo, Jack Teagarden, Johnny Mercer, Billie Holiday, Artie Shaw, Claude Thornhill, Pee Wee Russell, Frankie Trumbauer, Glenn Miller, and Gene Gifford. He played in the ''Jam Session at Victor'' with Fats Waller, Tommy Dorsey, Bunny Berigan, and George Wettling.\n\nMcDonough was an alcoholic, and died as a result of this in 1938.\n"	"Discography"	"* ''Dick McDonough & His Orchestra, Vol. 1'' (Swing Time, 2000)\n* ''Dick McDonough & His Orchestra, Vol. 2'' (Swing Time, 2000)\n* ''Eddie Lang, Carl Kress, and Dick McDonough'' (Retrieval)\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Dirty Little Rabbits (album)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''Dirty Little Rabbits''''' is the only album by American indie band Dirty Little Rabbits released on July 6, 2010. \"Hello\" was previously released on ''Breeding'' and ''Simon''. \"Happy\" and \"You Say\" were previously released on ''Simon''.\n"	"Track listing"	"#\"Simon\" \u2014 3:28\n#\"You Say\" \u2014 3:19\n#\"Put It In the Rock\" \u2014 3:53\n#\"Hello\" \u2014 4:05\n#\"Happy\" \u2014 3:29\n#\"I Love You\" \u2014 4:17\n#\"Professional Hit\" \u2014 4:34\n#\"If\" \u2014 3:43\n#\"Leave Me Alone\" \u2014 4:04\n#\"The Didn'ts\" \u2014 2:39\n#\"Rabbit Holes\" \u2014 4:27\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Dirty Little Rabbits discography"	"Introduction"	"\n\n''Dirty Little Rabbits'' is an American alternative rock band formed in 2007. The band currently consists of two Extended plays (EPs), neither of which have ever charted . These figures do not account for material released by members' side projects.\n\nThe band's first EP, ''Breeding'', was released on August 15, 2007. It released exclusively through the New York-based record shop Looney Tunes. The album was independently produced and was recorded at Are Studios in Omaha, Nebraska. It last eleven minutes and consists of 3 tracks.\n\nDirty Little Rabbits released their second EP, ''Simon'', through The End Records. The EP was recorded and produced at the Sound Farm Studio & Recording Environment in Jamaica, Iowa and was scheduled for release on January 20, 2009, however, the release was delayed and was released on January 27, 2009. ''Simon'' is much more available to the public domain than ''Breeding'' is.\n\n''Dirty Little Rabbits'' is the debut album by American indie band Dirty Little Rabbits released on July 6, 2010.\n\n\n"	" Albums "	"{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n2010\n'''''Dirty Little Rabbits'''''\n*Released: July 6, 2010\n*Label: The End Records\n*Format: CD\n\n\n"	" Extended plays "	"{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n2007\n'''''Breeding'''''\n*Released: August 15, 2007\n*Label: Sopra Evil Records\n*Format: CD\n\n2009\n'''''Simon'''''\n*Released: January 27, 2009\n*Label: The End Records\n*Format: CD\n\n\n\n"	" References "	"\n\n\n\n"
"Dog"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\nMontage showing the morphological variation of the dog.\n\nThe '''domestic dog''' (''Canis lupus familiaris'' or ''Canis familiaris'') is a member of genus ''Canis'' (canines) that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The dog and the extant gray wolf are sister taxa, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated. The dog was the first domesticated species and has been selectively bred over millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes.\n\nTheir long association with humans has led dogs to be uniquely attuned to human behavior and they are able to thrive on a starch-rich diet that would be inadequate for other canid species. Dogs vary widely in shape, size and colours. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on human society has given them the sobriquet \"man's best friend\".\n"	"Etymology"	"The term \"domestic dog\" is generally used for both domesticated and feral varieties. The English word ''dog'' comes from Middle English ''dogge'', from Old English ''docga'', a \"powerful dog breed\". The term may possibly derive from Proto-Germanic ''*dukk\u014dn'', represented in Old English ''finger-docce'' (\"finger-muscle\"). The word also shows the familiar petname diminutive ''-ga'' also seen in ''frogga'' \"frog\", ''picga'' \"pig\", ''stagga'' \"stag\", ''wicga'' \"beetle, worm\", among others. The term ''dog'' may ultimately derive from the earliest layer of Proto-Indo-European vocabulary.\n\nIn 14th-century England, ''hound'' (from ) was the general word for all domestic canines, and ''dog'' referred to a subtype of hound, a group including the mastiff. It is believed this \"dog\" type was so common, it eventually became the prototype of the category \"hound\". By the 16th century, ''dog'' had become the general word, and ''hound'' had begun to refer only to types used for hunting. The word \"hound\" is ultimately derived from the Proto-Indo-European word ''*kwon-'', \"dog\". This semantic shift may be compared to in German, where the corresponding words Dogge and Hund kept their original meanings.\n\nA male canine is referred to as a dog, while a female is called a bitch. The father of a litter is called the ''sire'', and the mother is called the ''dam''. (Middle English ''bicche'', from Old English ''bicce'', ultimately from Old Norse ''bikkja'') The process of birth is whelping, from the Old English word ''hwelp''; the modern English word \"whelp\" is an alternate term for puppy. A litter refers to the multiple offspring at one birth which are called puppies or pups from the French ''poup\u00e9e,'' \"doll\", which has mostly replaced the older term \"whelp\".\n"	"Terminology"	"*The term ''dog'' typically is applied both to the species (or subspecies) as a whole, and any adult male member of the same.\n*An adult female is a ''bitch''. In some countries, especially in North America, ''dog'' is used instead due to the vulgar connotation of ''bitch''.\n*An adult male capable of reproduction is a ''stud''.\n*An adult female capable of reproduction is a ''brood bitch'', or ''brood mother''.\n*Immature males or females (that is, animals that are incapable of reproduction) are ''pups'' or ''puppies''.\n*A group of pups from the same gestation period is a ''litter''.\n*The father of a litter is a ''sire''. It is possible for one litter to have multiple sires.\n*The mother of a litter is a ''dam''.\n*A group of any three or more adults is a ''pack''.\n"	"Taxonomy"	"The dog is classified as ''Canis lupus familiaris'' under the Biological Species Concept and ''Canis familiaris'' under the Evolutionary Species Concept.\n\nIn 1758, the taxonomist Linnaeus published in ''Systema Naturae'' a categorization of species which included the ''Canis'' species. ''Canis'' is a Latin word meaning dog, and the list included the dog-like carnivores: the domestic dog, wolves, foxes and jackals. The dog was classified as ''Canis familiaris'', which means \"dog-family\" or the family dog. On the next page he recorded the wolf as ''Canis lupus'', which means \"Dog-wolf\". In 1978, a review aimed at reducing the number of recognized ''Canis'' species proposed that \"''Canis dingo'' is now generally regarded as a distinctive feral domestic dog. ''Canis familiaris'' is used for domestic dogs, although taxonomically it should probably be synonymous with ''Canis lupus.''\" In 1982, the first edition of Mammal Species of the World listed ''Canis familiaris'' under ''Canis lupus'' with the comment: \"Probably ancestor of and conspecific with the domestic dog, ''familiaris''. ''Canis familiaris'' has page priority over ''Canis lupus'', but both were published simultaneously in Linnaeus (1758), and ''Canis lupus'' has been universally used for this species\", which avoided classifying the wolf as the family dog. The dog is now listed among the many other Latin-named subspecies of ''Canis lupus'' as ''Canis lupus familiaris''.\n\nIn 2003, the ICZN ruled in its Opinion 2027 that if wild animals and their domesticated derivatives are regarded as one species, then the scientific name of that species is the scientific name of the wild animal. In 2005, the third edition of Mammal Species of the World upheld Opinion 2027 with the name ''Lupus'' and the note: \"Includes the domestic dog as a subspecies, with the dingo provisionally separate\u00a0\u2013 artificial variants created by domestication and selective breeding\". However, ''Canis familiaris'' is sometimes used due to an ongoing nomenclature debate because wild and domestic animals are separately recognizable entities and that the ICZN allowed users a choice as to which name they could use, and a number of internationally recognized researchers prefer to use ''Canis familiaris''.\n"	"Origin"	"\n\n\nThe origin of the domestic dog is not clear. The domestic dog is a member of genus ''Canis'' (canines) that forms part of the wolf-like canids, and is the most widely abundant carnivore. The closest living relative of the dog is the gray wolf and there is no evidence of any other canine contributing to its genetic lineage. The dog and the extant gray wolf form two sister clades, with modern wolves not closely related to the wolves that were first domesticated. The archaeological record shows the first undisputed dog remains buried beside humans 14,700 years ago, with disputed remains occurring 36,000 years ago.  These dates imply that the earliest dogs arose in the time of human hunter-gatherers and not agriculturists. The dog was the first domesticated species.\n\nWhere the genetic divergence of dog and wolf took place remains controversial, with the most plausible proposals spanning Western Europe, Central Asia, and East Asia. This has been made more complicated by the most recent proposal that fits the available evidence, which is that an initial wolf population split into East and West Eurasian wolves, these were then domesticated independently before going extinct into two distinct dog populations between 14,000-6,400 years ago, and then the Western Eurasian dog population was partially and gradually replaced by East Asian dogs that were brought by humans at least 6,400 years ago.\n"	"Biology"	"Lateral view of skeleton.\n\n===Anatomy===\n\n\nDomestic dogs have been selectively bred for millennia for various behaviors, sensory capabilities, and physical attributes. Modern dog breeds show more variation in size, appearance, and behavior than any other domestic animal. Dogs are predators and scavengers, and like many other predatory mammals, the dog has powerful muscles, fused wrist bones, a cardiovascular system that supports both sprinting and endurance, and teeth for catching and tearing.\n\n====Size and weight====\nDogs are highly variable in height and weight. The smallest known adult dog was a Yorkshire Terrier, that stood only  at the shoulder,  in length along the head-and-body, and weighed only . The largest known dog was an English Mastiff which weighed  and was  from the snout to the tail. The tallest dog is a Great Dane that stands  at the shoulder.\n\n====Senses====\nThe dog's senses include vision, hearing, sense of smell, sense of taste, touch and sensitivity to the earth's magnetic field. Another study suggested that dogs can see the earth's magnetic field.\n\n:''See further:'' Dog anatomy-senses\n\n====Coat====\n\nMontage showing the coat variation of the dog.\nThe coats of domestic dogs are of two varieties: \"double\" being common with dogs (as well as wolves) originating from colder climates, made up of a coarse guard hair and a soft down hair, or \"single\", with the topcoat only.\n\nDomestic dogs often display the remnants of countershading, a common natural camouflage pattern. A countershaded animal will have dark coloring on its upper surfaces and light coloring below, which reduces its general visibility. Thus, many breeds will have an occasional \"blaze\", stripe, or \"star\" of white fur on their chest or underside.\n\n====Tail====\n\nThere are many different shapes for dog tails: straight, straight up, sickle, curled, or cork-screw. As with many canids, one of the primary functions of a dog's tail is to communicate their emotional state, which can be important in getting along with others. In some hunting dogs, however, the tail is traditionally docked to avoid injuries. In some breeds, such as the Braque du Bourbonnais, puppies can be born with a short tail or no tail at all.\n\n===Health===\n\nThere are many household plants that are poisonous to dogs including begonia, Poinsettia and aloe vera.\n\nSome breeds of dogs are prone to certain genetic ailments such as elbow and hip dysplasia, blindness, deafness, pulmonic stenosis, cleft palate, and trick knees. Two serious medical conditions particularly affecting dogs are pyometra, affecting unspayed females of all types and ages, and bloat, which affects the larger breeds or deep-chested dogs. Both of these are acute conditions, and can kill rapidly. Dogs are also susceptible to parasites such as fleas, ticks, and mites, as well as hookworms, tapeworms, roundworms, and heartworms.\n\nA number of common human foods and household ingestibles are toxic to dogs, including chocolate solids (theobromine poisoning), onion and garlic (thiosulphate, sulfoxide or disulfide poisoning), grapes and raisins, macadamia nuts, xylitol, as well as various plants and other potentially ingested materials. The nicotine in tobacco can also be dangerous. Dogs can be exposed to the substance by scavenging garbage or ashtrays; eating cigars and cigarettes. Signs can be vomiting of large amounts (e.g., from eating cigar butts) or diarrhea. Some other signs are abdominal pain, loss of coordination, collapse, or death. Dogs are highly susceptible to theobromine poisoning, typically from ingestion of chocolate. Theobromine is toxic to dogs because, although the dog's metabolism is capable of breaking down the chemical, the process is so slow that even small amounts of chocolate can be fatal, especially dark chocolate.\n\nDogs are also vulnerable to some of the same health conditions as humans, including diabetes, dental and heart disease, epilepsy, cancer, hypothyroidism, and arthritis.\n\n====Lifespan====\nheterosis)\nIn 2013, a study found that mixed breeds live on average 1.2 years longer than pure breeds, and that increasing body-weight was negatively correlated with longevity (i.e. the heavier the dog the shorter its lifespan).\n\nThe typical lifespan of dogs varies widely among breeds, but for most the median longevity, the age at which half the dogs in a population have died and half are still alive, ranges from 10 to 13 years. Individual dogs may live well beyond the median of their breed.\n\nThe breed with the shortest lifespan (among breeds for which there is a questionnaire survey with a reasonable sample size) is the Dogue de Bordeaux, with a median longevity of about 5.2 years, but several breeds, including Miniature Bull Terriers, Bloodhounds, and Irish Wolfhounds are nearly as short-lived, with median longevities of 6 to 7 years.\n\nThe longest-lived breeds, including Toy Poodles, Japanese Spitz, Border Terriers, and Tibetan Spaniels, have median longevities of 14 to 15 years. The median longevity of mixed-breed dogs, taken as an average of all sizes, is one or more years longer than that of purebred dogs when all breeds are averaged. The dog widely reported to be the longest-lived is \"Bluey\", who died in 1939 and was claimed to be 29.5 years old at the time of his death. On 5 December 2011, Pusuke, the world's oldest living dog recognized by Guinness Book of World Records, died aged 26 years and 9 months.\n\n\n\n===Reproduction===\n\nDog nursing newborn puppies\nIn domestic dogs, sexual maturity begins to happen around age six to twelve months for both males and females, although this can be delayed until up to two years old for some large breeds. This is the time at which female dogs will have their first estrous cycle. They will experience subsequent estrous cycles semiannually, during which the body prepares for pregnancy. At the peak of the cycle, females will come into estrus, being mentally and physically receptive to copulation. Because the ova survive and are capable of being fertilized for a week after ovulation, it is possible for a female to mate with more than one male.\n\n2\u20135 days after conception fertilization occurs, 14\u201316 days later the embryo attaches to the uterus and after 22\u201323 days the heart beat is detectable.\n\nDogs bear their litters roughly 58 to 68 days after fertilization, with an average of 63 days, although the length of gestation can vary. An average litter consists of about six puppies, though this number may vary widely based on the breed of dog. In general, toy dogs produce from one to four puppies in each litter, while much larger breeds may average as many as twelve.\n\nSome dog breeds have acquired traits through selective breeding that interfere with reproduction. Male French Bulldogs, for instance, are incapable of mounting the female. For many dogs of this breed, the female must be artificially inseminated in order to reproduce.\n\n====Neutering====\nA feral dog from Sri Lanka nursing her four puppies\nNeutering refers to the sterilization of animals, usually by removal of the male's testicles or the female's ovaries and uterus, in order to eliminate the ability to procreate and reduce sex drive. Because of the overpopulation of dogs in some countries, many animal control agencies, such as the American Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (ASPCA), advise that dogs not intended for further breeding should be neutered, so that they do not have undesired puppies that may have to later be euthanized.\n\nAccording to the Humane Society of the United States, 3\u20134\u00a0million dogs and cats are put down each year in the United States and many more are confined to cages in shelters because there are many more animals than there are homes. Spaying or castrating dogs helps keep overpopulation down. Local humane societies, SPCAs, and other animal protection organizations urge people to neuter their pets and to adopt animals from shelters instead of purchasing them.\n\nNeutering reduces problems caused by hypersexuality, especially in male dogs. Spayed female dogs are less likely to develop some forms of cancer, affecting mammary glands, ovaries, and other reproductive organs. However, neutering increases the risk of urinary incontinence in female dogs, and prostate cancer in males, as well as osteosarcoma, hemangiosarcoma, cruciate ligament rupture, obesity, and diabetes mellitus in either sex.\n\n===Inbreeding depression===\n\nA common breeding practice for pet dogs is mating between close relatives (e.g. between half- and full siblings). In a study of seven different French breeds of dogs (Bernese mountain dog, basset hound, Cairn terrier, Epagneul Breton, German Shepard dog, Leonberger, and West Highland white terrier) it was found that inbreeding decreases litter size and survival. Another analysis of data on 42,855 dachshund litters, found that as the inbreeding coefficient increased, litter size decreased and the percentage of stillborn puppies increased, thus indicating inbreeding depression.\n\nAbout 22% of boxer puppies die before reaching 7 weeks of age. Stillbirth is the most frequent cause of death, followed by infection. Mortality due to infection was found to increase significantly with increases in inbreeding. Inbreeding depression is considered to be due largely to the expression of homozygous deleterious recessive mutations. Outcrossing between unrelated individuals, including dogs of different breeds, results in the beneficial masking of deleterious recessive mutations in progeny.\n"	"Intelligence, behavior and communication"	"\n===Intelligence===\n\n\nDog intelligence is the ability of the dog to perceive information and retain it as knowledge for applying to solve problems. Dogs have been shown to learn by inference. A study with Rico showed that he knew the labels of over 200 different items. He inferred the names of novel items by exclusion learning and correctly retrieved those novel items immediately and also 4 weeks after the initial exposure. Dogs have advanced memory skills. A study documented the learning and memory capabilities of a border collie, \"Chaser\", who had learned the names and could associate by verbal command over 1,000 words. Dogs are able to read and react appropriately to human body language such as gesturing and pointing, and to understand human voice commands. Dogs demonstrate a theory of mind by engaging in deception. An experimental study showed compelling evidence that Australian dingos can outperform domestic dogs in non-social problem-solving, indicating that domestic dogs may have lost much of their original problem-solving abilities once they joined humans. Another study indicated that after undergoing training to solve a simple manipulation task, dogs that are faced with an insoluble version of the same problem look at the human, while socialized wolves do not. Modern domestic dogs use humans to solve their problems for them.\n\n===Behavior===\n\n\nDog behavior is the internally coordinated responses (actions or inactions) of the domestic dog (individuals or groups) to internal and/or external stimuli. As the oldest domesticated species, with estimates ranging from 9,000\u201330,000 years BCE, the minds of dogs inevitably have been shaped by millennia of contact with humans. As a result of this physical and social evolution, dogs, more than any other species, have acquired the ability to understand and communicate with humans and they are uniquely attuned to our behaviors. Behavioral scientists have uncovered a surprising set of social-cognitive abilities in the otherwise humble domestic dog. These abilities are not possessed by the dog's closest canine\nrelatives nor by other highly intelligent mammals such as great apes. Rather, these skills parallel some of the social-cognitive skills of human children.\n\n===Communication===\n\n\nDog communication is about how dogs \"speak\" to each other, how they understand messages that humans send to them, and how humans can translate the ideas that dogs are trying to transmit. These communication behaviors include eye gaze, facial expression, vocalization, body posture (including movements of bodies and limbs) and gustatory communication (scents, pheromones and taste). Humans communicate with dogs by using vocalization, hand signals and body posture.\n"	"Compared to wolves"	"The Saarloos wolfdog carries more gray wolf DNA than any other dog breed\n\n===Physical characteristics===\nDespite their close genetic relationship and the ability to inter-breed, there are a number of diagnostic features to distinguish the gray wolves from domestic dogs. Domesticated dogs are clearly distinguishable from wolves by starch gel electrophoresis of red blood cell acid phosphatase. The tympanic bullae are large, convex and almost spherical in gray wolves, while the bullae of dogs are smaller, compressed and slightly crumpled. Compared to equally sized wolves, dogs tend to have 20% smaller skulls and 30% smaller brains. The teeth of gray wolves are also proportionately larger than those of dogs. Compared to wolves, dogs have a more domed forehead. The temporalis muscle that closes the jaws is more robust in wolves. Wolves do not have dewclaws on their back legs, unless there has been admixture with dogs that had them. Dogs lack a functioning pre-caudal gland, and most enter estrus twice yearly, unlike gray wolves which only do so once a year. Dogs require fewer calories to function than wolves. The dog's limp ears may be the result of atrophy of the jaw muscles. The skin of domestic dogs tends to be thicker than that of wolves, with some Inuit tribes favoring the former for use as clothing due to its greater resistance to wear and tear in harsh weather. The paws of a dog are half the size of those of a wolf, and their tails tend to curl upwards, another trait not found in wolves The dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from a  in the Chihuahua to  in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called \"blue\") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark (\"red\" or \"chocolate\") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed their coat.\n\n===Behavioral differences===\n\n\nUnlike other domestic species which were primarily selected for production-related traits, dogs were initially selected for their behaviors. In 2016, a study found that there were only 11 fixed genes that showed variation between wolves and dogs. These gene variations were unlikely to have been the result of natural evolution, and indicate selection on both morphology and behavior during dog domestication. These genes have been shown to affect the catecholamine synthesis pathway, with the majority of the genes affecting the fight-or-flight response (i.e. selection for tameness), and emotional processing. Dogs generally show reduced fear and aggression compared to wolves. Some of these genes have been associated with aggression in some dog breeds, indicating their importance in both the initial domestication and then later in breed formation.\n"	"Ecology"	"\n===Population and habitat===\nThe global dog population is estimated at 900 million and rising. Although it is said that the \"dog is man's best friend\" regarding 17\u201324% of dogs in developed countries, in the developing world they are feral, village or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon. These live their lives as scavengers and have never been owned by humans, with one study showing their most common response when approached by strangers was to run away (52%) or respond with aggression (11%). We know little about these dogs, nor about the dogs that live in developed countries that are feral, stray or are in shelters, yet the great majority of modern research on dog cognition has focused on pet dogs living in human homes.\n\n===Competitors===\nBeing the most abundant carnivore, feral and free-ranging dogs have the greatest potential to compete with wolves. A review of the studies in the competitive effects of dogs on sympatric carnivores did not mention any research on competition between dogs and wolves. Competition would favor the wolf that is known to kill dogs, however wolves tend to live in pairs or in small packs in areas where they are highly persecuted, giving them a disadvantage facing large dog groups.\n\nWolves kill dogs wherever the two canids occur. One survey claims that in Wisconsin in 1999 more compensation had been paid for dog losses than livestock, however in Wisconsin wolves will often kill hunting dogs, perhaps because they are in the wolf's territory. Some wolf pairs have been reported to prey on dogs by having one wolf lure the dog out into heavy brush where the second animal waits in ambush. In some instances, wolves have displayed an uncharacteristic fearlessness of humans and buildings when attacking dogs, to the extent that they have to be beaten off or killed. Although the numbers of dogs killed each year are relatively low, it induces a fear of wolves entering villages and farmyards to take dogs. In many cultures, there are strong social and emotional bonds between humans and their dogs that can be seen as family members or working team members. The loss of a dog can lead to strong emotional responses with demands for more liberal wolf hunting regulations.\n\nCoyotes and big cats have also been known to attack dogs. Leopards in particular are known to have a predilection for dogs, and have been recorded to kill and consume them regardless of the dog's size or ferocity. Tigers in Manchuria, Indochina, Indonesia, and Malaysia are reputed to kill dogs with the same vigor as leopards. Striped hyenas are major predators of village dogs in Turkmenistan, India, and the Caucasus.\n\nThe spiked collar common on working and pet dogs is no mere ornament: it originated as a protection of the vulnerable neck of a dog from wolves, but also protects dogs from attacks by other dogs.\n\n===Diet===\n\nGolden Retriever gnawing a pig's foot\nDespite their descent from wolves and classification as Carnivora, dogs are variously described in scholarly and other writings as carnivores or omnivores. Unlike obligate carnivores, dogs can adapt to a wide-ranging diet, and are not dependent on meat-specific protein nor a very high level of protein in order to fulfill their basic dietary requirements. Dogs will healthily digest a variety of foods, including vegetables and grains, and can consume a large proportion of these in their diet, however all-meat diets are not recommended for dogs due to their lack of calcium and iron. Comparing dogs and wolves, dogs have adaptations in genes involved in starch digestion that contribute to an increased ability to thrive on a starch-rich diet.\n"	"Breeds"	"\n\nCavalier King Charles Spaniels demonstrate variation within breed\nMost breeds of dog are at most a few hundred years old, having been artificially selected for particular morphologies and behaviors by people for specific functional roles. Through this selective breeding, the dog has developed into hundreds of varied breeds, and shows more behavioral and morphological variation than any other land mammal. For example, height measured to the withers ranges from  in the Chihuahua to about  in the Irish Wolfhound; color varies from white through grays (usually called \"blue\") to black, and browns from light (tan) to dark (\"red\" or \"chocolate\") in a wide variation of patterns; coats can be short or long, coarse-haired to wool-like, straight, curly, or smooth. It is common for most breeds to shed this coat.\n\nWhile all dogs are genetically very similar, natural selection and selective breeding have reinforced certain characteristics in certain populations of dogs, giving rise to dog types and dog breeds. Dog types are broad categories based on function, genetics, or characteristics.\nDog breeds are groups of animals that possess a set of inherited characteristics that distinguishes them from other animals within the same species. Modern dog breeds are non-scientific classifications of dogs kept by modern kennel clubs.\n\nPurebred dogs of one breed are genetically distinguishable from purebred dogs of other breeds, but the means by which kennel clubs classify dogs is unsystematic. DNA microsatellite analyses of 85 dog breeds showed they fell into four major types of dogs that were statistically distinct. These include the \"old world dogs\" (e.g., Malamute and Shar Pei), \"Mastiff\"-type (e.g., English Mastiff), \"herding\"-type (e.g., Border Collie), and \"all others\" (also called \"modern\"- or \"hunting\"-type).\n"	"Roles with humans"	"Gunnar Kaasen and Balto, the lead dog on the last relay team of the 1925 serum run to Nome.\nDomestic dogs inherited complex behaviors, such as bite inhibition, from their wolf ancestors, which would have been pack hunters with complex body language. These sophisticated forms of social cognition and communication may account for their trainability, playfulness, and ability to fit into human households and social situations, and these attributes have given dogs a relationship with humans that has enabled them to become one of the most successful species on the planet today.\n\nThe dogs' value to early human hunter-gatherers led to them quickly becoming ubiquitous across world cultures. Dogs perform many roles for people, such as hunting, herding, pulling loads, protection, assisting police and military, companionship, and, more recently, aiding handicapped individuals. This influence on human society has given them the nickname \"man's best friend\" in the Western world. In some cultures, however, dogs are also a source of meat.\n\n===Early roles===\nWolves, and their dog descendants, would have derived significant benefits from living in human camps\u2014more safety, more reliable food, lesser caloric needs, and more chance to breed. They would have benefited from humans' upright gait that gives them larger range over which to see potential predators and prey, as well as color vision that, at least by day, gives humans better visual discrimination. Camp dogs would also have benefited from human tool use, as in bringing down larger prey and controlling fire for a range of purposes.\nThe dogs of Thibet are twice the size of those seen in India, with large heads and hairy bodies. They are powerful animals, and are said to be able to kill a tiger. During the day they are kept chained up, and are let loose at night to guard their masters' house.\nHumans would also have derived enormous benefit from the dogs associated with their camps. For instance, dogs would have improved sanitation by cleaning up food scraps. Dogs may have provided warmth, as referred to in the Australian Aboriginal expression \"three dog night\" (an exceptionally cold night), and they would have alerted the camp to the presence of predators or strangers, using their acute hearing to provide an early warning.\n\nAnthropologists believe the most significant benefit would have been the use of dogs' robust sense of smell to assist with the hunt. The relationship between the presence of a dog and success in the hunt is often mentioned as a primary reason for the domestication of the wolf, and a 2004 study of hunter groups with and without a dog gives quantitative support to the hypothesis that the benefits of cooperative hunting was an important factor in wolf domestication.\n\nThe cohabitation of dogs and humans would have greatly improved the chances of survival for early human groups, and the domestication of dogs may have been one of the key forces that led to human success.\n\nEmigrants from Siberia that walked across the Bering land bridge into North America may have had dogs in their company, and one writer suggests that the use of sled dogs may have been critical to the success of the waves that entered North America roughly 12,000 years ago, although the earliest archaeological evidence of dog-like canids in North America dates from about 9,400 years ago. Dogs were an important part of life for the Athabascan population in North America, and were their only domesticated animal. Dogs also carried much of the load in the migration of the Apache and Navajo tribes 1,400 years ago. Use of dogs as pack animals in these cultures often persisted after the introduction of the horse to North America.\n\n===As pets===\nSiberian Huskypack animal\nBritish Bulldog shares a day at the park.\nGreen velvet dog collar, dates from 1670 to 1690.\nIt is estimated that three-quarters of the world's dog population lives in the developing world as feral, village, or community dogs, with pet dogs uncommon.\n\n\"The most widespread form of interspecies bonding occurs between humans and dogs\" and the keeping of dogs as companions, particularly by elites, has a long history. (As a possible example, at the Natufian culture site of Ain Mallaha in Israel, dated to 12,000 BC, the remains of an elderly human and a four-to-five-month-old puppy were found buried together). However, pet dog populations grew significantly after World War II as suburbanization increased. In the 1950s and 1960s, dogs were kept outside more often than they tend to be today (using the expression \"in the doghouse\" to describe exclusion from the group signifies the distance between the doghouse and the home) and were still primarily functional, acting as a guard, children's playmate, or walking companion. From the 1980s, there have been changes in the role of the pet dog, such as the increased role of dogs in the emotional support of their human guardians. People and dogs have become increasingly integrated and implicated in each other's lives, to the point where pet dogs actively shape the way a family and home are experienced.\n\nThere have been two major trends in the changing status of pet dogs. The first has been the 'commodification' of the dog, shaping it to conform to human expectations of personality and behaviour. The second has been the broadening of the concept of the family and the home to include dogs-as-dogs within everyday routines and practices.\n\nThere are a vast range of commodity forms available to transform a pet dog into an ideal companion. The list of goods, services and places available is enormous: from dog perfumes, couture, furniture and housing, to dog groomers, therapists, trainers and caretakers, dog cafes, spas, parks and beaches, and dog hotels, airlines and cemeteries. While dog training as an organized activity can be traced back to the 18th century, in the last decades of the 20th century it became a high-profile issue as many normal dog behaviors such as barking, jumping up, digging, rolling in dung, fighting, and urine marking (which dogs do to establish territory through scent), became increasingly incompatible with the new role of a pet dog. Dog training books, classes and television programs proliferated as the process of commodifying the pet dog continued.\n\nThe majority of contemporary people with dogs describe their pet as part of the family, although some ambivalence about the relationship is evident in the popular reconceptualization of the dog\u2013human family as a pack. A dominance model of dog\u2013human relationships has been promoted by some dog trainers, such as on the television program ''Dog Whisperer''. However it has been disputed that \"trying to achieve status\" is characteristic of dog\u2013human interactions. Pet dogs play an active role in family life; for example, a study of conversations in dog\u2013human families showed how family members use the dog as a resource, talking to the dog, or talking through the dog, to mediate their interactions with each other.\n\nIncreasingly, human family members are engaging in activities centered on the perceived needs and interests of the dog, or in which the dog is an integral partner, such as dog dancing and dog yoga.\n\nAccording to statistics published by the American Pet Products Manufacturers Association in the National Pet Owner Survey in 2009\u20132010, it is estimated there are 77.5\u00a0million people with pet dogs in the United States. The same survey shows nearly 40% of American households own at least one dog, of which 67% own just one dog, 25% two dogs and nearly 9% more than two dogs. There does not seem to be any gender preference among dogs as pets, as the statistical data reveal an equal number of female and male dog pets. Yet, although several programs are ongoing to promote pet adoption, less than a fifth of the owned dogs come from a shelter.\n\nThe latest study using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) comparing humans and dogs showed that dogs have same response to voices and use the same parts of the brain as humans do. This gives dogs the ability to recognize emotional human sounds, making them friendly social pets to humans.\n\n===Work===\nDogs have lived and worked with humans in so many roles that they have earned the unique nickname, \"man's best friend\", a phrase used in other languages as well. They have been bred for herding livestock, hunting (e.g. pointers and hounds), rodent control, guarding, helping fishermen with nets, detection dogs, and pulling loads, in addition to their roles as companions. In 1957, a husky-terrier mix named Laika became the first animal to orbit the Earth.\n\nService dogs such as guide dogs, utility dogs, assistance dogs, hearing dogs, and psychological therapy dogs provide assistance to individuals with physical or mental disabilities. Some dogs owned by epileptics have been shown to alert their handler when the handler shows signs of an impending seizure, sometimes well in advance of onset, allowing the guardian to seek safety, medication, or medical care.\n\nDogs included in human activities in terms of helping out humans are usually called working dogs.\n\n===Sports and shows===\n\nDogs come in a range of sizes.\nPeople often enter their dogs in competitions such as breed-conformation shows or sports, including racing, sledding and agility competitions.\n\nIn conformation shows, also referred to as breed shows, a judge familiar with the specific dog breed evaluates individual purebred dogs for conformity with their established breed type as described in the breed standard. As the breed standard only deals with the externally observable qualities of the dog (such as appearance, movement, and temperament), separately tested qualities (such as ability or health) are not part of the judging in conformation shows.\n\n===As food===\n\n''Gaegogi'' (dog meat) stew being served in a Korean restaurant\n\nIn China and South Vietnam dogs are a source of meat for humans. Dog meat is consumed in some East Asian countries, including Korea, China, and Vietnam, a practice that dates back to antiquity. It is estimated that 13\u201316\u00a0million dogs are killed and consumed in Asia every year. Other cultures, such as Polynesia and pre-Columbian Mexico, also consumed dog meat in their history. However, Western, South Asian, African, and Middle Eastern cultures, in general, regard consumption of dog meat as taboo. In some places, however, such as in rural areas of Poland, dog fat is believed to have medicinal properties\u2014being good for the lungs for instance. Dog meat is also consumed in some parts of Switzerland.  Proponents of eating dog meat have argued that placing a distinction between livestock and dogs is western hypocrisy, and that there is no difference with eating the meat of different animals.\n\nIn Korea, the primary dog breed raised for meat, the ''nureongi'' (\ub204\ub801\uc774), differs from those breeds raised for pets that Koreans may keep in their homes.\n\nThe most popular Korean dog dish is ''gaejang-guk'' (also called ''bosintang''), a spicy stew meant to balance the body's heat during the summer months; followers of the custom claim this is done to ensure good health by balancing one's ''gi'', or vital energy of the body. A 19th century version of ''gaejang-guk'' explains that the dish is prepared by boiling dog meat with scallions and chili powder. Variations of the dish contain chicken and bamboo shoots. While the dishes are still popular in Korea with a segment of the population, dog is not as widely consumed as beef, chicken, and pork.\n\n===Health risks to humans===\n\n\nIn 2005, the WHO reported that 55,000 people died in Asia and Africa from rabies, a disease for which dogs are the most important vector.\n\nCiting a 2008 study, the U.S. Center for Disease Control estimated in 2015 that 4.5 million people in the USA are bitten by dogs each year. A 2015 study estimated that 1.8% of the U.S. population is bitten each year. In the 1980s and 1990s the US averaged 17 fatalities per year, while in the 2000s this has increased to 26. 77% of dog bites are from the pet of family or friends, and 50% of attacks occur on the property of the dog's legal owner.\n\nA Colorado study found bites in children were less severe than bites in adults. The incidence of dog bites in the US is 12.9 per 10,000 inhabitants, but for boys aged 5 to 9, the incidence rate is 60.7 per 10,000. Moreover, children have a much higher chance to be bitten in the face or neck. Sharp claws with powerful muscles behind them can lacerate flesh in a scratch that can lead to serious infections.\n\nIn the UK between 2003 and 2004, there were 5,868 dog attacks on humans, resulting in 5,770 working days lost in sick leave.\n\nIn the United States, cats and dogs are a factor in more than 86,000 falls each year. It has been estimated around 2% of dog-related injuries treated in UK hospitals are domestic accidents. The same study found that while dog involvement in road traffic accidents was difficult to quantify, dog-associated road accidents involving injury more commonly involved two-wheeled vehicles.\n\n''Toxocara canis'' (dog roundworm) eggs in dog feces can cause toxocariasis. In the United States, about 10,000 cases of ''Toxocara'' infection are reported in humans each year, and almost 14% of the U.S. population is infected. In Great Britain, 24% of soil samples taken from public parks contained ''T. canis'' eggs. Untreated toxocariasis can cause retinal damage and decreased vision. Dog feces can also contain hookworms that cause cutaneous larva migrans in humans.\n\n===Health benefits for humans===\nDoberman puppy.\nThe scientific evidence is mixed as to whether companionship of a dog can enhance human physical health and psychological wellbeing. Studies suggesting that there are benefits to physical health and psychological wellbeing have been criticised for being poorly controlled, and finding that \"the health of elderly people is related to their health habits and social supports but not to their ownership of, or attachment to, a companion animal.\" Earlier studies have shown that people who keep pet dogs or cats exhibit better mental and physical health than those who do not, making fewer visits to the doctor and being less likely to be on medication than non-guardians.\n\nA 2005 paper states \"recent research has failed to support earlier findings that pet ownership is associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, a reduced use of general practitioner services, or any psychological or physical benefits on health for community dwelling older people. Research has, however, pointed to significantly less absenteeism from school through sickness among children who live with pets.\" In one study, new guardians reported a highly significant reduction in minor health problems during the first month following pet acquisition, and this effect was sustained in those with dogs through to the end of the study.\n\nIn addition, people with pet dogs took considerably more physical exercise than those with cats and those without pets. The results provide evidence that keeping pets may have positive effects on human health and behaviour, and that for guardians of dogs these effects are relatively long-term. Pet guardianship has also been associated with increased coronary artery disease survival, with human guardians being significantly less likely to die within one year of an acute myocardial infarction than those who did not own dogs.\n\nThe health benefits of dogs can result from contact with dogs in general, and not solely from having dogs as pets. For example, when in the presence of a pet dog, people show reductions in cardiovascular, behavioral, and psychological indicators of anxiety. Other health benefits are gained from exposure to immune-stimulating microorganisms, which, according to the hygiene hypothesis, can protect against allergies and autoimmune diseases. The benefits of contact with a dog also include social support, as dogs are able to not only provide companionship and social support themselves, but also to act as facilitators of social interactions between humans. One study indicated that wheelchair users experience more positive social interactions with strangers when they are accompanied by a dog than when they are not. In 2015, a study found that pet owners were significantly more likely to get to know people in their neighborhood than non-pet owners.\n\nThe practice of using dogs and other animals as a part of therapy dates back to the late 18th century, when animals were introduced into mental institutions to help socialize patients with mental disorders. Animal-assisted intervention research has shown that animal-assisted therapy with a dog can increase social behaviors, such as smiling and laughing, among people with Alzheimer's disease. One study demonstrated that children with ADHD and conduct disorders who participated in an education program with dogs and other animals showed increased attendance, increased knowledge and skill objectives, and decreased antisocial and violent behavior compared to those who were not in an animal-assisted program.\n\n===Medical detection dogs===\nMedical detection dogs are capable of detecting diseases by sniffing a person directly or samples of urine or other specimens. Dogs can detect odour in one part per trillion, as their brain's olfactory cortex is (relative to total brain size) 40 times larger than humans. Dogs may have as many as 300 million odour receptors in their nose, while humans may have only 5 million. Each dog is trained specifically for the detection of single disease from the blood glucose level indicative to diabetes to cancer. The process of training a cancer dog requires six months. A Labrador Retriever called Daisy has detected 551 cancer patients with an accuracy of 93 percent and received the Blue Cross (for pets) Medal for her life-saving skills.\n\n===Shelters===\n\nEvery year, between 6 and 8\u00a0million dogs and cats enter US animal shelters. The Humane Society of the United States (HSUS) estimates that approximately 3 to 4\u00a0million of those dogs and cats are euthanized yearly in the United States. However, the percentage of dogs in US animal shelters that are eventually adopted and removed from the shelters by their new legal owners has increased since the mid-1990s from around 25% to a 2012 average of 40% among reporting shelters (with many shelters reporting 60\u201375%).\n"	"Cultural depictions"	"\nDogs have been viewed and represented in different manners by different cultures and religions, over the course of history.\n\n===Mythology===\n\n\nIn mythology, dogs often serve as pets or as watchdogs.\n\nIn Greek mythology, Cerberus is a three-headed watchdog who guards the gates of Hades. In Norse mythology, a bloody, four-eyed dog called Garmr guards Helheim. In Persian mythology, two four-eyed dogs guard the Chinvat Bridge. In Philippine mythology, Kimat who is the pet of Tadaklan, god of thunder, is responsible for lightning. In Welsh mythology, Annwn is guarded by C\u0175n Annwn.\n\nIn Hindu mythology, Yama, the god of death owns two watch dogs who have four eyes. They are said to watch over the gates of Naraka. Hunter god Muthappan from North Malabar region of Kerala has a hunting dog as his mount. Dogs are found in and out of the Muthappan Temple and offerings at the shrine take the form of bronze dog figurines.\n\nThe role of the dog in Chinese mythology includes a position as one of the twelve animals which cyclically represent years (the zodiacal dog).\n\n===Religion and culture===\nIn Homer's epic poem the ''Odyssey'', when the disguised Odysseus returns home after 20 years he is recognized only by his faithful dog, Argos, who has been waiting for his return.\n\nIn Islam, dogs are viewed as unclean because they are viewed as scavengers. In 2015 city councillor Hasan K\u00fc\u00e7\u00fck of The Hague called for dog ownership to be made illegal in that city. Islamic activists in L\u00e9rida, Spain, lobbied for dogs to be kept out of Muslim neighborhoods, saying their presence violated Muslims' religious freedom. In Britain, police sniffer dogs are carefully used, and are not permitted to contact passengers, only their luggage. They are required to wear leather dog booties when searching mosques or Muslim homes.\n\nJewish law does not prohibit keeping dogs and other pets. Jewish law requires Jews to feed dogs (and other animals that they own) before themselves, and make arrangements for feeding them before obtaining them. In Christianity, dogs represent faithfulness.\n\nIn China, Korea, and Japan, dogs are viewed as kind protectors.\n\n===Art===\n\n\nCultural depictions of dogs in art extend back thousands of years to when dogs were portrayed on the walls of caves. Representations of dogs became more elaborate as individual breeds evolved and the relationships between human and canine developed. Hunting scenes were popular in the Middle Ages and the Renaissance. Dogs were depicted to symbolize guidance, protection, loyalty, fidelity, faithfulness, watchfulness, and love.\n\nDecameron hunting scene, Davide Ghirlandaio, c.1485 Brooklyn Museum\nFigure of a Recumbent Dog, China, 4th century, Brooklyn Museum\n\n"	"See also"	"\n\n* Aging in dogs\n* Toy Group\n* Animal track\n* Argos (dog)\n* Dog in Chinese mythology\n* Dogs in art\n* Dog odor\n* Dognapping\n* Ethnocynology\n* Hachik\u014d\u2013a notable example of dog loyalty\n* Lost pet services\n* Mountain dog\n* Wolfdog\n\n;Lists:\n* List of fictional dogs\n* List of individual dogs\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Bibliography"	"*\n"	"Further reading"	"*\n*\n"	"External links"	"\n*  Biodiversity Heritage Library bibliography for ''Canis lupus familiaris''\n*  F\u00e9d\u00e9ration Cynologique Internationale (FCI) \u2013 World Canine Organisation\n*  Dogs in the Ancient World, an article on the history of dogs\n* View the  dog genome on Ensembl\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Domestic pig"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nThe '''domestic pig''' ('''''Sus scrofa domesticus''''' or '''''Sus domesticus'''''), often called '''swine''', '''hog''', or '''pig''' when there is no need to distinguish it from other pigs, is a large, even-toed ungulate. It is variously considered a subspecies of the wild boar or a distinct species. The domestic pig's head-plus-body-length ranges from , and the adult can weigh between . Compared to other artiodactyls, its head is relatively long, pointed, and free of warts. Even-toed ungulates are generally herbivorous, but the domestic pig is an omnivore, like its wild relative.\n\nDomestic pigs are farmed primarily for the consumption of their meat called pork. The animal's bones, hide, and bristles are also used in commercial products. Domestic pigs, especially the pot-bellied pig and micro pig, are sometimes kept as pets.\n"	"Description"	"Domestic pig skullSkeleton specimen of a swine\nThe domestic pig typically has a large head, with a long snout which is strengthened by a special prenasal bone and a disk of cartilage at the tip. The snout is used to dig into the soil to find food, and is a very acute sense organ. The dental formula of adult pigs is , giving a total of 44 teeth. The rear teeth are adapted for crushing. In the male the canine teeth can form tusks, which grow continuously and are sharpened by constantly being ground against each other.\n\nThere are four hoofed toes on each foot, or trotter, with the two larger central toes bearing most of the weight, but the outer two also being used in soft ground.\n\nMost domestic pigs have rather a sparse hair covering on their skin, although woolly-coated breeds, such as the Mangalitsa, are raised.\n\nPigs possess both apocrine and eccrine sweat glands, although the latter appear limited to the snout and dorsonasal areas.  Pigs, however, like other \"hairless\" mammals (e.g. elephants, rhinos, and mole-rats), do not use thermal sweat glands in cooling.  Pigs are also less able than many other mammals to dissipate heat from wet mucous membranes in the mouth through panting. Their thermoneutral zone is 16 to 22\u00a0\u00b0C.  At higher temperatures, pigs lose heat by wallowing in mud or water; although it has been suggested that wallowing may serve other functions, such as protection from sunburn, ecto-parasite control, and scent-marking.\n\nPigs are one of four known mammalian species which possess mutations in the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor that protect against snake venom. Mongooses, honey badgers, hedgehogs, and pigs all have modifications to the receptor pocket which prevents the snake venom \u03b1-neurotoxin from binding. These represent four separate, independent mutations.\n\nFemale hogs reach sexual maturity at 3\u201312 months of age and come into estrus every 18\u201324 days if they are not successfully bred. The gestation period averages 112\u2013120 days.\n"	"Taxonomy"	"The domestic pig is most often considered to be a subspecies of the wild boar, which was given the name ''Sus scrofa'' by Carl Linnaeus in 1758; following from this, the formal name of the domestic pig is ''Sus scrofa domesticus''.  However, in 1777, Johann Christian Polycarp Erxleben classified the domestic pig as a separate species from the wild boar. He gave it the name ''Sus domesticus'', which is still used by some taxonomists.\n"	"History"	"Archaeological evidence suggests that pigs were domesticated from wild boar as early as 13,000\u201312,700 BC in the Near East in the Tigris Basin being managed in the wild in a way similar to the way they are managed by some modern New Guineans. Remains of pigs have been dated to earlier than 11,400 BC in Cyprus. Those animals must have been introduced from the mainland, which suggests domestication in the adjacent mainland by then. There was also a separate domestication in China which took place about 8000 years ago.\n\nDNA evidence from sub-fossil remains of teeth and jawbones of Neolithic pigs shows that the first domestic pigs in Europe had been brought from the Near East. This stimulated the domestication of local European wild boar resulting in a third domestication event with the Near Eastern genes dying out in European pig stock. Modern domesticated pigs have involved complex exchanges, with European domesticated lines being exported in turn to the ancient Near East. Historical records indicate that Asian pigs were introduced into Europe during the 18th and early 19th centuries.\n\nIn August 2015, a study looked at over 100 pig genome sequences to ascertain their process of domestication. The process of domestication was assumed to have been initiated by humans, involved few individuals and relied on reproductive isolation between wild and domestic forms. The study found that the assumption of reproductive isolation with population bottlenecks was not supported. The study indicated that pigs were domesticated separately in Western Asia and China, with Western Asian pigs introduced into Europe where they crossed with wild boar. A model that fitted the data included admixture with a now extinct ghost population of wild pigs during the Pleistocene. The study also found that despite back-crossing with wild pigs, the genomes of domestic pigs have strong signatures of selection at DNA loci that affect behavior and morphology. The study concluded that human selection for domestic traits likely counteracted the homogenizing effect of gene flow from wild boars and created domestication islands in the genome. The same process may also apply to other domesticated animals.\n\n\nThe adaptable nature and omnivorous diet of the wild boar allowed early humans to domesticate it readily. Pigs were mostly used for food, but early civilizations also used the pigs' hides for shields, bones for tools and weapons, and bristles for brushes. In India, pigs have been domesticated for a long time, mostly in Goa and some rural areas, for pig toilets. Though ecologically logical as well as economical, pig toilets are waning in popularity as use of septic tanks and sewage systems is increasing in rural areas.\n\nPigs were brought to southeastern North America from Europe by de Soto and other early Spanish explorers. Escaped pigs became feral and caused a great deal of disruption to Native Americans, who had no domesticated livestock.\nDomestic pigs have become feral in many other parts of the world (e.g. New Zealand and northern Queensland) and have caused substantial environmental damage. Feral hybrids of the European wild boar with the domestic pig are also very disruptive to both environment and agriculture (among the 100 most damaging animal species), especially in southeastern South America from Uruguay to Brazil's Mato Grosso do Sul (Center-West Region), and S\u00e3o Paulo (state) (Southeast Region), where they are known as ''javaporcos'' (from ''javali'' and ''porco'', thus \"boar-pigs\").\n\nWith around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domesticated pig is one of the most numerous large mammals on the planet.\n"	"Behaviour"	"Domestic pigs in a wallow\nThe behaviour of domestic pigs resembles that of dogs and humans more than that of cattle or sheep.  In many ways, their behaviour appears to be intermediate between that of carnivores and artiodactyls.  Domestic pigs seek out the company of other pigs, and often huddle to maintain physical contact, although they do not naturally form large herds. They typically live in groups of about 8-10 adult sows, some young individuals, and some single males.\n\nBecause of their relative lack of sweat glands, pigs often control their body temperature using behavioural thermoregulation. Wallowing, which often consists of coating the body with mud, is a \nbehaviour frequently exhibited by pigs. Pigs root to make wallows that sometimes contains sticky mud with which the pigs cover their body. Pigs do not submerge completely under the mud, but vary the depth and duration of wallowing depending on environmental conditions. Typically, adult pigs start wallowing once the ambient temperature is around 17-21\u00a0\u00b0C. On hot days, pigs cover themselves from head to toe in mud. Pigs may also use mud as a sunscreen, protecting their skin from ultraviolet light, or as a method of keeping parasites away.\n\nIf conditions permit, domesticated pigs feed continuously for many hours and then sleep for many hours, in contrast to ruminants which tend to feed for a short time and then sleep for a short time. Pigs are omnivores and are highly versatile in their feeding behaviour. They can survive well by scavenging on the same types of foods that humans and dogs can live on. In the wild, they are foraging animals, primarily eating leaves, grasses, roots, fruits and flowers. Domestic pigs are intelligent and can be trained to perform numerous tasks and tricks.\n\n===Nest building===\nA behavioural characteristic of domestic pigs which they share with carnivores is nest building and bed making (although modern production systems often prevent these). Pigs root out wallows or depressions (digging with their snout) and the females (sows) will build nests in which to give birth. First the sow digs a depression about the size of her body. She then collects twigs, grasses and leaves, and carries these in her mouth to the depression, building them into a mound. She digs in smaller, finer material to the centre of the mound using her feet. When the mound reaches the desired height, she places large branches, up to 2 metres in length, on the surface. She enters into the mound and roots around to create a depression within the gathered material. She then gives birth in a lying position, which again is different from other artiodactyls which usually give birth in a standing position.\n\nNest-building behaviour is an important part in the process of pre and post-partum maternal behaviour. Nest building will occur during the last 24 hours before the onset of farrowing and becomes most intense during 12 to 6 hours before farrowing. Nest building is divided into two phases: one of which is the initial phase of rooting and pawing the ground while the second phase is the collecting, carrying and arranging of the nest material. One type of animal that does nest building are sows. The sow will separate from the group and seek a suitable nest site with some shelter from rain and wind, and which has well-drained soil. This nest building behaviour is performed to provide the offspring with shelter, comfort, and thermoregulation. The piglets need an increased environmental temperature otherwise they could die due to the cold. The nest will provide protection against weather and predators, while keeping the piglets close to the sow and away from the rest of the herd. This ensures they do not get trampled on and that other piglets are not stealing the milk from the sow (food resource). The nest building behaviour can be influenced by internal and external stimuli. Internal hormonal changes and the completion of one nesting phase are indicators of this maternal behaviour. The onset of nest building is triggered by the rise in prolactin levels, which is caused by a decrease in progesterone and an increase in prostaglandin. While the gathering of the nest material seems to be regulated more by external stimuli such as temperature or udder comfort. Nest building ends when the sow gathers softer material and distributes throughout nest by nodding head movements and pawing with the front legs. The longer time spent on nest building will increase pre-partum oxytocin, allowing for higher piglet weight gain. Nest building is related to the increased litter size, a higher responsiveness to piglet distress, and lower mortality rate in piglets. Letting the sow perform the nest-building behaviour can lead to better health and welfare for both the sow and piglet.\n\n===Nursing and suckling behaviour===\nA sow with suckling piglets. Note the greater use of the anterior teats thus forming the teat order \nCompared to most other mammals, pigs display complex nursing and suckling behaviour.  Nursing occurs every 50\u201360 minutes, and the sow requires stimulation from piglets before milk let-down. Sensory inputs (vocalisation, odours from mammary and birth fluids and hair patterns of the sow) are particularly important immediately post-birth to facilitate teat location by the piglets.  Initially, the piglets compete for position at the udder, then each piglet massages around its respective teat with its snout, during which time the sow grunts at slow, regular intervals. Each series of grunts varies in frequency, tone and magnitude, indicating the stages of nursing to the piglets.\n\nThe phase of competition for teats and of nosing the udder lasts for about one minute, and ends when milk flow begins. In the third phase, the piglets hold the teats in their mouths and suck with slow mouth movements (one per second), and the rate of the sow\u2019s grunting increases for approximately 20 seconds. The grunt peak in the third phase of suckling does not coincide with milk ejection but rather the release of oxytocin from the pituitary into the bloodstream.  Phase four coincides with the period of main milk flow (10\u201320 seconds) when the piglets suddenly withdraw slightly from the udder and start sucking with rapid mouth movements of about three per second. The sow grunts rapidly, lower in tone and often in quick runs of three or four, during this phase. Finally, the flow stops and so does the grunting of the sow. The piglets may then dart from teat to teat and recommence suckling with slow movements, or nosing the udder. Piglets massage and suckle the sow\u2019s teats after milk flow ceases as a way of letting the sow know their nutritional status. This helps her to regulate the amount of milk released from that teat in future sucklings. The more intense the post-feed massaging of a teat, the greater the future milk release from that teat will be.\n\n===Teat order===\nIn pigs, dominance hierarchies can be formed at a very early age. Domestic piglets are highly precocious and within minutes of being born, or sometimes seconds, will attempt to suckle. The piglets are born with sharp teeth and fight to develop a teat order as the anterior teats produce a greater quantity of milk. Once established, this teat order remains stable with each piglet tending to feed from a particular teat or group of teats.  Stimulation of the anterior teats appears to be important in causing milk letdown so it might be advantageous to the entire litter to have these teats occupied by healthy piglets.\nUsing an artificial sow to rear groups of piglets, recognition of a teat in a particular area of the udder depended initially on visual orientation by means of reference points on the udder to find the area, and then the olfactory sense for the more accurate search within that area.\n\n===Senses===\nPigs have panoramic vision of approximately 310\u00b0 and binocular vision of 35\u00b0 to 50\u00b0. It is thought they have no eye accommodation.  Other animals that have no accommodation, e.g. sheep, lift their heads to see distant objects.  The extent to which pigs have colour vision is still a source of some debate; however, the presence of cone cells in the retina with two distinct wavelength sensitivities (blue and green) suggests that at least some colour vision is present.\n\nPigs have a well-developed sense of smell and use is made of this in Europe where they are trained to locate underground truffles. Olfactory rather than visual stimuli are used in the identification of other pigs.  Hearing is also well developed, and localisation of sounds is made by moving the head. Pigs use auditory stimuli extensively as a means of communication in all social activities.  Alarm or aversive stimuli are transmitted to other pigs not only by auditory cues but also by pheromones.  Similarly, recognition between the sow and her piglets is by olfactory and vocal cues.\n"	"Xenotransplantation"	"\n\nPigs are currently thought to be the best non-human candidates for organ donation to humans. The risk of cross-species disease transmission is decreased because of their increased phylogenetic distance from humans. They are readily available, their organs are anatomically comparable in size, and new infectious agents are less likely since they have been in close contact with humans through domestication for many generations.\n\nTo date no xenotransplantation trials have been entirely successful due to obstacles arising from the response of the recipient\u2019s immune system\u2014generally more extreme than in allotransplantations, ultimately results in rejection of the xenograft, and in some cases result in the death of the recipient\u2014including hyperacute rejection, acute vascular rejection, cellular rejection and chronic rejection. An early major breakthrough was the 1,3 galactosyl transferase gene knockout.\n\nExamples of viruses carried by pigs include porcine herpesvirus, rotavirus, parvovirus, and circovirus. Of particular concern are PERVS (porcine endogenous retroviruses), vertically transmitted microbes that embed in swine genomes. The risks with xenosis are twofold, as not only could the individual become infected, but a novel infection could initiate an epidemic in the human population. Because of this risk, the FDA has suggested any recipients of xenotransplants shall be closely monitored for the remainder of their life, and quarantined if they show signs of xenosis.\n\nPig cells have been engineered to inactivate all 62 PERVs in the genome using CRISPR Cas9 genome editing technology, and eliminated infection from the pig to human cells in culture.\n"	"Breeds"	"\nPigs are exhibited at agricultural shows, judged either as stud stock compared to the standard features of each breed, or in commercial classes where the animals are judged primarily on their suitability for slaughter to provide premium meat. According to The Livestock Conservancy, seven breeds of swine in the US are critically rare (having a global population of fewer than 2000), as are the Auckland Island Pig (New Zealand) and woolly-coated grazing pig (Danube area).\n"	"Human uses"	"Interior of pig farm at Bj\u00e4rka-S\u00e4by Castle, Sweden, 1911.\nThe domestic pig is mostly used for its meat, pork. Other food products made from pigs include pork sausage (casings made from the intestines), bacon, gammon, ham and pork scratchings (cracklings or rinds). The head of a pig can be used to make a preserved jelly called head cheese (sometimes known as brawn). Liver, chitterlings, blood (for blood pudding or black pudding), and other offal from pigs are also widely used for food. In some religions, such as Judaism and Islam, pork is taboo food.\n\nThe use of pig milk for human consumption does take place, but as there are certain difficulties in obtaining it, there is little commercial production.\n\nPigskin is used to produce seat covers, apparel, pork rinds, and other items.\n\n===In farming===\n\n\nIn some developing and developed nations, the domestic pig is usually raised outdoors in yards or fields. In some areas, pigs are allowed to forage in woods where they may be taken care of by swineherds. In industrialized nations such as the United States, domestic pig farming has switched from the traditional pig farm to large-scale intensive pig farms. This has resulted in lower production costs, but can cause significant cruelty problems, and demand for pasture-raised pork in the United States has increased as consumers become concerned with humane treatment of livestock.\n\n===As a pet ===\nTwo pot-bellied pigs, a breed of domestic pig originating in Vietnam\nAsian pot-bellied pigs, a small type of domestic pig, have made popular house pets in the United States beginning in the latter half of the twentieth century. Domestic farmyard pigs have also been known to be kept indoors, but due to their large size and destructive tendencies, they typically need to be moved into an outdoor pen as they grow older. Most pigs have a fear of being picked up by the stomach, but will usually calm down once placed back on the floor. Pigs are rarely used as working animals. An important exception is the use of truffle pigs \u2013 ordinary pigs trained to find truffles.\n\nMiniature pigs, also called micro or teacup pigs, which are specifically bred to be small, may weigh from . They gained in popularity in late 2009 after several mainstream press articles claimed they were a popular pet to celebrities. Despite claims that the \"teacup pigs\" will remain small their whole lives, these pigs grew to 50\u00a0kg, but Beijing Genomics Institute in Shenzhen have since engineered new micro pigs via  TALEN genome editing to inactivate the growth hormone receptor gene (GHR); and these are just 15\u00a0kg at maturity.\n\n===In biomedical research===\nThe domestic pig both as a live animal and source of post mortem tissues is one of the most valuable animal models used in biomedical research today because of its biological, physiological and anatomical similarities to human beings. Live porcine as well as post mortem tissues are used in finding treatments and cures for diseases and for teaching and education. Also they are used in the development of medical instruments and devices, surgical techniques and instrumentation and FDA approved research. As part of animal conservation (The Three Rs (animals)) live animals as well as post mortem porcine tissues contribute to the reduction and replacement methods for animal research as they supply more information from less animals or tissue used and also at a lower cost.\n\n===In entertainment===\nMiss Piggy, Babe, and Porky Pig represent the domestic pig in entertainment, and \"The Three Little Pigs\", Piglet in the stories of A. A. Milne, ''Charlotte's Web'', ''The Sheep-Pig'', Zhu Bajie and Napoleon in George Orwell's ''Animal Farm'' are prominent examples of the domestic pig in literature.\n"	"Glossary of terms"	"\nBecause the domestic pig is a major domesticated animal, English has many terms unique to the species.\n\n*''barrow'' - a castrated male swine\n*''boar'' - a mature, male swine; often a wild or feral swine\n*''farrow'' (verb) - to give birth to piglets\n*''farrow'' (noun) - a litter of piglets\n*''gilt'' - a female pig that has never been pregnant\n*''hog'' - a domestic swine, especially a fully-grown specimen\n*''parcel'' - collective noun\n*''pig'' - strictly, an immature swine; more generally, any swine, especially of the domestic variety\n*''piglet'' - a very young pig\n*''shoat'' - a young hog, especially one that has been weaned\n*''sow'' - a mature, female swine\n*''swine'' (singular and plural) - a hog; hogs collectively or generally\n*''swineherd'' - one who tends swine; a pig farmer\n*''queen'' -  a female pig that has never been mated\n"	"See also"	"\n*Exotic pet\n*Extensive farming\n*Food and drink prohibitions\n*Free range\n*Intensive animal farming\n*Intensive farming\n*Mycoplasma hyorhinis \n*Peccary (domestication) \n*Truffle hog\n*Xenotransfusion\n"	"Gallery (anatomy)"	"\n\nPig hand skeleton.jpg|Pig hand skeleton.\nDomestic pig heart.jpg|Domestic pig heart.\nDomestic pig kidney-- FMVZ USP-10.jpg|Pig kidney.\nDomestic pig testis 01- FMVZ USP-12.jpg|Pig testis.\nDomestic pig fetus- FMVZ USP-25.jpg|Pig fetus.\nDomestic pig testis 02- FMVZ USP-15.jpg|Pig testis.\nDomestic pig scrotal sac- FMVZ USP-17.jpg|Pig scrotal sac.\nFemale reproductive tract of a pig- FMVZ USP-28.jpg|Female reproductive tract of a pig.\nDomestic pig fetus- FMVZ USP-26.jpg|Pig fetus.\n\n\n"	"Footnotes"	"\n"	"References"	"* \n*  Animal Welfare AVMA Policy on Pregnant Sow Housing\n*  CAST Scientific Assessment of the Welfare of Dry Sows kept in Individual Accommodations- March 2009\n"	" External links "	"\n*  JSR Genetics, Pig genetics company\n*  An introduction to pig keeping\n*  JJ Genetics, gilt pig breeders\n*  Swine Study Guide from UC Davis\n*  British Pig Association\n*  The process of pig slaughtery\n*  Swine Care\n*  Globe and Mail article Canada's transgenic Enviropig is stuck in a genetic modification poke\n*  Information on Micro Pigs\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Domestic rabbit"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nA '''domestic rabbit''' or '''domesticated rabbit''' (''Oryctolagus''), more commonly known as simply a '''rabbit''', is any of the domesticated varieties of the European rabbit species. Rabbits were first domesticated in the Middle Ages and are used as sources of food, fur, and wool, as research subjects, and as pets. The male is called a ''buck'' and the female is a ''doe''; a young rabbit is a ''kit'' or ''bunny''.\n"	"History"	"Rabbits kept in cages for scientific experimentation\nPhoenician sailors visiting the coast of Spain c. 12th century BC, mistaking the European rabbit for a species from their homeland (the rock hyrax ''Procavia capensis''), gave it the name ''i-shepan-ham'' (land or island of hyraxes). A theory exists that a corruption of this name, used by the Romans, became the Latin name for the peninsula, Hispania \u2013 although this theory is somewhat controversial. In Rome rabbits were raised in large walled colonies.\n\nSelective breeding of rabbits began in the Middle Ages, when they were first domesticated as farm animals. By the 16th century, several new breeds of different colors and sizes were being recorded.\n\nIn the 19th century, as animal fancy in general began to emerge, rabbit fanciers began to sponsor rabbit exhibitions and fairs in Western Europe and the United States.  Breeds of various domesticated animals were created and modified for the added purpose of exhibition, a departure from the breeds that had been created solely for food, fur, wool, or labor.  The rabbit's emergence as a household pet began during the Victorian era.\n\nDomestic rabbits have been popular in the United States since the late 19th century.  What became known as the \"Belgian Hare Boom\", began with the importation of the first Belgian Hares from England in 1888 and soon after the founding of the first rabbit club in America, the American Belgian Hare Association.  From 1898 to 1901, many thousands of Belgian Hares were imported to America. Today, the Belgian Hare is considered one of the rarest breeds with less than 200 in the United States as reported in a recent survey.\n\nThe American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) was founded in 1910 and is the national authority on rabbit raising and rabbit breeds having a uniform Standard of Perfection, registration and judging system. The domestic rabbit continues to be popular as a show animal and pet.  Many thousand rabbit shows occur each year  and are sanctioned in Canada and the United States by the ARBA. Today, the domesticated rabbit is the third most popular mammalian pet in Britain after dogs and cats.\n\nRabbits have been, and continue to be, used in laboratory work such as production of antibodies for vaccines and research of human male reproductive system toxicology. The Environmental Health Perspective, published by the National Institute of Health, states, \"The rabbit is an extremely valuable model for studying the effects of chemicals or other stimuli on the male reproductive system.\" According to the Humane Society of the United States, rabbits are also used extensively in the study of bronchial asthma, stroke prevention treatments, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and cancer. Animal rights activists have opposed animal experimentation for non-medical purposes, such as the testing of cosmetic and cleaning products, which has resulted in decreased use of rabbits in these areas.\n"	"Terminology"	"Male rabbits are called ''bucks''; females are called ''does''.  An older term for an adult rabbit is ''coney'', while ''rabbit'' once referred only to the young animals.  Another term for a young rabbit is ''bunny'', though this term is often applied informally (especially by children) to rabbits generally, especially domestic ones. More recently, the term ''kit'' or ''kitten'' has been used to refer to a young rabbit. A young hare is called a ''leveret''; this term is sometimes informally applied to a young rabbit as well.  A group of rabbits is known as a \"colony\" or a \"nest\".\n"	"Biology"	"\n===Diet===\nThe domestic rabbit's diet depends upon whether it is a pet, a meat, or a fur rabbit. Meat and fur rabbits are fed diets which will improve meat or fur production and allow for the safe delivery of large litters of healthy kits while minimising costs and producing feces which meet waste regulations where appropriate.\n\nCommercial food pellets are available in most countries in a variety of formulations, and are typically fed to adult rabbits in limited quantities to prevent obesity.  Most pellets are based on alfalfa as a protein and fiber source, with other grains being used to complete the carbohydrate requirements.  Minerals and vitamins geared toward specific requirements of rabbits are added during production.  Many commercial rabbit raisers also feed grass hay, although this can represent a hygiene issue in rabbitries. Alfalfa hay in particular is recommended for immature rabbits.\n\nIn contrast, a pet rabbit's diet may require fewer calories and energy, while taking advantage of many home-prepared ingredients. \n\nA diet including too many pellets, root vegetables or sugary fruits can lead to diarrhea, obesity, poor wear on molar teeth and other health problems. Studies have shown that although a short changeover period is needed, domestic rabbits are highly adaptable to diets produced from locally available forage products in developing countries.\n\nFresh water should always be available, either in a water bottle or bowl.\n\n===Digestion===\nRabbits are hindgut fermenters and therefore have an enlarged cecum.  This allows rabbits to digest, via fermentation, what they otherwise would not be able to metabolically process.  Because a rabbit has a sensitive and rather substantial gastrointestinal tract, a rabbit's diet should consist of some amount of fiber.  Without a proper diet, gastrointestinal stasis can occur and have detrimental effects on the animal. It is in the cecum that this fiber is digested.\n\nAfter a rabbit ingests food, the food travels down the esophagus and through a small valve called the cardia.  In rabbits, this valve is very well pronounced and makes the rabbit incapable of vomiting.  The food enters the stomach after passing through the cardia.   Food then moves to the stomach and small intestine where a majority of nutrient extraction and absorption takes place.  Food then passes into the colon and eventually into the cecum.  Peristaltic muscle contractions (waves of motion) help to separate fibrous and non-fibrous particles.  The non-fibrous particles are then moved backwards up the colon, through the illeo-cecal valve, and into the cecum. Symbiotic bacteria in the cecum help to further digest the non-fibrous particles into a more metabolically manageable substance.  After as little as three hours, a soft, fecal \"pellet\", called a cecotrope, is expelled from the rabbit's anus.  The rabbit instinctively eats these grape-like pellets, without chewing, in exchange keeping the mucous coating intact. This coating protects the vitamin- and nutrient-rich bacteria from stomach acid, until it reaches the small intestine, where the nutrients from the cecotrope can be absorbed.\n\nThe soft pellets contain a sufficiently large portion of nutrients that are critical to the rabbit's health.  This soft fecal matter is rich in vitamin B and other nutrients.  The process of coprophagy is important to the stability of a rabbit's digestive health because it is one important way that which a rabbit receives vitamin B in a form that is useful to its digestive wellness. Occasionally, the rabbit may leave these pellets lying about its cage; this behavior is harmless and usually related to an ample food supply.\n\nWhen caecal pellets are wet and runny (semi-liquid) and stick to the rabbit and surrounding objects they are called ontermittent soft cecotropes (ISCs). This is different from ordinary diarrhea and is usually caused by a diet too high in carbohydrates or too low in fiber. Soft fruit or salad items such as lettuce, cucumbers and tomatoes are possible causes. Increasing dietary fiber and decreasing carbohydrates should restore the gut flora to normal in the cecum and return gastrointestinal tract motility to normal. This can be avoided by providing a healthy diet of unlimited grass hay as the main part with fibrous green foods such as broccoli and cabbage and limited high fiber/low energy pellets. Note also that there are other more serious but uncommon causes such as cancer, intestinal obstructions and abscesses.  \n\n\n\n===Reproduction===\nOvulation is induced by sexual stimulation.  Sexual maturity age for small breeds (Mini Rex, Polish) is 4 to 5 months.  For medium breeds such as New Zealand, or Rex, onset is 5 to 6 months, and 6\u20137 months in large breeds (Flemish Giant, Checkered Giant).  Males usually require more time to fully mature, and normally reach adult sperm counts between 6\u20137 months.\n\nDue to the territorial nature of female rabbits, it is standard practice for the doe to always be brought to the buck's cage.  When the doe is brought to the bucks' cage, he quickly mounts her, performs pelvic thrusting culminating in ejaculation, and \"flops\" off. The whole act may take less than 30 seconds, and is often repeated several times. When he is finished, the buck should then be removed, but many breeders will reintroduce the buck a few hours later to increase the size of the litter.\n\nRabbits are often spayed (if female) or neutered (male) at the onset of adolescence to prevent unwanted offspring, and for health and behavior benefits. \n\n====Milk====\nRabbits, like all mammals, produce milk for their young.   Females have six to eight nipples.  They produce milk for four to five weeks.\n\nRabbit milk is fairly high in fat, as a percentage by mass.  While most species produce approximately 5% milk fat, rabbits produce 12%.  See excerpted table below for comparison of species with the highest and lowest milk fat content.\n\n\nSpecies       \n Fat    \n Protein \n Lactose \n Ash \n Total Solids\n\nSeal, gray    \n 53.2   \n 11.2   \n 2.6   \n 0.7   \n 68\n\nWhale         \n 34.8   \n 13.6   \n 1.8   \n 1.6   \n 51\n\nBear, polar   \n 31     \n 10.2   \n 0.5   \n 1.2   \n 43\n\nRabbit        \n 12.2   \n 10.4   \n 1.8   \n 2     \n 26\n\nBison         \n  1.7   \n  4.8   \n 5.7   \n 1.0   \n 13\n\nHorse         \n  1.6   \n  2.7   \n 6.1   \n 0.5   \n 11\n\nDonkey        \n  1.2   \n  1.7   \n 6.9   \n 0.5   \n 10\n\n\n===Genetics===\nThe study of rabbit genetics is mainly due to medical researchers, fanciers, and the fur and meat industries.  Each of these groups have differing interests and needs for genetic information.  In biomedical research community and pharmaceutical industry, rabbits are used to produce antibodies, test toxicity of consumer products, and as a model organism.  Among rabbit fanciers, the fiber/fur industry, the genetics of coat color and hair properties are paramount.  The meat industry selects for disease resistance, feed conversion ratio, and reproduction potential.\n\n====Linkage maps====\nEarly genetic research focused on linkage distance between various gross phenotypes using linkage analysis.  Between 1924 and 1941, the relationship between the c, y, b, du, En, l, r1, r2, A, dw, w, f, and br had been established (phenotype is listed below).\n\n:* c -- albino\n:* y -- yellow fat\n:* du -- Dutch coloring\n:* En -- English coloring\n:* l -- angora\n:* r1, r2 -- rex genes\n:* A -- Agouti\n:* dw -- dwarf gene\n:* w -- wide intermediate-color band \n:* f -- furless\n:* br -- brachydactyly\n\nThe distance between these genes is as follows, enumerated by chromosome.  The format is gene1\u2014distance\u2014gene2 -- ...\n\n\n:# c -- 14.4 -- y -- 28.4 -- b\n:# du -- 1.2 -- EN  -- 13.1 -- l\n:# r1 -- 17.2 -- r2\n:# A -- 14.7 -- dw -- 15.4 -- w\n:# f -- 28.3 -- br\n\nThe rabbit genome has been sequenced and is publicly available. The mitochondrial DNA has also been sequenced.\n\nIn 2011, parts of the rabbit genome were re-sequenced in greater depth in order to expose variation within the genome.\n\n====Color genes====\n\nThere are 10 color gene groups (or loci) in rabbits. They are A, B, C, D, E, En, Du, Si, V, and W. Each locus has dominant and recessive genes. In addition to the loci there are also modifiers, which modify a certain gene. These include the rufus modifiers, color intensifiers, and plus/minus (blanket/spot) modifiers. A rabbit's coat only has two pigments, pheomelanin (yellow) and eumelanin (dark brown). There can also be no pigment, causing an albino or white rabbit.\n\nWithin each group, the genes are listed in order of dominance, with the most dominant gene first. In parenthesis after the description is at least one example of a color that displays this gene.\n\n:''Note: lower case are recessive and capital letters are dominant''\nChinchilla\n*\"A\" represents the agouti locus (multiple bands of color on the hair shaft). The genes are:\n**A=agouti (\"wild color\" or chestnut agouti, opal, chinchilla, etc.)\n**a(t)=tan pattern (otter, tan, silver marten)\n**a=self or non-agouti (black, chocolate)\n*\"B\" represents the brown locus. The genes are:\n**B=black (chestnut agouti, black otter, black)\n**b=brown (chocolate agouti, chocolate otter, chocolate)\nBlue\n*\"C\" represents the color locus. The genes are:\n**C=full color (black)\n**c(ch3)=dark chinchilla, removes yellow pigmentation (chinchilla, silver marten)\n**c(ch2)=medium (light) chinchilla, Slight reduction in eumelanin creating a more sepia tone in the fur rather than black.\n**c(ch1)=light (pale) chinchilla (sable, sable point, smoke pearl, seal)\n**c(h)=color sensitive expression of color.  Warmer parts of body do not express color.  Known as himalayan, the body is white with extremities (\"points\") colored in black, blue, chocolate or lilac, pink eyes\n**c=albino (ruby-eyed white or REW)\n*\"D\" represents the dilution locus.  This gene dilutes black to blue and chocolate to lilac.\n**D=dense color (chestnut agouti, black, chocolate)\n**d=diluted color (opal, blue or lilac)\n*\"E\" represents the extension locus. It works with the 'A' and 'C' loci, and rufus modifiers. When it is recessive, it removes most black pigment. The genes are:\n**E(d)=dominant black\n**E(s)=steel (black removed from tips of fur, which then appear golden or silver)\n**E=normal\n**e(j)=Japanese brindling (harlequin), black and yellow pigment broken into patches over the body.  In a broken color pattern this results in Tricolor.\n**e=most black pigment removed (agouti becomes red or orange, self becomes tortoise)\nDutch\n*\"En\" represents the plus/minus (blanket/spot) color locus. It is incompletely dominant and results in three possible color patterns:\n**EnEn=\"Charlie\" or a lightly marked broken with color on ears, on nose and sparsely on body\n**Enen=Broken rabbit with roughly even distribution of color and white\n**enen=Solid color with no white areas\n*\"Du\" represents the Dutch color pattern, (the front of the face, front part of the body, and rear paws are white, the rest of the rabbit has colored fur). The genes are:\n**Du=absence of Dutch pattern\n**du(d)=Dutch (dark)\n**du(w)=Dutch (white)\nCzech Red\n*\"V\" represents the vienna white locus. The genes are:\n**V=normal color\n**Vv=Vienna carrier, carries blue-eyed white gene.  May appear as a solid color, with snips of white on nose and/or front paws, or Dutch marked.\n**v=vienna white (blue-eyed white or BEW)\n*\"Si\" represents the silver locus. The genes are:\n**Si=normal color\n**si=silver color (silver, silver fox)\n*\"W\" represents the middle yellow-white band locus and works with the agouti gene. The genes are:\n**W=normal width of yellow band\n**w=doubles yellow band width (Otter becomes Tan, intensified red factors in Thrianta and Belgian Hare)\n*\"P\" represents the OCA type II form of albinism, P is because it is an integral P protein mutation. The genes are:\n**P=normal color\n**p=albinism mutation, removes eumelanin and causes pink eyes. (Will change, for example, a Chestnut Agouti into a Shadow)\nIndian rabbit\n"	"Breeds"	" Holland Lop with black patches on white (a pattern called \"broken\")\n\n\nNumerous different, standardized breeds of domestic rabbit have been developed, with various sizes, temperaments, and care requirements. Mostly of them have historically been bred to be much larger than wild rabbits, though selective breeding has produced a range sizes from \"dwarf\" to \"giant\", many of which are kept as food and fur animals as well as pets across the world. The modern, long-haired Angora breed is raised for its long, soft fur, which is often spun, like wool, into yarn. Other breeds are raised for the fur industry, particularly the Rex, which has a smooth, velvet-like coat and comes in a wide variety of colors and sizes.  There are 49 rabbit breeds recognized by the American Rabbit Breeders Association in the United States, and over 50 rabbit breeds recognized by the British Rabbit Council. There are many more breeds of rabbits worldwide.\n\nAs with breeds of dogs, rabbit breeds were selectively bred by humans at different times to achieve certain desired characteristics.  They have as much color variation between them as do other household pets, and vary in other traits from breed to breed, such as coat length and texture, body shape, ear length and position (many are lop-eared), tail size, etc. Temperaments can vary slightly with breed and gender, as with any animal, and this may include contentment and relaxation versus timidity and fearfulness, alertness, playfulness, and submissiveness versus aggression.\n\nMost genetic defects in the domestic rabbit (such as the Holland Lop breed's tendency to develop dental problems) are due to recessive genes. These genes are carefully tracked by fanciers of the breeds who show these animals; just as dog fanciers carefully check for hip, eye and heart problems, rabbit fanciers extensively follow their own lines to breed out unwanted defects.\n"	"As pets"	"\n Standard Chinchilla domestic rabbit\nRabbits have been kept as pets in Western nations since the 19th century.  Rabbits bond (albeit slowly) with owners, can learn to follow simple voice commands and come when called by name, and are curious and playful.  They do not make good pets for small children, as rabbits are fragile and easily injured by rough handling, as well as frequently frightened by loud noises and sudden motions.\n\nUnited Kingdom regulations require certain vaccinations for all rabbits ; such mandates are not common in other countries.  The keeping of pet rabbits is banned in the Australian state of Queensland.  Rabbits are especially popular as pets in the United States during the Easter season, due to their association with the holiday. However, animal shelters that accept rabbits often complain that during the weeks and months following Easter, there is a rise in unwanted and neglected rabbits that were bought as Easter \"gifts\", especially for children.  Similar problems arise in rural areas after county fairs and the like, in jurisdictions in which rabbits are legal prizes in fairground games.\n\nThere are many humane societies, animal shelters, and rescue groups that have rabbits available for pet adoption.  Fancy rabbit breeds are often purchased from pet stores, private breeders, and fanciers.\n\n===House rabbits===\nA house rabbit sharing an apple with its owner\nRabbits are increasingly kept as house pets in family homes, in \"rabbit-proofed\" spaces that do not provide dangerous or valuable things upon which to gnaw. Living indoors shelters a rabbit from outdoor dangers such as predators, weather, vehicles, and pesticides, and thus lengthens their lifespan. Rabbits are easy to housebreak, by training them to use a cat-style litter box, with low-dust litter or other materials that will not cause health problems if ingested. Those that are not spayed or neutered may begin to engage in territorial marking (which can frustrate efforts to litter-train as well as damage household items) and aggressive behavior. \n\nRabbits are usually compatible with other small animals, including other rabbits, birds, and rodents such as chinchillas and guinea pigs (cavies), but this may not be advisable .  They may also be kept with non-aggressive cats and dogs, after gradual introduction, but are usually supervised with them, as both of these other animals have predatory behaviors that may instinctively lead them to attack rabbits, or simply injure them through overly rough play.\n\nThis is less likely when the cat or dog is raised from infancy with a rabbit.  Some dog breeds, especially those developed for vermin control or for small-game hunting, are more likely to act aggressively toward rabbits and other small animals.\n\nKeeping a rabbit as a house companion was popularised by Sandy Crook in her 1981 book ''Your French Lop''. In 1983, Crook was a featured lecturer to the 35,000 attendees at the American Family Pet Show in Anaheim, California where she presented her personal experiences of living with her indoor rabbit as evidence of a human\u2013rabbit bond. Throughout the 1980s it became more common to litter-box train a rabbit and keep it indoors, after the publication of Marinell Harriman's ''House Rabbit Handbook: How to Live with an Urban Rabbit'' in 1985. The US-based House Rabbit Society was founded in 1988.\n\n===Maintenance===\nA house rabbit eating parsley\nRabbits are relatively inexpensive to keep when compared to larger animals, such as horses, or to carnivorous ones such as cats and dogs, but their care can still be moderately costly. Accommodations can range from a sheltered outdoor hutch  to an indoor pen or rabbit-proofed room.  Pet rabbits' housing, indoor or outdoor, is often equipped with shelves, ramps, tunnels, toys, and other enrichment items. Some indoor/outdoor pet rabbits, kept inside at night, are given the equivalent of a dog run, or collapsible lawn pen fencing, to use during the day.\n\nA pet rabbit's diet, focused on providing adequate fiber, typically consists of timothy grass or other hay (about 80% of the diet), a fair quantity of leafy greens and other fresh vegetables (not just carrots, which are sugary), and a limited amount of commercial pellet fodder.  However, testing to determine if this hay/vegetable/pellet diet meets the animal's requirements for minerals and vitamins have not been conducted to the extent that pellet diets have been researched in commercial rabbitry. Some rabbit welfare organizations and veterinarians recommended that a pet rabbit's diet should model off an approximation of a wild rabbit's natural diet as a foraging animal. Outdoor rabbits are also happy to eat some lawn grass, though it is not a complete diet for them. Small scale farming of rabbits often feeds them largely from kitchen scraps.\n\nRegular brushing of the coat helps to increase sanitation and reduce ingestion of loose fur, and is especially important for the recently developed long-haired breeds. Regular trimming of the claws (sometimes called nails) may be needed if a pet rabbit lives indoors where it cannot dig and naturally wear its claws down. In the middle-sized breeds, the teeth grow approximately 125\u00a0mm (5\u00a0in) per year for the upper incisors and about 200\u00a0mm (8\u00a0in) per year for the lower incisors. The teeth in most breeds abrade away against one another, giving them a constantly sharp edge.\n\n===Behavioral concerns ===\nThese two house rabbits share a litter box originally intended for cats.\nAs the domestic descendants of wild prey animals, rabbits are alert, timid creatures that startle fairly easily, and many of their behaviors are triggered by the fight-or-flight response to perceived threats. According to the House Rabbit Society, the owner of a pet rabbit can use various behavioral approaches to win the animal's trust, which can be a long and difficult process.\n\nA rabbit's body language and posture are key factors to determining temperament.  Fearful behavior is often the most difficult to discern, as it can be mistaken for submissive behavior, or even contentedness. When a rabbit is fearful it may be twitchy, attempt to flee, crouch low with its ears pulled back, may have an accelerated pulse, or even produce a high-pitched scream. A rabbit's facial expressions may indicate fear, especially with bulging eyes, and cheek muscles pulled tight.  A fearful rabbit will sometimes thump its hind legs; while this is a behavior that evolved to alert other rabbits to a potential threat, solitary rabbits also do it instinctively. Contrarily, rabbits may sometimes seem unusually calm when frightened, but are nevertheless highly stressed .\n\nRabbits are social animals whose welfare benefits from being housed with other rabbits; however, house rabbits can be kept singly if enough attention is paid to them by the owner.\n\n===Safety===\nRabbits have been identified with few zoonotic (animal-to-human transmitted) diseases, and are considered low-risk for people with competent immune systems, but a risk exists of transmission of ''Escherichia coli'' (''E. coli''),  ''Encephalitozoon cuniculi'', and various ''Salmonella'' bacteria species, particularly for people with compromised immune systems.  A rare risk is the deadly bacterial disease tularemia (or \"rabbit fever\", among other names). There is no vaccine currently available (though one was \"on the horizon\" ); instead, good hygiene is the best preventative.\n\nIf a rabbit feels a need to defend itself, it may attempt to kick or scratch the perceived threat with its hind legs after rolling onto its back.  This could be dangerous for the rabbit as well as for the perceived threat, as it risks injuring its legs or spine.  Simple improper holding or handling of a pet rabbit can lead to strong kicks by the frightened or uncomfortable animal. Rabbits are occasionally aggressive, and may grunt, lunge, and even bite as well as scratch. Usually they do not bite hard enough to break skin. Rabbits become aggressive when they feel threatened or are cornered. Non-neutered rabbits may also act aggressively as part of mating behavior or out of protectiveness of their young.  Rabbits are most likely to develop aggressive behaviors at the onset of sexual maturity if not spayed/neutered.\n\nRabbits' propensity for chewing on electrical cords can lead to electrocution and fire hazards, so keepers hide cables or cover them with flexible clear tubing if they are within range of their rabbits.\n\nSome sources suggest that it may not be a good idea to keep rabbits in close proximity with rodents. Guinea pigs in particular are susceptible to respiratory disease from bacteria that rabbits carry. Additionally, rabbits may harm small rodents sharing their territory.\n"	"Commercial rabbitry"	"\n\n===Meat rabbits===\nhutch, as a supplementary food source, during the Great Depression\n\nBreeds such as the New Zealand and Californian are frequently utilized for meat in commercial rabbitries.  These breeds have efficient metabolisms and grow quickly; they are ready for slaughter by approximately 14 to 16 weeks of age.\n\nRabbit fryers are rabbits that are between 70 and 90 days of age, and weighing between 3 and 5\u00a0lb (1 to 2\u00a0kg) live weight. Rabbit roasters are rabbits from 90 days to 6 months of age weighing between 5 and 8\u00a0lb (2 to 3.5\u00a0kg) live weight. Rabbit stewers are rabbits from 6 months on weighing over 8\u00a0lb.\n\nAny type of rabbit can be slaughtered for meat, but those exhibiting the \"commercial\" body type are most commonly raised for meat purposes. Dark fryers (any other color but albino whites) are sometimes lower in price than albino fryers because of the slightly darker tinge of the fryer (purely pink carcasses are preferred by consumers) and because the hide is harder to remove manually than the white albino fryers.\n\n===Wool rabbits===\nRabbits such as the Angora, American Fuzzy Lop, and Jersey Wooly produce wool. However, since the American Fuzzy Lop and Jersey Wooly are both dwarf breeds, only the much larger Angora breeds such as the English Angora, Satin Angora, Giant Angora, and French Angoras are used for commercial wool production.  Their long fur is sheared, combed, or plucked (gently pulling loose hairs from the body during molting) and then spun into yarn used to make a variety of products. Angora sweaters can be purchased in many clothing stores and is generally mixed with other types of wool.  Rabbit wool, called Angora, is 2.5 times warmer than sheep's wool.\n\n===Fur rabbits===\nDried rabbit pelts\nAll rabbits produce fur.  Rabbits such as the Palomino, Satin, Chinchilla rabbit and Rex rabbit are commonly raised for fur.  Each breed has unique coloring and fur characteristics.  The rabbit is fed a diet especially balanced for fur production and is harvested when the pelts have reached prime condition, at an older age than would be optimal for meat production. Rabbit fur is widely used throughout the world. China imports much of its fur from Scandinavia (80%) and North America (5%) according to the USDA Foreign Agricultural Service GAIN Report CH7607.\n\n===Laboratory rabbits===\nRabbits have been and continue to be used in laboratory work such as production of antibodies for vaccines and research of human male reproductive system toxicology. In 1972, around 450,000 rabbits were used for experiments in the United States, decreasing to around 240 000 in 2006. The Environmental Health Perspective, published by the National Institute of Health, states, \"The rabbit is an extremely valuable model for studying the effects of chemicals or other stimuli on the male reproductive system.\" According to the Humane Society of the United States, rabbits are also used extensively in the study of bronchial asthma, stroke prevention treatments, cystic fibrosis, diabetes, and cancer.\n\nThe New Zealand White is one of the most commonly used breeds for research and testing.\n\nAnimal rights activists generally oppose animal experimentation for all purposes, and rabbits are no exception. The use of rabbits for the Draize test, which is used for, amongst other things, testing cosmetics on animals, has been cited as an example of cruelty in animal research.  Albino rabbits are typically used in the Draize tests because they have less tear flow than other animals, and the lack of eye pigment makes the effects easier to visualize.\n\n===Housing===\n\nRabbits being raised on pasture at Polyface Farm\ncondo\" offers a house rabbit a degree of hopping space and variety even when not free in rabbit-proofed areas at home.\nRabbits can live outdoors in properly constructed, sheltered hutches, which provide protection from the elements in winter and keep rabbits cool in summer heat.  To protect from predators, rabbit hutches are usually situated in a fenced yard, shed, barn, or other enclosed structure, which may also contain a larger pen for exercise.  Rabbits in such an environment can alternatively be allowed to roam the secured area freely, and simply be provided with an adapted doghouse for shelter.  A more elaborate setup is an artificial warren.\n\nAn appropriate hutch provides clean water at all times, and is at least high enough for the rabbit to stand on its back legs without its head touching the ceiling, and horizontally roomy enough to enable the rabbit to take 4 or 5 hops along its length and/or width.  The hutch is shaded or otherwise appropriately cooled in summer.  It may be heated in winter (although most rabbits, and especially the larger breeds, can be kept outside, with extra bedding, even into temperatures well below freezing, as long as they have a source of unfrozen water. Cages are grouped and covered to increase ambient temperature.  Even newborn rabbits do well in a cold environment if they have sufficient nesting material and many siblings to share body heat with, but should stay with the mother for longer periods of time in the winter for warmth. Below -10 degrees Celsius (15 degrees Fahrenheit), it is necessary to shelter all the animals indoors. Domesticated rabbits are most comfortable in temperatures between 10\u201321 C (50\u201370 F), and cannot endure temperatures above 32 C (90 F) very well without assistance, such as deep shade, cooled stones, frozen water bottles, and/or fans.\n\nHousing is cleaned regularly to ensure that no build-up of feces or urine occurs, as this can lead to health problems. Solid rabbit waste can be measured in cubic yards per year. This waste is excellent for gardening and composting, and can be collected for these uses whether the rabbit is housed indoors or outdoors. Rabbit droppings are often put in bins with red worms to create the compost, added to compost bins for enrichment of other compost, or applied directly to a garden as a \"cool\" fertilizer that will not chemically burn plants.\n"	"Exhibition"	"Checkered Giant at an exhibition\n\n===Conformation shows===\nShow rabbits are an increasingly popular activity. Showing rabbits helps to improve the vigor and physical behavior of each breed through competitive selection.  County fairs are common venues through which rabbits are shown in the United States and many other countries. Rabbit clubs at local to national levels hold many shows each year. On any given weekend one may be able to find a show in most regions of the United States and the United Kingdom. Although only purebred animals are shown, a pedigree is not required to enter a rabbit in show sanctioned by the American Rabbit Breeders Association show but is required to register a rabbit with the  ARBA.; a rabbit must be registered in order to receive a Grand Champion certificate. Children's clubs such as 4-H also include rabbit shows, usually in conjunction with county fairs. The ARBA holds an annual national convention which has as many as 25,000 animals competing form all over the world. The national show moves to a different city each year. The ARBA also sponsors youth programs for families as well as underprivileged rural and inner city children to learn responsible care and breeding of domestic rabbits.\n\n===Show jumping===\n\n\nRabbit show jumping, a form of animal sport between rabbits, began in the 1970s and has since become popular in Europe, particularly Sweden and the United Kingdom. Any rabbit regardless of breed may participate in this kind of competition, as it is based on athletic skill.\n"	"Health"	"\nDisease is rare when rabbits are raised in sanitary conditions and provided with adequate care.  Rabbits have fragile bones, especially in their spines, and need support on the belly or bottom when they are picked up.\n\nSpayed or neutered rabbits kept indoors with proper care may have a lifespan of 8 to 12 years, with mixed-breed rabbits typically living longer than purebred specimens, and dwarf breeds having longer average lifespans than larger breeds.  The world record for longest-lived rabbit is 18 years.\n\nRabbits will gnaw on almost anything, including electrical cords (possibly leading to electrocution), potentially poisonous plants, and material like carpet and fabric that may cause life-threatening intestinal blockages, so areas to which they have access need to be rabbit-proofed.\n\n===Veterinary care===\nRabbits visit the vet for routine check ups, vaccination, and when ill or injured. Veterinarians who have experience with rabbits, desirable for regular health checkups, can be difficult to locate. However, most emergency medical situations involving pets require the same treatment regardless of the animal's species. Some veterinary surgeons have a special interest in rabbits and some have extra qualifications. In the UK, the following postgraduate qualifications demonstrate specialist training in rabbits: Certificate in Zoological Medicine, Diploma in Zoological Medicine and Recognised specialist in Rabbit Medicine and Surgery.\n\nSome of the conditions that can occur in domestic rabbits include the following: dramatic or sudden loss of appetite, severe depression, breathing problems, sudden onset of head tilt, signs of maggot infestation, not passing stools. Rabbits can also be exposed to poisons, involved in an accident, fall from a height or be exposed to smoke.  Other conditions which indicate a need for medical treatment are drooling, unexplained weight loss, diarrhea or fur loss.  There are many other symptoms for which a rabbit requires medical aid or veterinary attention.\n\n===Routine checkups===\nRoutine check ups usually involve assessment of weight, skin, health and teeth by the owner or a veterinarian. This is essential because a rabbit's health and welfare can be compromised by being overweight or underweight or by having dental problems. Checking the teeth is particularly important part of the examination as back teeth can only be seen with an otoscope. Veterinarians can also give personalized advice on diet and exercise.\n\n===Vaccinations===\nIn most jurisdictions, including the United States (except were required by local animal control ordinances), rabbits do not require vaccination.  In the United Kingdom, all rabbits are required to be regularly vaccinated against rabbit hemorrhagic disease and myxomatosis. These vaccinations are usually given annually, two weeks apart. If there is an outbreak of myxomatosis locally, this vaccine can be administered every six months for extra protection.  Myxomatosis immunizations are not available in all countries, including Australia, due to fears that immunity will pass on to feral rabbits. However, they are recommended by some veterinarians as prophylactics, where they are legally available.\n\n===Spaying and neutering===\nRabbit fancier organizations and veterinarians recommend that pet rabbits be neutered or spayed by a rabbit-experienced veterinarian. Health advantages of neutering and spaying include increased longevity, and for females, a reduced risk of ovarian and uterine cancer and endometritis.  Neutering and spaying also reduces territorial marking in males, and aggression toward other rabbits.  Risks associated with spaying a rabbit include infection of the surgical site, and death from anesthesia.\n\n===Parasitic fungus===\nSome vets now recommend treating rabbits against the ''Encephalitozoon cuniculi'', a parasitic, microscopic fungus. Some studies have indicated that in the UK over 50% of rabbits may be infected with ''E. cuniculi''. The usual drugs for treatment and prevention of this infection are the benzimidazole anthelmintics, particularly fenbendazole, also used as a deworming agent in other species of animal, and shown to be effective in treating this condition in rabbits. In the UK, it is sold over-the-counter in oral paste form as a nine-day treatment for rabbits under the brand name Panacur Rabbit. Fenbendazole is particularly recommended for rabbits kept in colonies and before mixing new rabbits with each other. ''E. cuniculi'' is the primary cause of \"wry neck\".\n\n===Fly strike===\nFly strike is a rare condition which mostly affects rabbits kept in extremely unsanitary conditions and is more likely to occur during summer months. Fly strike happens when flies (particularly the botfly) lay their eggs in the damp or soiled fur or in an open wound of a rabbit. Within 12 hours, the eggs hatch into the larva; stage of the fly, known as maggots.   The maggots, initially small and almost invisible to the naked eye, can burrow into the skin of the rabbit and feed on the animal's tissue. Within 3\u20134 days, the larvae can be large as 15\u00a0mm long. In rare cases, if not treated, the rabbit can pass into shock and die.  The most susceptible animals are those living in unsanitary housing, older rabbits that do not move much, and those that are unable to clean their bottom areas carefully. Rabbits raised on solid floors are more susceptible than rabbits raised on wire floors. Rabbits exhibiting one or more episodes of diarrhea are often inspected, especially during the summer months. In 2002, the medicine Rearguard was approved in the United Kingdom for 10-week-per-application prevention of fly strike.\n\n===Viral diseases===\nRabbits are subject to infection by a variety of viruses.\n\nMyxomatosis is a threat to the health of pet and livestock rabbits. Rabbits caged outdoors in Australia are vulnerable in areas with high numbers of mosquitoes. In Europe, fleas are the carriers of myxomatosis. In some countries, annual vaccinations against myxomatosis are available. In Australia, myxomatosis was intentionally introduced into the feral population of European rabbits (which have become an invasive species) as a means of population control. The Australian government will not allow veterinarians to purchase and use the vaccine that would protect domestic rabbits, for fear that this immunity would be spread into the wild by escaped livestock and pets. This is also the motivation for the pet-rabbit ban in Queensland.\n\nRabbit hemorrhagic disease (RHD), also known as viral hemorrhagic disease (VHD) or rabbit calicivirus disease (RCD), is caused by a rabbit-specific calicivirus known as RHDV or RCV, discovered in 1983. It is highly infectious, and usually fatal. Outward signs are not obvious and usually include little but a fever and lethargy, until after significant internal organ damage results in labored breathing, squealing, bloody mucus, and eventual coma and death. Internally, the infection causes necrosis of the liver and damages other organs, especially the spleen, kidneys, and small intestine. Vaccines are available (and mandatory) in the UK, but often not available elsewhere .\n\nLike myxomatosis, RHD has been introduced into feral populations intentionally, especially in Australia and (illegally) in New Zealand, to thin their numbers, and it has escaped quarantine in some areas. The disease has killed tens of millions of rabbits in China (unintentionally) and Australia, with other epidemics reported in Bolivia, Mexico, South Korea, and continental Europe. Outbreaks have been successfully controlled in the United States (where it was still occasionally reported ) and the UK.  Populations in New Zealand have bounced back after developing a genetic immunity, and the disease has no effect on native wild rabbit and hare species in the Americas, which are not closely related to the Old World rabbits.\n\nWest Nile virus is another threat to rabbits. This is a fatal disease, and while vaccines are available, they are not specifically indicated for rabbits. Recourse against the disease includes limiting the number of mosquitoes that are around pet rabbits.\n\n===Sore hocks===\nThe formation of open sores on the rabbit's hocks, commonly called \"sore hocks\", is a problem that commonly afflicts mostly heavy-weight rabbits kept in cages with wire flooring or soiled solid flooring.  The problem is most prevalent in rex-furred rabbits and heavy-weight rabbits (9+ pounds in weight), as well as those with thin foot bristles.\n\nThe condition results when, over the course of time, the protective bristle-like fur on the rabbit's hocks thins down. Standing urine or other unsanitary cage conditions can exacerbate the problem by irritating the sensitive skin. The exposed skin in turn can result in tender areas or, in severe cases, open sores, which may then become infected and abscessed if not properly cared for.\n\nMost rabbits can live safely on wire floors with the provision of a resting board or mat. Ultra heavy-weight breeds such as Flemish Giants or Checkered Giants are best raised on solid or partially solid flooring. Alternatively, plastic-floored cages can be used in place of wire floors to provide more comfort.\n\n===Respiratory and conjunctival problems===\nAn over-diagnosed ailment amongst rabbits is respiratory infection, known colloquially as \"snuffles\". ''Pasteurella'', a bacterium, is usually misdiagnosed and this is known to be a factor in the overuse of antibiotics among rabbits. A runny nose, for instance, can have several causes, among those being high temperature or humidity, extreme stress, environmental pollution (like perfume or incense), or a sinus infection. Options for treating this is removing the pollutant, lowering or raising the temperature accordingly, and medical treatment for sinus infections. ''Pasteurella'' does live naturally in a rabbit's respiratory tract, and it can flourish out of control in some cases. In the rare event that happens, antibiotic treatment is necessary.\n\nSneezing can be a sign of environmental pollution (such as too much dust) or a food allergy.\n\nRunny eyes and other conjunctival problems can be caused by dental disease or a blockage of the tear duct. Environmental pollution, corneal disease, entropion, distichiasis, or inflammation of the eyes are also causes. This is easy to diagnose as well as treat.\n\n===Wry neck===\nInner ear infections, certain parasites, strokes, or other diseases or injuries affecting the brain or inner ear can lead to a condition known as \"wry neck\" or \"head tilt.\" Although a heavy infestation of ear mites, an ear infection, or a head or neck injury can result in these symptoms, the most common cause of these symptoms is ''E. cuniculi'', a parasite .  This condition can be fatal, due to a disorientation that causes the animal to stop eating and drinking.\n\n===Dental problems===\nMalocclusion\nDental disease has several causes, namely genetics, inappropriate diet, injury to the jaw, infection, or cancer.\n\n* Malocclusion: Rabbit teeth are open-rooted and continue to grow throughout their lives. In some rabbits, the teeth are not properly aligned, a condition called ''malocclusion''. Because of the misaligned nature of the rabbit's teeth, there is no normal wear to control the length to which the teeth grow. There are three main  causes of malocclusion, most commonly genetic predisposition, injury, or bacterial infection. In the case of congenital malocclusion, treatment usually involves veterinary visits in which the teeth are treated with a dental burr (a procedure called crown reduction or, more commonly, teeth clipping) or, in some cases, permanently removed.  In cases of simple malocclusion, a block of wood for the rabbit to chew on can rectify this problem.\n* Molar spurs: These are spurs that can dig into the rabbit's tongue and/or cheek causing pain. These should be filed down by an experienced exotic veterinarian specialised in rabbit care, using a dental burr, for example.\n* Osteoporosis: Rabbits, especially neutered females and those that are kept indoors without adequate natural sunlight, can suffer from osteoporosis, in which holes appear in the skull by X-Ray imaging. This reflects the general thinning of the bone, and teeth will start to become looser in the sockets, making it uncomfortable and painful for the animal to chew hay. The inability to properly chew hay can result in molar spurs, as described above, and weight loss, leading into a downward spiral if not treated promptly. This can be reversible and treatable. A veterinary formulated liquid calcium supplement with vitamin D3 and magnesium can be given mixed with the rabbit's drinking water, once or twice per week, according to the veterinarian's instructions. The molar spurs should also be trimmed down by an experienced exotic veterinarian specialised in rabbit care, once per 1-2 months depending on the case.\n\nSigns of dental difficulty include difficulty eating, weight loss and small stools and visibly overgrown teeth. However, there are many other causes of ptyalism, including pain due to other causes. A visit to an experienced rabbit veterinarian is strongly recommended in the case of a wet chin, or excessive grooming of the mouth area.\n\n===Gastrointestinal stasis===\nGastrointestinal stasis (GI stasis) is a serious and potentially fatal condition that occurs in some rabbits in which gut motility is severely reduced and possibly completely stopped. When untreated or improperly treated, GI stasis can be fatal in as little as 24 hours.\n\nGI stasis is the condition of food not moving through the gut as quickly as normal. The gut contents may dehydrate and compact into a hard, immobile mass (impacted gut), blocking the digestive tract of the rabbit. Food in an immobile gut may also ferment, causing significant gas buildup and resultant gas pain for the rabbit.\n\nThe first noticeable symptom of GI stasis may be that the rabbit suddenly stops eating. Treatment frequently includes intravenous or subcutaneous fluid therapy (rehydration through injection of a balanced electrolyte solution), pain control, possible careful massage to promote gas expulsion and comfort, drugs to promote gut motility, and careful monitoring of all inputs and outputs. The rabbit's diet may also be changed as part of treatment, to include force-feeding to ensure adequate nutrition.  Surgery to remove the blockage is not generally recommended and comes with a poor prognosis.\n\nSome rabbits are more prone to GI stasis than others. The causes of GI stasis are not completely understood, but common contributing factors are thought to include  stress, reduced food intake, low fiber in the diet, dehydration and reduction in exercise.  Stress factors can include changes in housing, transportation, or medical procedures under anesthesia. As many of these factors may occur together (poor dental structure leading to decreased food intake, followed by a stressful veterinary dental procedure to correct the dental problem) establishing a root cause may be difficult.\n\nGI stasis is sometimes misdiagnosed as \"hair balls\" by veterinarians or rabbit keepers not familiar with the condition. While fur is commonly found in the stomach following a fatal case of GI stasis, it is also found in healthy rabbits.  Molting and chewing fur can be a predisposing factor in the occurrence of GI stasis, however, the primary cause is the change in motility of the gut.\n\n===Tonic immobility===\nCoping with stress is a key aspect of rabbit behavior, and this can be traced to part of the brain known as ventral tegmental area (VTA).  Dopaminergic neurons in this part of the brain release the hormone dopamine, generalized as a \"feel-good\" hormone.  In humans, dopamine is released through a variety of acts, including sexual activity, substance abuse, and even eating chocolate.  However, in rabbits, it is released as part of a coping mechanism while in a heightened state of fear or stress, and has a calming effect. Dopamine has also been found in the rabbit's medial prefrontal cortex, the nucleus accumbens, and the amygdala. Physiological and behavioral responses to human-induced tonic immobility (TI, sometimes termed \"trancing\" or \"playing dead\") have been found to be indicative of a fear-motivated stress state, confirming that the promotion of TI to try to increase a bond between rabbits and their owners\u2014thinking the rabbits enjoy it\u2014is misplaced. However, some researchers conclude that inducing TI in rabbits is appropriate for certain procedures, as it holds less risk than anesthesia.\n\n===Declawing===\nA rabbit cannot be declawed. Lacking pads on the bottoms of its feet, a rabbit requires its claws for balance. Removing its claws would render it unable to stand.\n"	"See also"	"\n\n*Rabbit\n*Cuniculture\n*Dwarf rabbit\n*Rabbit show jumping\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Further reading"	"*\n"	"External links"	"*  The American Rabbit Breeders Association \u2013 the oldest and largest rabbit specialist organization in the United States\n*  The Livestock Conservancy \u2013 a registry of the rarest breeds of domestic rabbits\n*  World Rabbit Science Association \u2013 an international science organization dedicated to rabbit health research\n*  The British Rabbit Council \u2013 recognized breeds with photographs and more\n*  MediRabbit \u2013 a site dedicated to spreading the knowledge of rabbit medicine and safe medication in rabbits, for the owner and the vet professional\n*  Rabbit Breeds - directory of ARBA-recognized breeds of rabbit\n*  RabbitPedia.com - Source for information about rabbit care. \n*  House Rabbit Society \u2013 a US-based educational and advocacy organization for rabbit pet-keepers, founded in 1988\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Down The Rabbit Hole (festival)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Down The Rabbit Hole''' ('''DRTH''') is a three-day music festival that takes place in the Groene Heuvels leisure area in the village of Ewijk (near Nijmegen) in the Netherlands. It was first organized in 2014 and has since been held annually late in June.\n\nLike Lowlands it is organized by Mojo Concerts and marketed as a competitor to Best Kept Secret. The first edition was attended by around 10,000 people and nominated for two European Festival Awards. The three main stages \u2013 \"Hotot\", \"Fuzzy Lop\", and \"Teddy Widder\" \u2013 are named after rabbit breeds.\n\n* The 2014 edition saw Damon Albarn, The Black Keys, and Foals as headliners.\n* The 2015 edition had Damien Rice, Iggy Pop, and The War on Drugs play.\n* In 2016 the festival was headlined by PJ Harvey, The National, and Anohni.\n"	" External links "	"* "	" References "	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Drumcondra F.C."	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Drumcondra Football Club''' is an Irish association football club based in the Clonturk district of Drumcondra, Dublin. Their senior team play in the Leinster Senior League Senior Division. Drumcondra also field teams in the Amateur Football League, the North Dublin Schoolboys/Girls League and the Dublin & District Schoolboys League.\n\nIn 1926\u201327 Drumcondra were the inaugural winners of the FAI Intermediate Cup and in the same season they also won the FAI Cup. They subsequently played in the League of Ireland from 1928\u201329 until 1971\u201372. During this time they won five League of Ireland titles and a further four FAI Cups. In 1972 they merged  with their Northside, Dublin neighbours, Home Farm. The new club was briefly known as '''Home Farm-Drumcondra'''. The modern club was reformed in 2008 following the merger of '''Drumcondra A.F.C.''' and '''Drumcondra Athletic'''.\n"	"History"	"\n===Early years===\nWithin just a few seasons of their foundation, Drumcondra came to national prominence. In 1926\u201327, while playing in the Leinster Senior League and with a team that included Joe Grace and Johnny Murray, Drums won the inaugural FAI Intermediate Cup. They then completed a cup double by also winning the 1926\u201327 FAI Cup. In the FAI Intermediate Cup final they defeated Cobh Ramblers while in the FAI Cup final they defeated Brideville. In 1927\u201328 Drums won the Leinster Senior League and also reached the\n1927\u201328 FAI Cup final.\n\n===League of Ireland===  \nIn 1928\u201329 Drumcondra made their League of Ireland debut and finished a respectable fourth in their first season. However Drums would have to wait until the late 1940s before they won their first league title. Then with a team that included, among others, Benny Henderson, Dessie Glynn, Chris Giles, Kevin Clarke, Kit Lawlor and Tim Coffey, they won two in a row in 1947\u201348 and 1948\u201349.\n\nIn 1953 Sam Prole, a wealthy man from Dundalk who had made his money from the Great Northern Railway, bought Drumcondra from the Hunter family. Prole  introduced pitch-side advertising and installed floodlights at Tolka Park. As a result, Drumcondra became the first League of Ireland club to have floodlights. \n\n====Season placings====\n\n\n*1928\u201329\u00a0\u2013 4\n*1929\u201330\u00a0\u2013 7\n*1930\u201331\u00a0\u2013 11\n*1931\u201332\u00a0\u2013 9\n*1932\u201333\u00a0\u2013 10\n*1933\u201334\u00a0\u2013 7\n*1934\u201335\u00a0\u2013 9\n*1935\u201336\u00a0\u2013 9\n*1936\u201337\u00a0\u2013 6\n*1937\u201338\u00a0\u2013 12\n*1938\u201339\u00a0\u2013 8\n\u00a0\n\n*1939\u201340\u00a0\u2013 6\n*1940\u201341\u00a0\u2013 6\n*1941\u201342\u00a0\u2013 9\n*1942\u201343\u00a0\u2013 3\n*1943\u201344\u00a0\u2013 6\n*1944\u201345\u00a0\u2013 4\n*1945\u201346\u00a0\u2013 2\n*1946\u201347\u00a0\u2013 2\n*1947\u201348\u00a0\u2013 1\n*1948\u201349\u00a0\u2013 1\n*1949\u201350\u00a0\u2013 2\n\u00a0\n\n*1950\u201351\u00a0\u2013 3\n*1951\u201352\u00a0\u2013 6\n*1952\u201353\u00a0\u2013 2\n*1953\u201354\u00a0\u2013 3\n*1954\u201355\u00a0\u2013 6\n*1955\u201356\u00a0\u2013 8\n*1956\u201357\u00a0\u2013 2\n*1957\u201358\u00a0\u2013 1\n*1958\u201359\u00a0\u2013 5\n*1959\u201360\u00a0\u2013 9\n*1960\u201361\u00a0\u2013 1\n\u00a0\n\n*1961\u201362\u00a0\u2013 7\n*1962\u201363\u00a0\u2013 3\n*1963\u201364\u00a0\u2013 8\n*1964\u201365\u00a0\u2013 1\n*1965\u201366\u00a0\u2013 7\n*1966\u201367\u00a0\u2013 8\n*1967\u201368\u00a0\u2013 7\n*1968\u201369\u00a0\u2013 9\n*1969\u201370\u00a0\u2013 14\n*1970\u201371\u00a0\u2013 14\n*1971\u201372\u00a0\u2013 12\n\n\n====Statistics====\n\n\n Stat\n Opponent\n Score\n Competition\n Date\n\n '''Biggest League Win'''\n Sligo Rovers\n 8\u20130\n 1960\u201361 League of Ireland\n 22 January 1961\n\n '''Biggest League Defeat'''\n Cork United\n 1\u20139\n 1945\u201346 League of Ireland\n 13 January 1946\n\n\n===Rivalry with Shamrock Rovers===\nDuring their time in the League of Ireland Drumcondra enjoyed a strong rivalry with Shamrock Rovers. In 1928\u201329 when Drums made their League of Ireland debut, their first opponents were Rovers. This first meeting between Drums and Rovers ended in a 1\u20131 draw. During the 1940s and 1950s large crowds gathered to see the Northside/Southside derby fixtures between the two clubs. During this time Drumcondra played Rovers in four FAI Cup finals in 1946, 1948, 1955 and 1957. The two clubs shared the honours, winning two finals each. In 1946 with a team that featured Con Martin, Robin Lawler, Kevin Clarke and Jimmy Lawlor, Drums won their third FAI Cup final after defeating Rovers 2\u20131 with goals from Tommy McCormack and Benny Henderson. The rivalry reached its peak during the late 1950s. At the time Drums squad included, among others, Alan Kelly, John O'Neill\nand Kit Lawlor. The 1956\u201357 season saw Rovers win the League of Ireland title, while Drums finished second. The opening game of the League of Ireland season saw the two teams meet at Tolka Park. The venue was packed to capacity with a crowd of 15,000. Rovers defeated Drums 2\u20130 in the Leinster Senior Cup final and then won the Dublin City Cup final on corners. However Drums defeated Rovers 2\u20130 in the 1956\u201357 FAI Cup final, thanks to goals from Bunny Fullam and Willie Coleman, and then 3\u20130 in the semi-final of the Top Four Cup a week later.  A crowd of 20,000 turned up on 26 December 1956 to watch the Leinster Senior Cup final. The FAI Cup final on 28 April 1957 saw an attendance of 30,000 while the Top Four semi-final on 5 May 1957 was watched by 16,845. All three games were played at Dalymount Park. The rivalry continued into the 1957\u201358 season with Rovers and Drums meeting in the finals of the Leinster Senior Cup, the Top Four Cup, the Dublin City Cup and the LFA President's Cup. Rovers won all four. However Drums did finish the season as League of Ireland champions, finishing two points clear of second placed Rovers. Drums and Rovers games continued to attract large crowds and on occasions this created some issues. On 26 January 1958 the first-ever all ticket League of Ireland game between Drums and Rovers had to be abandoned, after sixty-five minutes, after thousands of ticketless fans forced their way into an already packed Tolka Park. This in turn led to crowd encroachment on the pitch. Rovers were leading 2\u20131 at the time and the result was allowed to stand. In 1964\u201365 when Drums won their fifth League of Ireland title they finished one point clear of runners-up Rovers.\n\n===Drumcondra in Europe===\nDrumcondra qualified for European football on five occasions during the late 1950s and early 1960s. They made their home European debut on 1 October 1958 in a European Cup against Atl\u00e9tico Madrid at Dalymount Park. They had already lost the away leg 8\u20130 and would subsequently lose the home leg 5\u20131. The highlight of their European adventures came in the 1962\u201363 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup. Drums became the first League of Ireland side to register an aggregate win in European competition when they knocked out an Odense XI in the first round. In the second round they were beaten 6\u20130 away by Bayern Munich in the first leg. However, in the return game they earned a 1\u20130 win with Billy Dixon scoring the winning goal.\n\n\nSeason/Competition!!Round!!Team!!First leg!!Home!!Away\n\n1958\u201359 European Cup\nPrel\nAtl\u00e9tico Madrid\nA\n1\u20135\n0\u20138\n\n1961\u201362 European Cup\nPrel\n 1. FC N\u00fcrnberg\nA\n1\u20134\n0\u20135\n\n1962\u201363 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\n1st\nOdense XI\nH\n4\u20131\n2\u20134\n\n1962\u201363 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\n2nd\nBayern Munich\nA\n1\u20130\n0\u20136\n\n1965\u201366 European Cup\nPrel\nVorw\u00e4rts Berlin\nH\n1\u20130\n0\u20133\n\n1966\u201367 Inter-Cities Fairs Cup\n1st\nEintracht Frankfurt\nH\n0\u20132\n1\u20136\n\n\n\n===Merger with Home Farm===\nIn the late 1960s Drumcondra went into decline. In both 1969\u201370 and 1970\u201371 Drums finished last place in the league. They were also \u00a36,000 in debt. At the end of the 1971\u201372 season the team was effectively taken over by Home Farm when, after almost twenty years in charge, Sam Prole agreed to sell the club. Drums final league game in their own right was a 1\u20131 draw with Shelbourne at Tolka Park on 5 April 1972. It was announced by Brendan Menton Sr., Home Farm honorary secretary, that the amateur club had taken over the entire share capital of their professional neighbouring club. During the 1972\u201373 season the side played as '''Home Farm-Drumcondra''', however within a season the Drumcondra name was dropped and from the start of 1973\u201374 the side simply became Home Farm. Sam Prole subsequently became involved with Dundalk F.C. and a number of former Drumcondra players including Shay Noonan, Johnny Robinson, Willie Coleman, Ned Halpin and Tommy Rowe joined him at the Oriel Park club.\n\n===Revival===\nThe modern Drumcondra F.C. was effectively formed in 2008 following the merger of '''Drumcondra A.F.C.''' and '''Drumcondra Athletic'''. The two Leinster Senior League clubs had both previously claimed to be the rightful successor of the original Drumcondra F.C. club. Drumcondra A.F.C. was formed in the 1970s, not long after the demise of the original club. However, by the early 2000s they had relocated to Santry, playing their home games at Morton Stadium. They reached the third round of the 2004 FAI Cup but lost 5\u20130 to UCD. Meanwhile, Drumcondra Athletic were formed in the 1990s and trained and played in the suburb.\n"	"Home grounds"	"During their time in the League of Ireland, Drumcondra played their home games at Tolka Park. In more recent seasons they have played at Morton Stadium. They currently play at a number of local pitches based at Clonturk Park, Dominican College, Johnstown Park and Albert College Park.\n"	"Team colours"	"Drumcondra's colours are essentially blue and gold/yellow. In their later seasons in the League of Ireland they also played in a sky blue strip. At various times they wore blue/gold hoops with white shorts before adopting a more modern European style gold with a blue v-neck and blue shorts in 1954.\n"	"Notable former players"	"\n;Dual Ireland internationals\n*   Tom Davis\n*   Peter Kavanagh\n*   Con Martin\n\n;Republic of Ireland internationals\nJohnny Murray represented Ireland at the 1924 Summer Olympics before joining Drumcondra. In 1926, Joe Grace became the first player to represent Ireland while playing for Drumcondra. The club were still playing in the Leinster Senior League at the time. In the 1930s Paddy Byrne, Tommy Donnelly, Freddie Hutchinson and Paddy Meehan also represented Ireland while playing for Drumcondra. After the Second World War, Tim Coffey, Dessie Glynn, Benny Henderson, Alan Kelly and Fran Brennan were added to this list.\n\n\n\n\n*  Paddy Andrews\n*  Fran Brennan\n*  Paddy Byrne\n*  Kevin Clarke\n*  Tim Coffey\n*  Tommy Donnelly\n*  Bobby Duffy\n*  Amby Fogarty\n*  Bobby Gilbert\n*  Chris Giles\n\n\n*  Dessie Glynn\n*  Joe Grace\n*  Eoin Hand\n*  Joe Haverty\n*  Benny Henderson\n*  Freddie Hutchinson\n*  Alan Kelly\n*  Fred Kiernan\n*  Kit Lawlor\n\n\n*  Robin Lawler\n*  Maxie McCann\n*  Paddy Meehan\n*  Johnny Murray\n*  Lar O'Byrne\n*  John O'Neill\n*  Mick Smyth\n*  Maurice Swan\n*  Fran Watters\n\n\n;League of Ireland XI representative\n*  Mick Cahill\n*  Eamonn Darcy\n*  Billy Dixon\n\n;Ireland (IFA) internationals\n*  Tucker Croft\n*  Billy Millar\n\n;Scotland internationals\n*  Alex Parker\n*  Gordon Smith\n\n;Goalscorers\nOn two occasions Drumcondra players finished as the League of Ireland Top Scorer.\n* Dessie Glynn: 1950\u201351\u00a0\u2013 20\n* Dan McCaffrey: 1960\u201361\u00a0\u2013 29  \nGlynn was also Drumcondra's all-time top goalscorer with 96 goals between 1948 and 1956.\n"	"Notable former managers"	"*  Billy Behan\n*  Christy Giles\n*  Amby Fogarty\n"	"Honours"	"*'''League of Ireland: 5'''\n**1947\u201348, 1948\u201349, 1957\u201358, 1960\u201361, 1964\u201365\n*'''FAI Cup: 5'''\n** 1926\u201327, 1942\u201343, 1945\u201346, 1953\u201354, 1956\u201357\n*'''League of Ireland Shield: 4'''\n**1945\u201346, 1946\u201347, 1950\u201351, 1961\u201362\n*'''LFA President's Cup: 7'''\n**1946\u201347, 1947\u201348, 1949\u201350, 1950\u201351, 1958\u201359, 1961\u201362, 1966\u201367 \n*'''Dublin City Cup: 6'''\n**1939\u201340, 1940\u201341, 1949\u201350, 1950\u201351, 1951\u201352, 1960\u201361\n*'''Leinster Senior League: 4'''\n**1927\u201328, 1928\u201329, 1945\u201346, 1951\u201352\n*'''Leinster Senior Cup: 11'''\n**1933\u201334, 1935\u201336, 1938\u201339, 1942\u201343, 1943\u201344, 1944\u201345, 1949\u201350, 1953\u201354, 1958\u201359, 1959\u201360, 1962\u201362\n*'''FAI Intermediate Cup: 2'''\n**1926\u201327, 1946\u201347\n*'''FAI Junior Cup'''\n**''Winners'': 1938\u201339, 1939\u201340: '''2'''\n"	"External links"	"*  Drumcondra FC Official Website\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"DuBose Heyward"	"Introduction"	"Porgy'' (1927)\n'''Edwin DuBose Heyward''' (August 31, 1885 \u2013 June 16, 1940) was an American author best known for his 1925 novel ''Porgy'', which was adapted by his wife Dorothy into a 1927 play. The stage ''Porgy'' inspired the 1935 opera ''Porgy and Bess'' with music by George Gershwin, which was later adapted into a 1959 film. Heyward also wrote poetry and other novels and plays, as well as the children's book ''The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes'' (1939).\n"	"Childhood, education, and early career"	"Heyward was born in 1885 in Charleston, South Carolina. He was a descendant of Judge Thomas Heyward, Jr., a South Carolina signer of the United States Declaration of Independence.\n\nAs a child and young man, Heyward was frequently ill. He contracted polio when he was eighteen, then two years later contracted typhoid fever and the following year fell ill with pleurisy. Although he described himself as \"a miserable student\" who was uninterested in learning, and dropped out of high school in his first year at age fourteen, he had a lifelong and serious interest in literature. He passed the time in his sickbed writing verses and stories.\n\nIn 1913 Heyward wrote a one-act play, ''An Artistic Triumph'', which was produced in a local theater. Although a derivative work which reportedly showed little promise, this minor success encouraged him to pursue a literary career. In 1917, while convalescing from his illnesses, he began to work seriously at fiction and poetry. In 1918 his first published short story, \"The Brute,\" appeared in ''Pagan, a Magazine for Eudaemonists''.\n\nThe next year he met Hervey Allen, who was then teaching at the nearby Porter Military Academy. They became close friends and formed the Poetry Society of South Carolina, which helped spark a revival of southern literature. Heyward edited the society's yearbooks until 1924 and contributed much of their content. His poetry was well received, earning him a \"Contemporary Verse\" award in 1921.\n\nIn 1922 he and Allen jointly published a collection, ''Carolina Chansons: Legends of the Low Country,'' and they jointly edited an issue of ''Poetry'' magazine featuring Southern writers. During this period Heyward and a friend, Henry T. O'Neill, had operated a successful insurance and real estate company.\n"	"Marriage and family"	"Heyward and his wife Dorothy, whom he met at the MacDowell Colony in 1922, spent many years in Charleston. Their only child, Jenifer Dubose Heyward, was born in 1930 in New York and became a sculptor, actress and member of the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo. She married Judson Wood Jr., and died in 1984.\n"	"Career as full-time writer"	"By 1924, Heyward had achieved a measure of financial independence, allowing him to give up business and devote himself full-time to literature. That year he published his first poetry collection, ''Jasbo Brown and Other Poems'' (1924). Between stints of writing, he supplemented his income by lecturing on southern literature at colleges and the Porter Military Academy.\n\nOpening on Broadway in 1927, the non-musical play ''Porgy'' was a considerable success, more so than the Gershwin opera ''Porgy and Bess'' (1935) produced eight years later. The plot line of the opera follows the play almost exactly, while both differ greatly from the novel, particularly in the ending. Large sections of dialogue from the play were set to music for the recitatives in the opera.\n\nDescribing Heyward's achievement in ''Porgy'', the African-American poet and playwright Langston Hughes said Heyward was one who saw \"with his white eyes, wonderful, poetic qualities in the inhabitants of Catfish Row that makes them come alive.\" Heyward's biographer James M. Hutchisson characterizes ''Porgy'' as \"the first major southern novel to portray blacks without condescension\" and states that the libretto to ''Porgy and Bess'' was largely Heyward's work.  Many critics have believed that Heyward was sympathetic in his portrayal of the Southern black. Others, however, have noted that the characters in ''Porgy'', though viewed sympathetically, are still viewed for the most part as stereotypes.\n\nIn his introduction to the section on DuBose Heyward in ''Invisible Giants: Fifty Americans Who Shaped the Nation But Missed the History Books'', Stephen Sondheim wrote:\n\n\"DuBose Heyward has gone largely unrecognized as the author of the finest set of lyrics in the history of the American musical theater - namely, those of Porgy and Bess. There are two reasons for this, and they are connected. First, he was primarily a poet and novelist, and his only song lyrics were those that he wrote for Porgy. Second, some of them were written in collaboration with Ira Gershwin, a full-time lyricist, whose reputation in the musical theater was firmly established before the opera was written. But most of the lyrics in Porgy - and all of the distinguished ones - are by Heyward. I admire his theater songs for their deeply felt poetic style and their insight into character. It's a pity he didn't write any others. His work is sung, but he is unsung.\"\n\nHeyward continued to explore black Charleston with another novel set in Catfish Row, ''Mamba's Daughters'' (1929), which he and Dorothy also adapted as a play.\n\nHeyward wrote the play ''Brass Ankle'', produced in 1931 in New York, which dealt with issues of mixed-race ancestry and its effects on an ostensibly white couple in a small southern town. Reviewers treated his play favorably as a version of the \"tragic mulatto\" genre, but it was not a commercial success.\n\nHe wrote the screenplay for the film adaptation of Eugene O'Neill's ''The Emperor Jones'' (1933). His children's book, ''The Country Bunny and the Little Gold Shoes'' (1939) was quite popular.\n\nHis novella ''Star Spangled Virgin'' (1939) was set in Saint Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands and dealt with the domestic life of Adam Work and his woman Rhoda. It was described as \"singularly charming and very original\", covering their and friends' interpretations of \"the relations of men and women\".\n\nHeyward died from a heart attack in June 1940, at the age of 54, in Tryon, North Carolina. He was identified by The My Hero Project as a poet hero.\n"	"Representation in other media"	"*''Porgy and Bess'' was adapted as a film, released in 1959.\n"	"Notes"	"\n"	"References"	"*\n"	" External links "	"\n* \n* \n* \n* ''Porgy'', edited with introduction and resources by Kendra Hamilton, American Studies, University of Virginia.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Duke Ellington's Sacred Concerts"	"Introduction"	"In the last decade of his life, Duke Ellington wrote three '''Sacred Concerts''':\n  \n* 1965 - A Concert of Sacred Music\n* 1968 - Second Sacred Concert\n* 1973 - Third Sacred Concert\n\nEllington called these concerts \"the most important thing I have ever done\".  He said many times that he was not trying to compose a \"Mass\" (liturgy).  The critic Gary Giddins has characterized these concerts as Ellington bringing the Cotton Club revue to the church.\n"	" Concert of Sacred Music "	"\n\nAs early as October 1962, the Reverend John S. Yaryan approached Ellington about performing at the new Grace Cathedral in San Francisco when it opened in 1965.  The cathedral planned a \"Festival of Grace\", with a variety of cultural works and speakers, to occur during the first year the cathedral was open, and Ellington's concert was to be a part of it. (The \"festival\" also included a performance by Vince Guaraldi.)\n\nThe concert premiered on September 16, 1965, and was recorded by KQED, a local public television station.  The performance was released on CD as ''A Concert of Sacred Music Live from Grace Cathedral'' and on DVD as ''Love You Madly/A Concert of Sacred Music at Grace Cathedral''. The official album on RCA, ''A Concert of Sacred Music'', was recorded at two concerts at Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church in New York on December 26, 1965.  Additional material from these concerts, not found on the original album, can be found on the 24-CD box set ''The Duke Ellington Centennial Edition: The Complete RCA Victor Recordings (1927-1973)''. The concert mixed existing and new material, with \"New World A-Commin\" and \"Come Sunday\" from ''Black Brown and Beige'' and \"Heritage (My Mother, My Father)\" from the show ''My People''. A new piece, the song \"In the Beginning God\", was awarded a Grammy Award in 1967. It was performed again at Grace Cathedral on its 25th and 50th anniversaries, in 1990 and 2015.\n\n===Reception===\nThe Allmusic review by Richard S. Ginell awarded the album five stars and stated \"the concert taps into Ellington's roots in showbiz and African-American culture as well as his evidently deep religious faith, throwing it all together in the spirit of universality and sealing everything with the stamps of his musical signatures\".\n\nEbony magazine called the piece \"historic\", situating it as part of a larger movement in the mid-60s that brought together jazz and religion.  \n\n\n===Track listing===\n\n:''All compositions by Duke Ellington''\n# \"In the Beginning God\" - 19:36\n# \"Will You Be There?\" - 1:23\n# \"Ninety Nine Percent\" - 2:23\n# \"Ain't But the One\" - 3:31\n# \"New World a'Coming\" - 9:56\n# \"In the Beginning, God II\" - 4:31\n# \"Heritage\" - 3:42\n# \"The Lord's Prayer\" - 3:16\n# \"Come Sunday\" - 5:30\n# \"David Danced Before the Lord With All His Might\" - 9:00\n# \"The Lord's Prayer II\" - 4:56\n\nThe album was recorded at the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church on December 26, 1965.\n\n===Personnel===\n*Duke Ellington \u2013 piano\n*Cat Anderson, Mercer Ellington, Herb Jones, Cootie Williams - trumpet\n*Lawrence Brown, Buster Cooper, Quentin Jackson - trombone\n*Chuck Connors - bass trombone\n*Russell Procope, Jimmy Hamilton - alto saxophone, clarinet\n*Johnny Hodges - alto saxophone\n*Paul Gonsalves - tenor saxophone\n*Harry Carney - baritone saxophone\n*John Lamb - bass\n*Louie Bellson - drums\n*Brock Peters, Queen Esther Marrow, Jimmy McPhail - vocals\n*The Herman McCoy Choir - choir\n*Bunny Briggs - tapdancing (track 10)\n"	" Second Sacred Concert "	"\nEllington's ''Second Sacred Concert'' premiered at the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York on January 19, 1968 but no recording of this actual performance has surfaced.  The ''Second Sacred Concert'' was then recorded on January 22 and February 19, 1968 at Fine Studio in New York and originally issued as a double LP on Prestige Records and reissued on one CD, minus the tracks, \"Don't Get Down On Your Knees To Pray Until You Have Forgiven Everyone\" and \"Father Forgive\".  All the tracks can be found in the 24-CD box set ''The Duke Ellington Centennial Edition: The Complete RCA Victor Recordings (1927-1973).''\n\nThis concert is the first time Swedish singer Alice Babs recorded with the Ellington Orchestra.  In the concert she sang \"Heaven\" and the wordless vocal, \"T.G.T.T. (Too Good to Title)\".  Cootie Williams has a \"growl\" trumpet feature on \"The Shepherd (Who Watches Over the Night Flock)\".  This piece is dedicated to Rev. John Garcia Gensel, Lutheran pastor to the jazz community.  The climactic ending is \"Praise God and Dance\", which comes from Psalm 150.\n\nAt the invitation of the Harvard Episcopal Chaplaincy, Ellington gave the concert again at Emmanuel Episcopal Church, Boston on April 20, 1969.\n\n===Reception===\nThe Allmusic review by Richard S. Ginell awarded the album 4 stars and stated \"the material is fresh, not a patchwork of old and new like the first concert \u2014 and in an attempt to be as ecumenical as possible, Ellington reaches for novel techniques and sounds beyond his usual big band spectrum\".  \n\n\n===Track listing===\n:''All compositions by Duke Ellington''\n# \"Praise God\" - 3:09\n# \"Supreme Being\" - 11:45\n# \"Heaven\" - 4:55\n# \"Something 'Bout Believing\" - 8:12\n# \"Almighty God\" - 6:32\n# \"The Shepherd (Who Watches over the Flock)\" - 7:10\n# \"It's Freedom\" - 13:00\n# \"Meditation\" - 3:10\n# \"The Biggest and Busiest Intersection\" - 3:57\n# \"T.G.T.T. (Too Good to Title)\" - 2:25\n# \"Don't Get Down On Your Knees To Pray Until You Have Forgiven Everyone\" -  5:13 Omitted from CD reissue\n# \"Father Forgive\" - 2:49 Omitted from CD reissue\n# \"Praise God And Dance\" - 10:49\n**Recorded at Fine Studio in New York on January 22 (tracks 3, 5, 7, 10 & 13) and February 19 (tracks 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 9, 11 & 12), 1968.\n\n===Personnel===\n*Duke Ellington \u2013 piano, narration\n*Cat Anderson, Mercer Ellington, Money Johnson, Herb Jones, Cootie Williams - trumpet\n*Lawrence Brown, Buster Cooper, Bennie Green - trombone\n*Chuck Connors - bass trombone\n*Russell Procope - alto saxophone, clarinet\n*Johnny Hodges - alto saxophone\n*Jimmy Hamilton - clarinet, tenor saxophone\n*Paul Gonsalves - tenor saxophone\n*Harry Carney - baritone saxophone\n*Jeff Castleman - bass\n*Sam Woodyard, Steve Little - drums\n*Alice Babs, Devonne Gardner, Trish Turner, Roscoe Gill - vocals\n*The AME Mother Zion Church Choir, Choirs Of St Hilda's and St. Hugh's School, Central Connecticut State College Singers, The Frank Parker Singers - choirs\n"	" Third Sacred Concert "	"\nThe ''Third Sacred Concert'' was built around the skills of Alice Babs, Harry Carney, and Ellington himself on the piano.  It was premiered at Westminster Abbey in London, United Kingdom on October 24, 1973 and released on LP in 1975 but has only been issued on CD as part of the 24 disc ''The Duke Ellington Centennial Edition: The Complete RCA Victor Recordings (1927-1973)'' collection.\n\nAt this point in his life, Ellington knew he was dying.  Author Janna Tull Steed has written that of all the concerts that Ellington is addressing God facing his mortality.  Alice Babs sings ''Is God a Three Letter Word for Love?'' and ''My Love''. Tenor saxophonist Harold Ashby is featured on ''The Brotherhood'', which is a tribute to The United Nations.\n\n===Reception===\nThe Allmusic review by Richard S. Ginell awarded the album 3 stars and stated \"the weakest of the sacred concerts. It lacks the showbiz kick and exuberance of the first concert and even more eclectic impulses of the second, now burdened with a subdued solemnity and the sense that the ailing Ellington knew his time was drawing to a close (he would be dead exactly six months later)\".  \n\n\n===Track listing===\n:''All compositions by Duke Ellington''\n# ''Introduction By Sir Colin Crowe'' - 1:28\n# ''Duke Ellington's Introduction'' - 1:26\n# \"The Lord's Prayer: My Love\" - 7:49\n# \"Is God A Three-Letter Word For Love? (Part I)\" - 4:27\n# \"Is God A Three-Letter Word For Love? (Part II)\" - 3:46\n# \"The Brotherhood\" - 5:46\n# \"Hallelujah\" - 3:32\n# \"Every Man Prays In His Own Language\" - 11:10\n# \"Ain't Nobody Nowhere Nothin' Without God\" - 4:20\n# \"The Majesty Of God\" - 7:27\n**Recorded at Westminster Abbey, London on October 24, 1973.\n\n===Personnel===\n*Duke Ellington \u2013 piano, narration\n*Johnny Coles, Mercer Ellington, Barrie Lee Hall, Money Johnson - trumpet\n*Art Baron, Vince Prudente - trombone\n*Chuck Connors - bass trombone\n*Harold Minerve - alto saxophone, flute\n*Russell Procope - alto saxophone\n*Harold Ashby - clarinet, tenor saxophone\n*Percy Marion - tenor saxophone\n*Harry Carney - baritone saxophone, clarinet, bass clarinet\n*Joe Benjamin - bass\n*Quentin White - drums\n*Alice Babs, Tony Watkins - vocals\n*John Alldis Choir - choir\n"	" Notes "	"\n"	"References"	"*Steed, Janna Tull ''Duke Ellington: A Spiritual Biography (Lives & Legacies)'' ISBN 978-0-8245-2351-0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Easter Bunny, Kill! Kill!"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Easter Bunny, Kill! Kill!''''' is a 2006 horror film written and directed by Chad Ferrin.\n"	" Plot "	"\nThe night before Easter, a lowlife named Remington dons an Easter Bunny mask, and robs a convenience store with a shotgun, shooting the clerk in the mouth. Remington is then revealed to have charmed his way into the life of widow Mindy Peters, a nurse who lives with her cerebral palsy-afflicted son Nicholas, who Remington torments when Mindy is not around. While taking out the garbage, Nicholas befriends a disfigured vagrant who gives him a rabbit he claims is an Easter Bunny. Nicholas decides to keep the rabbit a secret, but it is discovered by Remington, who threatens to kill it if Nicholas says anything bad about him to Mindy.\n\nOn Easter, Mindy has to work a double shift, so she leaves Nicholas alone with Remington, after the latter kicks out some unscrupulous home renovators. As soon as Mindy leaves, Remington assaults Nicholas, and calls over a physically disabled and pedophilic acquaintance named Ray, who he \"rents\" Nicholas to in exchange for money and drugs. Remington goes to get prostitutes, and while Ray searches for Nicholas, someone wearing Remington's discarded Easter Bunny mask murders him with a knife, and a drill. As the killer disposes of Ray's body, the renovators return to pick up their tools, and ransack the house. The killer disembowels one with a circular saw, and wounds another with a hammer as the remaining one is approached by the vagrant.\n\nRemington arrives with a pair of prostitutes named Candy and Brooke, and they are attacked by the injured and disoriented handyman (who Remington kills with a flashlight) and the killer. Candy is impaled through the mouth with a broomstick handle, Brooke is stabbed with a piece of glass, and Remington has his throat slit. The killer is shown to be Mindy, who taunts Remington as he dies, stating, \"I hid, and watched, and I saw how you treated Nicholas. I heard every venomous word that spewed through your deceitful mouth. Until I ended it. Just like his father\". A flashback then shows that exactly a decade prior, Mindy set Donald, her abusive husband, on fire because he regarded Nicholas as a burdensome freak.\n\nThe homeless man enters, and is revealed to be Donald, who asks for forgiveness, and acceptance back into the family, unveiling to Mindy and Nicholas the head of a renovator he had murdered to help Mindy. The three embrace, and the film ends with Donald saying, \"Now, what do you say we clean up these dead bodies, and start a family, huh?\"\n"	" Cast "	"\n* Timothy Muskatell as Remington Rashkor\n* Ricardo Gray as Nicholas Peters\n* Charlotte Marie as Mindy Peters\n* David Z. Stamp as Ray Mann\n* Jose I. Lopez as Jorge\n* Marina Blumenthal as Lupe\n* Ernesto Redarta as Jesus \"BF\" Ferrer\n* Amy Szychowski as Brooke\n* Kele Ward as Candy\n* Max Haaga as Young Nicholas Peters\n* Wolf Dangler as Bunny Killer\n* Granny as Easter Bunny\n* Jeff Sisson as Ken Johnston\n* Kirk Sever as Billy Wilder\n* Trent Haaga as Donald Simmons\n"	" Reception "	"\nA 3/5 was awarded by Bloody Disgusting, which wrote, \"To be frank, ''Easter Bunny, Kill! Kill!'' is a pretty shallow exercise, but Ferrin seems to know that and doesn't masquerade the film as anything other than what it actually is \u2013 a fun, pretense-free throwback to a bygone era of exploitation cinema. It's this sense of play that slightly elevates the film above Ferrin's ''Someone's Knocking at the Door'', a movie I felt tried too hard to be about something when it would've worked better by simply following through on its gonzo premise. There's no such attempt at message-making in ''EBKK''; it's sheer camp, a tongue-in-cheek nightmare of blood-splattered psychedelia and over-the-top (albeit clumsily edited) kills\". Steve Barton of Dread Central gave the film a score of 3\u00bd out of 5, called it well acted and competently made, and stated, \"My advice? If you see it playing at a festival somewhere and you have the stomach for it, do not miss it. ''Easter Bunny, Kill! Kill!'' revels in its obscenity and packs enough punch to knock out even the most jaded of viewers\". DVD Talk's Jeremy Biltz bestowed a grade of 2\u00bd out of 5, and gave his final thoughts as, ''\"Easter Bunny Kill Kill'' is pure, bottled weirdness. It's creepy, tense, gory and fun. It also has some significant flaws in the acting, story and pacing. It's no cinematic masterpiece, but there is a body of considerable talent lurking beneath the surface that pokes its head up from time to time. Rent this one\".\n"	" References "	"\n\n"	" External links "	"\n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Easter"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n'''Easter''', also called '''Pascha''' ''(Greek/Latin)'' or '''Resurrection Sunday''', is a festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead, described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial after his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary  30 AD. It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus, preceded by Lent (or Great Lent), a forty-day period of fasting, prayer, and penance.\n\nThe week before Easter is called Holy Week, and it contains the days of the Easter Triduum, including Maundy Thursday, commemorating the Maundy and Last Supper, as well as Good Friday, commemorating the crucifixion and death of Jesus. In western Christianity, Eastertide, the Easter Season, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks, ending with the coming of the fiftieth day, Pentecost Sunday. In Orthodoxy, the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day, the Feast of the Ascension.\n\nEaster and the holidays that are related to it are ''moveable feasts'' which do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars which follow only the cycle of the sun; rather, its date is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar. The First Council of Nicaea (325) established two rules, independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council. No details for the computation were specified; these were worked out in practice, a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies. It has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March, but calculations vary in East and West.\n\nEaster is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism, as well as by its position in the calendar. In many languages, the words for \"Easter\" and \"Passover\" are identical or very similar. Easter customs vary across the Christian world, and include sunrise services, exclaiming the Paschal greeting, clipping the church, and decorating Easter eggs (symbols of the empty tomb). The Easter lily, a symbol of the resurrection, traditionally decorates the chancel area of churches on this day and for the rest of Eastertide. Additional customs that have become associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting, the Easter Bunny, and Easter parades. There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally.\n"	" Etymology "	"\nThe modern English term ''Easter'', cognate with modern Dutch ''ooster'' and German ''Ostern'', developed from an Old English word that usually appears in the form ''\u0112astrun'', ''-on'', or ''-an''; but also as ''\u0112astru'', ''-o''; and ''\u0112astre'' or ''\u0112ostre''. The most widely accepted theory of the origin of the term is that it is derived from the name of a goddess mentioned by the 7th to 8th-century English monk Bede, who wrote that ''\u0112osturm\u014dna\u00fe'' (Old English 'Month of \u0112ostre', translated in Bede's time as \"Paschal month\") was an English month, corresponding to April, which he says \"was once called after a goddess of theirs named \u0112ostre, in whose honour feasts were celebrated in that month\". However, it is possible that Bede was only speculating about the origin of the term since there is no firm evidence that such a goddess actually existed.\n\nIn Greek and Latin, the Christian celebration was, and still is, called \u03a0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1, ''Pascha'', a word derived from Aramaic \u05e4\u05e1\u05d7\u05d0, cognate to Hebrew \u05e4\u05b6\u05bc\u05e1\u05b7\u05d7 (''Pesach''). The word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover, commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt. Already in the 50s of the 1st century, Paul, writing from Ephesus to the Christians in Corinth, applied the term to Christ, and it is unlikely that the Ephesian and Corinthian Christians were the first to hear Exodus 12 interpreted as speaking about the death of Jesus, not just about the Jewish Passover ritual. In most of the non-English speaking world, the feast is known by names derived from Greek and Latin ''Pascha''. Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church, especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration.\n"	" Theological significance "	"\nOne of the earliest known depictions of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus (Rabbula Gospel illuminated manuscript, 6th century)\nThe New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus, which Easter celebrates, is a foundation of the Christian faith. (interprets primary source references in this section as applying to the Resurrection) The resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness. For those who trust in Jesus' death and resurrection, \"death is swallowed up in victory.\" Any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives \"a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead\". Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation.\n\nEaster is linked to the Passover and Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper, sufferings and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection. According to the New Testament, Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning, as in the upper room during the Last Supper he prepared himself and his disciples for his death. He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his body soon to be sacrificed and his blood soon to be shed. Paul states, \"Get rid of the old yeast that you may be a new batch without yeast\u2014as you really are. For Christ, our Passover lamb, has been sacrificed\"; this refers to the Passover requirement to have no yeast in the house and to the allegory of Jesus as the Paschal lamb.\n\nOne interpretation of the Gospel of John is that Jesus, as the Passover lamb, was crucified at roughly the same time as the Passover lambs were being slain in the temple, on the afternoon of Nisan 14. The scriptural instructions specify that the lamb is to be slain \"between the two evenings\", that is, at twilight. By the Roman period, however, the sacrifices were performed in the mid-afternoon. Josephus, ''Jewish War'' 6.10.1/423 (\"They sacrifice from the ninth to the eleventh hour\"). Philo, ''Special Laws'' 2.27/145 (\"Many myriads of victims from noon till eventide are offered by the whole people\").\n\nThis interpretation, however, is inconsistent with the chronology in the Synoptic Gospels. It assumes that text literally translated \"the preparation of the passover\" in John 19:14 refers to Nisan 14 (Preparation Day for the Passover) and not necessarily to Yom Shishi (Friday, Preparation Day for the Passover week Sabbath) and that the priests' desire to be ritually pure in order to \"eat the passover\" refers to eating the Passover lamb, not to the public offerings made during the days of Unleavened Bread.\n"	" In the early Church "	"\nThe Last Supper celebrated by Jesus and his disciples. The early Christians too would have celebrated this meal to commemorate Jesus' death and subsequent resurrection. The first Christians, Jewish and Gentile, were certainly aware of the Hebrew calendar. Jewish Christians, the first to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus, timed the observance in relation to Passover.\n\nDirect evidence for a more fully formed Christian festival of Pascha (Easter) begins to appear in the mid-2nd century. Perhaps the earliest extant primary source referring to Easter is a mid-2nd-century Paschal homily attributed to Melito of Sardis, which characterizes the celebration as a well-established one. Evidence for another kind of annual Christian festival, the commemoration of martyrs, begins to appear at about the same time as evidence for the celebration of Easter.\n\nWhile martyrs' days (usually the individual dates of martyrdom) were celebrated on fixed dates in the local solar calendar, the date of Easter was fixed by means of the local Jewish lunisolar calendar. This is consistent with the celebration of Easter having entered Christianity during its earliest, Jewish period, but does not leave the question free of doubt.\n\nThe ecclesiastical historian Socrates Scholasticus attributes the observance of Easter by the church to the perpetuation of its custom, \"just as many other customs have been established\", stating that neither Jesus nor his Apostles enjoined the keeping of this or any other festival. Although he describes the details of the Easter celebration as deriving from local custom, he insists the feast itself is universally observed.\n"	" Date "	"\nPassover Lamb, a concept integral to the foundation of Easter\nEaster and the holidays that are related to it are ''moveable feasts'', in that they do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars (both of which follow the cycle of the sun and the seasons). Instead, the date for Easter is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar. The First Council of Nicaea (325) established two rules, independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity, which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the Council. No details for the computation were specified; these were worked out in practice, a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies. (See also Computus and Reform of the date of Easter.) In particular, the Council did not decree that Easter must fall on Sunday. This was already the practice almost everywhere.\n\nIn Western Christianity, using the Gregorian calendar, Easter always falls on a Sunday between 22 March and 25 April inclusive, within about seven days after the astronomical full moon. The following day, Easter Monday, is a legal holiday in many countries with predominantly Christian traditions.\n\nEastern Christianity bases its calculations on the Julian Calendar. Because of the 13-day difference between the calendars between 1900 and 2099, 21 March corresponds, during the 21st century, to 3 April in the Gregorian Calendar. Easter therefore varies between 4 April and 8 May on the Gregorian calendar (the Julian calendar is no longer used as the civil calendar of the countries where Eastern Christian traditions predominate). Also, because the Julian \"full moon\" is always several days after the astronomical full moon, the eastern Easter is often later, relative to the visible moon's phases, than western Easter.\n\nAmong the Oriental Orthodox some churches have changed from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar and the date for Easter as for other fixed and moveable feasts is the same as in the Western church.\n\n=== Computations ===\n\nIn 725, Bede succinctly wrote, \"The Sunday following the full Moon which falls on or after the equinox will give the lawful Easter.\" However, this does not precisely reflect the ecclesiastical rules. The full moon referred to (called the Paschal full moon) is not an astronomical full moon, but the 14th day of a calendar lunar month. Another difference is that the astronomical equinox is a natural astronomical phenomenon, which can fall on 19, 20 or 21 March, while the ecclesiastical date is fixed by convention on 21 March.\n\nIn applying the ecclesiastical rules, Christian churches use 21 March as the starting point in determining the date of Easter, from which they find the next full moon, etc. The Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches continue to use the Julian calendar. Their starting point in determining the date of Orthodox Easter is also 21 March but according to the Julian reckoning, which in the current century corresponds to 3 April in the Gregorian calendar.\n\nIn addition, the lunar tables of the Julian calendar are four days (sometimes five days) behind those of the Gregorian calendar. The 14th day of the lunar month according to the Gregorian system is figured as the ninth or tenth day according to the Julian. The result of this combination of solar and lunar discrepancies is divergence in the date of Easter in most years (see table).\n\nEaster is determined on the basis of lunisolar cycles. The lunar year consists of 30-day and 29-day lunar months, generally alternating, with an embolismic month added periodically to bring the lunar cycle into line with the solar cycle. In each solar year (1 January to 31 December inclusive), the lunar month beginning with an ecclesiastical new moon falling in the 29-day period from 8 March to 5 April inclusive is designated as the paschal lunar month for that year.\n\nEaster is the third Sunday in the paschal lunar month, or, in other words, the Sunday after the paschal lunar month's 14th day. The 14th of the paschal lunar month is designated by convention as the Paschal full moon, although the 14th of the lunar month may differ from the date of the astronomical full moon by up to two days. Since the ecclesiastical new moon falls on a date from 8 March to 5 April inclusive, the paschal full moon (the 14th of that lunar month) must fall on a date from 21 March to 18 April inclusive.\n\nThe Gregorian calculation of Easter was based on a method devised by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius (or Lilio) for adjusting the epacts of the moon, and has been adopted by almost all Western Christians and by Western countries which celebrate national holidays at Easter. For the British Empire and colonies, a determination of the date of Easter Sunday using Golden Numbers and Sunday letters was defined by the Calendar (New Style) Act 1750 with its Annexe. This was designed to match exactly the Gregorian calculation.\n\n=== Controversies over the date ===\n\nA five-part Russian Orthodox icon depicting the Easter story.Eastern Orthodox Christians use a different computation for the date of Easter than the Western churches.\nThe precise date of Easter has at times been a matter of contention. By the later 2nd century, it was widely accepted that the celebration of the holiday was a practice of the disciples and an undisputed tradition. The Quartodeciman controversy, the first of several Easter controversies, arose concerning the date on which the holiday should be celebrated.\n\nThe term \"Quartodeciman\" refers to the practice of celebrating Easter on Nisan 14 of the Hebrew calendar, \"the 's passover\" (). According to the church historian Eusebius, the Quartodeciman Polycarp (bishop of Smyrna, by tradition a disciple of John the Apostle) debated the question with Anicetus (bishop of Rome). The Roman province of Asia was Quartodeciman, while the Roman and Alexandrian churches continued the fast until the Sunday following (the Sunday of Unleavened Bread), wishing to associate Easter with Sunday. Neither Polycarp nor Anicetus persuaded the other, but they did not consider the matter schismatic either, parting in peace and leaving the question unsettled.\n\nControversy arose when Victor, bishop of Rome a generation after Anicetus, attempted to excommunicate Polycrates of Ephesus and all other bishops of Asia for their Quartodecimanism. According to Eusebius, a number of synods were convened to deal with the controversy, which he regarded as all ruling in support of Easter on Sunday. Polycrates (''circa'' 190), however, wrote to Victor defending the antiquity of Asian Quartodecimanism. Victor's attempted excommunication was apparently rescinded, and the two sides reconciled upon the intervention of bishop Irenaeus and others, who reminded Victor of the tolerant precedent of Anicetus.\n\nQuartodecimanism seems to have lingered into the 4th century, when Socrates of Constantinople recorded that some Quartodecimans were deprived of their churches by John Chrysostom and that some were harassed by Nestorius.\n\nIt is not known how long the Nisan 14 practice continued. But both those who followed the Nisan 14 custom, and those who set Easter to the following Sunday had in common the custom of consulting their Jewish neighbors to learn when the month of Nisan would fall, and setting their festival accordingly. By the later 3rd century, however, some Christians began to express dissatisfaction with the custom of relying on the Jewish community to determine the date of Easter. The chief complaint was that the Jewish communities sometimes erred in setting Passover to fall before the Northern Hemisphere spring equinox. The Sardica paschal table confirms these complaints, for it indicates that the Jews of some eastern Mediterranean city (possibly Antioch) fixed Nisan 14 on dates well before the spring equinox on multiple occasions.\n\nBecause of this dissatisfaction with reliance on the Jewish calendar, some Christians began to experiment with independent computations. Others, however, believed that the customary practice of consulting Jews should continue, even if the Jewish computations were in error.\n\n=== First Council of Nicaea (325 AD) ===\n\nThis controversy between those who advocated independent computations, and those who wished to continue the custom of relying on the Jewish calendar, was formally resolved by the First Council of Nicaea in 325, which endorsed changing to an independent computation by the Christian community in order to celebrate in common. This effectively required the abandonment of the old custom of consulting the Jewish community in those places where it was still used. Epiphanius of Salamis wrote in the mid-4th century:\n\nthe emperor\u00a0... convened a council of 318 bishops\u00a0... in the city of Nicea\u00a0... They passed certain ecclesiastical canons at the council besides, and at the same time decreed in regard to the Passover that there must be one unanimous concord on the celebration of God's holy and supremely excellent day. For it was variously observed by people\n\nThat the older custom (called \"protopaschite\" by historians) did not at once die out, but persisted for a time, is indicated by the existence of canons and sermons against it.\n\nDionysius Exiguus, and others following him, maintained that the 318 Bishops assembled at the Nicene Council had specified a particular method of determining the date of Easter; subsequent scholarship has refuted this tradition. In any case, in the years following the council, the computational system that was worked out by the church of Alexandria came to be normative. It took a while for the Alexandrian rules to be adopted throughout Christian Europe, however. The 8-year cycle originally employed was replaced by (or by the time of) Augustalis's treatise on the measurement of Easter, after which Rome used his 84-year lunisolar calendar cycle until 457. It then switched to an adaptation by Victorius of the Alexandrian rules.\n\nBecause this Victorian cycle differed from the Alexandrian cycle in the dates of some of the Paschal Full Moons, and because it tried to respect the Roman custom of fixing Easter to the Sunday in the week of the 16th to the 22nd of the lunar month (rather than the 15th to the 21st as at Alexandria), by providing alternative \"Latin\" and \"Greek\" dates in some years, occasional differences in the date of Easter as fixed by Alexandrian rules continued. The Alexandrian rules were adopted in the West following the tables of Dionysius Exiguus in 525. From this time, therefore, all discrepancies between Alexandria and Rome as to the correct date for Easter cease, as both churches were using identical tables.\n\nEarly Christians in Britain and Ireland also used an 84-year cycle. From the 5th century onward this cycle set its equinox to 25 March and fixed Easter to the Sunday falling in the 14th to the 20th of the lunar month inclusive. This 84-year cycle was replaced by the Alexandrian method in the course of the 7th and 8th centuries. Churches in western continental Europe used a late Roman method until the late 8th century during the reign of Charlemagne, when they finally adopted the Alexandrian method. Since 1582, when the Catholic Church adopted the Gregorian calendar while the Eastern Orthodox and most Oriental Orthodox Churches retained the Julian calendar, the date on which Easter is celebrated has again differed.\n\nThe Greek island of Syros, whose population is divided almost equally between Catholics and Orthodox, is one of the few places where the two Churches share a common date for Easter, with the Catholics accepting the Orthodox date\u2014a practice helping considerably in maintaining good relations between the two communities.\n\n=== Reform of the date ===\n\nflash-illuminated; all electric lighting is off, and only the oil lamps in front of the Iconostasis remain lit. (St. George Greek Orthodox Church, Adelaide).\n\nIn the 20th century, some individuals and institutions have propounded a fixed date for Easter, the most prominent proposal being the Sunday after the second Saturday in April. Despite having some support, proposals to reform the date have not been implemented. An Orthodox congress of Eastern Orthodox bishops, which included representatives mostly from the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Serbian Patriarch, met in Constantinople in 1923, where the bishops agreed to the Revised Julian calendar.\n\nThe original form of this calendar would have determined Easter using precise astronomical calculations based on the meridian of Jerusalem. However, all the Eastern Orthodox countries that subsequently adopted the Revised Julian calendar adopted only that part of the revised calendar that applied to festivals falling on fixed dates in the Julian calendar. The revised Easter computation that had been part of the original 1923 agreement was never permanently implemented in any Orthodox diocese.\n\nIn the United Kingdom, the Easter Act 1928 set out legislation to allow the date of Easter to be fixed as the first Sunday after the second Saturday in April (or, in other words, the Sunday in the period from 9 to 15 April). However, the legislation has not been implemented, although it remains on the Statute book and could be implemented subject to approval by the various Christian churches.\n\nAt a summit in Aleppo, Syria, in 1997, the World Council of Churches (WCC) proposed a reform in the calculation of Easter which would have replaced the present divergent practices of calculating Easter with modern scientific knowledge taking into account actual astronomical instances of the spring equinox and full moon based on the meridian of Jerusalem, while also following the Council of Nicea position of Easter being on the Sunday following the full moon. The recommended World Council of Churches changes would have sidestepped the calendar issues and eliminated the difference in date between the Eastern and Western churches. The reform was proposed for implementation starting in 2001, but it was not ultimately adopted by any member body.\n\nIn January 2016, Christian churches again considered the idea of a fixed and unified date of Easter, probably either the second or third Sunday in April.\n\n=== Table of the dates of Easter ===\n\nThe WCC presented comparative data of the relationships:\n\nNotes: 1. Astronomical Easter is the first Sunday after the Astronomical full moon, referred to the meridian of Jerusalem. 2. Passover commences at sunset preceding the date indicated.\n"	" Position in the church year "	"\n\n\n=== Western Christianity ===\n\nIn Western Christianity, Easter is preceded by Lent, a period of fasting and penitence in preparation for Easter, which begins on Ash Wednesday and lasts forty days (not counting Sundays). The week before Easter, known as Holy Week, is very special in the Christian tradition. The Sunday before Easter is Palm Sunday, with the Wednesday before Easter being known as Spy Wednesday. The last three days before Easter are Maundy Thursday, Good Friday and Holy Saturday (sometimes referred to as Silent Saturday).\n\nPalm Sunday, Maundy Thursday and Good Friday respectively commemorate Jesus' entry in Jerusalem, the Last Supper and the Crucifixion. Maundy Thursday, Good Friday, and Holy Saturday are sometimes referred to as the Easter Triduum (Latin for \"Three Days\"). Many churches begin celebrating Easter late in the evening of Holy Saturday at a service called the Easter Vigil. In some countries, Easter lasts two days, with the second called \"Easter Monday\".\n\nThe week beginning with Easter Sunday is called Easter Week or the Octave of Easter, and each day is prefaced with \"Easter\", e.g. Easter Monday, Easter Tuesday, etc. Easter Saturday is therefore the Saturday ''after'' Easter Sunday. The day before Easter is properly called Holy Saturday. Eastertide, or Paschaltide, the season of Easter, begins on Easter Sunday and lasts until the day of Pentecost, seven weeks later.\n\n=== Eastern Christianity ===\n\nIn Eastern Christianity, the spiritual preparation for Easter begins with Great Lent, which starts on Clean Monday and lasts for 40 continuous days (including Sundays). The last week of Great Lent (following the fifth Sunday of Great Lent) is called Palm Week, and ends with Lazarus Saturday. The Vespers which begins Lazarus Saturday officially brings Great Lent to a close, although the fast continues through the following week. After Lazarus Saturday comes Palm Sunday, Holy Week, and finally Easter itself, and the fast is broken immediately after the Paschal Divine Liturgy.\n\nThe Paschal Vigil begins with the Midnight Office, which is the last service of the Lenten Triodion and is timed so that it ends a little before midnight on Holy Saturday night. At the stroke of midnight the Paschal celebration itself begins, consisting of Paschal Matins, Paschal Hours, and Paschal Divine Liturgy. Placing the Paschal Divine Liturgy at midnight guarantees that no Divine Liturgy will come earlier in the morning, ensuring its place as the pre-eminent \"Feast of Feasts\" in the liturgical year.\n\nThe liturgical season from Easter to the Sunday of All Saints (the Sunday after Pentecost) is known as the Pentecostarion (the \"fifty days\"). The week which begins on Easter Sunday is called Bright Week, during which there is no fasting, even on Wednesday and Friday. The Afterfeast of Easter lasts 39 days, with its Apodosis (leave-taking) on the day before Ascension. Pentecost Sunday is the fiftieth day from Easter (counted inclusively).\n\n==Religious observance==\nDepiction of ''The Resurrection of Jesus Christ'', by Piero della Francesca.\n\n=== Western Christianity ===\n\nThe Easter festival is kept in many different ways among Western Christians. The traditional, liturgical observation of Easter, as practised among Roman Catholics, Lutherans, and some Anglicans begins on the night of Holy Saturday with the Easter Vigil. This, the most important liturgy of the year, begins in total darkness with the blessing of the Easter fire, the lighting of the large Paschal candle (symbolic of the Risen Christ) and the chanting of the Exultet or Easter Proclamation attributed to Saint Ambrose of Milan.\n\nEpistle reading, I Corinthians  (in Latin), for the Solemn Mass of Easter Day.\nAfter this service of light, a number of readings from the Old Testament are read. These tell the stories of creation, the sacrifice of Isaac, the crossing of the Red Sea, and the foretold coming of the Messiah. This part of the service climaxes with the singing of the Gloria and the Alleluia and the proclamation of the Gospel of the resurrection. At this time, the lights are brought up and the church bells are rung, according to local custom. A sermon may be preached after the gospel.\n\nThe focus then moves from the lectern to the font. Anciently, Easter was considered the ideal time for converts to receive baptism, and this practice continues within Roman Catholicism and the Anglican Communion. Whether there are baptisms at this point or not, it is traditional for the congregation to renew the vows of their baptismal faith. This act is often sealed by the sprinkling of the congregation with holy water from the font. The Catholic sacrament of Confirmation is also celebrated at the Vigil.\n\nThe Easter Vigil concludes with the celebration of the Eucharist (known in some traditions as Holy Communion). Certain variations in the Easter Vigil exist: Some churches read the Old Testament lessons before the procession of the Paschal candle, and then read the gospel immediately after the Exsultet.\n\nSunrise service in Rockland, Maine, United States.\nSome churches prefer to keep this vigil very early on the Sunday morning instead of the Saturday night to reflect the gospel account of the women coming to the tomb at dawn on the first day of the week. These services are known as the Sunrise service and often occur in outdoor setting such as the church cemetery, yard, or a nearby park.\n\nThe first recorded \"Sunrise Service\" took place in 1732 among the Single Brethren in the Moravian congregation at Herrnhut, Saxony, in what is now Germany. Following an all-night vigil they went before dawn to the town graveyard, God's Acre, on the hill above the town, to celebrate the Resurrection among the graves of the departed. This service was repeated the following year by the whole congregation and subsequently spread with the Moravian Missionaries around the world, including Old Salem in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.\n\nAdditional celebrations are usually offered on Easter Sunday itself. Typically these services follow the usual order of Sunday services in a congregation, but also typically incorporate more highly festive elements. The music of the service, in particular, often displays a highly festive tone; the incorporation of brass instruments (trumpets, etc.) to supplement a congregation's usual instrumentation is common. Often a congregation's worship space is decorated with special banners and flowers (such as Easter lilies).\n\nIn predominantly Roman Catholic Philippines, the morning of Easter (known in the national language as \"Pasko ng Muling Pagkabuhay\" or the Pasch of the Resurrection) is marked with joyous celebration, the first being the dawn \"Salubong\", wherein large statues of Jesus and Mary are brought together to meet, imagining the first reunion of Jesus and his mother Mary after Jesus' Resurrection. This is followed by the joyous Easter Mass.\n\nIn Polish culture, the Rezurekcja (Resurrection Procession) is the joyous Easter morning Mass at daybreak when church bells ring out and explosions resound to commemorate Christ rising from the dead. Before the Mass begins at dawn, a festive procession with the Blessed Sacrament carried beneath a canopy encircles the church. As church bells ring out, handbells are vigorously shaken by altar boys, the air is filled with incense and the faithful raise their voices heavenward in a triumphant rendering of age-old Easter hymns. After the Blessed Sacrament is carried around the church and Adoration is complete, the Easter Mass begins. Another Polish Easter tradition is \u015awi\u0119conka, the blessing of Easter baskets by the parish priest on Holy Saturday. This custom is celebrated not only in Poland, but also in the United States by Polish-Americans.\n\n=== Eastern Christianity ===\n\nIcon of the Resurrection by an unknown 17th century Bulgarian artist\nEaster is the fundamental and most important festival of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches:\n\n\n\n: This is the Expected and Holy Day,\n: the One among the Sabbaths,\n: the Sovereign and Lady of days,\n: Feast of feasts, Celebration of celebrations,\n: on which we praise Christ for all eternity!\n\n\n\nBoris Kustodiev's ''Pascha Greetings'' (1912) shows traditional Russian ''khristosovanie'' (exchanging a triple kiss), with such foods as red eggs, kulich and paskha in the background.\nEvery other religious festival in their calendar, including Christmas, is secondary in importance to the celebration of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ. This is reflected in rich Paschal customs in the cultures of countries that have traditionally had an Orthodox Christian majority. Eastern Catholics have similar emphasis in their calendars, and many of their liturgical customs are very similar.\n\nThis is not to say that Christmas and other elements of the Christian liturgical calendar are ignored. Instead, these events are all seen as necessary but ''preliminary'' to, and illuminated by, the full climax of the Resurrection, in which all that has come before reaches fulfillment and fruition. They shine only in the light of the Resurrection. Easter is the primary act that fulfills the purpose of Christ's ministry on earth\u2014to defeat death by dying and to purify and exalt humanity by voluntarily assuming and overcoming human frailty. This is succinctly summarized by the Paschal troparion, sung repeatedly for forty days, through the Apodosis of Easter, which is the day before Ascension:\n\n\n\n: \u03a7\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03c4\u1f78\u03c2 \u1f00\u03bd\u03ad\u03c3\u03c4\u03b7 \u1f10\u03ba \u03bd\u03b5\u03ba\u03c1\u1ff6\u03bd,\n: \u03b8\u03b1\u03bd\u03ac\u03c4\u1ff3 \u03b8\u03ac\u03bd\u03b1\u03c4\u03bf\u03bd \u03c0\u03b1\u03c4\u03ae\u03c3\u03b1\u03c2,\n: \u03ba\u03b1\u1f76 \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u1f10\u03bd \u03c4\u03bf\u1fd6\u03c2 \u03bc\u03bd\u03ae\u03bc\u03b1\u03c3\u03b9\n: \u03b6\u03c9\u1f74\u03bd \u03c7\u03b1\u03c1\u03b9\u03c3\u03ac\u03bc\u03b5\u03bd\u03bf\u03c2.\n\n\n\n\n\n: Christ is risen from the dead,\n: Trampling down death by death,\n: And upon those in the tombs\n: Bestowing life!\n\n\n\nPreparation for Easter begins with the season of Great Lent. In addition to fasting, almsgiving, and prayer, Orthodox Christians cut down on all entertainment and non-essential worldly activities, gradually eliminating them until Great and Holy Friday, the most austere day of the year. On the evening of Great and Holy Saturday, the Midnight Office commences an hour or two before midnight (see paschal vigil).\n\n''Religious Procession in Kursk Province'', a controversial painting by Ilya Repin (1880\u201383), depicting a Bright Week outdoor procession.\nAt its completion all light in the church building is extinguished, and all wait in darkness and silence for the stroke of midnight. Then, a new flame is struck in the altar, or the priest lights his candle from the perpetual lamp kept burning there, and he then lights candles held by deacons or other assistants, who then go to light candles held by the congregation (this practice has its origin in the reception of the Holy Fire at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem). Then the priest and congregation go in a procession around the temple, holding lit candles, chanting:\n\n\nBy Thy Resurrection O Christ our savior,\nthe angels in Heaven sing,\nenable us who are on Earth,\nto glorify thee in purity of heart.\n\n\nThis procession reenacts the journey of the Myrrhbearers to the Tomb of Jesus \"very early in the morning\". After circling around the temple once or three times, the procession halts in front of the closed doors. In the Greek practice the priest reads a selection from the Gospel Book. Then, in all traditions, the priest makes the sign of the cross with the censer in front of the closed doors (which represent the sealed tomb).\n\nTraditional Paschal Outdoor Procession during Bright Week by Russian Orthodox Old-Rite Church.\nHe and the people chant the Paschal Troparion, and all of the bells and semantra are sounded. Then all re-enter the temple and paschal matins begins immediately, followed by the paschal hours and then the paschal divine liturgy. The Paschal Homily of St. John Chrysostom is read at matins.\n\nAfter the dismissal of the liturgy, the priest may bless paschal eggs and baskets brought by the faithful containing those foods which have been forbidden during the Great Fast. Immediately after the Liturgy it is customary for the congregation to share a meal, essentially an ag\u00e1p\u0113 dinner (albeit at 2:00\u00a0am or later).\n\nIn Greece the traditional meal is ''mageiritsa'', a hearty stew of chopped lamb liver and wild greens seasoned with egg-and-lemon sauce. Traditionally, easter eggs, hard-boiled eggs dyed bright red to symbolize the spilt Blood of Christ and the promise of eternal life, are cracked together to celebrate the opening of the Tomb of Christ.\n\nThe next morning, Easter Sunday proper, there is no Divine Liturgy, since the liturgy for that day has already been celebrated. Instead, in the afternoon \"Ag\u00e1p\u0113 Vespers\" is sung. In this service, it has become customary during the last few centuries for the priest and members of the congregation to read a portion of the Gospel of John in as many languages as they can manage, to show the universality of the Resurrection.\n\nFor the remainder of the week, known as \"Bright Week\", fasting (other than before holy communion is suppressed, and the customary Paschal greeting is: \"Christ is risen!\", to which the response is: \"Truly he is risen!\" This may also be done in many different languages. The services during Bright Week are nearly identical to those on Easter itself, except that they do not take place at midnight, but at their normal times during the day. The outdoor procession during Bright Week takes place either after paschal matins or the paschal divine liturgy.\n"	" Non-observing Christian groups "	"\nNonconformist Protestant Christians prefer to use a simple Christian cross, rather than a crucifix, to emphasize the Resurrection.\nAlong with the celebration of Christmas and Advent, many Lenten and Easter traditions were altered or even abandoned altogether by various offshoots of the Protestant Reformation, as they were deemed \"pagan\" or \"Popish\" (and therefore tainted) by many of the Reformation's Puritan movements. However, some of the major Reformation Churches and movements (Lutheran, Methodist and Anglican for example), chose to retain a large proportion of the observances of the established Church Year along with many of its associated traditions. In Lutheran Churches, for example, not only were the days of Holy Week observed, but also Christmas, Easter and Pentecost were observed with three-day festivals (the day itself and the two following).\n\nOther Protestant groups took a different attitude, with most Anabaptists, Quakers, Congregationalists and Presbyterian Puritans regarding such festivals as an abomination. The Puritan rejection of Easter traditions was (and is) based partly upon their interpretation of 2 Corinthians 6:14\u201316 and partly upon a more general belief that, if a religious practice or celebration is not actually written in the Christian Bible, then that practice/celebration must be a later development and cannot be considered an authentic part of Christian practice or belief\u2014so at best simply unnecessary, at worst actually sinful.\n\nGroups such as the Restored Church of God reject the celebration of Easter, seeing it as originating in a pagan spring festival taken over by the \"Roman\" Catholic Church.\n\nJehovah's Witnesses maintain a similar view, observing a yearly commemorative service of the Last Supper and the subsequent execution of Christ on the evening of Nisan 14 (as they calculate the dates derived from the lunar Hebrew Calendar). It is commonly referred to by many Witnesses as simply \"The Memorial\". Jehovah's Witnesses believe that such verses as Luke 22:19\u201320 and Cor| 11:26 constitute a commandment to remember the death of Christ though not the resurrection, and they do so on a yearly basis just as Passover is celebrated annually by the Jews.\n\nMembers of the Religious Society of Friends (Quakers), as part of their historic ''testimony against times and seasons'', do not celebrate or observe Easter or any other Christian holidays, believing instead that \"every day is the Lord's day\", and that elevation of one day above others suggests that it is acceptable to do un-Christian acts on other days. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Quakers were persecuted for this non-observance of Holy Days.\n\nSome Christian groups feel that Easter is something to be regarded with great joy: not marking the day itself, but remembering and rejoicing in the event it commemorates\u2014the miracle of Christ's resurrection. In this spirit, these Christians teach that each day and all Sabbaths should be kept holy, in Christ's teachings. Hebrew-Christian, Sacred Name, and Armstrong movement churches (such as the Living Church of God) usually reject Easter in favor of Nisan 14 observance and celebration of the Christian Passover. This is especially true of Christian groups that celebrate the New Moons or annual High Sabbaths in addition to seventh-day Sabbath. They support this textually with reference to the letter to the Colossians: \"Let no one\u00a0... pass judgment on you in matters of food and drink or with regard to a festival or new moon or sabbath. These are shadows of things to come; the reality belongs to Christ.\" (Col. 2:16\u201317, NAB)\n"	" Easter celebrations around the world "	"\nAn Easter postcard depicting the Easter Bunny.\n\nIn countries where Christianity is a state religion, or where the country has large Christian population, Easter is often a public holiday. As Easter is always a Sunday, many countries in the world also have Easter Monday as a public holiday. Some retail stores, shopping malls, and restaurants are closed on Easter Sunday. Good Friday, which occurs two days before Easter Sunday, is also a public holiday in many countries, as well as in 12 U.S. states. Even in states where Good Friday is not a holiday, many financial institutions, stock markets, and public schools are closed. Few banks that are normally open on regular Sundays are closed on Easter.\n\nIn the Nordic countries Good Friday, Easter Sunday and Easter Monday are public holidays, and Good Friday and Easter Monday are bank holidays. In Denmark, Iceland and Norway also Maundy Thursday is a public holiday. It is a holiday for most workers except some shopping malls which keep open for a half-day. Many businesses give their employees almost a week off, called Easter break. Schools are closed between Palm Sunday and Easter Monday. According to a 2014 poll, 6 of 10 Norwegians travel during Easter, often to a countryside cottage; 3 of 10 said their typical Easter included skiing.\n\nIn the Netherlands both Easter Sunday and Easter Monday are national holidays. Like first and second Christmas Day, they are ''both'' considered Sundays, which results in a first and a second Easter Sunday, after which the week continues to a Tuesday. Even though Good Friday is an official national holiday, it is not a mandatory day off for commercial companies.\n\nIn Commonwealth nations Easter Day is rarely a public holiday, as is the case for celebrations which fall on a Sunday. In the United Kingdom both Good Friday and Easter Monday are bank holidays. However, in Canada Easter Sunday is a public holiday, along with Easter Monday. In the Canadian province of Quebec, either Good Friday or Easter Monday are statutory holidays (although most companies give both). In some countries Good Friday is a public holiday as well.\n\nIn Australia, because of its location in the southern hemisphere, Easter takes place in autumn. Hence, Australian Easter is associated with harvest time, rather than with the coming of spring as in the northern hemisphere. The religious aspect of Easter remains the same. Good Friday and Easter Monday are public holidays across all states and territories. \"Easter Saturday\" (the Saturday before Easter Sunday) is a public holiday in every state except Tasmania and Western Australia, while Easter Sunday itself is a public holiday only in New South Wales. Easter Tuesday is additionally a conditional public holiday in Tasmania, varying between award, and was also a public holiday in Victoria until 1994.\n\nEaster eggs are a popular cultural symbol of Easter.\nIn the United States, because Easter falls on a Sunday, which is already a non-working day for federal and state employees, it has not been designated as a federal or state holiday. Easter parades are held in many American cities, involving festive strolling processions, with the New York City parade being the best known.\n\n=== Easter eggs ===\n\nEaster eggs are specially decorated eggs given out to celebrate the Easter festival. The custom of the Easter egg originated in the early Christian community of Mesopotamia, who stained eggs red in memory of the blood of Christ, shed at his crucifixion. As such, for Christians, the Easter egg is a symbol of the empty tomb. The oldest tradition is to use dyed chicken eggs, but a modern custom is to substitute eggs made from chocolate, or plastic eggs filled with candy such as jellybeans.\n\nThe Easter Bunny is a popular legendary anthropomorphic Easter gift-giving character analogous to Santa Claus in American culture. Many Americans follow the tradition of coloring hard-boiled eggs and giving baskets of candy. On Easter Monday, the President of the United States holds an annual Easter egg roll on the White House lawn for young children. Since the rabbit is a pest in Australia, the Easter Bilby is available as an alternative. Easter eggs are a widely popular symbol of new life in Poland and other Slavic countries' folk traditions. A batik-like decorating process known as pisanka produces intricate, brilliantly-colored eggs.\n\nThe celebrated House of Faberg\u00e9 workshops created exquisite jewelled eggs for the Russian Imperial Court.\n"	" See also "	"\n\n* Divine Mercy Sunday\n* Good Friday\n* Easter customs\n* \u0112ostre\n* Life of Jesus in the New Testament\n* Movable Eastern Christian Observances\n* Resurrection of Jesus\n* Greek words (wiktionary): \u03a0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1 (Easter) vs \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03b1 (Passover) vs \u03c0\u03ac\u03c3\u03c7\u03c9 (to suffer).\n"	" Footnotes "	"\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"\n\n\n\n\n; Liturgical\n*  50 Catholic Prayers for Easter\n*  Liturgical Resources for Easter\n*  Holy Pascha: The Resurrection of Our Lord (Orthodox icon and synaxarion)\n\n; Traditions\n*  Liturgical Meaning of Holy Week (Greek Orthodox Archdiocese of Australia)\n*  Easter in the Armenian Orthodox Church\n*  Roman Catholic View of Easter (from the ''Catholic Encyclopedia'')\n*  Easter in Belarus: In Pictures on the  official website of the Republic of Belarus\n*  Polish Easter Traditions\n\n; Calculating\n*  A Perpetual Easter and Passover Calculator Julian and Gregorian Easter for any year plus other info\n*  Almanac\u2014The Christian Year Julian or Gregorian Easter and associated festivals for any year\n*  Easter Dating Method for calculator\n*  Dates for Easter 1583\u20139999\n*  Orthodox Paschal Calculator Julian Easter and associated festivals in Gregorian calendar 1583\u20134099\n*  About the Greek Easter and Greek Easter Calculator Orthodox Paschal calculator with technical discussion and full source code in javascript\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Eclipse (greyhounds)"	"Introduction"	"\nThe '''Eclipse''' is a greyhound racing competition held annually at Nottingham Greyhound Stadium.\n\nIt was inaugurated in 1938 at Lythalls Lane Stadium in Coventry. Following the closure of the stadium in 1964 the competition briefly switched to Kings Heath Stadium before that in turn also closed down in 1971. Hall Green Stadium acted as a temporary host before the race returned to its roots in Coventry at the Brandon Stadium. Coventry stopped greyhound racing in 1986 so Nottingham stepped in and have held the race ever since. \n"	"Past winners"	"{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\"\n+\n\n Year !! Winner !! Breeding !! Trainer !! Time !! SP !! Notes\n\n1938\t\nCatherine of Waterhall\t\t\n \n Bill Cowell (Wandsworth)\t\n28.87\t\n20-1\ndead-heat\n\n1938\t\nDemotic Mack\t\nBeef Cutlet - Kaiti Hill \nCharles Cross (Clapton) \n28.87\t\n10-11f\ndead-heat\n\n1939\t\nSelsey Cutlet\t\nFuture Cutlet \u2013 Happy Freda\t\nLeslie Reynolds (Wembley)\t\n30.65\t\n5-2\n\n\n1942\t\nBallynennan Moon\t\nMr Moon \u2013 Banriogan Dann\t\nSidney Orton (Wimbledon)\t\n29.60\t\n1-2f\n\n\n1943\t\nModel Dasher   \nModel Whiskey - Dashing Comet   \nTom Baldwin (Perry Barr)\t\n29.81\t\n9-2\n\n\n1944\t\nWinnie of Berrow\t\nBeef Cutlet \u2013 Jubilee Joan\t\nJoe Farrand (Oxford) \t\n30.40\t\n6-1\n\n\n1945\t\nRobeen Printer\t\nDans Leg - Deoc Deireannach \nGeorge McKay  (Coventry)\t\n\t\n4-5f\ndead-heat\n\n1945\t\nPrancing Kitty\t\nTanist - Be Careful Kitty \nPaddy Fortune (Wimbledon)\t\n\t\n4-1\ndead-heat\n\n1947\t\nCastletown Tiptoes \nCastledown Lad - Hotcap \nD Hayes (Coventry) \n29.46\t\n2-1\n\n\n1948\t\nWhiterock Abbey\t\nFarloe Cutlet \u2013 Acetone\t\nSidney Orton (Wimbledon)\t\n42.45\t\n11-4jf\n\n\n1949\t\nBehattan Marquis\t\nCountryman - Behattan\t\nBob Burls (Wembley) \t\n29.49\t\n4-1\n\n\n1950\t\nWhistling Laddie\t\nLone Seal \u2013 Whistling Rum\t\nStan Martin (Wimbledon)\t\n29.58\n\t10-1\n\n\n1951\t\nNoble Greason\t\nMad Tanist \u2013 Imperial Girl\t\nJack Harvey (Wembley) \t\n29.88\t\n100-8\n\n\n1952\t\nCrowned Champion\t\nPaddy the Champion \u2013 Tanist More\t\nRon Chamberlain (Private)\t\n29.65\t\n11-8\n\n\n1953\t\nMarsh Harrier\t\nMad Tanist - Misty\t\nPaddy McEvoy (Private)\t\n29.76\t\n6-1\n\n\n1956\t\nDuke Of Alva    \nBallymac Ball - Marchioness Minnie    \nTed Brennan (Owlerton)  \n29.60\t\n4-5f\n\n\n1960\t\nGalbally Airways\t\nImperial Airways \u2013 Brenda From Ards\t\nDr Dennis O\u2019Brien (Private)\t\n29.74\t\n5-4f\n\n\n1961\t\nFaithful Charlie\t\nGlittering Look \u2013 Lady Artic\t\nJim Irving (Private)\t\n29.25\t\n \n\n\n1962\t\nMoyne Rocket\t\nThe Grand Fire \u2013 Moyne Dancer\t\nJack Harvey (Wembley) \t\n29.31\t\n \n\n\n1963\t\nPiper Apache\t\nThe Grand Genius \u2013 Wee Look\t\nEric Adkins (Private)\t\n29.69\t\n \n\n\n1964\t\nShotblast\t\nKnockrour Again \u2013 Cleggan Lady\t\nLes Brown (Wolverhampton)\t\n29.86\t\n3-1\n\n\n1967\t\nNancys Flash\t\nPrairie Flash \u2013 Biddy Mulligan\t\nPaddy Coughlan (Private)\t\n26.24\t\n \n\n\n1968\t\nWinter Hope\t\nNewdown Heather \u2013 Final Score\t\nDes Dare (Private)\t\n26.55\t\n \n\n\n1969\t\nGolf Ball Again\t\nNewdown Heather \u2013 Lovely Ransom\t\nNoreen Collin (Private)\t\n26.79\t\n5-2\n\n\n1970\t\nCool Breeze\t\nHandy Valley \u2013 Alley Rose\t\nJohn Coleman (Romford)\t\n27.19\t\n3-1\n\n\n1971\t\nGypsy Jim\t\nMyross Again \u2013 Longstown Lassie\t\nJohn Coleman (Romford) \n \n \n\t\t\n\n1972\t\nMels Pupil\t\nMonalee King \u2013 Ella\u2019s Rocket \t\nFrank Baldwin (Perry Barr)\t\n28.12\t\n2-1\n\n\n1979\t\nSarahs Bunny   \nJimsun - Sugarloaf Bunny \nGeoff De Mulder (Hall Green)    \n28.74\t\n4-6f\n\n\n1980\t\nInca Boy   \nKilbelin Style - Anhid Express \nLeo Pugh (Hall Green) \n28.42\t\n7-4f\n\n\n1981\t\nRed Prim \nBallybeg Prim - Red Rosette \nJim Barrett  (Cradley Heath) \n28.94\t\n9-4\n\n\n1982\t\nArdralla Victor    \nGaily Noble - Gay Lady   \nMaurice Buckland (Norton Canes)    \n28.67\t\n7-4\n\n\n1983\t\nBallyard McEnroe     \nPeruvian Style - Dainty Black    \nBertie Gaynor (Coventry)    \n28.83\t\n3-1\n\n\n1984\t\nTinahue Blond    \nBallarat Prince - Tinahue Mist \nBertie Gaynor (Coventry)   \n28.67\t\n7-1\n\n\n1985\t\nParkers Gold     \nGlenroe Hiker - Parkers Poacher \nBertie Gaynor (Hall Green)  \n28.73\t\n4-1\n\n\n1987\t\nHoliday Hope   \nTamarac - Bean Phaidin    \nPat Ryan (Monmore) \n30.81\t\n2-1jf\n\n\n1988\t\nGulleen Wishes   \nWhisper Wishes - Seaway Linda   \nDave Conway - Swaffham    \n18.62\t\n5-2\n\n\n1989\t\nWestmead Harry    \nFearless Champ - Westmead Move    \nNick Savva (Private)   \n30.30\t\n12-1\n\n\n1990\t\nBawnard It   \nSpecial Merchant - Bawnard Mona  \nJohn McGee (Hackney)   \n 30.69\t\n12-1\n\n\n1991\t\nMoyglare King    \nNinth Wave - Moyglare Jip    \nPat McCombe (Belle Vue)  \n30.47\t\n14-1\n\n\n1992\t\nNew Level     \nMurlens Slippy - Well Plucked    \nHarry Williams (Sunderland)   \n29.94\t\n9-4jf\n\n\n1993\t\nTromora Mayor   \nManorville Major - Born To Race   \nNorman Johnson (Norton Canes)   \n29.99\t\n20-1\n\n\n1994\t\nSpit It Out   \nPhantom Flash - Ivalog   \nMichael Bacon (Perry Barr)    \n29.80\t\n14-1\n\n\n1995\t\nMoyle Knight   \nDaleys Gold - Still Knight    \nDavid Pruhs (Peterborough)   \n29.85\t\n9-4\n\n\n1996\t\nSome Picture  \nSlaneyside Hare - Spring Season   \nCharlie Lister (Nottingham) \n29.83\t\n3-1jf\n\n\n1997\t\nLarkhill Jo \nStaplers Jo - Westmead Flight \nNick Savva (Walthamstow) \n30.48\t\n1-1f\n\n\n1998\t\nLaughta Man \nArdraville Bridge - Bibis Princess \nBilly Mills (Perry Barr) \n30.21\t\n7-2\n\n\n1999\t\nMumble Swerve \nDruids Wally - Rhincrew Diane \nLinda Jones (Walthamstow) \n30.52\t\n7-2\n\n\n2000\t\nBlue Tex \nThorgil Tex - Dons Pride \nBrian Clemenson (Hove) \n30.03\t\n6-4jf\n\n\n2001\t\nBold Mossy \nLarkhill Jo - Annies Bullet \nJim Reynolds (Walthamstow) \n30.09\t\n4-1\n\n\n2002\t\nTexan Fox    \nThorgil Tex - Ursulas Fox  \n John McGee (Private)  \n29.74\t\n7-2\n\n\n2003\t\nRockforest Pride \nJudicial Pride - Brandy Mandy \nDavid Pruhs (Peterborough) \n30.49\t\n9-4\n\n\n2004\t\nBallybrazil Hero \nCarlton Bale - Tycoon Kay \nBrian Clemenson (Hove)  \n30.53\t\n3-1\n\n\n2005\t\nFear Me \nNo Tail Told - Femme Fatale \nCharlie Lister (Private) \n29.47\t\n4-5f\n\n\n2006\t\nClash Harmonica    \nFortune Mike - Clash Minnie \nCharlie Lister (Private)    \n29.50\t\n5-2\n\n\n2007\t\nRev Counter     \nTop Honcho - Curryhills Fairy   \nChris Allsopp (Monmore)     \n29.91\t\n6-1\n\n\n2008\t\nWise Thought    \nClimate Control - Sierra Mist   \nMartin White  (Private)    \n29.62\t\n2-5f\n\n\n2009\t\nEye Onthe Storm\t\nDroopys Vieri-Bower Louise\t\nMark Wallis (Harlow)\t\n29.51\t\n100-30\n\n\n2010\t\nNambisco\t\nBig Daddy Cool-Airport Boss\t\nCarly Philpott (Private)\t\n30.96\t\n5-2jf\n\n\n2011\t\nMill Bling Bling\t\nBombastic Shiraz \u2013 Respect For Lee\t\nKelly Macari (Sunderland)\t\n29.75\t\n7-4\n\n\n2012\t\nSawpit Sensation\t\nHead Bound \u2013 No Joke Sherry\t\nDavid Hunt (Perry Barr) \t\n29.16\t\n11-2\nTrack record\n\n2013\t\nBridge Honcho \t\nHondo Black \u2013 Forest Baby \t\nMark Wallis (Yarmouth)\t\n29.29\t\n3-1\n\n\n2014\t\nFit To Win\t\nHondo Black \u2013 Have A Fit\nTony Collett (Wimbledon) \n29.53\n10-1\n\n\n2015\t\nPinpoint Boom \t\n Shaneboy Lee \u2013 Newmarket Way\t\nKelly Macari (Sunderland)\t\n29.74\t\n20-1\n\n\n2016\nDroopys Buick \t\n Yeah Man \u2013 Droopys Hilda\t\nJimmy Wright (Newcastle)\t\n30.14\t\n7-4\n\n\n"	" Venues "	"*1938-1964 \t(Lythalls Lane, Coventry) \n*1967-1970 \t(Kings Heath)\n*1971-1972 \t(Hall Green 480y)\n*1979-1985\t(Brandon, Coventry)\n*1987-present \t(Nottingham)\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* British Greyhound Racing Board\n\n"
"Edinburgh Cup (greyhounds)"	"Introduction"	"The '''Edinburgh Cup''' was a greyhound racing competition held annually at Powderhall Stadium in Powderhall, Scotland.  \n\nIt was inaugurated in 1933 and was considered one of the major competitions in the greyhound calendar. In Scotland only the Scottish Greyhound Derby was held in higher esteem. \n\nThe race ended in 1995 following the closure of Powderhall Stadium.\n"	"Past winners"	"{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\"\n+\n\n Year !! Winner !! Breeding !! Time !! Trainer !! SP !! Notes\n\n1933\t\nS.L.D\t\nGaulsmill-Kitty Kelly\t\nJack Tallantire (Powderhall)\t\n28.64\t\n11-8f\n\n\n1934\t\nTosto\t\nBorder Line - Ranting Rhyme\nA Patterson (Powderhall)\n28.72\t\n5-4jf\n\n\n1935\t\nGood Redress\t\nRed Robin - Melksham Elaine\nArthur Jonas (White City - London)\n28.62\n\t11-10f\n\n\n1936\t\nBanksell\t\nElsell - Eskbank\nJohn Dickenson (Belle Vue)\n28.64\t\n4-6f\n\n\n1937\t\nJesmond Cutlet\t\nBeef Cutlet - Lady Eleanor\nDal Hawkesley (Catford)\n28.30\t\n2-7f\n\n\n1938\t\nWattle Bark\t\nSecret Chance - Helena Kane\nLeslie Reynolds (White City - London)\n28.82\n4-6f\n\n\n1945\t\nGourna Bridge\t\nTalon - Sheevras Sheen\nA B Sidney (Carntyne)\n28.25\t\n1-1f\n\n\n1946\t\nDante II\t\nWell Squared - Olives Idol\nWilf France (Harringay)\n28.51\t\n7-2\n\n\n1947\t\nClan Cameron\t\nG.R.Admiral - Noramac\nW McLean (Powderhall)\n28.57\t\n5-1\n\n\n1948\t\nStoneyhill Sweep\t\nDarkies Gift - Lovely Nurse\nHarry Ward (Powderhall)\n28.39\n\t6-1\n\n\n1951\t\nRushton Smutty\t\nMad Tanist - Summer Frock\nFrank Johnson (Private)\n28.16\t\n1-6f\n\n\n1952\t\nFoolish Billy\t\nOld Invader - Sylvester Cherokee\nBert Heyes (White City - London)\n28.20\t\n1-1f\n\n\n1953\t\nPolonius\t\nMad Tanist - Calpurnia\nTom Paddy Reilly (Walthamstow)\n28.07\t\n1-1f\n\n\n1954\t\nRushton Mac\t\nRushton News - Rushton Panda\nFrank Johnson (Private)\n27.81\t\n5-4\n\n\n1955\t\nRushton Mac\t\nRushton News - Rushton Panda\nRonnie Melville (Wembley)\n28.39\t\n4-9f\n\n\n1956\t\nBelinga\u2019s Customer\t\nQuare Customer - Another Belinger\nJack Harvey (Wembley)\n28.82\t\n11-4\n\n\n1957\t\nNorthern King\t\nChampion Prince - Big Bawn\nJack Harvey (Wembley)\n28.22\n\t3-1\n\n\n1958\t\nPigalle Wonder\t\nChampion Prince - Prairie Peg\nJim Syder Jr. (Wembley)\t\n28.10\n\t1-2f\n\n\n1959\t\nPigalle Wonder\t\nChampion Prince - Prairie Peg\nJim Syder Jr. (Wembley)\n28.08\t\n4-5f\n\n\n1960\t\nSkibbereen Rocket\t\nBallymac Ball - Aughadown Flirt\nG Rodgerson (Powderhall)\n28.38\t\n6-1\n\n\n1961\t\nFaithful Charlie\t\nGlittering Look - Lady Artic\nJim Irving (Private)\n28.02\t\n4-7f\n\n\n1962\t\nMontforte Jo Jo\t\nManganstown Major - Copper Glen\nG.W.Barnett (Private)\n28.29\t\n9-4jf\n\n\n1963\t\nWe\u2019ll See\t\nKnock Hill Chieftain - Bunnykins\nTommy Johnston Jr. (Carntyne)\n28.03\t\n1-1f\n\n\n1964\t\nOcean Roll\t\nHi There - Ocean Swell\nBill Weir (Private)\n28.07\t\n10-1\n\n\n1965\t\nClonmannon Flash\t\nPrairie Flash - Dainty Sister\nJim Hookway (Owlerton)\n28.14\n\t4-6f\n\n\n1966\t\nI\u2019m Quickest\t\nSkips Choice - Grattan Star\nRandy Singleton (White City - London)\n28.33\t\n3-1\n\n\n1967\t\nNegro Harpist\t\nOregon Prince - Imperial Astra\nJim Irving (Private)\n27.94\t\n5-2\n\n\n1968\t\nKerry Long Ago\t\nBauhus - Kerry Piper\nPaddy Milligan (Private)\n28.04\t\n7-4f\n\n\n1969\t\nRockfield Era\t\nMad Era - Whittle Down\nJ Doyle (Shawfield)\n28.40\t\n2-1\n\n\n1970\t\nThe Other Green\t\nPrairie Flash - The Other Flash\nJim Irving (Private)\n28.10\t\n4-7f\n\n\n1971\t\nSupreme Fun\t\nNewdown Heather - Top Note\nSid Ryall - Private\n28.08\t\n1-2f\n\n\n1972\t\nSay Little\t\nAlbany - Newhouse Blue\nColin McNally (Perry Barr)\n27.91\t\n2-1\n\n\n1973\t\nDeelside Silver\t\nSilver Hope - Dusty Prim\nTommy Kane (Private)\n28.14\t\n9-2\n\n\n1974\t\nBealkilla Diver\nSallys Yarn - Bealkilla Queen\nPat Mullins (Private)\n28.20\t\n7-1\n\n\n1975\t\nTory Mor\nToms Pal - Melville Money\nPaddy Milligan (Private)\n27.67 \n\t7-4\nTrack record\n\n1976\t\nGaily Noble\nMonalee Champion - Noble Lynn\nJohn Coleman (Wembley)\n28.24\t\n6-1\n\n\n1977\t\nLinacre\nLively Band - Certral\nTed Dickson (Slough)\n27.91\t\n11-10f\n\n\n1978\t\nDale Lad\nBright Lad - Kerry's Pal\nGeoff De Mulder (Coventry)\n28.07\n\t100-30\n\n\n1979\t\nJon Barrie\nClashing - Famous Heart\nRay Andrews (Leeds)\n28.25\t\n3-1\n\n\n1980\t\nJelly Crock\nLindas Champion - Mosey Ada\nMatt Travers (Ireland)\n28.35\t\n4-5f\n\n\n1981\t\nDeel Joker\nFree Speech - Leaping Lady\nJohn Gibbons (Crayford)\n28.07\t\n6-4f\n\n\n1982\t\nBrief Candle\nPeruvian Style - Sky Banner\nPaddy Hancox (Perry Barr)\n27.98\t\n6-4\n\n\n1983\t\nCreamery Cross\nKnockrour Slave - Creamery Alice\nAllen Briggs (Private)\n28.18\t\n3-1\n\n\n1984\t\nCreamery Cross\nKnockrour Slave - Creamery Alice\nAllen Briggs (Private)\n28.35\t\n6-1\n\n\n1985\t\nSmokey Pete\nSmokey Flame - Smokey Cotton\nKen Linzell (Walthamstow)\n28.34\t\n7-4\n\n\n1986\t\nCoolamber Forest\nCoolamber Tank - Coolamber Pet\nMatt O'Sullivan (Ireland)\n28.26\t\n10-1\n\n\n1987\t\nPrinces Pal\nCronins Bar - Ballea Oshkosh\nMatt Travers (Ireland)\n28.32\t\n11-10f\n\n\n1988\t\nPond Hurricane\nLindas Champion - Soda Pop II\nHarry Williams (Brough Park)\n28.92\t\n4-9f\n\n\n1989\t\nIntelligent Lad\nBurnpark Black - Face The Dawn\nDawn Milligan (Brough Park)\n28.21\t\n5-1\n\n\n1990\t\nSocial Circle\nNelsons Dasher - Gorgeous\nLinda Mullins (Romford)\n28.22\t\n4-5f\n\n\n1991\t\nGlenpark Again\nWhisper Wishes - Ballycrine Style\nWillie Frew (Shawfield)\n28.09\t\n7-1\n\n\n1992\t\nMurlens Abbey\nDaleys Gold - Murlens Toe\nJohn Copplestone (Portsmouth)\n28.00\t\n4-6f\n\n\n1993\t\nJames John\nManorville Major - Frisky White\nDavie Neill (Powderhall)\n27.69\t\n12-1\n\n\n1994\t\nHighway Leader\nLeaders Best - Highway Mystery\nMichael Bacon (Perry Barr) \n28.08\t\n15-8f\n\n\n1995\t\nAnalysis\nMid Clare Champ - Glenmoira\nFrancy Murray (Ireland)\n29.49\t\n5-2\n\n\n"	" Venues & Distances"	"*1933-1971 \t(Powderhall 500y)\n*1975-1995 \t(Powderhall 465m)\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n"
"Electric Boogie"	"Introduction"	"\n\"'''Electric Boogie'''\" (also known as the \"'''Electric Slide'''\") is a dance song performed by Marcia Griffiths. It is strongly associated with the \"Electric Slide\" line dance. \"Electric Boogie\" was released in 1982 and reached number 51 on the US Billboard Hot 100. It was written and originally recorded in 1976 with Bunny Wailer.\n\nGriffiths' version was actually a hit in 1983 when it was first released, but reached its highest Billboard chart position of 51 in The Hot 100 in 1990, and has since become a celebratory staple. The song is very popular in the US at weddings, bar and bat mitzvahs, and other special occasions.\n"	"See also"	"*Electric boogaloo (disambiguation)\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Embassy of Poland, Washington, D.C."	"Introduction"	"\n\nThe '''Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Washington, D.C.''' is the diplomatic mission of the Republic of Poland to the United States of America. The chancery is located at 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, D.C.\n\nPiotr Wilczek is the current Ambassador.\n"	"Main Chancery Building"	"The Chancery of the Polish Embassy in Washington, D.C.\nThe Polish Embassy in Washington, D.C. was designed by the architect George Oakley Totten and was originally intended to be the city home of the U.S. Senator John B. Henderson. Completed early in 1910, the building was finished in a style reminiscent of seventeenth and eighteenth century French mansionettes, however, it also incorporates major elements of English styling, such as the use of double-hung windows, limestone balconies and the addition of an elaborate iron and glass marquee over the front.\n\nThe building was purchased on behalf of the government of the newly independent Polish nation in 1919 by the country's first ambassador to the United States, Prince Kazimierz Lubomirski. Since then, very few changes have been made and the building thus retains many of its outstanding period features. In 1978 a team of specialists was brought from Poland to repair and renovate the ornate plaster and woodwork of the embassy's state rooms, returning the interior to its former grandeur and restoring its artistic integrity.\n\nIn the embassy's main 'salon' stands a large Steinway piano which is still frequently used to entertain guests at many of the embassy's events throughout the year. The instrument not only evokes memories of music played on it by outstanding musicians over the years, but, as a gift to the Embassy during World War II from Ignacy Jan Paderewski, is also in itself a symbol of Polish patriotism. Paderewski played it during his last American tour, when he unfortunately fell ill and had to cancel his concerts. He died soon after in 1941 and was buried in Arlington National Cemetery with the request that his body be returned to Poland 'only when his country is independent once more'. This request was finally carried out in 1992 when he was exhumed from his grave in Arlington and reinterred in Warsaw's Pow\u0105zki Cemetery.\n\nThroughout the embassy there is a large and varied array of both portraits and landscapes by a number of Polish artists of different eras. Amongst these is an original oil on canvas portrait by Josef Grassi of Polish national hero Tadeusz Ko\u015bciuszko, a Pole who after meeting with Benjamin Franklin in Paris proceeded to the United States to fight in the revolutionary war and who ultimately went on to design the fortifications at West Point. Ko\u015bciuszko then returned to Poland and devoted his life to achieving Polish freedom. It is to this end that he led the Ko\u015bciuszko Uprising, which aimed to liberate Poland from the partitioning powers of Prussia, Austria and the Russian Empire.\n"	"Ambassador's Residence"	"The Polish ambassador's residence in Washington, D.C. is currently located in the fashionable 'Embassy Row' area of Washington, on Whitehaven Street, an address also shared by the diplomatic missions of Italy and Denmark. Adjacent to the British Embassy and near to the Washington home of former U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, the house is considered one of the finest ambassadorial residences in the city.\n\nBought by the Polish government in 2008 as part of a Polish Foreign Office policy to purchase \"buildings befitting diplomacy,\" for a reported price of $9,550,000, the embassy is currently inhabited by Polish ambassador to the United States Robert Kupiecki who presented his letter of credence to the State Department on April 22, 2008. The house, built in 1927, was formerly the Washington residence of the late billionaire philanthropist, art collector, and horse breeder Paul Mellon and his widow, Listerine heiress, Rachel (\u201cBunny\u201d) Mellon.\n\nThe house itself is of the late Georgian style, a form of architecture which experienced a popular revival in 1920s Washington, D.C. and particularly in grand residential projects of the era. The residence features a small stone portico, a relatively large garden, private driveway accessed through large wrought iron gates from Whitehaven Street, and a modest conservatory and swimming pool to the rear. Additionally the Polish flag is now to be found raised in front of the property.\n\nThe house is used primarily as the Washington residence of the incumbent ambassador and his family, however it performs an important secondary function in providing an intimate and comfortable location for entertaining the embassy's many official guests as well as conducting embassy garden parties on state holidays and at various points throughout the year.\n"	"Other sections"	"There are a number of other sections of the Polish embassy which are located in buildings other than the Chancery. The economic section of the embassy for example, which deals with all trade and business interests processed through the embassy, is located at 1503 21st Street NW.\n\nThe consular section of the embassy, which deals with all visa and passport matters as well as serving a number of other functions to both polish citizens and those foreign (visa) nationals wishing to visit or take up residence in Poland, is located at 2224 Wyoming Avenue NW.\n\n\n"	"See also"	"*Poland \u2013 United States relations\n*List of diplomatic missions of Poland\n*Foreign relations of Poland\n*Polish nationality law\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n* Embassy of the Republic of Poland in Washington, D.C. \n* wikimapia\n\n\n\n\n"
"Enticement (1925 film)"	"Introduction"	"\n'''''Enticement''''' is a 1925 American silent drama film directed by George Archainbaud and starring Mary Astor, Clive Brook and Ian Keith.\n"	"Cast"	"* Mary Astor as Leonore Bewlay\n* Clive Brook as Henry Wallis\n* Ian Keith as Richard Valyran \n* Louise Dresser as Mrs. Samuel Murray\n* Edgar Norton as William Blake\n* Vera Lewis as Mrs. Blake\n* Lillian Langdon as Mrs. Edward Merley\n* Lorimer Johnston as Edward Merley\n* Maxine Elliott Hicks as Olive Merley\n* Fenwick Oliver as Mr. Kerry\n* Florence Wix as Mrs. Kerry\n* George Bunny as The bishop\n* Roland Bottomley as Bevington\n* Aileen Manning as The old maid\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Bibliography"	"* Goble, Alan. ''The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film''. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.\n"	"External links"	"\n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Enticement (1925 film)"	"Introduction"	"\n'''''Enticement''''' is a 1925 American silent drama film directed by George Archainbaud and starring Mary Astor, Clive Brook and Ian Keith.\n"	"Cast"	"* Mary Astor as Leonore Bewlay\n* Clive Brook as Henry Wallis\n* Ian Keith as Richard Valyran \n* Louise Dresser as Mrs. Samuel Murray\n* Edgar Norton as William Blake\n* Vera Lewis as Mrs. Blake\n* Lillian Langdon as Mrs. Edward Merley\n* Lorimer Johnston as Edward Merley\n* Maxine Elliott Hicks as Olive Merley\n* Fenwick Oliver as Mr. Kerry\n* Florence Wix as Mrs. Kerry\n* George Bunny as The bishop\n* Roland Bottomley as Bevington\n* Aileen Manning as The old maid\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Bibliography"	"* Goble, Alan. ''The Complete Index to Literary Sources in Film''. Walter de Gruyter, 1999.\n"	"External links"	"\n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Everybody's Hobby"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Everybody's Hobby''''' is a 1939 American comedy film directed by William C. McGann and written by Kenneth Gamet and William W. Brockway. The film stars Irene Rich, Henry O'Neill, Jackie Moran, Aldrich Bowker, Jean Sharon, John Ridgely and Peggy Stewart. The film was released by Warner Bros. on August 26, 1939.\n"	"Plot"	"\nTom Leslie is having some trouble at his newspaper job, so his wife, a stamp collector, suggests he distract himself with a former hobby of his own, photography. Tom takes his son Robert to a national park, where the boy, a short-wave radio enthusiast, enjoys his hobby, too.\n\nA park ranger informs the Leslies that a pyromaniac is on the  loose and to be careful. Soon they and others are threatened by a roaring blaze, but Robert's radio enables them to send for life-saving help, while a photo Tom takes of the fire ends up capturing the pyromaniac in the same frame. \n"	" Cast "	"*Irene Rich as Mrs. Myra Leslie\n*Henry O'Neill as Thomas 'Tom' Leslie\n*Jackie Moran as Robert Leslie\n*Aldrich Bowker as Uncle Bert Leslie\n*Jean Sharon as Evelyn Leslie\n*John Ridgely as Ranger Mike Morgan\n*Peggy Stewart as Bunny\n*Jackie Morrow as Chuck\n*Frederic Tozere as Mr. Hatfield \n*Alberto Morin as Ram\u00f3n Castello\n*Nat Carr as Jim Blake\n*Sidney Bracey as Mr. Ferris\n*Jack Mower as Police Captain Ogden\n*Don Rowan as Ranger Murphy\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Fertility symbol"	"Introduction"	"A '''fertility symbol''' is an object used by early historical human societies representing fertility, reminders of which remain in folklore today.\n"	"Ancient forms"	"\nFertility symbols have traditionally taken on many different forms. The prehistoric Venus of Willendorf is commonly regarded as an example of a feminine fertility symbol - its rotundity and obesity being seen as attractive in times when food was scarce.\n\nCertain animals that reproduce prolifically are also seen as fertility symbols, such as frogs and rabbits - the Easter Bunny as symbol of rebirth and fertility - while the same is also true of the widespread classical image of intertwining snakes. Freud considered the pig to be a further primitive symbol of fertility.\n\nThe Sacred marriage of sovereign Queen/mother and the annually dying fertility godling was itself a fertility symbol. Not unconnected was the phallus as a symbol of vegetative fertility, linked to the notion that the ritual performance of the sexual act promotes agricultural growth.\n"	"Hindu mythology"	"\n\u015aiva the Hindu god was worshipped as the principle of generation through the symbol of the lingam (phallus). His complement is the river Ganges, his mistress and the mother of all fertilising rivers.\n"	"Modern survivals"	"\nTwo treasures of Bran the Blessed, his magical horn and platter providing food and drink on demand, were fertility symbols that have been associated with the legend of the Holy Grail.\n\nThe Cerne Abbas giant is a fertility symbol, which offered help in conception to childless women. Similarly, the Maypole is a phallic pole celebrating the sexual renewal of life in spring.\n\nWestern marriage ceremonies regularly include the throwing of rice and the bouquet - vegetative symbols of fertility. The shoe tied to the happy couple's car can been seen to represent the fertile vagina, as with The Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe.\n\n===Psychology===\n\nFor Jung himself, 'the phallus always means the creative mana, the power of healing and fertility'; while Lacan considered that 'the phallus is...the image of the vital flow as it is transmitted in generation'.\n\nConversely, Eric Berne saw the vagina as a fertility symbol promising both protection and productivity.\n"	"Western art"	"\n* In Botticelli's ''Primavera'', on the one hand 'the Three Graces represented by nubile young women...embody the sexual powers of springtime'; while opposite them 'Flora, goddess of Spring...is a symbol of motherhood and, by her distribution of the roses gathered in her skirt, the good things of life'.\n* In Picasso' paintings of Marie-Th\u00e9r\u00e8se Walter, 'everywhere there are symbols of growth and fertility...green, the colour of nature's renewal'. In his 'series of sleeping nudes...Picasso may have been influenced by the much reproduced Hal Saflieni ''Reclining Woman''...and the Venuses of Lespugue and Willendorf, which with their heavy, ripe, bulging forms can be viewed as ancestresses of Picasso's images of female fecundity'.\n"	"Literature"	"\n* In ''The Bacchae'' Dionysus - as 'a kind of male fertility god' - 'represented that special kind of vitality which we sometimes refer to as the Life Force. It is a force which, in itself, is neither good nor bad. It simply exists...'\n* When at the close of ''Possession: A Romance'' the two lovers finally unite in the midst of a great storm, they wake the next day to find 'the whole world had a strange new smell...a green smell, a smell of shredded leaves and oozing resin, of crushed wood and splashed sap, a tart smell, which bore some relation to the smell of bitten apples. It was the smell of death and destruction and it smelled fresh and lively and hopeful'.\n"	"See also"	"\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Further reading"	"\nJames G. Frazer, ''The Golden Bough'' (1922)\n\nJessie L. Weston, ''From Ritual to Romance'' (Cambridge)\n"	"External links"	"*  Fertility symbols\n*  Fertility symbols (Native American)\n\n\n\n"
"Festival Sudoeste"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Festival Sudoeste''' (currently also known as MEO Sudoeste) is a large, five-day music festival that began in 1997 and takes place every August near Zambujeira do Mar, in southern Portugal. The festival has three stages which play different music simultaneously.\n\nIn the 2006 festival, the main stage (Palco TMN) had such acts as The Prodigy, Daft Punk, Zero 7 (with Jos\u00e9 Gonz\u00e1lez), Brazilian Girls, Long Beach Shortbus and Madness, among others. The second stage (Mundo Sudoeste) featured Breakestra, Afrika Bambaataa, Jos\u00e9 Gonz\u00e1lez, and many others. The style of the second stage is more alternative than that of the main stage.\nFestival Sudoeste, exterior space\nFestival Sudoeste (SW), entrance and main stage\nThe third stage (Palco Positive Vibes) is a reggae-orientated area. In 2006, Jimmy Cliff, Israel Vibration, Anthony B and other prominent reggae artists performed there.\n\nCamping is free for anyone who purchases a four-night ticket. During the day, the festival features a jazz bar and a free shuttle service to the nearby town of Zambujeira do Mar for shopping, eating, and beach activities.\n"	" 1997, first edition "	"The 1997 edition went through the 8, 9 and 10 August .\nIt was mainly sponsored by 'Cerveja Sagres' (Sagres beer).\n\n\n+ Bands attending Sudoeste 1997\n\n 8 August\n\n* Blur\n* Veruca Salt\n* Urban Species\n* Entre Aspas\n* Anger\n* Bizarra Locomotiva\n* Industrial Metal Machine\n\n 9 August\n\n* Marilyn Manson\n* Xutos & Pontap\u00e9s\n* Luther Allison\n* Jestofunk\n* Blasted Mechanism\n* Monsterpiece\n* Ref\n\n 10 August\n\n* Suede\n* dEUS\n* Rio Grande\n* Hedningarna\n* Cool Hipnoise\n* Turbo Junkie\n* Red Beans\n\n"	" 1998 "	"The 1998 Festival went though the 7, 8 and 9 August .\nIt was sponsored by Sagres\n\n'''Bands attending Sudoeste 1998'''\n\n7 August: The Cure, Therapy?, Ratos de Porao, Sergio Godinho, Family, Three and a Quarter, Hipnotica\n\n8 August: Sonic Youth, Fun Lovin' Criminals, Yo La Tengo, Pinhead Society, Los Tomatoes, Blue Orange Juice, Velveteen\n\n9 August: Silence 4, PJ Harvey, Portishead, Placebo, Cool Train Crew, Kintaldo Dub\n"	" 2002 "	"The 2002 Festival took place between the 1 and 4 August.\n\n'''Main bands attending Sudoeste 2002'''\n\n1 August: Rinocer\u00f4ise, Beta Band, Belle & Sebastian\n\n2 August: Black Rebel Motorcycle Club, Thievery Corporation, Air, Chemical Brothers\n\n3 August: Orishas, Alanis Morissette, Peter Murphy\n\n4 August: Blasted Mechanism, Muse, The Cure\n"	" 2003 "	"The 2003 edition went through the 7th, 8, 9 and 10 August .\n\n'''Bands attending Sudoeste 2003'''\n\n* Beth Gibbons & Rustin Man\n* Beck\n* Jamiroquai\n* Stereophonics\n* Morcheeba\n* Moloko\n* Badly Drawn Boy\n* Primal Scream\n* m\u00fam\n* Beth Orton\n* Suede\n* Chicks on Speed\n* 2 Many DJ's\n* Layo & Bushwacka!\n* Skin\n* Sly & Robbie\n* Grace\n* Arnaldo Antunes\n* David Fonseca\n* Toranja\n* Boss AC\n* Mesa\n* Zorg\n* Terrakota\n* Blind Zero\n* Loto\n* Dealema\n* Mofo\n* Spelling Nadja\n* Renderfly\n* Rui Vargas\n* DJ KITTEN\n* REAC\u00c7\u00d5ES VERBAIS\n"	" 2004 "	"The 2004 edition went through the 5th, 6, 9 and 8 August .\nIt was mainly sponsored by Optimus and was called 'Optimus Sudoeste'.\n\n'''Bands attending Sudoeste 2004'''\n\n* Franz Ferdinand\n* Air\n* Massive Attack\n* Zero 7\n* The Dandy Warhols\n* Groove Armada\n* Kraftwerk\n* Ash\n* Koop\n* Soulwax\n* Love With(out) Arthur Lee\n* Gentleman\n* dEUS\n* The Divine Comedy\n* Los Hermanos\n* Rodrigo Le\u00e3o\n* Two Banks of Four\n* Zen\n* Da Weasel\n* Cl\u00e3\n* Tim Booth\n* Gomo\n* Sloppy Joe\n* Loto\n* Plaza\n* Bunnyranch\n* OiOai\n* Mercado Negro\n* Melo D\n* The Ultimate Architects\n* Prince Wadada\n* DEZPERADOS\n* Navio Negreiro\n* Rui Vargas\n* Mike Stellar\n* Adrian Sherwood Soundsystem\n* More Rep\u00fablica Mas\u00f3nia\n"	" 2006 "	"The 2006 edition went through the 3rd, 4, 5 and 6 August .\nTMN, a cellphone company, sponsored most of the festival so it was named 'TMN Sudoeste'.\n\n\n+ Bands attending Sudoeste 2006\n  !! Palco TMN !! Palco Planeta Sudoeste !! Palco Positive Vibes\n\n 3 August\n\n* DJ Marlboro (03:30)\n* Gentleman (01:55)\n* Mattafix (00:35)\n* Animal Liberation Orchestra (23:15)\n* Brazilian Girls (22:05)\n* Souls Of Fire (21:00)\n* Gaiteiros de Lisboa (20:00)\n\n* Stereo Addiction (03:30)\n* Afrika Bambaataa (01:20)\n* Seu Jorge (23:55)\n* The Kooks (22:45)\n* The Twilight Singers com Mark Lanegan (21:35)\n* White Buffalo (20:30)\n* Pedro Tochas (stand-up)\n\n\n 4 August\n\n* Long Beach Shortbus (01:15)\n* Prodigy (23:55)\n* Goldfrapp (22:10)\n* David Fonseca (20:50)\n* 2008 (20:00)\n\n* DJ Nuno Reis (03:30)\n* X-Wife (02:35)\n* Brakes (01:25)\n* Toranja (00:05)\n* Dengue Fever (23:00)\n* Nouvelle Vague (21:40)\n* Cibelle (20:30)\n* Linda Martini (19:00)\n* Oioai (18:00)\n* Hiena (17:00)\n\n* Supersonic (02:00)\n* Max Romeo (00:15)\n* Jahcoustix (22:00)\n* One Sun Tribe (20:45)\n\n 5 August\n\n* Daft Punk (01:45)\n* Madness (00:00)\n* Skin (22:40)\n* Marcelo D2 (21:20)\n* Boss AC (20:00)\n\n* Dezperados (03:00)\n* Buraka Som Sistema (01:50)\n* WhoMadeWho (01:40)\n* Loto (23:30)\n* Los de Abajo (21:40)\n* Pedro Luis e a Parede (20:30)\n* Houdini Blues (19:00)\n* Rock Group Tiger (18:00)\n* If Lucy Fell (17:00)\n\n* Firestarter Soundsystem (02:10)\n* Jimmy Cliff (00:15)\n* Quaiss Kitir (22:15)\n* Sir Giant (20:45)\n\n 6 August\n\n* Xutos & Pontap\u00e9s (01:20)\n* Morning Wood (00:00)\n* Zero 7 (22:40)\n* Macaco (21:20)\n* Revistados (20:00)\n\n* Rui Vargas (03:10)\n* Ivan Smagghe (01:20)\n* Breakestra (23:50)\n* The Legendary Tiger Man (22:40)\n* Final Fantasy (21:40)\n* Jos\u00e9 Gonzal\u00e9z (20:30)\n* Kalibrados (19:00)\n* Factos Reais (18:00)\n* Olivetree (17:00)\n\n* Pow Pow Movement (02:00)\n* Israel Vibration (00:15)\n* Anthony B. (22:20)\n* Prince Wadada (20:45)\n\n"	" 2007 "	"The 2007 edition went through the 2nd, 3, 4 and 5 August .\nIt was mainly sponsored by TMN and was called 'TMN Sudoeste'.\n\n\n+ Bands attending Sudoeste 2007\n  !! Palco TMN !! Palco Planeta Sudoeste !! Palco Positive Vibes\n\n 2 August\n\n* Manu Chao. Radio Bemba S.S. 02h20 \u2013 03h50\n* Damian Marley 00h30 \u2013 02h00\n* Gilberto Gil 23:30 \u2013 00:20\n* I\u00b4m from Barcelona 22:20 \u2013 23:10\n* Ojos de Brujo 21:10 \u2013 22:00\n* Mayra Andrade 20h00 \u2013 20h50\n\n* Nuno Reis 04h30 \u2013 05h30\n* 2 Djs do C*** 03h30 -04h20\n* Noisettes 02h10 \u2013 03h10\n* Wraygunn 00h50 \u2013 01h40\n* Camera Obscura 23h20 \u2013 00h20\n* Loney Dear 21h50 \u2013 22h50\n* Filarmonica Gil 20h40 \u2013 21h25\n* Claud 19h30 \u2013 20h15\n\n* Cassius 01h00 \u2013 02h00\n\n 3 August\n\n* Buraka Som Sistema 02:00 \u2013 03:20\n* Cypress Hill 00:40 \u2013 01:40\n* The Cinematics 23:20 \u2013 00:20\n* Outlandish 22:10 \u2013 23:00\n* Armandinho 20:50 \u2013 21:50\n* Cool Hipnoise 19:40 \u2013 20:30\n* Soulbizness 19:00 \u2013 19:20\n\n* Mary B 03h50 \u2013 05h10\n* Mary Ann Hobbs 02h30 \u2013 03h40\n* Bonde do Rol\u00ea 00h50 \u2013 02h10\n* Data Rock 23h20 \u2013 00h20\n* Balla (musician) 22h00 \u2013 22h50\n* Os Lambas 20h45 \u2013 21h30\n* N\u00e1stio Mosquito 19h30 \u2013 20h15\n\n* Manif3stos 20h45 \u2013 21h30\n* Soldiers of Jah Army 22h00 \u2013 23h30\n* Steel Pulse 00h15 \u2013 01h45\n* General Levy + Robbo Ranx 02h00 \u2013 05h00\n\n 4 August\n\n* Australian Pink Floyd Show 02:30 \u2013 03:30\n* Groove Armada 00:50 \u2013 02:10\n* The Streets 23:30 \u2013 00:30\n* Sam the Kid 22:20 \u2013 23:10\n* S\u00e9rgio Godinho 21:10 \u2013 22:00\n* Air Traffic 20:00 \u2013 20:50\n\n* Hugo Santana 04h20 \u2013 05h20\n* Sonic J\u00fanior 03h10 \u2013 04h10\n* Vanessa da Mata 01h50 \u2013 02h50\n* Koop 00h20 \u2013 01h20\n* Patrick Wolf 22h50 \u2013 23h50\n* Sondre Lerche 21h20 \u2013 22h20\n* Tiago Bettencourt 20h05 \u2013 20h50\n* Eta Carinae 19h00 \u2013 19h40\n\n* Stepacide 20h45 \u2013 21h30\n* Martin Jondo 22h00 \u2013 23h30\n* Saian Supa Crew 00h15 \u2013 01h45\n* Sounds Portugueses 02h00 \u2013 05h00\n\n 5 August\n\n* Babylon Circus 01:35 \u2013 02:35\n* James 23:45 \u2013 01:15\n* Phoenix 22:25 \u2013 23:25\n* Razorlight 21:05 \u2013 22:05\n* Albert Hammond, Jr. 20:00 \u2013 20:45\n\n* Rui Vargas 04h20 \u2013 05h20\n* Stereo Addiction 03h20 \u2013 04h10\n* The National 02h00 \u2013 03h00\n* Trail of Dead 00h30 \u2013 01h30\n* Of Montreal 23h00 \u2013 00h00\n* Guillemots 21h30 \u2013 22h30\n* Tara Perdida 20h15 \u2013 21h00\n* 2008 19h00 \u2013 19h45\n\n* Alioune K 20h45 \u2013 21h30\n* Yellowman 22h00 \u2013 23h30\n* Tiken Jah Fakoly 00h15 \u2013 01h45\n* Pow Pow Movement 02h00 \u2013 05h00\n\n"	" 2008 "	"Sudoeste 2008 went between 7 and 10 August. The official sponsor was TMN. During this edition, a fourth stage was established: Kubik, Samsung Experience.\nOnly Lonely Bon Jovi Cover\n"	" 2009 "	"\nBryanAdams Cover\n"	" 2010 "	"\nI Need Your Love (Calvin Harris Cover)\n"	" 2011 "	"\nBonJovi Cover\n"	" 2012 "	"The 2012 edition went through the 1st, 2, 3, 4 and 5 August .\nIt was mainly sponsored by TMN and was called 'TMN Sudoeste'.\n\n\n+ Bands attending Sudoeste 2012\n  !! Palco TMN !! Palco Groovebox !! Palco MEO Reggae Box\n\n 1 August\n\n* Martin Solveig\n* Afrojack\n* Pete Tha Zouk\n\n\n\n 2 August\n\n* Ben Haper\n* Fat Freddy's Drop\n* Marcelo D2\n* Matisyahu\n* Ben Howard\n\n* Rui Vargas & Andr\u00e9 Cascais\n* Dorian Paic\n* Jo\u00e3o Maria\n* Wraygunn\n* Miguel Neto\n* Tensnake Live\n* The Twelves\n* Ramboiage\n\n* Saxon Sound\n* Lee \"Scratch\" Perry, Max Romeo & The Congos\n* Half Pint + Cornell Campbell + Far East Band\n* Freddy Locks\n\n 3 August\n \n* Eddie Vedder\n* Example\n* James Morrison\n* Glen Hansard\n* Richie Campbell\n\n* Luciano\n* Cesar Merveille & Maayan Nidam\n* Serginho\n* Benoit & Sergio Live\n* Nicolas Jaar\n* Best Youth\n\n* Iration Stepas\n* Dreadzone\n* Jamaican Legends feat. Bitty McLean\n* UrbanVibsz\n\n 4 August\n\n* Gorillaz Sound System\n* The Roots\n* Xutos e Pontap\u00e9s\n* The Ting Tings\n* Calle 13\n\n* Jan Krueger & Vera\n* Expander\n* Daze Maxim\n* Freshkitos\n* Four Tet\n* Thievery Corporation\n* Orelha Negra\n* Mary B\n\n* Overproof SoundSystem\n* Jah Mason, Fantan Mojah and The Dub Akom Band\n* Little Roy\n* Chapa Dux\n\n 5 August\n\n* David Guetta\n* Jessie J\n* Two Door Cinema Club\n* The Vaccines\n* Best Coast\n\n* Andy C\n* Borgore\n* DJ Ride\n* Nuno Forte B2B Alif\n* Dogz United B2B Jamie Boy\n* Balkan Beatbox\n* Throes + The Shine\n* DJ Slimcutz B2B DJ D-One\n\n* Bass Odyssey\n* RDX\n* Beres Hammond\n* Jah Vai\n\n"	" 2013 "	"The 2013 edition will be 7th, 8, 9, 10 and 11 August.\nIt was mainly sponsored by  MEO and is called  MEO Sudoeste -  www.meosudoeste.pt.\n\n\n+ Bands attending Sudoeste 2013\n\n  !! Stage MEO !! Stage Moche Room !! Stage Moche Vibrations\n\n 7 August\n\n* Djeff\n* Alesso\n* Avicii\n\n 8 August\n\n* M\u00f3nica Ferraz\n* Richie Campbell\n* Natiruts\n* Pitbull\n* SOJA\n\n\n 9 August\n \n* Tiago Bettencourt\n* Donavon Frankenreiter\n* Janelle Mon\u00e1e\n* Fatboy Slim\n* Pete Tha Zouk\n\n 10 August\n\n* Kika\n* Expensive Soul\n*  Cee Lo Green\n*  Calvin Harris\n\n 11 August\n\n*  Snoop Lion\n*  Orelha Negra & Convidados\n*  Dj Ride\n* Zona 5\n* Anselmo Ralph\n\n\n"	" 2014 "	"\n\n+ Bands attending Sudoeste 2006\n  !! Stage Meo !! Moche Room !! Stage Santa Casa\n\n 6 August\n\n* Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike\n* Martin Garrix\n* Jay Hardway\n* Pedro Cazanova\n\n 7 August\n\n* Hardwell\n* Ellie Goulding\n* John Newman\n* Tom Odell\n* Miguel Ara\u00fajo\n\n* DJ Riot\n* Octa Push\n* Dealema\n* XEG\n* Orelha Negra\n* Dillaz\n* GROGNation\n\n* Jimmy P\n* NGA\n\n 8 August \n\n* Sebastian Ingrosso\n* Gentleman\n* 5-30\n* O Rappa\n* B4\n\n* Oliver Ingrosso\n* John Steven\n* Nelson Freitas\n* Dentinho \n\n* Melech Mechaya\n* Time For T\n\n 9 August\n\n* Alesso\n* Seu Jorge\n* Jamie Cullum\n* Selah Sue\n* Yuri da Cunha\n\n* DJ Overule\n* DJ Glue\n* Zona 5\n* Sensi\n\n* Diabo na Cruz\n* Los Waves\n\n 10 August \n\n* David Guetta\n* Example\n* Benny Benassi\n* Karetus\n* KURA\n* Djeff Afrozila\n\n* Rui Vargas\n* DJ Bl3nd \n* Miss Sheila\n* Dengaz\n\n* Asterisco Cardinal Bomba Caveira\n* Maria Bradshaw\n\n"	" 2015 "	"\n\n+ Bands attending Sudoeste 2006\n  !! Stage Meo !! Moche Room !! Stage Santa Casa\n\n 5 August\n\n* Dimitri Vegas & Like Mike\n* KURA\n* Wolfpack\n\n 6 August\n\n* Calvin Harris\n*  Emeli Sand\u00e9\n* C2C\n* D.A.M.A\n* Dengaz\n\n* Juicy M\n* Jordy Dazz\n* Mundo Secreto\n\n* Diogo Pi\u00e7arra\n* \u00c1TOA\n\n 7 August\n\n* W&W\n* Buraka Som Sistema\n* Clean Bandit\n* Carl\u00e3o\n* Jimmy P\n* DJ No Expression \n\n* Julian Jordan\n* Blinders\n* Yannick Afroman\n\n* Agir\n* Carolina Deslandes\n\n 8 August\n\n* Hardwell\n* Lil Jon\n* Anselmo Ralph\n* Regula\n* P\u00e9rola\n\n* DJ Oder\n* King Kong\n* DJ Ride\n* Mundo Segundo & Sam the Kid\n* Tribruto\n* Mike El Nite\n\n* Mundo Segundo\n* Jo\u00e3o S\u00f3\n* Alberto Indio\n\n 9 August\n\n* Steve Aoki\n* Showtek\n* Oliver Heldens\n* Above & Beyond\n* Quentin Mosimann\n* DJeff Afrozila\n\n* DJ Bl3nd\n* TV Noise\n* NTS\n\n* Frankie Chavez\n* Sara Pa\u00e7o\n* Tom Mash\n\n"	" 2016 "	"\n\n+ Bands attending Sudoeste 2006\n  !! Stage Meo !! Moche Room !! Stage Santa Casa\n\n 3 August\n\n* DVBBS\n* Yellow Claw\n* Club Bandtiz\n\n\n 4 August\n\n* Wiz Khalifa\n* Martin Garrix\n* Josef Salvat \n* Virgul\n\n* Big Nelo & B26\n* Slimcutz & Ace\n\n* \u00c1TOA\n* Leonor Andrade \n\n 5 August\n\n* Damian Marley \n* Seu Jorge \n* KURA\n* C4 Pedro \n\n* Orelha Negra\n\n* Mishlawi\n* DEAU\n\n 6 August\n\n* Sia \n* Steve Aoki\n* James Morrison \n* Diogo Pi\u00e7arra\n\n* DJ Overule\n* Vondi Carlo\n\n* Jo\u00e3o Pedro Pais\n* NBC\n\n 7 August\n\n* Steve Angello\n* NERVO\n* Cali & El Dandee\n* Sunnery James & Ryan Marciano\n* Jimmy P\n\n* Pete Kingsman\n* Ben Ambergen\n* Deejay telio & deedz B\n\n* April Ivy\n* Neev\n* Gato Malt\u00eas \n\n"	" 2017 "	"\n\n+ Bands attending Sudoeste 2017\n  !! Stage Meo \n\n 1 August\n\n\n 2 August\n\n* The Chainsmokers\n\n 3 August\n\n* DJ Snake\n* Two Door Cinema Club\n* Mishlawi\n\n 4 August\n\n* Martin Garrix\n* Lil Wayne\n\n 5 August\n\n* Jamiroquai\n\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  Official site\n*  M\u00fasica no Cora\u00e7\u00e3o\n*  Festivais de Ver\u00e3o\n*  Festivais de Ver\u00e3o, Concertos\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Flemish Giant rabbit"	"Introduction"	"This fawn doe weighs about 9\u00a0kg (20\u00a0lb).The '''Flemish Giant''' is a breed of domestic rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus'') known for its large size.\n"	"History"	"Flemish Giant\nThe Flemish Giant originated in Flanders. It was bred as early as the 16th century near the city of Ghent, Belgium. It is believed to have descended from a number of meat and fur breeds, possibly including the ''Steenkonijn'' (''Stone Rabbit''\u2014referring to the old Belgian weight size of one stone or about ) and the European \"Patagonian\" breed (now extinct). This \"Patagonian\" rabbit, a large breed that was once bred in Belgium and France, was not related to the Patagonian rabbit of Argentina (''Sylvilagus brasiliensis''), a separate wild species weighing less than two pounds (about 1\u00a0kg), nor the Patagonian hare (''Dolichotis patagonum''), a species in the cavy family of rodents that cannot interbreed with rabbits.\nThomas Coatoam, in his ''Origins of the Flemish Giants'', tells us, \"The earliest authentic record of the Flemish Giant Rabbit occurred about the year 1860.\"\n \nsheltie.\nThe first standards for the breed were written in 1893. The Flemish Giant is an ancestor of many rabbit breeds all over the world, one of which is the Belgian Hare, imported into England in the mid 19th century. The Flemish Giant was exported from England and Belgium to America in the early 1890s to help improve the size of meat rabbits during the great \"rabbit boom\".\n\nIt received little attention until about 1910 where it started appearing at small livestock shows throughout the country. Today, it is one of the more popular breeds at rabbit shows because of its unusually large size and its varying colors. It is promoted by the National Federation of Flemish Giant Rabbit Breeders, which was formed in 1915. The Flemish Giant has many nicknames, first and foremost the \"Gentle Giant\" for its uniquely docile personality and also the \"universal rabbit\" for its varied purposes as pet, show, breeding, meat and fur animal.\n"	"Appearance"	"This sandy doe displays a well-developed dewlap.As one of the largest breeds of domestic rabbit, the Flemish Giant is a semi-arch type rabbit with its back arch starting in back of the shoulders and carrying through to the base of the tail giving a \"mandolin\" shape. The body of a Flemish Giant Rabbit is long and powerful, with relatively broad hindquarters. The fur of the Flemish Giant is known to be glossy and dense. When stroked from the hindquarters to the head, the fur will roll back to its original position.\n\nBucks have a broad, massive head in comparison to does, and can take 1.5 years to reach full maturity. Does may have a large, full, evenly carried dewlap (the fold of skin under their chins), and can take 1 year to reach their full maturity.\n\nFlemish Giant Rabbits weigh 15 pounds on average, though the biggest ones can weigh up to 22\u00a0lb, and the longest one on record (in fact, holding the record for the longest rabbit in the world of any kind), measured about 32 inches long.\n\nThe American Rabbit Breed Association (ARBA) standard recognized seven different colors for this breed: black, blue, fawn, sandy, light gray, steel gray, and white. The show standard minimum weight for a senior doe is 14\u00a0lb (about 6.4\u00a0kg), and the show standard minimum weight of a Senior buck is 13\u00a0lb (about 5.9\u00a0kg).\n"	"Behavior and lifestyle"	"\nFlemish Giant rabbit\nFlemish Giants can be docile and tolerant of handling; frequent interaction with humans is a requirement for this to occur. Flemish Giants, like all rabbits, can become fearful, and sometimes aggressive, if handled incorrectly or irresponsibly. Their larger frame requires special attention paid to the spine alignment when handling a Flemish Giant, or any rabbit for that matter. Consequently, potential owners should consider these factors in addition to their size, level of food consumption, and substantial waste production before buying.\n\nDue to its large size, the Flemish Giant needs substantial living quarters that provide ample opportunity for physical movement. The House Rabbit Society recommends keeping rabbits inside the home in a very large pen or room(s) in the home. Larger dog crates are often more appropriate than traditional rabbit and small-pet cages, which tend to be smaller and shorter. In the United States Department of Agriculture's standards for animal housing, rabbits over 12 pounds must have at least five square feet of floor space. The size of appropriate living quarters increases with size of the rabbit.\n\nCages with incorrectly sized wire gauge bottoms (as opposed to small gauge wire or solid bottoms) can harm the feet of a Flemish Giant more so than smaller house rabbits due to their increased weight. A resting board may be required to prevent sore hocks for a larger breed rabbit. The Flemish Giant will require larger quantities of food compared to smaller breeds of domestic rabbits. Like some other short hair breeds of rabbits, the Flemish Giant will usually require mild attention to grooming due to its shorter hair. Shedding during the spring and fall transition periods tend to be the most dramatic, with smaller sheds often occurring in between.\n"	"Diet"	"Flemish Giant\nFlemish Giants can be fed like other rabbits, with the amount of food increased to match their larger size. ARBA recommendations include hay and occasional treats.\n\nA high protein diet of 16% or more is need for them to gain bone mass while growing and later when muscle mass develops.  Apples, cabbage or broccoli in small amounts can be given as treats and slowly increased. A quarter apple per rabbit every other day for 3 weeks can be increased to a half apple after that. Do not feed the core or seeds to the rabbit.  Since Flemish Giants do not reach full size until they are 1.5 years old, they need to be fed a lot until then.  When females have babies and during winter, they need to be fed as much as they can eat, and given plenty of water.\n\nIn supplementing a commercial diet, care must be taken to avoid excess protein, calories, and minerals such as salt and calcium, which in excess can cause kidney stones. Overfeeding leading to obesity is a major health concern for both commercial and pet rabbits.\n\nThe House Rabbit Society recommends 2 cups of chopped leafy vegetables per 6 pounds (3\u00a0kg) of body weight and no more than 2 tablespoons of fruit or carrots per 6 pounds of body weight daily.\n"	"Breeding"	"Two-week-old Flemish Giants\nThe American Rabbit Breeders' Association (ARBA) recommends delaying breeding of female rabbits until they reach the senior weight range. For Flemish Giants, this is 14 pounds, and a typical rabbit will reach this weight when they are about 9 months to one year. A  Flemish Giant can take up to 1.5 years to reach their maximum weight and a breeder should wait until the rabbit is slightly over a year old before breeding.  Females and males can become sexually mature at 4 months and 8 days. Once the rabbits are 3 months old they should be keep in separate cages or put females with females and males with males.  If fighting occurs then they must be separated. The breeding lifespan of a rabbit is variable. Some breeders prefer not to have any more litters after the age of three years  while others continue to produce quality litters for five to eight years. The gestation period is between 28\u201331 days. On average they give birth at 30\u201332 days. The Flemish Giant rabbit can produce large litters, usually between 5 and 12 in a litter.\n\nA nesting box filled with hay is given to the female as she prepares for birth.  After birth, clean out the hay, replace with some new hay, and check to see if babies are all alive.  Check box every day in case babies die and take them out.\n"	" Uses "	"Apart from being kept as a pet, the Flemish Giant is used for meat, fur, show, pet assisted therapy and education.\n\n=== 4-H and Show ===\nFlemish Giants, due to their uncomplicated grooming requirements and docile personalities, are used by 4-H programs throughout the United States as a starter rabbit for teaching children responsibility and care of farm animals and pets.\nAnother very popular youth program outside of 4-H that promotes responsible show breeding is the National Federation of Flemish Giant Breeders Youth Program.\nFlemish Giants are the second oldest domesticated rabbit breed in the United States, following behind the now rare Belgian Hare.\n\n=== Raising for pets & profit ===\n\nFlemish Giants make excellent pets as they are calm, but heavy for most children to handle.  They require a lot of space.  Outdoor cages should be 5 feet by 3 feet ( 1.5 meters by 1 meter). Cages must be in the shade so the rabbits do not overheat.  Cages should be protected from wind using painter drop cloth. Cages should have plywood roofs to protect rabbits from rain and snow.   They eat at least .5\u00a0kg. or more food a day of dried rabbit pellets. They expel a lot of waste.\nFlemish Giants are not typically regarded as \"meat\" rabbits because much of the commercial rabbit market focuses on young rabbits, usually around 70 days of age. At this time, Flemish Giants are developing bone mass rather than muscle. However, when raised to roasting (under 6 months) and stewing (over 6 months) age, the size of the Flemish makes them desirable. They are also often bred with other meat rabbit breeds, such as the New Zealand, to increase both meat-to-bone ratio and litter size.\n\nDue to the large amount of high protein food they consume and the cost of this food, the selling of the Flemish Giants for meat is not profitable; as buyers want to give just a few dollars per rabbit.\n"	"See also"	"\n*French Lop\n*Domestic rabbit\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n* (US) National Federation of Flemish Giant Rabbit Breeders\n* ARBA Standard of Perfection 2011-2015\n* Flemish Giant Breed information\n* Flemish Giant Rabbit Breed History\n* Breeds of Rabbits Chart\n\n\n\n"
"Fluffy bunny (Wicca)"	"Introduction"	"The term \"'''Fluffy Bunny'''\" is used as a derogatory term within the contemporary Pagan religion of Wicca to refer to practitioners whose adherence to the faith is perceived as being superficial and dominated by consumerist values. In doing so, it contrasts the speakers' perception that their own practice of Wicca is authentic with that of the inauthentic \"fluffy bunny\". The usage of the term has been examined by a number of academics operating in the field of Pagan studies.\n"	"Definitions"	"\nAngela Coco and Ian Woodward studied a 2002 discussion thread in which Wiccan participants debated what it meant to be a \"fluffy bunny\". They concluded that the participants associated a number of traits with those they labelled as \"fluffy bunnies\": \"pragmatic, profiteering, dabbling, modern, superficial, peripheral to community, playful, and using multimedia to further practical and capitalist values.\" For many of those contributing to the thread, the term \"fluffy bunny\" was \"linked to the person who\nis uninformed, immature, and lacking in their understanding of the forces of nature and consequently dangerous because they may misuse magic.\"\nThey added that on this thread, a minority of participants defended the legitimacy of \"fluffy bunnies\" to practice Wicca as they saw fit, highlighting that not all practitioners have the same level of experience and involvement in the religion. They also noted that various practitioners expressed the opinion or hope that no-one would think that they themselves were \"fluffy bunnies\". Ultimately, they thought that the term \"fluffy bunny\" was a trope used \"to invoke a generally felt collective consciousness of an \"authentic pagan\" identity\".\n\nSince the religion's rise in popularity, several pejorative terms such as \"fluffy bunny\" or the \"old lady brigade\" have been used in the Wiccan and Neo-Pagan community to describe adherents that they view as superficial or faddish. Common descriptions given by people using the term include elements such as the practitioner deliberately choosing to emphasize goodness, light, eclecticism and elements taken from the New Age movement over elements seen as too dark, as well as the practitioner appearing to follow the religion as a fad. The term \"fluffy bunny\" became more prevalent in the 1990s after it was used to describe a depiction of the Wiccan religion in the television series ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer''. The show, which featured a Wiccan coven, raised ire from practitioners of Wicca who believe that the coven in the show reinforced stereotypes.\n\nModern colloquial usage of the term in communities such as Tumblr and eCauldron has changed to indicate people who are willfully ignorant or purveyors of false information (notably, incorrect statistics and facts regarding \"The Burning Times\"), rather than those who prefer \"love and light\" New Age philosophies or who emulate pop culture.\n"	"References"	"\n===Footnotes===\n\n\n===Bibliography===\n\n: \n:\n:\n:\n:\n\n"	"External links"	"* Criticism of \"Fluffy Bunnies\" on Wicca: For The Rest of Us\n\n\n\n\n"
"Fool's Gold (2008 film)"	"Introduction"	"\n'''''Fool's Gold''''' is an 2008 American adventure-romance film from Warner Bros. Pictures about a recently divorced couple who rekindle their romantic life while searching for a lost treasure. The film was directed by Andy Tennant and reunites the ''How to Lose a Guy in 10 Days'' stars Matthew McConaughey and Kate Hudson.\n"	"Plot"	"\n\"Finn\" Finnegan is a treasure hunter searching for a sunken Spanish galleon, the ''Aurelia'', that was lost at sea with the 1715 Treasure Fleet. During his search to find the galleon and its treasure, his wife Tess divorces him.  Tess has been working as a steward on a yacht owned by multi-millionaire Nigel Honeycutt. Finn finds a clue to the location of the treasure and manages to get on Nigel Honeycutt's yacht ''The Precious Gem'' and convince him and his daughter Gemma to join (and fund) the search for the treasure.\n\nBigg Bunny, a gangster, and Finn's mentor, Moe Fitch, are intent on finding the treasure first. ''The Precious Gem'' and Moe's vessel compete to find the treasure in The Bahamas. As Finn attempts to secretly take down Moe's search grid, Finn discovers a sword which holds a clue to finding the treasure. Tess and Finn follow the clues to an ancient church and discover a diary describing the location of the treasure. Bigg Bunny and his associates, who have been following Tess and Finn, take Tess hostage and assume incorrectly that Finn is dead. Bigg Bunny forces Tess to aid him in the search for the treasure in a blowhole. Tess finds the treasure in a cave beneath the blowhole.\n\nFinn and the Honeycutts enlist Moe to help steal the treasure from Bigg Bunny. They arrive as Bigg Bunny sends one of his associates back into the water to find out who was killed in the blowhole. The blowhole kills Bigg Bunny's employee and traps Finn and Tess. Tess saves Finn, but Bigg Bunny kidnaps Tess again. Gemma transports Finn to Bigg Bunny's plane on her jet ski, and Finn leaps onto the plane's pontoon as takes flights. Bigg Bunny attempts to shoot Finn, but Tess kicks Bigg Bunny out of the plane, sending him into the ocean. Moe takes Bigg Bunny's henchman as a prisoner.\n\nTess and Finn are reunited and find the treasure together. Tess is shown to be pregnant. In the end, the treasure is displayed in Moe's museum, now renamed the Fitch Finnegan Maritime Museum.\n"	"Cast"	"* Matthew McConaughey as Ben 'Finn' Finnegan\n* Kate Hudson as Tess Finnegan\n* Donald Sutherland as Nigel Honeycutt\n* Alexis Dziena as Gemma Honeycutt\n* Ray Winstone as Moe Fitch\n* Kevin Hart as Bigg Bunny Deenz\n* Ewen Bremner as Alfonz\n* Brian Hooks as Curtis\n* Malcolm-Jamal Warner as Cordell\n* Michael Mulheren as Eddie\n* Adam LeFevre as Gary\n* Rohan Nichol as Stefan\n* David Roberts as Cyrus\n* Roger Sciberras as Andras\n* Dan Mewing as Pilot\n"	"Production"	"\nWarner Bros. and director Andy Tennant planned to shoot the film in the Caribbean, but decided on Queensland, Australia because the hurricane season in the Caribbean was likely to stall production of the film. The Key West scenes were filmed in Port Douglas. Filming also took place in Brisbane, the Gold Coast, Hamilton Island, Lizard Island, Airlie Beach, and Hervey Bay. Scenes were also filmed at Batt Reef, where Steve Irwin died from a stingray barb in 2006.\n\nInside scenes were shot on a sound stage at the Warner Bros studio facility and the actors and crew stayed in luxury homes and apartments on the Gold Coast. McConaughey mentioned having a python in the backyard of his house in Port Douglas. McConaughey said, \"There were other days like the day we went out diving and swam with a dugong, which was very cool.\"\n\nTwo crew members were stung by Irukandji jellyfish during filming, so some of the water scenes were shot in the Caribbean because the actors were so frightened.\n\nAt the time of filming, ''The Precious Gem'' luxury motor yacht in the film was called the ''Keri Lee'' and has subsequently been renamed \"Penny Mae\". It was designed by yacht architect Ward Setzer of Setzer Design Group and originally named ''Status Quo''. It is privately owned and operated by Lee Group Charters.\n\nThe yacht's tender was a 2007 Chris-Craft Launch 25.\n\n===2011 lawsuit===\nWarner Brothers Entertainment, Inc., was sued in 2011 by Canadian novelist Lou Boudreau, in Canadian court, alleging copyright infringement by Tennant and two other men over the authorship of the script. Warner Brothers did not comment on the matter.\n"	"Release"	"\n===Box office===\n''Fool's Gold'' was released on February 8, 2008, in the North America and grossed $21.5 million in 3,125 theaters its opening weekend, ranking #1 at the box office. , the film grossed over $110.5 million worldwide \u2014 $70.2 million in the North America and $40.3 million in other territories.\n\n===Critical response===\nThe film received overwhelmingly negative reviews from critics. , the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reported that 11% of critics gave the film positive reviews, based on 143 reviews. Metacritic reported the film had an average score of 29 out of 100, based on 28 reviews.\n\nSeveral critics compared the film unfavorably to ''National Treasure'' and ''Romancing the Stone''. Some critics referred to the film as \"tedious\" and \"listless.\"\n\nPeter Travers of ''Rolling Stone'' gave the film zero stars out of four and said \"Paris Hilton's appalling ''The Hottie and the Nottie'' is \"marginally better.\" Travers wrote \"I defy any 2008 comedy to be as stupid, slack and sexless\" as ''Fool's Gold''.\n\nLou Lumenick of the ''New York Post'' gave the film one star out of four and called it \"excruciatingly lame.\" Lumenick said \"It's all basically an excuse to show off the scenery\", including McConaughey's abs.\n\nCarrie Rickey of ''The Philadelphia Inquirer'' gave the film one and a half stars out of four and said it \"plays like a Three Stooges movie with scuba gear.\", but that \"a Three Stooges movie is enlightened next to this one.\" Rickey described McConaughey as \"perennially shirtless\" and Hudson as \"peculiarly mirthless.\"\n\nPete Vonder Haar of ''Film Threat'' gave the film one and a half stars and said \"the resolution is never in doubt, the villains are comedic rather than menacing, and no one involved seems to care one way or the other that their names are attached to this indifferent mess.\" Vonder Haar said McConaughey plays Finn \"as ''Sahara'''s Dirk Pitt minus the SEAL training and a few million brain cells.\" and asked \"Does McConaughey have some codicil in his contract stipulating he must spend at least 51% of a movie shirtless?\"\n\nSid Smith of the ''Chicago Tribune'' gave it two stars out of four and said the characters \"are comic book clich\u00e9s.\" Smith said \"the outcome is predictable\" and \"The wasted talents include Sutherland, affecting a hokey British accent, and hatchet-faced Ewen Bremner.\"\n\nBrian Lowry of ''Variety'' said \"The lure of Matthew McConaughey shirtless for extended stretches doubtless has some marketing value, but after that, ''Fool's Gold'' offers small compensation.\" Lowry wrote \"At times the pic feels like a comedic version of ''The Deep'', only without the comedy.\" Lowry said the tropic scenery was well-shot but said \"there's not much chemistry\" between McConaughey and Hudson.\n\nCarina Chocano of the ''Los Angeles Times'' called it a \"cheesy, familiar bore\" and said it \"feels at times like a third-rate Bond movie set to a Jimmy Buffett album.\" Chocano said \"Hudson is the best thing about the movie. She has a likable, grounded presence and sharp comic timing.\"\n\nNathan Rabin of ''The A.V. Club'' gave the film a \"C+\" and called it \"the kind of thing people watch because it's the in-flight movie.\" Rabin called the repeated mentions of Finn's sexual prowess \"a delightfully unnecessary move.\" Rabin said the film \"outstays its welcome by a good 20 minutes\" and called it \"extravagantly stupid\", but that the film's strengths were the \"photogenic locales, obscenely beautiful stars, a laid-back soundtrack\" and an unwillingness to take itself seriously.\n\nLou Lumenick said the ending was \"surprisingly bloody\" and Brian Lowry said the ending is \"a little more violent than necessary\" and \"a bit grittier than it should be tonally, as if we've detoured into a different movie.\"\n\nSimon Braund of ''Empire'' magazine gave the film one star out of five and called it \"Absolute tosh. A ridiculous, unerringly tedious plot is weighed down by listless performances from a cast who clearly wished they were somewhere else, despite the sumptuous location.\"\n\nThe film earned a Razzie Award nomination for Kate Hudson as Worst Actress (also for ''My Best Friend's Girl'').\n\n===Home media===\n''Fool's Gold'' was released on DVD and Blu-ray discs on June 17, 2008. About 1,225,904 DVD units have been sold, acquiring revenue of $20,502,574. This does not include Blu-ray sales. It was presented in anamorphic widescreen with an English-language 5.1 digital surround soundtrack. The extras for the DVD include Flirting with Adventure McConaughey-Hudson chemistry featurette, and a gag reel. ''Fool's Gold'' was released on R4 Australian DVD on June 5, 2008.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Gal*Gun"	"Introduction"	"\n is a Japanese rail shooter Bish\u014djo game developed by Inti Creates and published by Alchemist, and released in Japan on January 27, 2011. Originally only for the Xbox 360, a PlayStation 3 port with additional characters and PlayStation Move support was released on February 23, 2012.\n\nA sequel, titled ''Gal*Gun: Double Peace'', was released for PlayStation Vita and PlayStation 4 on August 6, 2015 in Japan, July 22, 2016 in Europe, and August 2, 2016 in North America.\n"	"Story"	"Tenzou, the protagonist, is a student who is accidentally shot with several Cupid Arrows by an apprentice angel, Patako. The blessing from the arrows makes Tenzou irresistible to the opposite sex, transforming him into the most popular boy in school for one day.\n\nThe catch is if Tenzou is unable to find his true love before the effects of the Cupid Arrow wear off, he\u2019ll be destined for a life of loneliness.\n"	"Gameplay"	"Gal Gun is a rail shooter, with the player walking through the school - As girl after girl runs towards the player trying to profess their love via hand-written notes or screams. Armed with \"pheromone shots\", the player keeps the girls at bay by shooting them - making them drop to the floor in dizzy ecstasy - while trying to cultivate a romance with one of the four main female leads.\n\nThe shooting is broken up by \"action events\" similar to that of a boss battle, as well as a doki doki mode (\"heart pounding\" in English) where the player has the option to zoom in and stare at one particular girl he fancied.\n\nThe developer also added a panic button that switches the action for a retro-looking game, with authentic animations and sounds. This is referred to as a ''Mama kita gamen'' or \"Mom arrived screen\".\n\n===Xbox 360 downloadable contents===\n*Apprentice angel Narikiri set: changes heroines' costumes to apprentice angel costumes.\n*Sengoku maid cafe Mononobu (400MSP): replaces girls' costumes with Sengoku maid cafe & bar Mononobu uniforms.\n*Underwater mode (800MSP): Girls wearing swimsuits and goggles. Characters move in slow speed.\n*Umineko no naku koro ni sisters set (400MSP): replaces girls' costumes with The Seven Sisters' costumes from ''When They Cry 3'' game.\n*Otome ha Boku ni Koishiteru Seio Girls' Academy uniform (400MSP): replaces girls' costumes with Seio Girls' Academy uniform in Otome ha Boku ni Koishiteru Portable.\n*Private swimsuit set (800MSP): replaces heroines' costumes with swimsuits.\n*Panties Protect Patch (2011-03-18): The camera control patch adjusted the camera so that player's camera cannot be aimed lower than skirt's hemline. It also adds 5 extra game routes for the underwater game mode, including all stages route and 4 heroine-specific routes. This patch is included for retail versions of the game sold after 2011-03-18. Not included in the PlayStation 3 version.\n*Premium theme (240MSP): A set of 10 wallpapers including 4 heroines and angel Patako with 2 poses each.\n\n====Icon packs====\n*Heroine collections (80MSP): Includes 4 heroines and angel Patako (1 per character).\n*Kaname Nonomiya set (80MSP): A set of 5 icons.\n*Akira Hibuki set (80MSP): A set of 5 icons.\n*Kaoruko Sakurazaki set (80MSP): A set of 5 icons.\n*Aoi Uno set (80MSP): A set of 5 icons.\n*Patako set (80MSP): A set of 5 icons.\n*1-A class set (160MSP each): A set of 10 icons per character (10 characters total).\n*1-B class set (160MSP each): A set of 10 icons per character (10 characters total).\n*2-A class set (160MSP each): A set of 10 icons per character (10 characters total).\n*2-B class set (160MSP each): A set of 10 icons per character (10 characters total).\n*3-A class set (160MSP each): A set of 10 icons per character (10 characters total).\n*3-B class set (160MSP each): A set of 10 icons per character (10 characters total).\n*Special set (160MSP each): A set of 10 icons per character (10 characters total, including staff member, 2 LoveHearts characters, SP, kidnapper).\n\n===PlayStation 3 version===\nNew features include:\n*Patako and Ekoro versions of Doki-Doki Mode.\n*Improved graphics, including depth of view\n*Total 423 panties designs\n*2 new normal girl types for total of 68 girls\n*New background music at stage 5\n*New panic screen\n*New Paranoia game mode\n*New opening movie and music (Illumination Love)\n*PlayStation Move support\n*Score Attack mode\n*Doki-Doki Carnival mode\n*Expanded changing room\n*Gallery mode to unlock 146 extra features (including Apprentice angel Narikiri set, Private swimsuit set, Sengoku maid cafe & bar Mononopu set, ''Umineko no Kaku Koro ni'' sisters set, underwater goggle mode, happy button panty decor)\n\n===PlayStation 3 downloadable contents===\n*Pinafore set (free): replaces regular girls' costumes with Maidcafe Pinafore uniform. Obtained via a download code from Maidcafe Pinafore opening event.\n*Burunyanman set (630/400yen): replaces girls' costumes with catgirl costumes from ''Go Go Burunyanman Portable'' video game (Burunyanman uniform, Burunyanman cat ear, tuna can).\n*Sukunyanman set (630/400yen): Same as Burunyanman DLC, but used for underwater mode (Sukunyanman uniform, Sukunyanman cat ear, opened tuna can).\n*Nurse set (750/500yen): replaces regular girls' costumes with nurse uniform (nurse suit with garter belt, nurse cap, clipboard).\n*China set (750/500yen): replaces regular girls' costumes with cheongsam (China dress, panda doll, Chinese bun in steam cage).\n*Bunny girl set (750/500yen): replaces regular girls' costumes with bunny girl suit (bunny suit, bunny ear, bunny love letter).\n*Apron set (1050/700yen): replaces regular girls' costumes with aprons (dangerous apron, whipped cream, raw cream cake).\n*Bikini set (1050/700yen): replaces regular girls' costumes with bikini swimsuits (bikini swimsuit, flower bracelet, tropical drink).\n*Gymnastics suit (2013-06-20, 400yen): replaces angel Patako and Ekoro's costumes with gymnastics uniform (gymnastics bloomer).\n*School swimsuit (2013-06-20, 400yen): replaces angel Patako and Ekoro's costumes with school swimsuit (school swimsuit).\n*Suspender instructor set (2013-06-27, 400yen): replaces regular girls' costumes with suspender instructor uniform (suspender instructor suit, instructor hat, secret document).\n*Devil set (2013-07-05, 400yen): replaces regular girls' costumes with devil uniform (devil's suit, devil's horn, devil's contract).\n*Costume set 01 (1980/1200yen): compilation of nurse, China, bunny girl sets.\n*Costume set 02 (1980/1200yen): compilation of apron, bikini sets.\n*Costume set 03 (2800yen): compilation of Burunyanman, Sukunyanman, Nurse, China, bunny girl, apron, bikini sets.\n"	"Development"	"\n"	"Legacy"	"A sequel, ''Gal*Gun: Double Peace'', was released in Japan for PlayStation 4 and PlayStation Vita on August 6, 2015.  Noting the praise of the first game received from players outside Japan, Inti Creates released ''Double Peace'' on July 22, 2016 in Europe and August 2, 2016 in North America, making the first game in the series being released worldwide.\n\n''Mighty Gunvolt'', an 8-bit styled spin-off of Inti Creates' other title, ''Azure Striker Gunvolt'', features Ekoro from ''Gal*Gun'' as a playable character. The game was originally released for the Nintendo 3DS in August 2014, while a PlayStation 4 and Vita port, titled ''Gal Gunvolt'', was released on August 6, 2015 to coincide with the release of ''Double Peace''.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* Alchemist official website \n* Xbox page \n* PlayStation page \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Giga Pet"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Giga Pets''' are digital pets (also known as '''virtual pets''' or '''artificial pets''') that were first released in the United States by Tiger Electronics in 1997 in the midst of a virtual-pet toy fad. Available in a variety of different characters, essentially each is a palm-sized video screen attached to a key ring. To ensure a happy, healthy pet, its owner has to take care of it in some of the same ways one might care for a real animal. Among other things, Giga Pets have to be fed, cleaned, and played with.\n"	"Operation"	"Giga Pets are \"born\" on a tiny LCD screen after the owner pulls back a tab on the back. The pets come to life in different ways. For example, Baby T-Rex hatches from an egg. Compu Kitty is delivered by a stork. A beep sound and alert icon notify the owner that the pet requires attention. To determine what the Giga Pet needs, owners must scroll through various activities and push a button to select one. Activities include but are not limited to bathing, exercising, and disciplining the pet. Sometimes a selected activity is refused and the owner has to try a different one.  A running score determines the pet\u2019s overall well-being; neglect leads to the pet\u2019s demise. The average life of a Giga Pet is 2 weeks but very healthy pets can live longer. When a Giga Pet dies it grows angel wings. When Giga Pets were initially tested, it was reported that the first thing most girls did was name their pets whereas most boys opted to discipline the digital creatures.\n"	"History"	"Giga Pets were created and released to compete with Tamagotchis, egg-shaped virtual pets that were introduced in Japan in 1996 by Bandai and are widely credited with initiating the virtual pet craze in the U.S., the UK, and other countries. In the U.S., Giga Pets were reported to be more readily available than Tamagotchis and at price of approximately $10 USD, roughly $5 less than the suggest retail price for their Japanese counterpart. By the end of 1997, Tiger Electronics, a then privately held electronics toy and game-maker based in Vernon Hills, Illinois, was one of many manufacturers creating virtual pets. Others included Fujitsu, PF Magic, Sega, Viacom New Media, Casio, and Technosphere.\n"	"Giga Pets and Furby"	"Roger Shiffman, a Chicago native and co-founder of Tiger Electronics, is credited as being the driving force behind Giga Pets and Furby, a furry interactive pet with big eyes and pointed ears that could talk, shuffle and sneeze. Intended to be a follow up to Giga Pets, Shiffman included Furby in the deal he made with Hasbro when Tiger Electronics was sold to the giant toy manufacturer in 1998 for $335 million USD. Approximately 20 million Furbies were sold in the first 6 months following its 1998 release.\n"	"TV game and new handhelds launched in 2006"	"Giga Pets Explorer TV Plug n Play Game was launched in the spring of 2006 along with new versions of Giga Pets handheld devices. The TV game came with three pets within the unit and one separate handheld unit (the hamster) and sold for approximately $40 USD. Handhelds were sold in a 12-package assortment of characters as well as individually. The characters Pixie, Tomcat, Puff Ball, Dragon Lizard, Scorpion and Bunny were all available individually at a suggested retail price of approximately $15 USD.\n"	"Controversy"	"Giga Pets, along with other virtual pets, were banned in some schools in different countries around the world including Iceland, Thailand, the U.S. and Canada primarily because they were deemed a distraction in the classroom. Common complaints included annoying beeping sounds and children\u2019s constant worry over their pets\u2019 well-being. Some parents felt Giga Pets were an ideal learning toy that taught children responsibility. Others worried their kids were becoming too attached.\n\nBeyond the classroom, Giga Pets and their kind inspired debate over the implications of caring for virtual pets versus biological pets. Some people thought the on/off/reset switch implied to children that death wasn\u2019t final and many people, some animal rights activists among them, believed that virtual pets taught children that caring for an animal was a matter of convenience.\n\nIn a Journal of American and Comparative Cultures article published in 2000, author, David W. Kritt, discussed the impact virtual pets had on young females in terms of gender stereotypes. Kritt claimed, \u201cThe implicit message to the predominantly female owners is that an emotional meaningful relationship is simply care and dependence. In contrast, flesh and blood pets provide mutuality, a relatively exclusive and enduring affection, and often some self-enhancing function.\u201d Kritt went on to address the impact of virtual pets on girls and technology. He wrote: \u201cDespite McLuhan\u2019s trenchant insight that the medium is the message, the virtual pet may not be so much a point of entry intro cyberspace for girls as it is a promoter of traditional values.\u201d Kritt argued that this message is amplified when a child\u2019s parent, particularly her mother, focuses on helping the daughter keep the virtual pet alive.\n"	"See also"	"*Digital Pet\n*Tamagotchi\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n"
"Girls on Film"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\n\"'''Girls on Film'''\" is the third single by Duran Duran, released on 13 July 1981.\n\nThe single became Duran Duran's Top 10 breakthrough in the UK Singles Chart, peaking at Number 5 in July 1981. The band personally selected the song for release following the failure of its predecessor, \"Careless Memories\", which had been chosen by their record company, EMI. Its popularity provided a major boost to sales of the band's eponymous debut album, ''Duran Duran'', which had been released a month earlier.\n\nThe song did not chart in the United States on its initial release, but it became popular and widely known after receiving heavy airplay on MTV when the ''Duran Duran'' album was re-issued in 1983. The song was used as the opening theme song for the anime series ''Speed Grapher'' and the night version appeared on 2012 Square Enix video game Sleeping Dogs.\n"	"About the song"	"The song begins with a recording of the rapid whirring of a motor drive on a camera. Both manager Paul Berrow and photographer Andy Earl claim to have supplied the camera for the recording.\n\nOver the years, \"Girls on Film\" has become a staple of the encores for Duran Duran's live performances and is often the final song of a concert, during which lead singer Simon Le Bon introduces the rest of the band.\n\nThe song, along with \"Rio\", was originally omitted from the 1984 live album ''Arena'' to make room for newer and less familiar album material from 1983's ''Seven and the Ragged Tiger''.  Both tracks were included as bonus material in the 2004 CD reissue of ''Arena''.\n"	"Music video"	"The song fared well on the radio and the charts before the video was filmed, but the controversy that ensued helped to keep the band in the public eye and the song on the charts for many weeks.\n\nThe video was made with directing duo Godley & Creme at Shepperton Studios in July 1981. It was filmed just weeks before MTV was launched in the United States and before anyone knew what an impact the music channel would have on the industry. The band expected the \"Girls on Film\" video to be played exclusively at nightclubs that had video screens, or on Playboy Channel. The raunchy video created an uproar, and it was consequently banned by the BBC and heavily edited for its original run on MTV; the band unabashedly enjoyed and capitalised on the controversy.\n\nA Video 45 for \"Girls on Film\" and \"Hungry Like the Wolf\" was released in the United States in March 1983. The VHS-format tape contains the MTV-friendly edited \"day version\" of \"Girls on Film\", while the Betamax format contains the original uncensored \"night version\". The Video 45 won the Grammy Award for Best Short Form Music Video in 1984, the first year the Academy gave that award. The uncensored video was also included in the ''Duran Duran'' video album (1983) and the ''Greatest'' video collection (released on VHS in 1999, and on DVD in 2004, which it was given a restrictive 18 rating in the United Kingdom and Ireland). The edited version would later be used in the 2008 karaoke video game ''SingStar Pop Vol. 2''.\n\nSimon Le Bon commented in the audio interview on the ''Greatest'' DVD collection that the scandal of the music video overshadowed the song's message of fashion model exploitation.\n"	"Summary of the uncensored full-length music video"	"The band performs on an elevated stage behind a models' catwalk, which resembles a boxing ring, as various scantily clad women act out a series of erotic vignettes. A number of these scenarios feature mild depictions of BDSM, sexual fetishism and fantasy and recurring themes of seduction and abandonment: \n* Two models in lacy black teddies mount the catwalk carrying pillows. They straddle a shaving cream-covered post at either end and move toward the centre, sliding their crotches along the horizontal candy-striped shaft in a slow and suggestive manner. The models proceed to have a pillow fight, which causes their breasts to become partially exposed. Upon finishing, they kiss and return to their dressing room and pour champagne on each other's cleavage.\nThe Sumo wrestling match from \"Girls on Film\".\n* A petite female Sumo wrestler with her hair flared up in a tall tophawk ponytail mounts the catwalk to confront a lumbering, heavyset male Sumo wrestler. The woman is wearing a sheer top and a ''mawashi'' loincloth; the camera follows her as she enters, offering a generous, fetishistic view of her partially exposed buttocks. In the confrontational ''tachi-ai'' stance, she seizes her opponent by the shoulder and flips him forward head-over-heels. He somersaults and lands on his backside with a thud and she gives the ceremonial ''rei'' salutation (i.e., a bow) and walks away victorious.\n* A masseuse in a white nurse's uniform with white garter suspenders and sheer white stockings administers a full-body hot-oil massage to a man (the sumo wrestler) on a steam-bath table. She later walks away leaving the man unconscious.\n* A woman in a cowgirl costume rides on the back of a muscular, G-string-wearing, black male model who is fetishistically costumed as an equine. She later soaps his semi-nude body with a wet sponge and then leads him on a leash while he cavorts behind her.\n* A model wearing a one-piece swimsuit and high-heels struts and poses on the catwalk before falling backwards into a child's inflatable plastic wading pool and collapsing. She is \"rescued\" and revived by a male lifeguard. She responds by embracing and kissing the lifeguard so intensely that he becomes unconscious from exhaustion and is left in the pool while she walks away. The model is later seen reclining on a chair, nude, drying herself with an electric blow dryer before rubbing ice cubes on her nipples in closeup.\n* A brunette model removes her fur coat to reveal her breasts and skintight see-through plastic knickers underneath. She mud-wrestles with a blonde woman wearing a one-piece swimsuit. The blonde woman loses and is left behind in the mud, while the brunette woman is attended by a clothed male assistant who sprays the mud off her body with a water hose.\n"	"B-sides, bonus tracks and remixes"	"The b-side of the single was another song initially unavailable anywhere else, a synthesiser-heavy dance track called \"Faster Than Light\".\n\nThe extended night version of \"Girls on Film\", similar to \"Planet Earth\" wasn't a remix, but a completely new arrangement of the song. \n\nThere are two slightly different mixes of the Night Version, one clocking in at 5:45, the other at 5:27. The video version clocks in at 6:19.\n\nIn 1998, EMI released ''Girls on Film \u2013 The Remixes'', featuring a swathe of newly commissioned re-constructions of the song by Tall Paul and Tin Tin Out. A couple of these mixes were included on the 1998 UK release of the single \"Electric Barbarella\".\n"	"Covers, samples, & media references"	"Cover versions of \"Girls on Film\" have been recorded by Bj\u00f6rn Again, Wesley Willis Fiasco, The Living End, Girls Aloud, Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers, Billy Preston, Kevin Max, La Ley, Midnight Oil, Mindless Self Indulgence and Nathan Stack\n"	"Formats and track listing"	"\n===7\": EMI. / EMI 5206 United Kingdom===\n# \"Girls on Film\" \u2013 3:29\n# \"Faster than Light\" \u2013 4:26\n\n===12\": EMI. / 12 EMI 5206 United Kingdom===\n# \"Girls on Film (Night Version)\" \u2013 5:31\n# \"Girls on Film\" \u2013 3:29\n# \"Faster than Light\" \u2013 4:26\n\n===12\": EMI. / 062-20 07176 Greece ===\n# \"Girls on Film (Night Version)\" \u2013 5:45\n# \"Girls on Film (Instrumental)\" \u2013 5:41\n# \"Faster than Light\" \u2013 4:26\n* The Greek 12\" release of \"Girls on Film\" contains the \"Extended Night Version\" with camera intro and also contains the \"Instrumental Version\".\n* These two extremely rare versions can't be found on any other vinyl release. \n* This \"Girls on Film (Night Version)\" is available on the 2010 remastered 2-CD set of Duran Duran's debut album and is labelled as \"Extended Night Version\".\n\n===CD: Part of \"Singles Box Set 1981\u20131985\" boxset===\n# \"Girls on Film\" \u2013 3:27\n# \"Faster than Light\" \u2013 4:26\n# \"Girls on Film (Night Version)\" \u2013 5:31\n\n===CD: Part of Duran Duran 2010 Special Edition (CD2) ===\n# \"Girls on Film\" (Extended Night Version) \u2013 5:45\n# \"Girls on Film\" (Night Mix) \u2013 5:42\n* Track 1 is the same version as the Greek 12\" release (EMI / 062-20 0717 6).\n* Released in 2010.\n\n===CD: The Remixes United States===\n# \"Girls on Film\" (Tin Tin Out Mix) \u2013 6:55\n# \"Girls on Film\" (Salt Tank Mix) \u2013 6:29\n# \"Girls on Film\" (16 Millimetre Mix) \u2013 7:28\n# \"Girls on Film\" (Tall Paul Mix 1) \u2013 8:28\n# \"Girls on Film\" (Night Version) \u2013 5:31\n# \"Girls on Film\" (8 Millimetre Mix) \u2013 5:47\n\n* Released in 1999\n\n===12\": The Remixes United States===\n# \"Girls on Film\" (Tin Tin Out Mix) \u2013 6:55\n# \"Girls on Film\" (Salt Tank Mix) \u2013 6:29\n# \"Girls on Film\" (Tall Paul Mix 1) \u2013 8:28\n# \"Girls on Film\" (8 Millimetre Mix) \u2013 5:47\n\n* Released in 1999\n"	" Charts "	"{|class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n\nChart (1981-82)\nPeakposition\n\nUK Singles Chart\n5\n\nAustralia (Kent Music Report)\n11\n\nNew Zealand \n4\n\nSwedish Singles Chart\n15\n\nIrish Singles Chart\n16\n\nChart (1999)\nPeakposition\n\nUS ''Billboard'' Dance/Club Play Songs\n24\n\n\n"	"Other appearances"	"Apart from the single, \"Girls on Film\" has also appeared on:\n\n'''EP's'''\n* ''Nite Romantics'' (1981, Japan)\n* ''Night Versions''  (1982, Australia) (1984, New Zealand)\n* ''Carnival'' (1982, The Netherlands, Spain, Canada, United States, except from the Japanese release)\n'''Mini-LP:'''\n* DMM Mega Mixes (1983, Germany)\n'''Albums:'''\n* ''Duran Duran'' (1981)\n* ''Decade'' (1989)\n* ''Night Versions: The Essential Duran Duran'' (1998)\n* ''Greatest'' (1998)\n* ''Strange Behaviour'' (1999)\n* ''Arena'' (2004 reissue)\n* ''Singles Box Set 1981-1985'' (2005)\n* ''Live from London (Bonus CD with Deluxe Edition)'' (2005)\n\n'''Singles:'''\n* \"Ordinary World\" (1993)\n* \"Electric Barbarella\" (1998)\n"	"Personnel"	"Duran Duran are:\n*Simon Le Bon \u2013 vocals\n*Nick Rhodes \u2013 keyboards\n*John Taylor \u2013 bass guitar\n*Roger Taylor \u2013 drums\n*Andy Taylor \u2013 guitar\n\nAlso credited:\n*Colin Thurston \u2013 producer and engineer\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n*  Official site\n* \u00a0, page 6\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Glen or Glenda"	"Introduction"	"\n\n''Glen or Glenda''\n'''''Glen or Glenda''''' is a 1953 American drama film written, directed by and starring Ed Wood (credited in his starring role as \"Daniel Davis\"), and featuring Bela Lugosi and Wood's then-girlfriend Dolores Fuller. The title was originally '''''I Changed My Sex!''''' and is often given as '''''Glen or Glenda?''''' but the question mark is not present in the film itself.\n\nThe film is a docudrama about cross-dressing and transsexuality, and is semi-autobiographical in nature. Wood himself was a cross-dresser, and the film is a plea for tolerance. It is widely considered one of the worst films ever. However, it has become a cult film due to its low-budget production values and idiosyncratic style.\n"	"Plot"	"\nThe film begins with a narrator, called The Scientist (Bela Lugosi), making cryptic comments about humanity. He first comments that humanity's constant search for the unknown, results in startling things coming to light. But most of these \"new\" discoveries are actually quite old, to which he refers to as \"the signs of the ages\". Later, the scene turns to the streets of a city, with the narrator commenting that each human has his/her own thoughts, ideas, and personality. He makes further comments on human life, while sounds accompany some comments. The cries of a newborn baby are followed by the sirens of an ambulance. One is a sign that a new life has begun, the other that a life has ended.\n\n\nThis last comment starts the narrative of the film. The life which has ended is that of a transvestite named Patrick/Patricia, who has committed suicide. A scene opens with his/her corpse in a small room. Within the room is an unidentified man who opens the door to a physician, a photographer, and the police. A suicide note explains the reasons behind the suicide. Patrick/Patricia had been arrested four times for cross-dressing in public, and had spent time in prison. Since he/she would continue wearing women's clothing, subsequent arrests and imprisonment were only a matter of time. So he/she ended his/her own life and wishes to be buried with his/her women's clothing. \"''Let my body rest in death forever, in the things I cannot wear in life.''\"\n\n\nInspector Warren is puzzled and wants to know more about cross-dressing. So he seeks the office of Dr. Alton, who narrates for him the story of Glen/Glenda. Glen is shown studying women's clothes in a shop window. Dr. Alton points out that men's clothes are dull and restrictive, whereas women can adorn themselves with attractive and comfortable clothing.\n A flashback scene reveals that a young Glen started out by asking to wear his sister's dress for a Halloween party. And he did, despite his father's protests. But he then continued wearing his sister's clothing, and Sheila (the sister) eventually caught him in the act.  She shuns him afterward.\n\nThe narrative explains that Glen is a transvestite, but not a homosexual. He hides his cross-dressing from his fianc\u00e9e, Barbara, fearing that she will reject him.\n She has no idea that certain of her clothes are fetish objects for him. When Barbara notices that something is bothering him, Glen does not have the courage to explain his secret to her. She voices her suspicion that there is another woman in his life, unaware that the woman is his feminine inner self, Glenda. The scene shifts from a speechless Glen to footage of a stampeding herd of bison, while the Scientist calls for Glen to ''\"Pull the string''\". The meaning of the call is unclear, though it could be a call for opening the proverbial curtain and revealing the truth.\n\nAlton narrates that Glen is torn between the idea of being honest with Barbara before their wedding, or waiting until after. The narrative shifts briefly from Glen's story to how society reacts to sex change operations. A conversation between two \"average joes\", concludes that society should be more \"lenient\" when it comes to people with tranvestite tendencies. The story returns to Glen, who confides in a transvestite friend of his, John, whose wife left him after catching him wearing her clothes.\n\nLater, a scene opens with Glenda walking the city streets at night. He/she returns home in obvious anguish, when the sound of thunder causes him/her to collapse to the floor. The Scientist cryptically comments ''\"Beware! Beware! Beware of the big, green dragon that sits on your doorstep! He eats little boys, puppy dog tails, and big, fat snails! Take care! Beware!''\" This serves as the introduction to an extended dream sequence. The dream opens with Barbara anguished at seeing Glenda. Then Barbara is depicted trapped under a tree, while the room around is in a chaotic state. Glenda fails to lift the tree and rescue Barbara. Glenda is replaced by Glen, who completes the task with ease. The dream then depicts Glen and Barbara getting married. The priest seems normal but the best man is a stereotypical devil, smiling ominously, suggesting that this marriage is damned.  The dream shifts to the Scientist, who seems to speak to the unseen dragon, asking it what it eats. The voice of a little girl provides the answers in an apparently mocking tone.\n\nThe dreams continues with a strange series of vignettes. A woman is whipped by a shirtless man in a BDSM-themed vignette. Several women \"flirt and partially disrobe\" for an unseen audience. A woman tears apart her dress in a dramatic manner, then starts a coy striptease. The whipped woman from an earlier vignette appears alone in an autoerotic session. Her pleasure is interrupted by another woman who forcibly binds and gags her. Another woman has a similar autoerotic session and then falls asleep. As she sleeps, a predatory male approaches and rapes her, with the victim seeming partially willing by the end of it. Throughout these vignettes, the faces of Glen and the Scientist appear. They seem to be silently reacting to the various images.\n\nThe dream returns to Glen, who is haunted by sounds of mocking voices and howling winds. He is soon confronted by two spectral figures. A blackboard appears, with messages recording what the Scientist or the mocking voices said in previous scenes. A large number of spectres appear, all gazing at him with disapproval, as if serving as the jury of public opinion on his perceived deviance. The mocking voices return. The Devil and the various spectres menacingly approach Glen. Then the Devil departs, Glen turns into Glenda, and the spectres retreat. A victorious Glenda sees Barbara and approaches her, but she turns into a mocking Devil. Barbara starts appearing and disappearing, always evading Glenda's embrace. Then she starts \nmocking her lover. The Devil and spectres also shift to mocking Glenda. The dream sequence ends.\n\nGlen/Glenda wakes and stares at his/her mirror reflection. He/she decides to tell Barbara the truth. She initially reacts with distress, but ultimately decides to stay with him.  She offers him/her an angora sweater as a sign of acceptance. The scene effectively concludes their story.\n\nBack in Dr. Alton's office, he starts another narrative. This one concerns another tranvestite, called Alan/Ann. He was born a boy, but his mother wanted a girl and raised him as such. His/Her father did not care either way. He/She was an outsider as a schoolboy, trying to be one of the girls and consequently rejected by schoolmates of both sexes. As a teenager, he/she self-identified as a woman. He/she was conscripted in World War II, maintaining a secret life throughout his/her military service. He/she first heard of sex change operations during the War while recovering from combat wounds in a hospital. He/she eventually did have a sex change operation, enduring the associated pains to fulfill his/her dreams. The World War II veteran becomes a \"lovely young lady\". Following a brief epilogue, the film ends.\n"	"Cast"	"* Ed Wood as Glen / Glenda\n* Timothy Farrell as Dr. Alton / Narrator\n* Dolores Fuller as Barbara\n* Bela Lugosi as Scientist\n* 'Tommy' Haynes as Alan / Anne\n* Lyle Talbot as Inspector Warren\n* Charlie Crafts as Johnny\n* Conrad Brooks as Banker / Reporter / Pickup Artist / Bearded Drag\n"	"Production"	"\nShot in four days, the film was loosely inspired by the sex reassignment surgery of Christine Jorgensen, which made national headlines in the U.S. in 1952. George Weiss, a Hollywood producer of low-budget films, commissioned a movie to exploit it. Originally Weiss made Jorgensen several offers to appear in the film, but these were turned down. Wood convinced Weiss that his own transvestism made him the perfect director despite his modest resume. Wood was given the job, but instead made a movie about transvestism.\n\nWood persuaded Lugosi, at the time poor and drug-addicted, to appear in the movie. Lugosi's scenes were shot at the Jack Miles Studios in Los Angeles. He was reportedly paid $5000 for the role, although some stories state the actual amount was only $1000. Lugosi is credited as \"The Scientist\", a character whose purpose is unclear. He acts as a sort of narrator but gives no narration relevant to the plot; that job is reserved for the film's primary narrator, Timothy Farrell.\n\nThis was the only film Wood directed but did not also produce. Wood himself played the eponymous character, but under the pseudonym \"Daniel Davis\". His girlfriend, Dolores Fuller, played Glen's girlfriend. Wood later returned to ''Glen or Glenda'' in his pulp novel ''Killer in Drag'' (1963). The plot features a transvestite called Glen whose alter-ego is called Glenda. He is executed in the sequel ''Death of a Transvestite'' (1967) after a struggle for the right to go to the electric chair dressed as Glenda.\n\nThe erotic-themed vignettes were not created by Wood. They were reportedly added by producer George Weiss. He needed extra scenes to add to what he felt was an overtly -short film. While not organic parts of the narrative, they seem to tell their own tales of gender dynamics and so fit in the general themes of the film. The whipping scene suggests a Master/slave relationship. That the man is dominant and the woman submissive, seems to reflect male chauvinism. The flirtatious and striptease-themed vignettes were typical of 1950s exploitation films and grindhouse films. So was the rape scene.\n\nThe film has deleted scenes. In the theatrical trailer, included in laserdisc and DVD editions, the scene in which Fuller hands over her angora sweater, is a different take than the one in the release version \u2014 in the trailer, she tosses it to Wood in a huff, while the release version shows her handing it over more acceptingly. There is also a shot of Wood in drag, mouthing the word \"Cut!\"\n\nThe second part of the film, titled ''Alan or Anne'', is much shorter, told largely through stock footage, and was made to meet the distributor's demand for a sex change film. Alan is a pseudo-hermaphrodite who fights in World War II wearing women's underwear. After his return, Alan undergoes surgery to become a woman.\n"	"Release"	"Domestically, the film was limited in release, having been pre-sold to some theaters (under alternative titles such including ''I Led Two Lives'', ''He or She?'' and ''I Changed My Sex''). Internationally, the film was also limited, and in France and Belgium, the title was translated as ''Louis ou Louise'' and in Argentina as ''Yo Cambi\u00e9 Mi Sexo''; the film had a brief  screening in the Republic of China.\n\nAccording to Tim Dirks, the film was one of a wave of \"cheap teen movies\" released for the drive-in market. They consisted of \"exploitative, cheap fare created especially for them teens in a newly-established teen/drive-in genre.\"\n\nIt was denied classification by the British Board of Film Classification upon submission on February 26, 1958.\n"	"Legacy"	"\nIn 1980, Wood was posthumously given the accolade of 'Worst Director of All Time' at the Golden Turkey Awards, and revival of interest in his work followed. This led to ''Glen or Glenda'' being reissued in 1982. This cut included six minutes of additional footage. One of the restored scenes features Glen rejecting a pass made to him by a man. At this point, the film was reviewed seriously, and reclaimed as a radical work, by Steve Jenkins in the ''Monthly Film Bulletin''.\n\nThe critic Leonard Maltin names ''Glen or Glenda'' as \"possibly the worst movie ever made\".\n\nIn 1994, Tim Burton chronicled the troubled production of ''Glen or Glenda'' in ''Ed Wood''. The film includes re-creations of several key scenes, including Lugosi's narration and Glen's plea for his girlfriend's understanding at the end of the film.\nA remake of the film, entitled ''Glen & Glenda'', was released the same year as ''Ed Wood'' and featured much the same script as the original film, as well as explicit scenes.\n\nIn the 2004 horror comedy film ''Seed of Chucky'', main characters Chucky and Tiffany spend the duration of the film feuding over whether they should call their male child \"Glen or Glenda\" as he lacks genitalia.\n\nIn 2006, the distributed operating system ''Plan 9 from Bell Labs'' had a mascot, Glenda, the Plan 9 Bunny, named after ''Glen or Glenda'' and ''Plan 9 from Outer Space''.\n\nIn 2011, the film ''Jack and Jill'' was nominated for every award at the 32nd Golden Raspberry Awards, including Worst Prequel, Remake, Ripoff or Sequel, where it was declared a Remake/Ripoff of ''Glen or Glenda'', despite having nothing to do with the film, other than the lead actor dressed as a woman.\n"	"See also"	"* Transgender in film and television\n* Cross-dressing in film and television\n* List of films considered the worst\n* Ed Wood filmography\n"	"References"	"* \n* Rudolph Grey, ''Nightmare of Ecstasy: The Life and Art of Edward D. Wood, Jr.'' (1992) ISBN 978-0-922915-24-8\n* ''The Haunted World of Edward D. Wood, Jr.'' (1996), documentary film directed by Brett Thompson\n\n"	"External links"	"\n\n* \n* \n* \n*  ''Glen or Glenda'' trailer is available for free download at the Internet Archive\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Goat"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\n\nThe '''domestic goat''' (''Capra aegagrus hircus'') is a subspecies of goat domesticated from the wild goat of southwest Asia and Eastern Europe.\n\nThe '''goat''' is a member of the family Bovidae and is closely related to the sheep as both are in the goat-antelope subfamily Caprinae. There are over 300 distinct breeds of goat. Goats are one of the oldest domesticated species, and have been used for their milk, meat, hair, and skins over much of the world. In 2011, there were more than 924 million live goats around the globe, according to the UN Food and Agriculture Organization.\n\nFemale goats are referred to as \"does\" or \"nannies;\" intact males are called \"bucks\" or \"billies;\" and juveniles of both sexes are called \"kids\". Castrated males are called \"wethers\". Goat meat from younger animals is called \"kid\" or ''cabrito'' (Spanish), while meat from older animals is known simply as \"goat\" or sometimes called ''chevon'', or in some areas \"mutton\" (which more often refers to adult sheep meat).\n"	" Etymology "	"The Modern English word ''goat'' comes from Old English ''g\u0101t'' \"she-goat, goat in general\", which in turn derives from Proto-Germanic *''gaitaz'' (cf. Dutch/Icelandic ''geit'', German ''Gei\u00df'', and Gothic ''gaits''), ultimately from Proto-Indo-European ''*\u01f5\u02b0aidos'' meaning \"young goat\" (cf. Latin ''haedus'' \"kid\"), itself perhaps from a root meaning \"jump\" (assuming that Old Church Slavonic ''zaj\u0119c\u01d0'' \"hare\", Sanskrit ''jih\u012bte'' \"he moves\" are related). To refer to the male, Old English used ''bucca'' (giving modern ''buck'') until ousted by ''hegote'', ''hegoote'' in the late 12th century. ''Nanny goat'' (females) originated in the 18th century and ''billy goat'' (for males) in the 19th.\n"	" History "	"Horn cores from the Neolithic village of Atlit Yam\nGoats are among the earliest animals domesticated by humans.  The most recent genetic analysis confirms the archaeological evidence that the wild Bezoar ibex of the Zagros Mountains is the likely original ancestor of probably all domestic goats today.\n\nNeolithic farmers began to herd wild goats primarily for easy access to milk and meat, as well as to their dung, which was used as fuel, and their bones, hair and sinew for clothing, building and tools. The earliest remnants of domesticated goats dating 10,000 years before present are found in Ganj Dareh in Iran. Goat remains have been found at archaeological sites in Jericho, Choga Mami Djeitun and \u00c7ay\u00f6n\u00fc, dating the domestication of goats in Western Asia at between 8000 and 9000 years ago.\n\nStudies of DNA evidence suggests 10,000 years BP as the domestication date.\n\nHistorically, goat hide has been used for water and wine bottles in both traveling and transporting wine for sale. It has also been used to produce parchment.\n"	" Anatomy and health "	"Skeleton (Capra hircus)\nA white Irish goat with horns\nGoat heart. Specimen clarified for visualization of anatomical structures\nEye with horizontal pupil\nGoats are considered small livestock animals, compared to bigger animals such as cattle, camels and horses, but larger than microlivestock such as poultry, rabbits, cavies, and bees. Each recognized breed of goats has specific weight ranges, which vary from over  for bucks of larger breeds such as the Boer, to  for smaller goat does. Within each breed, different strains or bloodlines may have different recognized sizes. At the bottom of the size range are miniature breeds such as the African Pygmy, which stand  at the shoulder as adults.\n\nMost goats naturally have two horns, of various shapes and sizes depending on the breed. Goats have horns unless they are \"polled\" (meaning, genetically hornless) or the horns have been removed, typically soon after birth. There have been incidents of polycerate goats (having as many as eight horns), although this is a genetic rarity thought to be inherited. The horns are most typically removed in commercial dairy goat herds, to reduce the injuries to humans and other goats. Unlike cattle, goats have not been successfully bred to be reliably polled, as the genes determining sex and those determining horns are closely linked. Breeding together two genetically polled goats results in a high number of intersex individuals among the offspring, which are typically sterile. Their horns are made of living bone surrounded by keratin and other  proteins, and are used for defense, dominance, and territoriality.\n\nGoats are ruminants. They have a four-chambered stomach consisting of the rumen, the reticulum, the omasum, and the abomasum. As with other mammal ruminants, they are even-toed ungulates. The females have an udder consisting of two teats, in contrast to cattle, which have four teats. An exception to this is the Boer goat, which sometimes may have up to eight teats.\n\nGoats have horizontal, slit-shaped pupils.  Because goats' irises are usually pale, their contrasting pupils are much more noticeable than in animals such as cattle, deer, most horses and many sheep, whose similarly horizontal pupils blend into a dark iris and sclera.\n\nBoth male and female goats have beards, and many types of goat (most commonly dairy goats, dairy-cross Boers, and pygmy goats) may have wattles, one dangling from each side of the neck.\n\nSome breeds of sheep and goats look similar, but they can usually be told apart because goat tails are short and usually point up, whereas sheep tails hang down and are usually longer and bigger \u2013 though some (like those of Northern European short-tailed sheep) are short, and longer ones are often docked.\n\n=== Reproduction ===\nGoat kid \ncapeweed\nGoats reach puberty between three and 15 months of age, depending on breed and nutritional status.  Many breeders prefer to postpone breeding until the doe has reached 70% of the adult weight.  However, this separation is rarely possible in extensively managed, open-range herds.\n\nIn temperate climates and among the Swiss breeds, the breeding season commences as the day length shortens, and ends in early spring or before. In equatorial regions, goats are able to breed at any time of the year. Successful breeding in these regions depends more on available forage than on day length. Does of any breed or region come into estrus (heat) every 21 days for two to 48 hours. A doe in heat typically flags (vigorously wags) her tail often, stays near the buck if one is present, becomes more vocal, and may also show a decrease in appetite and milk production for the duration of the heat.\nA female goat and two kids\nBucks (intact males) of Swiss and northern breeds come into rut in the fall as with the does' heat cycles. Bucks of equatorial breeds may show seasonal reduced fertility, but as with the does, are capable of breeding at all times. Rut is characterized by a decrease in appetite and obsessive interest in the does. A buck in rut will display flehmen lip curling and will urinate on his forelegs and face. Sebaceous scent glands at the base of the horns add to the male goat's odor, which is important to make him attractive to the female.  Some does will not mate with a buck which has been descented.\n\nIn addition to natural, traditional mating, artificial insemination has gained popularity among goat breeders, as it allows easy access to a wide variety of bloodlines.\n\nGestation length is approximately 150 days. Twins are the usual result, with single and triplet births also common. Less frequent are litters of quadruplet, quintuplet, and even sextuplet kids. Birthing, known as kidding, generally occurs uneventfully. Just before kidding, the doe will have a sunken area around the tail and hip, as well as heavy breathing. She may have a worried look, become restless and display great affection for her keeper. The mother often eats the placenta, which gives her much-needed nutrients, helps stanch her bleeding, and parallels the behavior of wild herbivores, such as deer, to reduce the lure of the birth scent for predators.\n\nFreshening (coming into milk production) occurs at kidding. Milk production varies with the breed, age, quality, and diet of the doe; dairy goats generally produce between  of milk per 305-day lactation. On average, a good quality dairy doe will give at least  of milk per day while she is in milk. A first-time milker may produce less, or as much as , or more of milk in exceptional cases. After the lactation, the doe will \"dry off\", typically after she has been bred. Occasionally, goats that have not been bred and are continuously milked will continue lactation beyond the typical 305 days.  Meat, fiber, and pet breeds are not usually milked and simply produce enough for the kids until weaning.\n\nMale lactation is also known to occur in goats.\n\n=== Diet ===\nGoats are reputed to be willing to eat almost anything, including tin cans and cardboard boxes. While goats will not actually eat inedible material, they are browsing animals, not grazers like cattle and sheep, and (coupled with their highly curious nature) will chew on and taste just about anything remotely resembling plant matter to decide whether it is good to eat, including cardboard, clothing and paper (such as labels from tin cans). The unusual smells of leftover food in discarded cans or boxes may further stimulate their curiosity.\n\nA domestic goat feeding in a field of capeweed, a weed which is toxic to most stock animals Aside from sampling many things, goats are quite particular in what they actually consume, preferring to browse on the tips of woody shrubs and trees, as well as the occasional broad-leaved plant. However, it can fairly be said that their plant diet is extremely varied, and includes some species which are otherwise toxic. They will seldom consume soiled food or contaminated water unless facing starvation. This is one reason goat-rearing is most often free ranging, since stall-fed goat-rearing involves extensive upkeep and is seldom commercially viable.\n\nGoats prefer to browse on vines, such as kudzu, on shrubbery and on weeds, more like deer than sheep, preferring them to grasses. Nightshade is poisonous; wilted fruit tree leaves can also kill goats. Silage (fermented corn stalks) and haylage (fermented grass hay) can be used if consumed immediately after opening\u00a0\u2013 goats are particularly sensitive to ''Listeria'' bacteria that can grow in fermented feeds. Alfalfa, a high-protein plant, is widely fed as hay; fescue is the least palatable and least nutritious hay. Mold in a goat's feed can make it sick and possibly kill it.\n\nIn various places in China, goats are used in the production of tea.  Goats are released onto the tea terraces where they avoid consuming the green tea leaves (which contain bitter tasting substances) but instead eat the weeds.  The goats' droppings fertilise the tea plants.\n\nThe digestive physiology of a very young kid (like the young of other ruminants) is essentially the same as that of a monogastric animal. Milk digestion begins in the abomasum, the milk having bypassed the rumen via closure of the reticuloesophageal groove during suckling. At birth, the rumen is undeveloped, but as the kid begins to consume solid feed, the rumen soon increases in size and in its capacity to absorb nutrients.\n\nThe adult size of a particular goat is a product of its breed (genetic potential) and its diet while growing (nutritional potential). As with all livestock, increased protein diets (10 to 14%) and sufficient calories during the prepuberty period yield higher growth rates and larger eventual size than lower protein rates and limited calories.  Large-framed goats, with a greater skeletal size, reach mature weight at a later age (36 to 42 months) than small-framed goats (18 to 24 months) if both are fed to their full potential.  Large-framed goats need more calories than small-framed goats for maintenance of daily functions.\n\n=== Behavior ===\nGoats establish a dominance hierarchy in flocks, sometimes through head butting.\nAn example of the goats' social behavior within a flock.\nGlycerinated goat tongue\nGoats are naturally curious. They are also agile and well known for their ability to climb and balance in precarious places. This makes them the only ruminant to regularly climb trees. Due to their agility and inquisitiveness, they are notorious for escaping their pens by testing fences and enclosures, either intentionally or simply because they are used to climb on. If any of the fencing can be overcome, goats will almost inevitably escape. Due to their intelligence, once a goat has discovered a weakness in the fence, they will exploit it repeatedly, and other goats will observe and quickly learn the same method.\n\nGoats explore anything new or unfamiliar in their surroundings, primarily with their prehensile upper lip and tongue, by nibbling at them, occasionally even eating them.\n\nWhen handled as a group, goats tend to display less herding behavior than sheep.  When grazing undisturbed, they tend to spread across the field or range, rather than feed side-by-side as do sheep. When nursing young, goats will leave their kids separated (\"lying out\") rather than clumped, as do sheep. They will generally turn and face an intruder and bucks are more likely to charge or butt at humans than are rams.\n\nA study by Queen Mary University reports that goats try to communicate with people in the same manner as domesticated animals such as dogs and horses. Goats were first domesticated as livestock more than 10,000 years ago.  Research conducted to test communication skills found that the goats will look to a human for assistance when faced with a challenge that had previously been mastered, but was then modified. Specifically, when presented with a box, the goat was able to remove the lid and retrieve a treat inside, but when the box was turned so the lid could not be removed, the goat would turn and gaze at the person and move toward them, before looking back toward the box.  This is the same type of complex communication observed by animals bred as domestic pets, such as dogs. Researchers believe that better understanding of human-goat interaction could offer overall improvement in the animals' welfare. The field of Anthrozoology has established that domesticated animals have the capacity for complex communication with humans when in 2015 a Japanese scientist determined that levels of oxytocin did increase in human subjects when dogs were exposed to a dose of the \"love hormone\", proving that the Human Animal Bond does exist. This is the same affinity that was proven with the London study above; goats are intelligent, capable of complex communication, and able to form bonds. Despite having the reputation of being slightly rebellious, more and more people today are choosing more exotic companion animals like goats. Goats are herd animals and typically prefer the company of other goats, but because of their herd mentality, they will follow their human around just the same.\nGoats are well known for being hard to contain with fencing.\n\n\n=== Diseases ===\n\n\nWhile goats are generally considered hardy animals and in many situations receive little medical care, they are subject to a number of diseases. Among the conditions affecting goats are respiratory diseases including pneumonia, foot rot, internal parasites, pregnancy toxosis and feed toxicity. Feed toxicity can vary based on breed and location. Certain foreign fruits and vegetables can be toxic to different breeds of goats.\n\nGoats can become infected with various viral and bacterial diseases, such as foot-and-mouth disease, caprine arthritis encephalitis, caseous lymphadenitis, pinkeye, mastitis, and pseudorabies.  They can transmit a number of zoonotic diseases to people, such as tuberculosis, brucellosis, Q-fever, and rabies.\n\n=== Life expectancy ===\n\nLife expectancy for goats is between fifteen and eighteen years. An instance of a goat reaching the age of 24 has been reported.\n\nSeveral factors can reduce this average expectancy; problems during kidding can lower a doe's expected life span to ten or eleven, and stresses of going into rut can lower a buck's expected life span to eight to ten years.\n"	" Agriculture "	"\nGoat husbandry is common through the Norte Chico region in Chile. Intensive goat husbrandry in drylands may produce severe erosion and desertification. Image from upper Limar\u00ed River\nA goat is useful to humans when it is living and when it is dead, first as a renewable provider of milk, manure, and fiber, and then as meat and hide. Some charities provide goats to impoverished people in poor countries, because goats are easier and cheaper to manage than cattle, and have multiple uses. In addition, goats are used for driving and packing purposes.\n\nThe intestine of goats is used to make \"catgut\", which is still in use as a material for internal human surgical sutures and strings for musical instruments. The horn of the goat, which signifies plenty and wellbeing (the cornucopia), is also used to make spoons.\nThe Boer goat \u2013 in this case a buck \u2013 is a widely kept meat breed.\n\n=== Worldwide goat population statistics ===\n\nAccording to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the top producers of goat milk in 2008 were India (4 million metric tons), Bangladesh (2.16 million metric tons) and the Sudan (1.47 million metric tons).\n\n=== Husbandry ===\nReared goat(Husbandry)\nHusbandry, or animal care and use, varies by region and culture. The particular housing used for goats depends not only on the intended use of the goat, but also on the region of the world where they are raised. Historically, domestic goats were generally kept in herds that wandered on hills or other grazing areas, often tended by goatherds who were frequently children or adolescents, similar to the more widely known shepherd. These methods of herding are still used today.\n\nIn some parts of the world, especially Europe and North America, distinct breeds of goats are kept for dairy (milk) and for meat production.  Excess male kids of dairy breeds are typically slaughtered for meat. Both does and bucks of meat breeds may be slaughtered for meat, as well as older animals of any breed.  The meat of older bucks (more than one year old) is generally considered not desirable for meat for human consumption. Castration at a young age prevents the development of typical buck odor.\nFor smallholder farmers in many countries, such as this woman from Burkina Faso, goats are important livestock.\n\nDairy goats are generally pastured in summer and may be stabled during the winter.  As dairy does are milked daily, they are generally kept close to the milking shed. Their grazing is typically supplemented with hay and concentrates. Stabled goats may be kept in stalls similar to horses, or in larger group pens.  In the US system, does are generally rebred annually.  In some European commercial dairy systems, the does are bred only twice, and are milked continuously for several years after the second kidding.\n\nMeat goats are more frequently pastured year-round, and may be kept many miles from barns.  Angora and other fiber breeds are also kept on pasture or range. Range-kept and pastured goats may be supplemented with hay or concentrates, most frequently during the winter or dry seasons.\n\nIn India, Nepal, and much of Asia, goats are kept largely for milk production, both in commercial and household settings. The goats in this area may be kept closely housed or may be allowed to range for fodder. The Salem Black goat is herded to pasture in fields and along roads during the day, but is kept penned at night for safe-keeping.\n\nIn Africa and the Mideast, goats are typically run in flocks with sheep.  This maximizes the production per acre, as goats and sheep prefer different food plants. Multiple types of goat-raising are found in Ethiopia, where four main types have been identified: pastured in annual crop systems, in perennial crop systems, with cattle, and in arid areas, under pastoral (nomadic) herding systems. In all four systems, however, goats were typically kept in extensive systems, with few purchased inputs. Household goats are traditionally kept in Nigeria.  While many goats are allowed to wander the homestead or village, others are kept penned and fed in what is called a 'cut-and-carry' system.  This type of husbandry is also used in parts of Latin America.  Cut-and-carry, which refers to the practice of cutting down grasses, corn or cane for feed rather than allowing the animal access to the field, is particularly suited for types of feed, such as corn or cane, that are easily destroyed by trampling.\n\nPet goats may be found in many parts of the world when a family keeps one or more animals for emotional reasons rather than as production animals.  It is becoming more common for goats to be kept exclusively as pets in North America and Europe.\n\n=== Meat ===\n\n\nThe taste of goat kid meat is similar to that of spring lamb meat; in fact, in the English-speaking islands of the Caribbean, and in some parts of Asia, particularly Bangladesh, Pakistan and India, the word \u201cmutton\u201d is used to describe both goat and lamb meat. However, some compare the taste of goat meat to veal or venison, depending on the age and condition of the goat.  Its flavor is said to be primarily linked to the presence of 4-methyloctanoic and 4-methylnonanoic acid. It can be prepared in a variety of ways, including stewing, baking, grilling, barbecuing, canning, and frying; it can be minced, curried, or made into sausage. Due to its low fat content, the meat can toughen at high temperatures if cooked without additional moisture. One of the most popular goats grown for meat is the South African Boer, introduced into the United States in the early 1990s.  The New Zealand Kiko is also considered a meat breed, as is the myotonic or \"fainting goat\", a breed originating in Tennessee.\n\n=== Milk, butter and cheese ===\nA goat being machine milked on an organic farm\nGoats produce about 2% of the world's total annual milk supply. Some goats are bred specifically for milk.  If the strong-smelling buck is not separated from the does, his scent will affect the milk.\n\nGoat milk naturally has small, well-emulsified fat globules, which means the cream remains suspended in the milk, instead of rising to the top, as in raw cow milk; therefore, it does not need to be homogenized. Indeed, if the milk is to be used to make cheese, homogenization is not recommended, as this changes the structure of the milk, affecting the culture's ability to coagulate the milk and the final quality and yield of cheese.\n\nDairy goats in their prime (generally around the third or fourth lactation cycle) average\u2014\u2014of milk production daily\u2014roughly \u2014during a ten-month lactation, producing more just after freshening and gradually dropping in production toward the end of their lactation.  The milk generally averages 3.5% butterfat.\n\nGoat milk is commonly processed into cheese, butter, ice cream, yogurt, ''cajeta'' and other products.  Goat cheese is known as ''fromage de ch\u00e8vre'' (\"goat cheese\") in France. Some varieties include Rocamadour and Montrachet.  Goat butter is white because goats produce milk with the yellow beta-carotene converted to a colorless form of vitamin A.\n\n\n\n==== Nutrition ====\nThe American Academy of Pediatrics discourages feeding infants milk derived from goats. An April 2010 case report summarizes their recommendation and presents \"a comprehensive review of the consequences associated with this dangerous practice\", also stating, \"Many infants are exclusively fed unmodified goat's milk as a result of cultural beliefs as well as exposure to false online information. Anecdotal reports have described a host of morbidities associated with that practice, including severe electrolyte abnormalities, metabolic acidosis, megaloblastic anemia, allergic reactions including life-threatening anaphylactic shock, hemolytic uremic syndrome, and infections.\" Untreated caprine brucellosis results in a 2% case fatality rate. According to the USDA, doe milk is not recommended for human infants because it contains \"inadequate quantities of iron, folate, vitamins C and D, thiamine, niacin, vitamin B6, and pantothenic acid to meet an infant\u2019s nutritional needs\" and may cause harm to an infant's kidneys and could cause metabolic damage.\n\nThe Department of Health in the United Kingdom has repeatedly released statements stating on various occasions that \"Goats' milk is not suitable for babies, and infant formulas and follow-on formulas based on goats' milk protein have not been approved for use in Europe\", and \"infant milks based on goats' milk protein are not suitable as a source of nutrition for infants.\"\n\nAlso according to the Canadian Federal Health Department \u2013 Health Canada, most of the dangers or counter-indication of feeding unmodified goat milk to infants, are similar to those incurring in the same practice with cow's milk, namely in the allergic reactions.\n\nOn the other hand, some farming groups promote the practice.  For example, Small Farm Today in 2005 claimed beneficial use in invalid and convalescent diets, proposing that glycerol ethers, possibly important in nutrition for nursing infants, are much higher in doe milk than in cow milk.  A 1970 book on animal breeding claimed doe milk differs from cow or human milk by having higher digestibility, distinct alkalinity, higher buffering capacity, and certain therapeutic values in human medicine and nutrition.  George Mateljan suggested doe milk can replace ewe milk or cow milk in diets of those who are allergic to certain mammals' milk. However, like cow milk, doe milk has lactose (sugar), and may cause gastrointestinal problems for individuals with lactose intolerance.  In fact, the level of lactose is similar to that of bovine milk.\n\n\n+ Basic composition of various milks (mean values per 100\u00a0g)\n Constituent\n Doe (Goat)\n Cow\n Human\n\n Fat (g)\n 3.8\n 3.6\n 4.0\n\n Protein (g)\n 3.5\n 3.3\n 1.2\n\n Lactose (g)\n 4.1\n 4.6\n 6.9\n\n Ash (g)\n 0.8\n 0.7\n 0.2\n\n Total solids (g)\n 12.2\n 12.3\n 12.3\n\n Calories\n 70\n 69\n 68\n\n\n\n+ Milk composition analysis, per 100\u00a0grams\n\n Constituents\n unit\n Cow\n Doe(Goat)\n Ewe(Sheep)\n Waterbuffalo\n\n Water\n g\n 87.8\n 88.9\n 83.0\n 81.1\n\n Protein\n g\n 3.2\n 3.1\n 5.4\n 4.5\n\n Fat\n g\n 3.9\n 3.5\n 6.0\n 8.0\n\n Carbohydrate\n g\n 4.8\n 4.4\n 5.1\n 4.9\n\n Energy\n kcal\n 66\n 60\n 95\n 110\n\n Energy\n kJ\n 275\n 253\n 396\n 463\n\n Sugars (lactose)\n g\n 4.8\n 4.4\n 5.1\n 4.9\n\n Cholesterol\n mg\n 14\n 10\n 11\n 8\n\n Calcium\n IU\n 120\n 100\n 170\n 195\n\n Saturated fatty acids\n g\n 2.4\n 2.3\n 3.8\n 4.2\n\n Monounsaturated fatty acids\n g\n 1.1\n 0.8\n 1.5\n 1.7\n\n Polyunsaturated fatty acids\n g\n 0.1\n 0.1\n 0.3\n 0.2\n\n\nThese compositions vary by breed (especially in the Nigerian Dwarf breed), animal, and point in the lactation period.\n\n=== Fiber ===\nAn Angora goat\nThe Angora breed of goats produces long, curling, lustrous locks of mohair. The entire body of the goat is covered with mohair and there are no guard hairs. The locks constantly grow to four inches or more in length.  Angora crossbreeds, such as the pygora and the nigora, have been created to produce mohair and/or cashgora on a smaller, easier-to-manage animal.\nThe wool is shorn twice a year, with an average yield of about .\n\nMost goats have softer insulating hairs nearer the skin, and longer guard hairs on the surface.  The desirable fiber for the textile industry is the former, and it goes by several names (down, cashmere and pashmina).  The coarse guard hairs are of little value as they are too coarse, difficult to spin and difficult to dye. The cashmere goat produces a commercial quantity of cashmere wool, which is one of the most expensive natural fibers commercially produced; cashmere is very fine and soft. The cashmere goat fiber is harvested once a year, yielding around  of down.\n\nIn South Asia, cashmere is called \"pashmina\" (from Persian ''pashmina'', \"fine wool\").\nIn the 18th and early 19th centuries, Kashmir (then called Cashmere by the British), had a thriving industry producing shawls from goat-hair imported from Tibet and Tartary through Ladakh.  The shawls were introduced into Western Europe when the General in Chief of the French campaign in Egypt (1799\u20131802) sent one to Paris. Since these shawls were produced in the upper Kashmir and Ladakh region, the wool came to be known as \"cashmere\".\n\n=== Land clearing ===\nGoats have been used by humans to clear unwanted vegetation for centuries. They have been described as \"eating machines\" and \"biological control agents\". There has been a resurgence of this in North America since 1990, when herds were used to clear dry brush from California hillsides thought to be endangered by potential wildfires. This form of using goats to clear land is sometimes known as conservation grazing.  Since then, numerous public and private agencies have hired private herds to perform similar tasks.  This practice has become popular in the Pacific Northwest, where they are used to remove invasive species not easily removed by humans, including (thorned) blackberry vines and poison oak.\n\n=== Use for medical training ===\nAs a goat's anatomy and physiology is not too dissimilar from that of human, some countries' militaries use goats to train combat medics. In the United States, goats have become the main animal species used for this purpose after Pentagon phased out using dogs for medical training in the 1980s. While modern mannequins used in medical training are quite efficient in simulating the behavior of a human body, trainees feel that \"the goat exercise provides a sense of urgency that only real life trauma can provide\".\n"	" As pets "	"\nSome people choose goats as a pet because of their ability to form close bonds with their human guardians. Because of goats' herd mentality, they will follow their owner around and form close bonds with them.\n"	" Breeds "	"\nGoat breeds fall into overlapping, general categories. They are generally distributed in those used for dairy, fiber, meat, skins, and as companion animals. Some breeds are also particularly noted as pack goats.\n"	" Showing "	"A Nigerian Dwarf milker in show clip. This doe is angular and dairy with a capacious and well supported mammary system.\nGoat breeders' clubs frequently hold shows, where goats are judged on traits relating to conformation, udder quality, evidence of high production, longevity, build and muscling (meat goats and pet goats) and fiber production and the fiber itself (fiber goats). People who show their goats usually keep registered stock and the offspring of award-winning animals command a higher price. Registered goats, in general, are usually higher-priced if for no other reason than that records have been kept proving their ancestry and the production and other data of their sires, dams, and other ancestors. A registered doe is usually less of a gamble than buying a doe at random (as at an auction or sale barn) because of these records and the reputation of the breeder.\nChildren's clubs such as 4-H also allow goats to be shown. Children's shows often include a showmanship class, where the cleanliness and presentation of both the animal and the exhibitor as well as the handler's ability and skill in handling the goat are scored. In a showmanship class, conformation is irrelevant since this is not what is being judged.\n\nVarious \"Dairy Goat Scorecards\" (milking does) are systems used for judging shows in the US.   The American Dairy Goat Association (ADGA) scorecard for an adult doe includes a point system of a hundred total with major categories that include general appearance, the dairy character of a doe (physical traits that aid and increase milk production), body capacity, and specifically for the mammary system. Young stock and bucks are judged by different scorecards which place more emphasis on the other three categories; general appearance, body capacity, and dairy character.\n\nThe American Goat Society (AGS) has a similar, but not identical scorecard that is used in their shows. The miniature dairy goats may be judged by either of the two scorecards. The \"Angora Goat scorecard\" used by the Colored Angora Goat Breeder's Association (CAGBA), which covers the white and the colored goats, includes evaluation of an animal's fleece color, density, uniformity, fineness, and general body confirmation. Disqualifications include: a deformed mouth, broken down pasterns, deformed feet, crooked legs, abnormalities of testicles, missing testicles, more than 3\u00a0inch split in scrotum, and close-set or distorted horns.\n"	" Religion, mythology and folklore "	"\nAn ancient Greek ''oenochoe'' depicting wild goats\n\nAccording to Norse mythology, the god of thunder, Thor, has a chariot that is pulled by the goats Tanngrisnir and Tanngnj\u00f3str. At night when he sets up camp, Thor eats the meat of the goats, but takes care that all bones remain whole. Then he wraps the remains up, and in the morning, the goats always come back to life to pull the chariot. When a farmer's son who is invited to share the meal breaks one of the goats' leg bones to suck the marrow, the animal's leg remains broken in the morning, and the boy is forced to serve Thor as a servant to compensate for the damage.\n\nPossibly related, the Yule Goat is one of the oldest Scandinavian and Northern European Yule and Christmas symbols and traditions. Yule Goat originally denoted the goat that was slaughtered around Yule, but it may also indicate a goat figure made out of straw. It is also used about the custom of going door-to-door singing carols and getting food and drinks in return, often fruit, cakes and sweets. \"Going Yule Goat\" is similar to the British custom wassailing, both with  roots. The G\u00e4vle Goat is a giant version of the Yule Goat, erected every year in the Swedish city of G\u00e4vle.\n\nThe Greek god Pan is said to have the upper body of a man and the horns and lower body of a goat. Pan was a very lustful god, nearly all of the myths involving him had to do with him chasing nymphs. He is also credited with creating the pan flute.\n\nThe goat is one of the twelve-year cycle of animals which appear in the Chinese zodiac related to the Chinese calendar. Each animal is associated with certain personality traits; those born in a year of the goat are predicted to be shy, introverted, creative, and perfectionist.\nAmalthea and Jupiter's goat); commissioned by the Queen of France in 1787 for the royal dairy at Rambouillet\nSeveral mythological hybrid creatures are believed to consist of parts of the goat, including the Chimera. The Capricorn sign in the Western zodiac is usually depicted as a goat with a fish's tail. Fauns and satyrs are mythological creatures that are part goat and part human. The mineral bromine is named from the Greek word \"br\u03ccmos\", which means \"stench of he-goats\".\n\nGoats are mentioned many times in the Bible. A goat is considered a \"clean\" animal by Jewish dietary laws and was slaughtered for an honored guest. It was also acceptable for some kinds of sacrifices. Goat-hair curtains were used in the tent that contained the tabernacle (Exodus 25:4). Its horns can be used instead of sheep's horn to make a shofar. On Yom Kippur, the festival of the Day of Atonement, two goats were chosen and lots were drawn for them. One was sacrificed and the other allowed to escape into the wilderness, symbolically carrying with it the sins of the community. From this comes the word \"scapegoat\". A leader or king was sometimes compared to a male goat leading the flock. In the New Testament, Jesus told a parable of the Sheep and the Goats (Gospel of Matthew 25).\n\nPopular Christian folk tradition in Europe associated Satan with imagery of goats. A common superstition in the Middle Ages was that goats whispered lewd sentences in the ears of the saints. The origin of this belief was probably the behavior of the buck in rut, the very epitome of lust. The common medieval depiction of the Devil was that of a goat-like face with horns and small beard (a goatee). The Black Mass, a probably mythological \"Satanic mass\", was said to involve a black goat, the form in which Satan supposedly manifested himself for worship.\n\nThe goat has had a lingering connection with Satanism and pagan religions, even into modern times. The inverted pentagram, a symbol used in Satanism, is said to be shaped like a goat's head. The \"Baphomet of Mendes\" refers to a satanic goat-like figure from 19th-century occultism.\n\nThe common  Russian surname ''Kozlov'' (), means \"goat\". Goatee refers to a style of facial hair incorporating hair on a man\u2019s chin, so named because of some similarity to a goat's facial feature.\n"	" Feral goats "	"\nFeral goat in Aruba\nGoats readily revert to the wild (become feral) if given the opportunity. The only domestic animal known to return to feral life as swiftly is the cat.  Feral goats have established themselves in many areas: they occur in Australia, New Zealand, Great Britain, the Galapagos and in many other places.  When feral goats reach large populations in habitats which provide unlimited water supply and which do not contain sufficient large predators or which are otherwise vulnerable to goats' aggressive grazing habits, they may have serious effects, such as removing native scrub, trees and other vegetation which is required by a wide range of other creatures, not just other grazing or browsing animals. Feral goats are common in Australia. However, in other circumstances where predator pressure is maintained, they may be accommodated into some balance in the local food web.\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"\n\n*  Goat breeds from the Department of Animal Science, Oklahoma State University\n*  The American Dairy Goat Association\n*  British Goat Society\n*  International Goat Association\n*  North American Packgoats Association\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Golden age of American animation"	"Introduction"	"\n\nThe '''golden age of American animation''' was a period in the history of U.S. animation that began with the advent of sound cartoons in 1923 and continued until around 1972 when theatrical animated shorts began losing to the new medium of television animation.\n\nMany popular characters emerged from this period, including Mickey Mouse, Bugs Bunny, Donald Duck, Daffy Duck, Goofy, Popeye, Tom and Jerry, Porky Pig, Betty Boop, Woody Woodpecker, Droopy, and the first animated adaptation of Superman. Feature length animation also began during this period, most notably with Walt Disney's first films: ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'', ''Pinocchio'', ''Fantasia'', ''Dumbo'' and ''Bambi''.\n"	"Walt Disney Productions"	"Shortly after returning to Kansas City, Missouri from World War I, Walt Disney decided to become a newspaper cartoonist drawing political caricatures and comic strips. However nobody would hire Disney, so his older brother Roy, who was working as a banker at the time, got him a job at the ''Pesmen-Rubin Art Studio'' where he created advertisements for newspapers, magazines, and movie theaters. Here he met fellow cartoonist Ub Iwerks, the two quickly became friends and in January 1920, when their time at the studio expired they decided to open up their own advertising agency together called '''Iwerks-Disney Commercial Artists'''. The business however got off to a rough start and Walt temporarily left for the ''Kansas City Film and Ad Co.'' to raise money for the fleeting company and Iwerks soon followed as he was unable to run the business alone.\n\nWhilst working here he made commercials for local theaters using crude cut-out animation. Disney became fascinated by the art and decided to become an animator. He then borrowed a camera from work and rented a book from the local library called ''Animated Cartoons: How They Are Made, Their Origin and Development'' by Edwin G. Lutz and decided that cel animation would produce better quality and decided to open up his own animation studio. Disney then teamed up with Fred Harman and made their first film, ''The Little Artist'' which was nothing more than an artist (Disney) taking a cigarette break at his work desk. Harman soon dropped out of the venture, but Disney was able to strike a deal with local theater owner Frank L. Newman and animated a cartoon all by himself entitled ''Newman Laugh-O-Grams'' screened in roughly February 1921. Walt then quit his job at the film and ad company and incorporated '''Laugh-O-Gram Films''' in May 1922, and hired former advertising colleagues as unpaid \"students\" of animation including Ub Iwerks and Fred Harman's brother, Hugh Harman.\n\nThroughout 1922 the company produced a series of \"modernized\" adaptations of fairy tales including ''Little Red Riding Hood'', ''The Four Musicians of Bremen'', ''Jack and the Beanstalk'', ''Jack the Giant Killer'', ''Goldielocks and the Three Bears'', ''Puss in Boots'', ''Cinderella'' and ''Tommy Tucker's Tooth'', the latter being mostly a live-action film about dental hygiene. None of these films turned a profit. The last film made by the company was a short called ''Alice's Wonderland''. Loosely inspired by Lewis Carroll's ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''; the short featured a live-action five-year-old girl named Alice (Virginia Davis) who had adventures in a fully animated world. The film was never fully complete however as the studio went bankrupt in the summer of 1923.\n\nUpon the closure of Laugh-O-Grams, Walt worked as a freelance filmmaker before selling his camera for a one-way ticket to Los Angeles. Once arriving he moved in with his Uncle Robert and his brother Roy, who was recovering at a nearby government hospital from tuberculosis he had suffered during the war. After failing to get a job as a director of live-action films he sent the unfinished ''Alice's Wonderland'' reel to short-subjects distributor Margaret J. Winkler of ''Winkler Pictures'' in New York.  Winkler was distributing both the Felix the Cat and Out of the Inkwell cartoons at the time, but the Fleischer brothers were about to leave to set up their own distribution company, ''Red Seal Films'', and Felix producer Pat Sullivan was constantly fighting with Winkler; therefore Winkler agreed to distribute Disney's ''Alice Comedies'' as sort of an insurance policy.\n\nOnce Walt received the notice on October 15, he convinced Roy to leave the hospital and help him set-up his business. The next day, on October 16, 1923, '''Disney Bros. Cartoon Studio''' opened its doors at a small rented office two blocks away from his uncle's house with Roy managing business and Walt handling creative affairs. He convinced Virginia Davis's parents which caused the first official ''Alice'' short, ''Alice's Day at Sea'', to be released on January 1, 1924; delayed by eleven days. Ub Iwerks was re-hired in February 1925 and the quality of animation on the ''Alice'' series improved; this prompted Hugh Harman, Rudolf Ising and Carman Maxwell to follow Disney west in June 1925. Around that time, Davis was replaced with Maggie Gay and the cartoons started to focus less on the live-action scenes and more the fully animated scenes, particularly those featuring Alice's pet sidekick Julius, who bore an uncanny resemblance to Felix the Cat. In February 1926, Disney built a larger studio at 2719 Hyperion Avenue and changed the name of the company to '''Walt Disney Cartoons'''.\n\nIn November 1923, Winkler married Charles Mintz and handed over the business to him when she fell pregnant a few months later. Mintz was often described as a cold, stern and ruthless chain-smoking tyrant; one employee remembered him as \"a grim-faced man, with a pair of cold eyes glittering behind the pince nez\" and \"never talked to the staff. He looked us over like an admiral surveying a row of stanchions.\" Whilst Winkler had offered gentle critiques and encouragement, Mintz communicated to Disney in a harsh and cruel tone. In 1927, Mintz ordered Disney to stop producing ''Alice Comedies'' due to the costs of combining live-action and animation.\n\nMintz managed to gain a distribution deal with Universal Studios; however it was Mintz\u2014not Disney\u2014that signed the deal. Disney and lead animator Ub Iwerks created Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, who debuted in Trolley Troubles in 1927. The Oswald series was a success and became the first hit for the Disney studio.\n\nIn the spring of 1928, Disney traveled to New York to ask Mintz for a budget increase. His request was harshly denied by Mintz, who pointed out that in the contract Mintz had signed with Universal, it was Universal\u2014not Disney\u2014that owned the rights to the character. Mintz revealed to Disney that he had hired most of his staff away from the studio (except for Ub Iwerks, Les Clark and Wilfred Jackson who refused to leave) and threatened that unless he took a 20 per cent budget decrease, he would drop Disney and continue the Oswald series by himself. Walt refused, and Winkler Pictures dropped its distribution.\n\n===Mickey Mouse===\nWhile Disney was finishing the remaining cartoons for Mintz, Disney and his staff secretly came up with a new cartoon character to replace Oswald\u2014Mickey Mouse.\n\nThe inspiration for Mickey has never been clear. Walt Disney said that he came up with the idea on the train ride back to Los Angeles shortly after the confrontation with Mintz, but other records say that he came up with the idea after he returned to the studio. Walt Disney once said that he was inspired by a pet mouse he once had at the old Laugh-O-Grams studio, but more commonly said that he chose a mouse because a mouse had never been the central character of a cartoon series before. Some animation historians claim that Ub Iwerks created Mickey and he should be the one to receive credit for the creation of Mickey Mouse.\n\nIn 1928, ''Plane Crazy'' became the first entry into the Mickey Mouse series; however, it was not released because of a poor reaction from test screenings and failed to gain a distributor. The second Mickey Mouse cartoon ''The Gallopin' Gaucho'' also failed to gain attention of the audience and a distributor. Disney knew what was missing: sound. Sound film had been captivating audiences since 1927 with ''The Jazz Singer'' and Walt decided that the next cartoon ''Steamboat Willie'' would have sound. ''Steamboat Willie'' was not the first sound cartoon, Max and Dave Fleischer had produced ''Song Car-Tunes'' since 1926. However, they failed to keep the sound synchronized with the animation and the main focus of the cartoons were the bouncing ball sing-a-longs. The ''Song Car-Tunes'' were not a success and some staff members doubted whether a cartoon with sound would be successful. So Disney arranged a special preview screening with the music and sound effects being played live behind stage through a microphone. The ''Steamboat Willie'' test screening was a success and managed to gain a distributor, ''Celebrity Pictures'' chief Pat Powers. However, the first attempt to synchronize the sound with the animation was a disaster with the timing being all wrong. In order to finance the second recording, Walt sold his car. This time he used a click track to keep his musicians on the beat (Disney later learned that it was easier to record the dialogue, music and sound effects first and animate to the sound). Little more than a month before ''Steamboat Willie'''s premiere, Paul Terry released his sound cartoon ''Dinner Time''; however it was not a financial success and Walt Disney described it as \"a bunch of racket\".\n\n===The golden age begins===\n''Steamboat Willie'' was released on November 18, 1928, and was a huge success. Disney quickly gained huge dominance in the animation field using sound in his future cartoons by dubbing ''Plane Crazy'', ''The Gallopin' Gaucho'' and the nearly completed ''The Barn Dance''. Mickey Mouse's popularity put the animated character into the ranks of the most popular screen personalities in the world. Disney's biggest competitor, Pat Sullivan with his Felix the Cat, was eclipsed by Mickey's popularity and the studio closed in 1932.\nMerchandising based on Disney cartoons rescued a number of companies from bankruptcy during the depths of the Depression, and Disney took advantage of this popularity to move forward with further innovations in animation.\n\nIn 1929, he launched a new series entitled ''Silly Symphonies'' which was based around music with no recurring characters. However, they did not become as popular as the Mickey Mouse series.\n\nIn 1930, after a falling-out with Powers, Disney switched distributors to Columbia Pictures. However, Ub Iwerks left Disney after an offer from Powers to be in charge of his own studio.\n\nIn 1932, Mickey Mouse had become an international sensation, but the ''Silly Symphonies'' had not. Columbia Pictures backed out of its distribution of the series and Disney was lured to move the ''Silly Symphonies'' to United Artists by a budget increase.\n\nWalt Disney then worked with the Technicolor company to create the first full three-strip color cartoon, ''Flowers and Trees''. It was a huge success and also became the first cartoon to win an Academy Award. Shortly afterward, Disney negotiated an exclusive, but temporary deal with Technicolor so only he could use the three-strip process in animated films\u2014no other studio was permitted to use it. However, he withheld making Mickey Mouse in color because he thought that Technicolor might boost the ''Silly Symphonies'' popularity.\n\nBy 1932 Walt Disney had realized the success of animated films depended upon telling emotionally gripping stories that would grab the audience and not let go.  This realization led to an important innovation around 1932 and 1933: a \"story department,\" separate from the animators, with storyboard artists who would be dedicated to working on a \"story development\" phase of the production pipeline.\nIn turn, Disney's continued emphasis on story development and characterization resulted in another hit in 1933: ''Three Little Pigs'', which is seen as the first cartoon in which multiple characters displayed unique, individual personalities and is still considered to be the most successful animated short of all time, and also featured the hit song that became the anthem in fighting the Great Depression: \"Who's Afraid of the Big Bad Wolf\".\n\nIn the Mickey Mouse series, he continued to add personality to his characters; this resulted in the creation of new characters such as Pluto with The Chain Gang in 1930, Goofy with Mickey's Revue in 1932 and Donald Duck in 1934 with \"The Wise Little Hen\" (under the ''Silly Symphony'' series). When Disney's contract with Technicolor expired, the Mickey Mouse series was moved into Technicolor starting with The Band Concert in 1935. In addition, Mickey was partially redesigned for Technicolor later that year.\n\nIn 1937, Disney invented the multiplane camera, which gave an illusion of depth to the animated world.  He first used this on the Silly Symphony cartoon ''The Old Mill''. Much of Disney's work was heavily influenced by European stories and myths, and the work of illustrators such as Dor\u00e9 and Busch.\n\nAlso in 1937, Disney changed distributors to RKO Radio Pictures and remained under distribution until the early 1950s.\n\n===Feature-length films===\nIn 1937, Walt Disney produced ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'', the first American feature-length animated film. This was the culmination of four years of effort by Disney studios. Walt Disney was convinced that short cartoons would not keep his studio profitable in the long run, so he took what was seen as an enormous gamble. The critics predicted that ''Snow White'' would result in financial ruin for the studio. They said that the colors would be too bright for the audience and they would get sick of the gags and leave. However, the critics were proven wrong. ''Snow White'' was a worldwide box office success, and was universally acclaimed as a landmark in the development of animation as a serious art form.\n\nAfter the success of ''Snow White'', Disney went on to produce ''Pinocchio'', which was released in 1940. It was considered a stunning achievement both technically and artistically, costing twice as much as ''Snow White''. However ''Pinocchio'' was not a financial success, since World War II (which began in 1939) had cut off 40% of Disney's foreign release market and although it was a moderate success in the United States, the domestic gross alone was not enough to make back its revenue. However, the film did receive very positive reviews and has made millions from subsequent re-releases. Later that year, Disney produced ''Fantasia''. It originally started with the Mickey Mouse cartoon ''The Sorcerer's Apprentice'' in an attempt to recapture Mickey's popularity, which had sharply declined to Max Fleischer's ''Popeye'' and Disney's Donald Duck. In the ''Sorcerer's Apprentice'', Mickey Mouse was redesigned by Fred Moore. This redesign of Mickey is still in use today. The short featured no dialogue, only music which was conducted by Leopold Stokowski. When the budget for the short grew very expensive, Stokowski suggested to Disney that it could be a feature film with other pieces of classical music matched to animation. Disney agreed and production started. ''Fantasia'' would also become the first commercial film to be released in stereophonic sound. However, like ''Pinocchio'', ''Fantasia'' was not a financial success. ''Fantasia'' was also the first Disney film not to be received well, receiving mixed reviews from the critics. It was looked down upon by music critics and audiences, who felt that Walt Disney was striving for something beyond his reach by trying to introduce mainstream animation to abstract art, classical music, and \"elite\" subjects. However, the film would be reevaluated in later years and considered a significant achievement in the art of animation.\n\nIn 1941 in order to compensate for the relative failure of ''Pinocchio'' and ''Fantasia'', Disney produced a low-budget feature film, ''Dumbo''. Dumbo was a major hit and today is one of the most critically acclaimed animated movies ever made. Just a few days after rough animation was complete on ''Dumbo'', the Disney animators' strike broke out. This was caused by the Screen Cartoonists' Guild (which had been formed in 1938), who severed many ties between Walt Disney and his staff, while encouraging many members of the Disney studio to leave and seek greener pastures. Later that year, ''Dumbo'' became a big success, the first time since ''Snow White''. The critically acclaimed film brought in much-needed revenue and kept the studio afloat. A few months after ''Dumbo'' was released, the United States entered the war after Pearl Harbor was attacked. This caused the mobilization of all movie studios (including their cartoon divisions) to produce propaganda material to bolster public confidence and encourage support for the war effort. The war (along with the strike) shook Walt Disney's empire, as the US Army had seized Disney's studio as soon as the US entered World War II in December 1941. Due to this, Disney put the feature films ''Alice in Wonderland'', ''Peter Pan'', ''Wind in the Willows'', ''Song of the South'', ''Mickey and the Beanstalk'' and ''Bongo'' on hold until the war was over. The only feature film that was allowed to continue production was ''Bambi'', which was released in 1942. ''Bambi'' was ground-breaking in terms of animating animals realistically. However, due to the war ''Bambi'' failed at the box-office and received mixed reviews from the critics. This was to be short lived as it grossed a considerable amount of money in the 1947 re-release.\n\nDisney was now fully committed to the war and contributed by producing propaganda shorts and a feature film entitled ''Victory Through Air Power''. ''Victory Through Air Power'' was a box office failure and the studio lost around $500,000 as a result. The required propaganda cartoon shorts were also not as popular as Disney's regular shorts, and by the time the Army ended its stay at Disney Studios when the war ended in 1945, Disney struggled to restart his studio, and had a low amount of cash on hand.\n\nFurther Disney feature films of the 1940s were modestly budgeted collections of animated short segments put together to make a feature film. These began with ''Saludos Amigos'' in 1942 and continued during the war with ''The Three Caballeros'' in 1944 and after the war with ''Make Mine Music'' in 1946, ''Fun and Fancy Free'' in 1947, ''Melody Time'' in 1948 and ''The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad'' in 1949. For the feature films ''Mickey and the Beanstalk'', ''Bongo'' and ''Wind in the Willows'', he condensed them into the package films ''Fun and Fancy Free'' and ''The Adventures of Ichabod and Mr. Toad'' since Walt feared that the low-budget animation would not become profitable. The most ambitious Disney film of this period was the 1946 film ''Song of the South'', a film blending live-action and animation which drew criticism in later years for accusations of racial stereotyping.\n\nIn 1950, Disney produced ''Cinderella''. ''Cinderella'' was an enormous success, becoming the highest-grossing film of 1950, and became Disney's most successful film since ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' and Disney's first single narrative feature film since ''Bambi''.\n\nDisney also started producing full live-action films beginning with ''Treasure Island'' in 1950. He also had been creating nature documentaries since ''Seal Island'' in 1948 and started broadcasting on television with his ''One Hour in Wonderland'' special in 1951. Due to this, Walt Disney was needed on several different units at one time and was spending less time in the animation department. However, he never lost interest in animation and was always present at story-meetings; there they needed him the most. In 1951, he released ''Alice in Wonderland'', a project he had been working on since the late 1930s and had shelved during the war. ''Alice in Wonderland'' was initially moderately successful and received mixed reviews from the critics (though it would be hailed as one of Disney's Greatest classics a few decades later, as well as make millions subsequent theatrical and home video releases). In 1953 he released ''Peter Pan'', which, like ''Alice in Wonderland'', had been in production since the late 1930s, early-1940s and was shelved during the war. However unlike ''Alice'', ''Peter Pan''  was a big success both critically and financially on its first release.\n\nWhen Disney's contract with RKO expired at the end of 1953, instead of renewing it as usual  Disney was concerned about the instability of RKO (due to owner Howard Hughes' increasingly erratic control of the studio) and started distributing its own films through its newly created Buena Vista Distribution subsidiary. This allowed a higher budget for shorts and features than the last few years of cartoons made for RKO dictated, which made it possible to make some of the cartoons in the new CinemaScope format. However, the  budget per short was nowhere near as high as it had been in the 1940s as Disney had been focusing more on live action, television, and feature animation and less on short animation. In 1953, shortly after the switch from RKO to Buena Vista, Disney released its final Mickey Mouse short, ''The Simple Things''. From there, the studio produced fewer animated shorts by the year until the animated shorts division was eventually closed in 1956. After that, any future short cartoon work was done through the feature animation division until 1969. The last Disney short of the golden age, It's Tough to Be a Bird, was released in 1969.\n\nIn 1955 he created ''Lady and the Tramp'', the first animated film in CinemaScope. Upon building Disneyland in 1955, Walt Disney regained a huge amount of popularity among the public, and turned his focus at producing his most ambitious movie: ''Sleeping Beauty''. Sleeping Beauty was filmed in Super Technirama 70 mm film and in stereophonic sound like ''Fantasia''. ''Sleeping Beauty'' also signaled a change in the style of drawing, with cartoony and angular characters; taking influence from ''United Productions of America''. Although ''Sleeping Beauty'' was the second-highest-grossing film of 1959 (just behind ''Ben-Hur''), the film went over budget, costing 6 million dollars, and the film failed to make back its expenditure. The studio was in serious debt and had to cut the cost of animation. In 1960, this resulted in Disney switching to xerography, that replaced the traditional hand-inking. The first feature film that used Xerox cels was ''101 Dalmatians'' in 1961. It was a huge success; however, the Xerox resulted in films with a \"sketchier\" look and lacked the quality of the hand-inked films. According to Floyd Norman, who was working at Disney at the time, it felt like the end of an era.\n\nOn December 15, 1966, Walt Disney died of lung cancer. The last film he was involved in was ''The Jungle Book'', released a year after his death. After Walt Disney's death, the animated films produced by the Disney company were only moderately successful. The animation department did not fully recover until the late 1980s and early 1990s with the Disney Renaissance.\n"	"Fleischer Studios"	"One of Disney's main competitors was Max Fleischer, the head of Fleischer Studios, which produced cartoons for Paramount Pictures. Fleischer Studios was a family-owned business, operated by Max Fleischer and his younger brother Dave Fleischer, who supervised the production of the cartoons. The Fleischers scored successful hits with the ''Betty Boop'' cartoons and the ''Popeye the Sailor'' series. Popeye's popularity during the 1930s rivaled Mickey Mouse at times, and Popeye fan clubs sprang up across the country in imitation of Mickey's fan clubs; in 1935, polls showed that Popeye was even more popular than Mickey Mouse. However, during the early 1930s, stricter censorship rules enforced by the new Production Code in 1934 required animation producers to remove risqu\u00e9 humor. The Fleischers in particular had to tone down the content of their Betty Boop cartoons, which waned in popularity afterwards. The Fleischers also had produced a number of ''Color Classics'' cartoons during the 1930s which attempted to emulate Walt Disney's use of color, but the series was not a success.\n\n===Feature-length films===\nIn 1934 Max Fleischer became interested in producing an animated feature film shortly after Disney's announcement of ''Snow White'', however Paramount vetoed the idea. In 1936, Fleischer Studios produced the first of three two-reel ''Popeye'' Technicolor features: ''Popeye the Sailor Meets Sindbad the Sailor'' in 1936, ''Popeye the Sailor Meets Ali Baba's Forty Thieves'' in 1937, and ''Aladdin and His Wonderful Lamp'' in 1939.\n\nIn 1938 after Disney's success with ''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'', Paramount gave the Fleischers permission to produce a feature film and Fleischer studio relocated itself from New York to Miami, Florida in order to avoid organized unions, which became a threat to the studio after a five-month strike occurred among Fleischer Studio workers in late 1937. Here the Fleischers produced ''Gulliver's Travels'' which was released in 1939. It was a small success and encouraged the Fleischers to produce more.\n\n===''Superman'' and decline===\nIn May 1941 the Fleischers gave Paramount full ownership of the studio as collateral to pay off their debts left from the loans they obtained from the studio to make unsuccessful cartoons like ''Stone Age'', ''Gabby'', and ''Color Classics''.  However, they still maintained their positions as heads of their studio's production. Under Paramount rule, the Fleischers brought Popeye into the Navy and contributed to the war effort, and would gain more success by beginning a series of spectacular ''Superman'' cartoons (the first of which was nominated for an Oscar) that have become legendary in themselves.\n\nDespite the success Superman gave the studio, a major blow to the studio would occur when the married Dave started having an adulterous affair with the Miami secretary. This led to many disputes between the Fleischer Brothers until Max and Dave were no longer speaking to each other. In 1941 they released ''Mister Bug Goes to Town'', unfortunately it was released a few days before the attack on Pearl Harbor, which caused  ''Mister Bug'' to fail at the box-office. Shortly after the film's failure Dave Fleischer, still maintaining his position as co-chief of his studio, had left Fleischer Studios to run Columbia Pictures' Screen Gems cartoons. Due to this, Paramount Pictures expelled Dave and Max Fleischer from their positions as the head of the cartoon studio.\n\nIn a move that remains controversial to the present day (though it has not been closely examined by film historians), Paramount took over the Fleischer studio completely and brought it under the fold of their own studio, renaming it Famous Studios and continuing the work that the Fleischers began. Paramount also discontinued the expensive ''Superman'' cartoons in 1943. The departure of the Fleischers had an immediate effect on the studio: the Paramount cartoons of the war years continued to be entertaining and popular and still retained most of the Fleischer style and gloss. After the war ended in May 1945, a decline in story and animation quality began that would become more and more evident as the decade came to a close.\n"	"Warner Bros."	"In 1929 former Disney animators Hugh Harman and Rudolf Ising made a cartoon entitled ''Bosko, the Talk-Ink Kid'', and tried to sell it to a distributor in 1930. Warner Bros. who had previously tried an unsuccessful attempt to set up a cartoon studio in New York in order to compete with Disney, agreed to distribute the series. Under producer Leon Schlesinger's guide Harman and Ising created ''Looney Tunes'' (the title being variation on Disney's ''Silly Symphonies'') starring their character Bosko. A second Harman-Ising series, ''Merrie Melodies'', followed in 1931. Both series showed the strong influence of the early Disney films.\n\n===Harman & Ising break away===\n\nAfter disputes over money, Harman-Ising parted company with Schlesinger in 1933, taking Bosko with them to work with Metro Goldwyn Mayer. Schlesinger began his own cartoon operation under the new name Leon Schlesinger Productions, hiring Harman-Ising animator Friz Freleng and several others to run the studio. Animator Tom Palmer created a Bosko clone known as Buddy and answered to Disney's use of color in ''Silly Symphonies'' cartoons in 1934, and began making all future ''Merrie Melodies'' cartoons in color. However, since Disney had an exclusive deal with Technicolor, Schlesinger was forced to use Cinecolor and Two Strip Technicolor until 1935 when Disney's contract with Technicolor expired. In 1935, Schlesinger fired Tom Palmer and Buddy was retired.\n\n===The creation of new stars===\nIn a 1935 ''Merrie Melodie'' directed by Friz Freleng entitled ''I Haven't Got a Hat''  was the first screen appearance of Porky Pig. Also in 1935, Schlesinger hired a new animation director who proceeded to revitalize the studio: Tex Avery. Schlesinger put Avery in charge of the low-budget Looney Tunes in a low run-down old building the animators named ''Termite Terrace''. Under Avery, Porky Pig would replace the Buddy series and become the first Warner Bros. character to achieve star power. Also at ''Termite Terrace'' animator Bob Clampett redesigned Porky from a fat, chubby pig to a more cute and childlike character.\n\nUnlike the other cartoon producers at the time, Avery had no intention of competing with Disney, but instead brought a new wacky, zany style of animation to the studio that would increase the Warner Bros. cartoons' popularity in the crowded marketplace. This was firmly established in 1937 when Tex Avery directed ''Porky's Duck Hunt''. During production of the short lead animator Bob Clampett elaborated the exit of the Duck character by having him jump up and down on his head, flip around and holler off into the sunset. This created the character of Daffy Duck. After Daffy Duck was created, he would add even more success to Warner Bros cartoons and replaced Porky Pig as the studio's most popular animated character, and Bob Clampett took over ''Termite Terrace'', while Tex Avery took over the ''Merrie Melodies'' department.\n\nThe 1940 Academy Award-nominated cartoon ''A Wild Hare'' (directed by Avery) marked Bugs Bunny's official debut. Bugs Bunny quickly replaced Daffy as the studio's top star. The characters Avery created are widely known today. By 1942 he had become the most popular cartoon character. Because of the success of Bugs, Daffy and Porky, the Schlesinger studio now had risen to new heights, and Bugs quickly also became the star of the color cartoons ''Merrie Melodies'', which had previously been used for one-shot character appearances. By 1942 Warners' shorts had now surpassed Disney's in sales and popularity.\n\nFrank Tashlin also worked with Avery in the Merrie Melodies department. He started at Warner Bros. in 1933 as an animator but was fired and joined Iwerks in 1934. Tashlin returned in 1936, taking over direction of Merrie Melodies department. He returned in 1943 directing Porky and Daffy cartoons. He left in 1946 to direct life-action films. Robert McKimson took over his old unit. \"Here today, gone tomorrow. Now you see him, now you don't. That was Frank Tashlin, who would be working at Leon Schlesinger's one day, and, suddenly, gone the next day.\" Clampett was fired that same year and Arthur Davis took over his unit for 3 years before management thought there should only be three directors.\n\n===Schlesinger sells his studio to Warner Bros.===\n\nAfter several disputes with Schlesinger (suspended for 4 weeks with no pay), Avery left Warner Bros. in 1941 and went to work at MGM. Avery created Droopy Dog in 1943 and many other characters during his 12-year career at MGM. Schlesinger sold his studio to Warner Bros. in August 1944. Edward Selzer was in turn named the new producer. By this time, Warners' cartoons top directors of the 1940s and 1950s were Friz Freleng, Chuck Jones, and Bob Clampett. Their cartoons are now considered classics of the medium. They directed some of the most beloved animated shorts of all time, including (for Clampett) ''Porky in Wackyland'', ''A Corny Concerto'', ''The Great Piggy Bank Robbery'', ''The Big Snooze'', (for Freleng) ''You Ought to Be in Pictures'', ''Little Red Riding Rabbit'', ''Birds Anonymous'', ''Knighty Knight Bugs'', (for Jones) ''Duck Amuck'', ''Duck Dodgers in the 24\u00bdth Century'', ''One Froggy Evening'', and ''What's Opera, Doc?''.\n\nRobert McKimson was promoted to director after Frank Tashlin left the studio to direct life-action films. Arthur Davis took over after Clampett was fired by Selzer. Clampett went to work on Beany and Cecil. McKimson created many recurring characters like Foghorn Leghorn, the Barnyard Dawg, Hippety Hopper, Speedy Gonzales, and Sylvester Jr..\n\n===Closing and formation of DePatie-Freleng===\n\nAfter more than two decades at the top, Warner Bros shut down the original \"Termite Terrace\" studio in 1963 and DePatie-Freleng Enterprises assumed production of the shorts, licensed by Warner Bros. After DePatie-Freleng ceased production of ''Looney Tunes'' in 1967, Bill Hendricks was put in charge of production of the newly renamed Warner Bros.-Seven Arts animation studio, and hired veterans such as Alex Lovy and LaVerne Harding from the Walter Lantz studio, Volus Jones and Ed Solomon from Disney, Jaime Diaz who later worked on ''The Fairly OddParents'' as director, and David Hanan, who previously worked on ''Roger Ramjet''. Hendricks brought only three of the original ''Looney Tunes'' veterans to the studio such as Ted Bonniscken, Norman McCabe and Bob Givens. The studio's one shot cartoons from this era were critically panned and are widely considered to be the worst in the  studio's history: ''Cool Cat'', ''Merlin the Magic Mouse'', and ''Chimp and Zee'' and ''Norman Normal'', despite the later gaining a large cult following, were said to be witless, crudely animated as well as having  poor writing and design because of the extremely low budgets the crew had to work with by this time. Alex Lovy left the studio in 1968 and Robert McKimson took over. McKimson mostly focused on the recurring characters Alex Lovy had created and two of his own creation, Bunny and Claude. The last of the original ''Looney Tunes'' shorts produced was ''Bugged by a Bee'' and the last ''Merrie Melodies'' short was ''Injun Trouble'', which shares its name with another ''Looney Tunes'' short from 1938. The Warner Bros.-Seven Arts studio finally shut down in 1969. 1039 Looney Tunes shorts were created.\n\nA decade later, after the success of the film, ''The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie'', which consisted predominantly of footage from the classic shorts by Jones, a new in-house studio to produce original animation opened its doors in 1980 named Warner Bros. Animation, which exists to this day.\n"	"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer"	"\n===Iwerks Era (1930\u20131933)===\nAt first, Mickey was drawn by Disney's long-time partner and friend Ub Iwerks, who was also a technical innovator in cartoons, and drew an average of 600 drawings for Disney on a daily basis; Disney was responsible for the ideas in the cartoons, and Iwerks was responsible for bringing them to life. However, Iwerks left the Disney studio in 1930 to form his own company, which was financially backed by Celebrity Pictures owner Pat Powers. After his departure, Disney eventually found a number of different animators to replace Iwerks. Iwerks would produce three cartoon series during the 1930s: ''Flip the Frog'' and ''Willie Whopper'' for Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, and the ''ComiColor Cartoons'' for Pat Powers' Celebrity Productions. However, none of these cartoons could come close to matching the success of Disney or Fleischer cartoons, and in 1933, MGM, Iwerks' cartoon distributor since 1930, ended distribution of his cartoons in favor of distributing Harman and Ising cartoons, and Iwerks left after his contract expired in 1934. After his stay with MGM, Iwerks' cartoons were distributed by Celebrity Pictures, and Iwerks would answer to Disney's use of Technicolor and create the Comicolor series, which aired cartoons in two-strip Cinecolor. However, by 1936, the Iwerks Studio began to experience financial setbacks and closed after Pat Powers withdrew financial aid to the studio. Iwerks returned to Disney in 1940, where he worked as the head of the \"special effects development\" division until his death in 1971.\n\n===Harman-Ising Era (1933\u20131939)===\nAfter MGM dropped Iwerks, they hired Harman and Ising from Leon Schlesinger and Warner Bros and appointed them heads of the studio. They began producing ''Bosko'' and ''Happy Harmonies'' cartoons which were emulative of Disney's ''Silly Symphonies''. However they failed to make a success in the theaters, and in 1937 the ''Bosko'' and ''Happy Harmonies'' series were discontinued and MGM replaced  Harman and Ising with Fred Quimby. After Quimby took over, he kept a number of Harman and Ising's staff and scouted other animation studios for talent. He created an animated adaptation of the comic book series ''The Katzenjammer Kids'' which he re-titled ''The Captain & The Kids''. ''The Captain & The Kids'' series was unsuccessful. In 1939, however, Quimby gained success after rehiring Harman & Ising. After returning to MGM, Ising also created MGM's first successful animated star, Barney Bear.\n\n===Hanna-Barbera Era (1939\u20131957)===\nIn 1939 William Hanna and Joseph Barbera started a partnership that would last for more than six decades, until Hanna's death in 2001. The duo's first cartoon together was ''Puss Gets the Boot'' (1940), featuring an unnamed mouse's attempts to outwit a housecat named Jasper. Though released without fanfare, the short was financially and critically successful, earning an Academy Award nomination for Best Short Subject (Cartoons) of 1940. On the strength of the Oscar nomination and public demand, Hanna and Barbera set themselves to producing a long-running series of cat-and-mouse cartoons, soon christening the characters ''Tom and Jerry''. ''Puss Gets the Boot'' did not win the 1940 Academy Award for Best Cartoon, but another MGM cartoon, Rudolf Ising's ''The Milky Way'' did, making ''MGM cartoon studio'' the first studio to wrestle the Cartoon Academy Award away from Walt Disney.\n\nAfter appearing in ''Puss Gets the Boot'', Tom and Jerry quickly became the stars of MGM cartoons. With Hanna-Barbera under their belts, ''MGM cartoon studio'' was finally able to compete with Disney in the field of animated cartoons. The shorts were successful at the box office, many licensed products (comic books, toys, etc.) were released to the market, and the series would earn twelve more Academy Award for Short Subjects (Cartoons) nominations, with seven of the Tom and Jerry shorts going on to win the Academy Award: ''The Yankee Doodle Mouse'' (1943), ''Mouse Trouble'' (1944), ''Quiet Please!'' (1945), ''The Cat Concerto'' (1946), ''The Little Orphan'' (1948), ''The Two Mouseketeers'' (1951), and ''Johann Mouse'' (1952). Tom and Jerry was eventually tied with ''Disney's Silly Symphonies'' as the most-awarded theatrical cartoon series. Hanna and Barbera also produced/directed for ''MGM cartoon studio'' half a dozen ''one-shot theatrical shorts'' besides ''Tom and Jerry series'', including ''Gallopin' Gals'' (1940), ''Officer Pooch'' (1941), ''War Dogs'' (1943) and ''Good Will to Men'' (1955). Fred Quimby retired in 1955, with Hanna and Barbera replacing him in charge of the remaining MGM cartoons (including the last seven Tex Avery's ''Droopy episodes'') until 1957, when the studio shut down the H-B unit, ending all the animation productions.\n\nKey to the successes of ''Tom and Jerry'' and other MGM cartoons was the work of Scott Bradley, who scored virtually all of the cartoons for the studio from 1934 to 1957. Bradley's scores made use of both classical and jazz sensibilities. In addition, he often used songs from the scores of MGM's feature films, the most frequent of them being \"The Trolley Song\" from ''Meet Me in St. Louis'' (1944) and \"Sing Before Breakfast\" from ''Broadway Melody of 1936''.\n\n===Tex Avery Era (1942\u20131953)===\nMeanwhile, Tex Avery came to MGM in 1942 and revitalized their cartoon studio with the same spark that had infused the Warner animators. Tex Avery's wild surreal masterpieces of his MGM days set new standards for \"adult\" entertainment in Code-era cartoons. Tex Avery did not like to use recurring characters, but did stay faithful to character throughout his career at MGM with ''Droopy'', which was created in ''Dumb-Hounded'' in 1943. Tex also created ''Screwy Squirrel'' in 1944, but Tex was less fond of him and discontinued the series after five cartoons. In 1953 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer closed down the Tex Avery unit. Fred Quimby retired in 1955, with Hanna and Barbera replacing him in charge of the remaining MGM cartoons (including the last seven Tex Avery's ''Droopy episodes'') until 1957, when the studio shut down the H-B unit, ending all the animation productions.\n"	"Mintz/Screen Gems/UPA"	"After Charles Mintz was fired from Universal he was still in charge of his own cartoon operation producing Krazy Kat cartoons for Columbia Pictures. He also created a new series featuring a boy named Scrappy, created by Dick Huemer in 1931. Scrappy was a big break for Mintz and was also his most successful creation, but his studio would suffer irreparable damage after Dick Huemer was fired from the Mintz Studio in 1933. In 1934 Mintz, like most other animation studios at the time, also attempted to answer Disney's use of Technicolor, and began making color cartoons through the Color Rhapsodies series; the series was originally in either cinicolor or two-strip Technicolor, but moved to three-strip Technicolor after Disney's contract with Technicolor expired in 1935. However, the series failed to garner attention, and by 1939, Mintz was largely indebted to Columbia Pictures. As a result, Mintz sold his studio to Columbia. Columbia renamed the studio, which Mintz still managed, Screen Gems; Mintz died the following year.\n\nFrank Tashlin and John Hubley, were Disney animators who left during the strike, and obtained jobs at Screen Gems, where Tashlin served as head producer while Hubley acted as director for studio. Tashlin helped Screen Gems gain more success by introducing The Fox and the Crow, Screen Gems' biggest stars. Tashlin maintained his position until Columbia Pictures released him from the studio in favor of Dave Fleischer in 1942. The Screen Gems cartoons were only moderately successful and never gained the artistic talent of Disney, Warner Bros. or MGM. Columbia Pictures closed the studio in 1946 and started looking for a new cartoon production company.\n\n===United Productions of America===\nIn 1943 John Hubley left Screen Gems and formed a studio with former Disney animators Stephen Bosustow, David Hilberman, and Zachary Schwartz, who\u2014like Hubley\u2014had left Walt's nest during the animator's strike. The studio Hubley founded was a newer, smaller animation studio that focused on pursuing Hubley's own vision of trying out newer, more abstract and experimental styles of animation. Bosustow, Hilberman, and Schwartz named the new studio as Industrial Film and Poster Service, or IFPS. Artistically, the studio used a style of animation that has come to be known as ''limited animation''. The first short from the newly formed studio was ''Hell-Bent for Election'' (directed by Warners veteran Chuck Jones), a cartoon made for the re-election campaign of Franklin D. Roosevelt. Although this new film was a success, it did not break the boundaries that Hubley and his staffers had hoped. It wasn't until the third short, Bobe Cannon's ''Brotherhood of Man'', that the studio began producing shorts aggressively stylized in contrast to the films of the other studios. Cannon's film even preached a message that, at the time, was looked down upon\u2014racial tolerance. By 1946, the studio was renamed as United Productions of America (UPA), and Hilberman and Schwartz had sold their shares of the studio stock to Bosustow.\n\nIn 1948 UPA also found a home for itself at Columbia Pictures and began producing theatrical cartoons for the general public, instead of just using propaganda and military training themes; UPA also earned itself two Academy Award nominations for new cartoons starring The Fox And The Crow during its first two years in production. From there, the UPA animators began producing a series of cartoons that immediately stood out among the crowded field of mirror-image, copycat cartoons of the other studios. The success of UPA's ''Mr. Magoo'' series made all of the other studios sit up and take notice, and when the UPA short ''Gerald McBoing-Boing'' won an Oscar, the effect on Hollywood was immediate and electrifying. The UPA style was markedly different from everything else being seen on movie screens, and audiences responded to the change that UPA offered from the repetition of usual cat-mouse battles. Mr Magoo would go on to be the studio's most successful cartoon character. However, UPA would suffer a major blow after John Hubley was fired from the studio during the McCarthy Era in 1952, due to suspicions of his having ties to Communism; Steve Bosustow took over, but was not as successful as Hubley, and the studio was eventually sold to Henry Saperstein.\n\nBy 1953 UPA had gained great influence within the industry. The Hollywood cartoon studios gradually moved away from the lush, realistic detail of the 1940s to a more simplistic, less realistic style of animation. By this time, even Disney was attempting to mimic UPA.  1953's ''Melody'' and ''Toot, Whistle, Plunk and Boom'' in particular were experiments in stylization that followed in the footsteps of the newly formed studio.\n\n===Feature-length films===\nIn 1959 UPA released ''1001 Arabian Nights'' starring Mr Magoo, and in UPA released ''Gay Purr-ee'' with the voice talents of Judy Garland. In 1964, UPA decided to abandon animation and simply become a distribution company.\n"	"Walter Lantz Productions"	"In 1929 Walter Lantz replaced Charles Mintz as producer of Universal Studios cartoons.  Lantz's main character at this time was Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, whose earlier cartoons had been produced by both Walt Disney and Charles Mintz. Lantz also started to experiment with color cartoons, and the first one, called Jolly Little Elves, was released in 1934. In 1935 Lantz made his studio independent from Universal Studios, and Universal Studios was now only the distributors of his cartoons, instead of the direct owners.\n\nIn the 1940s Oswald began to lose popularity. Lantz and his staff worked on several ideas for possible new cartoon characters (among them Meany, Miny, and Moe and Baby-Face Mouse). Eventually one of these characters clicked; his name was Andy Panda, who aired in Technicolor.  However successful Andy was, it was not until the character's fifth cartoon, ''Knock Knock'' that a real breakthrough character was introduced. This was none other than Woody Woodpecker, who become Lantz's most successful creation.\n\nWalter Lantz Studio closed at the end of 1948 due to financial problems. It opened again in 1950 with a downsized staff, mainly because Lantz was able to sign a deal with Universal (by this time now known as Universal-International) for more Woody Woodpecker cartoons, starting with 1951's Puny Express. The character would continue to appear in theatrical shorts until 1972, when Lantz finally closed his studio. Luckily for Lantz Woody Woodpecker's survival was lengthened when he started appearing in ''The Woody Woodpecker Show'' from 1957 to 1958, from which it entered syndication until 1966. NBC revived the show twice\u2014in 1970 and 1976, and finally in 1985 Lantz sold all of the Woody Woodpecker shorts to Universal, then part of MCA.\n"	"Van Beuren Studios"	"\nFelix the Cat in ''The Goose That Laid the Golden Egg'' by Van Beuren\nIn 1928, producer Amadee J. Van Beuren formed a partnership with Paul Terry and formed the '\"Aesop's Fables Studio\" for the production of the ''Aesop's Film Fables'' cartoon series. In 1929, Terry left to start his own studio and was replaced by John Foster took over the animation department who renamed the studio Van Beuren Studios.\n\nVan Beuren continued the Aesop's Fables series, and unsuccessfully tried a cartoon adaptation of radio blackface comedians Amos 'n Andy.  Other Van Beuren cartoons featured Tom and Jerry (not the cat and mouse, but a Mutt and Jeff-like human duo,) and Otto Soglow's comic strip character The Little King.  Frank Tashlin and Joseph Barbera were among animators who worked briefly for the studio during its short life.\n\nIn 1934, as other studios were putting cartoons in Technicolor to answer to Disney's Silly Symphonies cartoon series, Van Beuren Studio abandoned its remaining cartoons and answered Disney's use of Technicolor by creating the Rainbow Parade series, which was all color. However, the series was not a success, and by 1936, RKO Pictures, the owner of the Van Beuren Studio, closed the studio as RKO chose to instead distribute Disney cartoons.\n"	"Terrytoons"	"After losing his ''Aesop's Film Fables'' series to Van Beuren Studios in 1929, Terry established a new studio called Terrytoons.\n\nTerrytoons produced 26 cartoons a year for E.W. Hammons' Educational Pictures, which in turn supplied short-subject product to the Fox Film Corporation, (later 20th Century-Fox.)  Terry's cartoons of the 1930s were mainly black-and-white musical cartoons without recurring characters, except for Farmer Al Falfa, who had appeared in Terry's cartoons since the silent era.  Educational foundered in the late 1930s, and Terry signed directly with Fox to distribute his pictures.\n\nThe 1940s brought Terry's most popular and successful characters, Mighty Mouse beginning in 1942, and Heckle and Jeckle, developed by combining what was originally a husband-and-wife pair of mischievous magpies from the 1946 Farmer Al Falfa cartoon \"The Talking Magpies\" with Terry's notion that twin brothers or look-alikes had comic possibilities.\n\nTerry sold his company and its backlog to CBS in 1955 and retired.  CBS continued to operate the studio for nearly 15 years afterward; its output divided between theatrical short cartoons and television series, including Tom Terrific, Lariat Sam, and Deputy Dawg.\n"	"Trends"	"\n===Sound in animation===\nWhile much of the focus in an animated cartoon is on the visuals, the vocal talents and symphonic scores that accompanied the images were also very important to the cartoons' success. As motion pictures drew audiences away from their radio sets, it also drew talented actors and vocal impressionists into film and animation. Mel Blanc gave voice to many of Warner Bros. most popular characters, including Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig (starting in 1937), and Daffy Duck. Other voices and personalities from vaudeville and radio contributed to the popularity of animated films in the Golden Era.  Some of these (generally uncredited) actors included Cliff Edwards, also known as Ukulele Ike, Arthur Q. Bryan, Stan Freberg, Bea Benaderet, Bill Thompson, Grace Stafford, Jim Backus, June Foray, and Daws Butler.\n\nCartoons of this era also included scores played by studio orchestras. Carl Stalling at Schlesinger/Warner Bros. and Scott Bradley at MGM composed numerous cartoon soundtracks, creating original material as well as incorporating familiar classical and popular melodies. Many of the early cartoons, particularly those of Disney's ''Silly Symphonies'' series, were built around classical pieces. These cartoons sometimes featured star characters, but many had simple nature themes.\n\n===Stop motion and special effects===\nFor a great part of the history of Hollywood animation, the production of animated films was an exclusive industry that did not branch off very often into other areas. The various animation studios worked almost exclusively on producing animated cartoons and animated titles for movies.  Only occasionally was animation used for other aspects of the movie industry. The low-budget ''Superman'' serials of the 1940s used animated sequences of Superman flying and performing super-powered feats which were used in the place of live-action special effects, but this was not a common practice.\n\nThe exclusivity of animation also resulted in the birth of a sister industry that was used almost exclusively for motion picture special effects: stop motion animation. In spite of their similarities, the two genres of stop-motion and hand-drawn animation rarely came together during the Golden Age of Hollywood. Stop-motion animation made a name for itself with the 1933 box-office hit ''King Kong'', where animator Willis O'Brien defined many of the major stop motion techniques used for the next 50 years. The success of ''King Kong'' led to a number of other early special effects films, including ''Mighty Joe Young,'' which was also animated by O'Brien and helped to start the careers of several animators, including Ray Harryhausen, who came into his own in the 1950s. George Pal was the only stop-motion animator to produce a series of stop-motion animated cartoons for theatrical release, the ''Puppetoon'' series for Paramount, some of which were animated by Ray Harryhausen. Pal went on to produce several live-action special effects-laden feature films.\n\nStop motion animation reached the height of its popularity during the 1950s. The exploding popularity of science fiction films led to an exponential development in the field of special effects, and George Pal became the producer of several popular special effects-laden films.  Meanwhile, Ray Harryhausen's work on such films as ''Earth vs. the Flying Saucers, The Seventh Voyage of Sinbad'', and ''The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms'' drew in large crowds and encouraged the development of \"realistic\" special effects in films. These effects used many of the same techniques as cel animation, but still the two media did not often come together. Stop motion developed to the point where Douglas Trumbull's effects in ''2001: A Space Odyssey'' seemed lifelike to an unearthly degree.\n\nHollywood special effects continued to develop in a manner that largely avoided cel animation, though several memorable animated sequences were included in live-action feature films of the era. The most famous of these was a scene during the movie ''Anchors Aweigh'', in which actor Gene Kelly danced with an animated Jerry Mouse (of ''Tom and Jerry'' fame). But except for occasional sequences of this sort, the only real integration of cel animation into live-action films came in the development of animated credit and title sequences. Saul Bass' opening sequences for Alfred Hitchcock's films (including ''Vertigo'', ''North by Northwest'', and ''Psycho'') are highly praised, and inspired several imitators.\n\n===The wartime era===\n\nThe major Hollywood studios contributed greatly to the war effort, and their cartoon studios pitched in as well with various contributions. At the Fleischer studios, Popeye the Sailor joined the Navy and began fighting Nazis and \"Japs\"; while the Warner Bros. studio produced a series of ''Private Snafu'' instructional film cartoons especially for viewing by enlisted soldiers.\n"	"Decline of theatrical shorts"	"\n===DePatie-Freleng===\nThe 1960s saw some creative sparks in the theatrical film medium, in particular from DePatie-Freleng Enterprises. Their first and most successful project was animating the opening titles for the 1964 film, ''The Pink Panther'', starring Peter Sellers. The film and its animated sequences were so successful that United Artists commissioned the studio to produce a Pink Panther cartoon series. The first short, ''The Pink Phink'', won the Academy Award for Best Animated Short Film of 1964. The studio also produced other successful cartoon series such as ''The Inspector'' and ''The Ant and the Aardvark''.\n\nMeanwhile, Chuck Jones, who had been fired from Warner Bros., moved to MGM to produce thirty-four theatrical ''Tom and Jerry'' cartoons in late 1963. These cartoons were animated in his distinctive style, but they never quite matched the popularity of the Hanna-Barbera originals of the 1940s and 1950s heyday, However, they were more successful than the Gene Deitch ''Tom and Jerry'' shorts, which were produced overseas during 1961 and 1962.\n\nFrom 1964 to 1967 DePatie-Freleng produced ''Looney Tunes'' and ''Merrie Melodies'' shorts under contract with Warner Bros. These cartoons can be recognized easily because they use the modern abstract WB logos instead of the famous bullseye WB shield concentric circles. The studio also subcontracted 11 Road Runner cartoons to Format Films. DePatie-Freleng ceased production of ''Looney Tunes'' and moved to the San Fernando Valley in 1967 to continue production of their ''Pink Panther'' cartoons. In 1981, the studio was purchased by Marvel Comics and was renamed Marvel Productions.\n\n===Moving to the small screen===\nIn 1946 the animation union of the time negotiated a pay increase of 25%, making the cartoons more expensive to produce on a general basis. After the 1948 verdict following the Hollywood Antitrust case, there was no longer a booking guarantee on the theatres for cartoons from any of the studios, making it a more risky business and because of this less resources were invested in the theatrical shorts, causing a gradual decline. By the beginning of the 1960s, the medium of television was beginning to gain more momentum, and the animation industry began to change as a result. At the head of this change were the tandem of William Hanna and Joseph Barbera, the creators of ''Tom and Jerry.'' The new Hanna-Barbera utilized the limited animation style that UPA had pioneered. With this limited animation, Hanna and Barbera created several characters including ''Huckleberry Hound'', ''The Flintstones'', ''Yogi Bear'' and ''Top Cat''. With television's growing popularity, which included the saturday morning cartoons, a decline began in movie-going. To face the competition from TV, the theaters did what they could to reduce their own costs. One way of doing so was booking features only and avoiding the expenses of shorts, which were considered unnecessary and too expensive. Those few shorts that found their way to the theaters despite this are often viewed by critics as inferior to their predecessors.\n"	"Timeline"	"This is a timeline of American animation studios' active production of regularly released cartoon shorts for theatrical exhibition. Some studios continue to release animated shorts to theaters on an infrequent basis. The colors correspond to the animation studio's associated theatrical distributor.\n\n\n\n\n\n\nImageSize = width:1100 height:auto barincrement:20\nPlotArea = left:210 bottom:120 top:0 right:30\nAlignbars = justify\nDateFormat  = yyyy\nPeriod = from:1913 till:1980\nTimeAxis = orientation:horizontal format:yyyy\nLegend = orientation:vertical position:bottom columns:4\nScaleMajor = increment:4 start:1913\nScaleMinor = increment:4 start:1915\n\nColors =\n\n id:BuenaVista  value:darkblue   legend:Buena_Vista\n id:Fox         value:yellow     legend:Fox_Films/20th_Century_Fox\n id:Columbia    value:purple     legend:Columbia_Pictures\n id:Educational value:black      legend:Educational_Pictures\n id:MGM         value:pink       legend:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer\n id:RKO         value:green      legend:RKO_Radio_Pictures\n id:Paramount   value:blue       legend:Paramount_Pictures\n id:Pathe       value:brightgreen legend:Path\u00e9_Exchange\n id:UA          value:skyblue    legend:United_Artists\n id:Universal   value:orange     legend:Universal_Studios\n id:WB          value:red        legend:Warner_Brothers\n id:Winkler     value:lightpurple legend:Winkler_Pictures\n id:Other       value:gray(0.8)  legend:Other_Distributors\n id:time        value:gray(0.9)\n\nBarData =\n  \n   bar:Barre        text:\"Barr\u00e9 Studio/Barr\u00e9-Bowers Studio\"\n   bar:Bray         text:\"Bray Productions\"\n   bar:IFS          text:\"International Film Service\"\n   bar:Sullivan     text:\"Pat Sullivan Studio\"\n   bar:VanBeuren    text:\"Fables Studios/Van Beuren Studios\"\n   bar:Terry        text:\"Paul Terry Productions\"\n   bar:Fleischer    text:\"Inkwell Studios/Fleischer Studios\"\n   bar:Famous       text:\"Famous Studios\"\n   bar:Disney       text:\"Walt Disney Studios\"\n   bar:Mintz        text:\"Winkler/Mintz/Columbia Screen Gems\"\n   bar:UPA          text:\"United Productions of America (UPA)\"\n   bar:WB           text:\"Leon Schlesinger/Warner Brothers\"\n   bar:MGM          text:\"Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM)\"\n   bar:Lantz        text:\"Walter Lantz Productions\"\n   bar:DePatie      text:\"DePatie-Freleng Enterprises\"\n   bar:Iwerks       text:\"Ub Iwerks Studio\"\n   bar:Rembrandt        text:\"Rembrandt Films\"\n\nPlotData=\n\n  width:10 textcolor:black align:left anchor:from shift:(10,-4)\n  bar:Barre       from:1913 till:1916 color:Pathe\n  bar:Barre       from:1916 till:1918 color:Other\n  bar:Barre       from:1918 till:1923 color:Fox\n  bar:Barre       from:1923 till:1926 color:Other\n  bar:Bray        from:1913 till:1919 color:Paramount\n  bar:Bray        from:1919 till:1926 color:Other\n  bar:IFS         from:1915 till:1916 color:Other\n  bar:IFS         from:1916 till:1917 color:Pathe\n  bar:IFS         from:1917 till:1919 color:Educational\n  bar:Sullivan    from:1916 till:1919 color:Universal\n  bar:Sullivan    from:1919 till:1922 color:Paramount\n  bar:Sullivan    from:1922 till:1925 color:Winkler\n  bar:Sullivan    from:1925 till:1928 color:Educational\n  bar:Sullivan    from:1928 till:1930 color:Other\n  bar:VanBeuren   from:1921 till:1929 color:Pathe\n  bar:VanBeuren   from:1929 till:1936 color:RKO\n  bar:Fleischer   from:1921 till:1927 color:other\n  bar:Fleischer   from:1927 till:1942 color:Paramount\n  bar:Famous      from:1942 till:1967 color:Paramount\n  bar:Disney      from:1921 till:1923 color:Other\n  bar:Disney      from:1923 till:1927 color:Winkler\n  bar:Disney      from:1927 till:1928 color:Universal\n  bar:Disney      from:1928 till:1929 color:Other\n  bar:Disney      from:1929 till:1932 color:Columbia\n  bar:Disney      from:1932 till:1937 color:UA\n  bar:Disney      from:1937 till:1956 color:RKO\n  bar:Disney      from:1956 till:1969 color:BuenaVista\n  bar:Mintz       from:1925 till:1928 color:Winkler\n  bar:Mintz       from:1928 till:1929 color:Universal\n  bar:Mintz       from:1929 till:1946 color:Columbia\n  bar:UPA         from:1948 till:1959 color:Columbia\n  bar:Terry       from:1930 till:1968 color:Fox\n  bar:Lantz       from:1929 till:1947 color:Universal\n  bar:Lantz       from:1947 till:1948 color:UA\n  bar:Lantz       from:1950 till:1972 color:Universal\n  bar:Iwerks      from:1930 till:1934 color:MGM\n  bar:Iwerks      from:1934 till:1936 color:Other \n  bar:MGM         from:1934 till:1958 color:MGM\n  bar:WB          from:1930 till:1964 color:WB\n  bar:DePatie     from:1964 till:1967 color:WB\n  bar:DePatie     from:1967 till:1980 color:UA\n  bar:WB          from:1967 till:1969 color:WB\n  bar:MGM         from:1963 till: 1967 color:MGM\n  bar:Rembrandt from:1961 till: 1962 color:MGM\n  bar:Rembrandt from:1962 till: 1967 color:Paramount\nLineData =\n at:1915 color:time layer:back\n at:1920 color:time layer:back\n at:1925 color:time layer:back\n at:1930 color:time layer:back\n at:1935 color:time layer:back\n at:1940 color:time layer:back\n at:1945 color:time layer:back\n at:1950 color:time layer:back\n at:1955 color:time layer:back\n at:1960 color:time layer:back\n at:1965 color:time layer:back\n at:1970 color:time layer:back\n at:1980 color:time layer:back\n\n"	"See also"	"* History of animation\n* Animated cartoon\n* List of animation shorts\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Sources"	"* Barrier, Michael (1999): ''Hollywood Cartoons''. Oxford University Press.\n* Maltin, Leonard (1987): ''Of Mice and Magic: A History of American Animated Cartoons''. Penguin Books.\n* Solomon, Charles (1994): ''The History of Animation: Enchanted Drawings''. Outlet Books Company.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Grammy Award for Best Album Notes"	"Introduction"	"The Grammy Award for '''Best Album Notes''' has been presented since 1964. From 1973 to 1976, a separate award was presented for Best Album Notes - Classical. Those awards are listed under those years below. The award recognizes albums with excellent liner notes. It is presented to the liner notes author(s), not to the artists or performers on the winning work, except if the artist is also the liner notes author.\n\nYears reflect the year in which the Grammy Awards were presented, for works released in the previous year.\n"	"2010s"	"{| class=wikitable\n\nYear\nWinner\nNominations\n\n2017\nKen Bloom & Richard Carlin for ''Sissle And Blake Sing Shuffle Along'', performed by Eubie Blake & Noble Sissle (Harbinger/Musical Theater Project)\n\n\n* Mikal Gilmore for ''The Complete Monument & Columbia Albums Collection'', performed by Kris Kristofferson (Legacy)\n* Ted Olson & Tony Russell for ''The Knoxville Sessions, 1929-1930: Knox County Stomp'', performed by Various Artists (Bear Family)\n* Rob Sevier & Ken Shipley for ''Ork Records: New York, New York'', performed by Various Artists (Numero)\n* Richard Martin for ''Waxing the Gospel: Mass Evangelism and the Phonograph, 1890-1900'', performed by Various Artists (Archeophone)\n\n2016\nJoni Mitchell for ''Love Has Many Faces: A Quartet, A Ballet, Waiting To Be Danced'', performed by Joni Mitchell (Rhino)\n\n* James P. Leary for ''Folksongs of Another America: Field Recordings from the Upper Midwest, 1937-1946'', performed by Various Artists (Dust-To-Digital/University of Wisconsin Press)\n* Jeff Place for ''Lead Belly: The Smithsonian Folkways Collection'', performed by Lead Belly (Smithsonian Folkways)\n* Ted Olson for ''Portrait of an American Singer'', performed by Tennessee Ernie Ford (Bear Family)\n* Ryan Barna for ''Songs of the Night: Dance Recordings, 1916-1925'', performed by Joseph C. Smith's Orchestra (Archeophone)\n\n2015\nAshley Kahn for ''Offering: Live at Temple University'', performed by John Coltrane (Resonance/Impulse)\n\n* David Sager for ''Happy: The 1920 Rainbo Orchestra Sides'', performed by Isham Jones Rainbo Orchestra (Archeophone)\n* Alec Palao for ''I'm Just Like You: Sly's Stone Flower 1969-70'', performed by Various Artists (Light In The Attic)\n* Scott B. Bomar for ''The Other Side of Bakersfield: 1950s & 60s Boppers and Rockers from 'Nashville West''', performed by Various Artists (Bear Family)\n* Jon Kirby for ''Purple Snow: Forecasting the Minneapolis Sound'', performed by Various Artists (Numero)\n* Scott Blackwood for ''The Rise & Fall of Paramount Records, Volume One (1917-27)'', performed by Various Artists (Third Man/Revenant)\n\n2014\nNeil Tesser for ''Afro Blue Impressions (Remastered and Expanded)'', performed by John Coltrane (Pablo/Concord)\n\n* Ben Young for ''Call it Art 1964-1965'', performed by the New York Art Quartet (Triple Point)\n* Alec Palao for ''Electric Music for the Mind and Body'', performed by Country Joe & the Fish (Ace/Vanguard)\n* Jonathan Cott for ''Stravinsky: Le Sacre du Printemps'', performed by Leonard Bernstein and the New York Philharmonic (Sony Classical)\n* Sean Wilentz for ''360 Sound: The Columbia Records Story'', performed by Various Artists (Columbia)\n* Nathan Salsburg for ''Work Hard, Play Hard, Pray Hard: Hard Time, Good Time & End Time Music 1923-1936'', performed by Various Artists (Tompkins Square)\n\n2013\nBilly Vera for ''Singular Genius: The Complete ABC Singles'', performed by Ray Charles (Concord)\n\n* Stephen Wade for ''Banjo Diary: Lessons From Tradition'', performed by Stephen Wade (Smithsonian Folkways)\n* Hans Olof Gottfridsson for ''First Recordings: 50th Anniversary Edition'', performed by The Beatles and Tony Sheridan (Time Life)\n* Holly George-Warren for ''The Pearl Sessions'', performed by Janis Joplin (Sony Legacy)\n* Fernando Gonzalez for ''Piazzolla in Brooklyn'', performed by the Pablo Aslan Quintet (Soundbrush)\n\n2012\nAdam Machado for ''Hear Me Howling!: Blues, Ballads & Beyond as Recorded by the San Francisco Bay by Chris Strachwitz in the 1960s'', performed by Various Artists (Arhoolie)\n\n* Neil Diamond for ''The Bang Years 1966-1968'', performed by Neil Diamond (Columbia)\n* Ted Olson and Tony Russell for ''The Bristol Sessions 1927-1928: The Big Bang of Country Music'', performed by Various Artists (Bear Family)\n* Ken Shipley for ''Complete Mythology'', performed by Syl Johnson (Numero)\n* Alec Palao for ''The Music City Story: Street Corner Doo Wop, Raw R&B and Soulful Sounds From Berkeley, California 1950-75'', performed by Various Artists (Ace)\n\n2011\nRobert Gordon for ''Keep an Eye on the Sky'', performed by Big Star (Rhino)\n\n* Gage Averill for ''Alan Lomax in Haiti: Recordings for the Library of Congress, 1936-1937'', performed by Various Artists (Harte)\n* Ashley Kahn for ''Side Steps'', performed by John Coltrane (Prestige)\n* Doug Seroff for ''There Breathes a Hope: The Legacy of John Work II and His Fisk Jubilee Quartet, 1909-1916'', performed by Fisk University Jubilee Quartet (Archeophone)\n* Will Sheff for ''True Love Cast Out All Evil'', performed by Roky Erickson with Okkervil River (ANTI-)\n\n2010\nDan Morgenstern for ''The Complete Louis Armstrong Decca Sessions (1935-1946)'', performed by Louis Armstrong (Mosaic)\n\n* Mark Berresford for ''Dance-O-Mania: Harry Yerkes and the Dawn of the Jazz Age, 1919-1923'', performed by The Happy Six (Rivermont)\n* Douglas Brinkley and Johnny Depp for ''Gonzo: The Life and Work of Dr. Hunter S. Thompson\u2014Music from the Film'', performed by Various Artists (Legacy)\n* Ed Cray and Bill Nowlin for ''My Dusty Road'', performed by Woody Guthrie (Rounder)\n* Lloyd Ecker and Susan Ecker for ''Origins of the Red Hot Mama, 1910-1922'', performed by Sophie Tucker (Archeophone)\n\n"	"2000s"	"{| class=wikitable\n\nYear\nWinner\nNominations\n\n2009\nFrancis Davis for ''Kind of Blue: 50th Anniversary Collector's Edition'', performed by Miles Davis (Columbia/Legacy)\n\n* Art Rosenbaum for ''Art of Field Recording Volume I: Fifty Years of Traditional American Music Documented by Art Rosenbaum'', performed by Various Artists (Dust-to-Digital)\n* Patrick Feaster and David Giovannoni for ''Debate '08: Taft and Bryan Campaign on the Edison Phonograph'', performed by William Jennings Bryan and William Howard Taft (Archeophone)\n* David Ritz and Jerry Wexler for ''Rare & Unreleased Recordings from the Golden Reign of the Queen of Soul'', performed by Aretha Franklin (Rhino/Atlantic)\n* Henry \"Hank\" Sapoznik for ''The Unsung Father of Country Music: 1925-1934'', performed by Ernest V. Stoneman (5-String)\n\n2008\nBruce Nemerov for ''John Work III: Recording Black Culture'', performed by Various Artists (Spring Fed)\n\n* Patrick Feaster and David Giovannoni for ''Actionable Offenses: Indecent Phonograph Recordings from the 1890s'', performed by Various Artists (Archeophone)\n* Loren Schoenberg for ''Classic Chu Berry Columbia and Victor Sessions'', performed by Chu Berry (Mosaic)\n* David Sager for ''Off the Record: The Complete 1923 Jazz Band Recordings'', performed by King Oliver's Creole Jazz Band (Off The Record)\n* Ricky Jay for ''Ricky Jay Plays Poker'', performed by Various Artists (Octone/Legacy)\n\n2007\nDan Morgenstern for ''If You Got To Ask, You Ain't Got It!'', performed by Fats Waller (Bluebird/Legacy)\n\n* Marshall Wyatt for ''Good for What Ails You: Music of the Medicine Shows, 1926-1937'', performed by Various Artists (Old Hat)\n* Tim Brooks for ''Lost Sounds: Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry 1891-1922'', performed by Various Artists (Archeophone)\n* David Ritz and Ben Edmonds for ''Pirate Radio'', performed by The Pretenders (Rhino/Warner/Sire)\n* David Fricke for ''There Is a Season'', performed by The Byrds (Columbia/Legacy)\n\n2006\nAlan Lomax and John Szwed for ''The Complete Library of Congress Recordings'', performed by Jelly Roll Morton (Rounder)\n\n* Adam White for ''Heaven Must Have Sent You: The Holland/Dozier/Holland Story'', performed by Various Artists (Hip-O)\n* Patrick Carr for ''The Legend'', performed by Johnny Cash (Columbia/Legacy)\n* David Ritz for ''Pure Genius: The Complete Atlantic Recordings (1952-1959)'' performed by Ray Charles (Atlantic/Rhino/Warner)\n* Henry \"Hank\" Sapoznik for ''You Ain't Talkin' to Me: Charlie Poole and the Roots of Country Music'', performed by Charlie Poole and Various Artists (Columbia/Legacy)\n\n\n2005\nLoren Schoenberg for ''The Complete Columbia Recordings of Woody Herman and His Orchestra & Woodchoppers (1945-1947)'', performed by Woody Herman and His Orchestra (Mosaic)\n\n* Sean Wilentz for ''The Bootleg Series Vol. 6: Bob Dylan Live 1964, Concert at Philharmonic Hall'', performed by Bob Dylan (Columbia/Legacy)\n* Barry Alfonso for ''Carry It On'', performed by Peter, Paul and Mary (Rhino)\n* Paul Krassner for ''Let the Buyer Beware'', performed by Lenny Bruce (Shout! Factory)\n* Chris Morris for ''No Thanks! The 70's Punk Rebellion'', performed by Various Artists (Rhino)\n\n\n2004\nTom Piazza for ''Martin Scorsese Presents the Blues: A Musical Journey'', performed by Various Artists (Hip-O)\n\n* Loren Schoenberg for ''Count Basie and His Orchestra\u2014America's #1 Band! The Columbia Years'', performed by Count Basie and His Orchestra (Columbia/Legacy)\n* Ashley Kahn for ''Four Women: The Nina Simone Philips Recordings'', performed by Nina Simone (Verve)\n* Will Friedwald for ''Peggy Lee\u2014The Singles Collection'', performed by Peggy Lee (Capitol/EMI)\n* Daniel Wolff for ''Sam Cooke with The Soul Stirrers\u2014The Complete Specialty Records Recordings'', performed by Sam Cooke with The Soul Stirrers (Specialty)\n\n\n2003\nDavid Evans for ''Screamin' and Hollerin' the Blues: The Worlds of Charley Patton'', performed by Charlie Patton (Revenant)\n\n* Artie Shaw for ''Artie Shaw: Self Portrait'', performed by Artie Shaw (Bluebird/RCA)\n* Dennis McNally for ''The Golden Road (1965-1973)'', performed by the Grateful Dead (Rhino)\n* Will Friedwald for ''Frank Sinatra in Hollywood 1940-1964'', performed by Frank Sinatra (Reprise/Warner)\n* Tim Page for ''A State of Wonder: The Complete Goldberg Variations 1955 & 1981'', performed by Glenn Gould (Sony Classical)\n\n\n2002\nWalter Mosley for ''...And It's Deep Too! The Complete Warner Bros. Recordings (1968-1992)'', performed by Richard Pryor (Warner Archives/Rhino)Elijah Wald for ''Arhoolie Records 40th Anniversary Collection: 1960-2000 The Journey of Chris Strachwitz'', performed by Various Artists (Arhoolie)\n\n* Mari Evans for ''The Long Road Back To Freedom: An Anthology of Black Music'', performed by Various Artists (Buddha)\n* Gerald Early for ''Rhapsodies in Black: Music and Words from the Harlem Renaissance'', performed by Various Artists (Rhino)\n* Rob Bowman for ''The Stax Story'', performed by Various Artists (Stax)\n\n\n2001\nBob Blumenthal for ''The Complete Columbia Recordings 1955-1961'', performed by Miles Davis and John Coltrane (Columbia/Legacy)\n\n* Jeff Place for ''The Best of Broadside 1962-1988: Anthems of the American Underground from the Pages of Broadside Magazine'', performed by Various Artists (Smithsonian Folkways)\n* John Chilton for ''The Complete Lester Young Studio Sessions on Verve'', performed by Lester Young (Verve)\n* Bud Scoppa for ''Hotcakes & Outtakes: 30 Years of Little Feat'', performed by Little Feat (Rhino)\n* Dr. Demento for ''The Remains of Tom Lehrer'', performed by Tom Lehrer (Rhino)\n* Gerald Early for ''Yes I Can! The Sammy Davis Jr. Story'', performed by Sammy Davis, Jr. (Warner Archives/Rhino)\n\n\n2000\nBob Blumenthal for ''The Classic Quartet: The Complete Impulse! Recordings'', performed by John Coltrane (Impulse!)\n\n* Rick Bragg for ''Live at The Grand Ole Opry'', performed by Hank Williams (Mercury Nashville)\n* Rob Bowman for ''The Last Soul Company'', performed by Various Artists (Malaco)\n* Daniel Cooper for ''The Complete Country & Western Recordings (1959-1986)'', performed by Ray Charles (Rhino)\n* Marc Kirkeby for ''Sony Music 100 Years: Soundtrack for a Century'', performed by Various Artists (Sony)\n\n\n"	"1990s"	"{| class=wikitable\n\nYear\nWinner\nNominations\n\n1999\nBob Belden, Todd Coolman, and Michael Cuscuna for ''Miles Davis Quintet 1965-1968'', performed by the Miles Davis Quintet\n\n* Joel Dorn, Tom Dowd, Andrew Homzy, Patrick Milligan, Sue Mingus, Tina Marisa Rocchio, and Stefano Zenni for ''Passions of a Man: The Complete Atlantic Recordings 1956-1961'', performed by Charles Mingus\n* Daniel Cooper & Colin Escott for ''The Complete Hank Williams'', performed by Hank Williams\n* Bill Ivey, Bill C. Malone, Claudia Perry, John W. Rumble, and Ron Wynn for ''From Where I Stand: The Black Experience in Country Music'', performed by Various Artists\n* Sedgwick Clark, Barbara Haws, Kurt Masur, Alan Rich, Robert Sherman, and Steven Smolian for ''The Historic Broadcasts 1923 to 1987'', performed by the New York Philharmonic\n\n1998\nJohn Fahey, Luis Kemnitzer, Jon Pankake, Chuck Pirtle, Jeff Place, Neil V. Rosenberg, Luc Sante, Peter Stampfel, and Eric Von Schmidt for ''Anthology of American Folk Music'', performed by Various Artists\n\n* Robert Gordon for ''Anthology'', performed by Al Green\n* Ben Edmonds, Mark Kemp, Meegan Lee Ochs, and Michael Ventura for ''Farewells & Fantasies'', performed by Phil Ochs\n* Dave Alvin, James Austin, Bill Dahl, Ahmet Erteg\u00fcn, David Ritz, Billy Vera, and Jerry Wexler for ''Ray Charles Genius & Soul: The 50th Anniversary Collection'', performed by Ray Charles\n* Ian Whitcomb for ''Titanic: Music As Heard on the Fateful Voyage'', performed by Various Artists\n\n1997\nGeorge Avakian, Bob Belden, Bill Kirchner, and Phil Schaap for ''Miles Davis & Gil Evans: The Complete Columbia Studio Recordings'', performed by Miles Davis and Gil Evans\n\n* Will Friedwald, Dave Kapp, and Mel Torm\u00e9 for ''The Mel Torm\u00e9 Collection: 1944 - 1985'', performed by Mel Torm\u00e9\n* Lawrence Hoffman for ''Mean Old World: The Blues from 1940 to 1994'', performed by Various Artists\n* Will Friedwald for ''The Complete Capitol Singles Collection'', performed by Frank Sinatra\n* Chris Albertson for ''The Complete Recordings, Vol. 5'', performed by Bessie Smith\n\n1996\nRob Bowman for ''The Complete Stax/Volt Soul Singles, Vol. 3: 1972-1975'', performed by Various Artists\n\n* Geoffrey Mark Fidelman and James Gavin for ''Ella: The Legendary Decca Recordings'', performed by Ella Fitzgerald\n* John Fricke for ''25th Anniversary: Retrospective'', performed by Judy Garland\n* Dan Morgenstern for ''I'll Be Seeing You: A Tribute to Carmen McRae'', performed by Carmen McRae\n* Dan Morgenstern for ''Let's Do It: Best of the Verve Years'', performed by Louis Armstrong\n\n1995\nDan Morgenstern and Loren Schoenberg for ''Louis Armstrong: Portrait of the Artists as a Young Man, 1923-1934'', performed by Louis Armstrong\n\n* Yves Beauvais, Don Cherry, Ornette Coleman, and Robert Palmer for ''Beauty Is A Rare Thing: The Complete Atlantic Recordings'', performed by Ornette Coleman\n* Francis Pandras, Celia Powell, Peter Pullman, Sonny Rollins, and Horace Silver for ''The Complete Bud Powell on Verve'', performed by Bud Powell\n* Carol Cooper, Steven Greenberg, and Jaime Wolf for ''Otis! The Definitive'', performed by Otis Redding\n* Peter Guralnick for ''Sam Cooke's SAR Records Story 1959-1965'', performed by Various Artists\n\n1994\nBuck Clayton, Phil Schaap, and Joel E. Siegel for ''The Complete Billie Holliday on Verve 1945-1959'', performed by Billie Holiday\n\n* Colin Escott for ''King of the Blues'', performed by B. B. King\n* Orrin Keepnews and Jim Ferguson for ''The Complete Riverside Recordings'', performed by Wes Montgomery\n* Peter Guralnick for ''From Nashville to Memphis: The Essential 60s Masters'', performed by Elvis Presley\n* Alan Lomax and Robert Palmer for ''Songs of the South: A Musical Journey from the Georgia Sea Islands to the Mississippi Delta Recorded in the Field by Alan Lomax'', performed by Various Artists\n\n1993\nDave Marsh, Jerry Wexler, David Ritz, Thulani Davis, Ahmet Erteg\u00fcn, Tom Down, and Arif Mardin for ''Queen of Soul: The Atlantic Recordings'', performed by Aretha Franklin\n\n* Will Friedwald and Dick Katz for ''The Complete Capitol Recordings of the Nat King Cole Trio'', performed by the Nat King Cole Trio\n* Peter Guralnick for ''The King of Rock 'n' Roll: The Complete 50s Masters'', performed by Elvis Presley\n* Pete Welding and Lawrence Cohn for ''Roots n' Blues the Retrospective (1925-1950)'', performed by Various Artists\n* Robert Kimball and Richard Sudhalter for ''You're the Top: Cole Porter in the 1930s'', performed by Various Artists\n\n1992\nJames Brown, Cliff White, Harry Weinger, Nelson George, and Alan M. Leeds for ''Star Time'', performed by James Brown\n\n* John Bauldie for ''The Bootleg Series Volumes 1\u20133 (Rare & Unreleased) 1961\u20131991'', performed by Bob Dylan\n* Rob Bowman for ''The Complete Stax/Volt Singles 1959-1968'', performed by Various Artists\n* Colin Escott for ''The Original Singles Collection . . . Plus'', performed by Hank Williams\n* Robert Palmer for ''The Birth of Soul'', performed by Ray Charles\n\n1991\nDan Morgenstern for ''Brownie: The Complete Emarcy Recordings of Clifford Brown'', performed by Clifford Brown\n\n* Mary Katherine Aldin and Robert Palmer for ''Muddy Waters: The Chess Box'', performed by Muddy Waters\n* Gary Giddons for ''Art Pepper: The Complete Galaxy Recordings'', performed by Art Pepper\n* Robert Palmer for ''Bo Diddley: The Chess Box'', performed by Bo Diddley\n* David Perry for ''The Jack Kerouac Collection'', performed by Jack Kerouac\n\n1990\nPhil Schaap for ''Bird: The Complete Charlie Parker on Verve'', performed by Charlie Parker\n\n* Dwight Blocker Bowers for ''American Musical Theatre: Shows, Songs and Stars'', performed by Various Artists\n* Gene Lees for ''The Complete Fantasy Recordings'' performed by Bill Evans\n* Howard Wright Marshall, Amy E. Skillman, and Charles Walden for ''Now That's a Good Tune'', performed by Masters of Traditional Missouri Fiddling\n* Martin Williams, Dick Katz & Francis Davis for ''Jazz Piano 1898-1964'', performed by Various Artists\n\n"	"1980s"	"{| class=wikitable\n\nYear\nWinner\nNominations\n\n1989\nAnthony DeCurtis for ''Crossroads'' performed by Eric Clapton\n\n* John Edward Hasse for ''The Classic Hoagy Carmichael'', performed by Hoagy Carmichael\n* Mike Kreuger for ''Show Boat'', performed by Frederica von Stade, Jerry Hadley, Teresa Stratas, Nancy Culp & Lillian Gish with John McGlinn conducting the London Sinfonietta\n* Dan Morgenstern for ''The Complete Commodore Jazz Recordings, Volume 1'', performed by Various Artists\n* Vaughn Webb for ''Virginia Tradition: Southwest Virginia Blues'', performed by Various Artists\n\n1988\nOrrin Keepnews for ''The Complete 1957 Riverside Recordings'', performed by Thelonious Monk\n\n* Peter Guralnick for ''The Complete Sun Sessions'', performed by Elvis Presley\n* Nolan Porterfield for ''Jimmie Rodgers on Record: America's Blue Yodeler'', performed by Jimmie Rodgers\n* Mark Tucker for ''Singers and Soloists of the Swing Bands'', performed by Various Artists\n* Charles K. Wolfe for ''The Bristol Sessions'', performed by Various Artists\n\n1987\nGary Giddins, Wilfrid Sheed, Jonathan Schwartz, Murray Kempton, Andrew Sarris, Stephen Holden, and Frank Conroy for ''The Voice: The Columbia Years 1943\u20131952'', performed by Frank Sinatra\n\n* Cameron Crowe for ''Biograph'', performed by Bob Dylan\n* Richard Freed & Peter Eliot Stone for ''Virtuosi (Smithsonian Productions)'', performed by Various Artists\n* David Hall, John Stratton, Tom Owen, Robert Tuggle, and David Hamilton for ''The Mapleson Cylinders'', performed by the Metropolitan Opera\n* Lenny Kaye for ''Elektrock: The Sixties'', performed by Various Artists\n\n1986\nPeter Guralnick for ''Live at the Harlem Square Club, 1963'', performed by Sam Cooke\n\n* Lenny Kaye for ''Bleecker and McDougal: The Folk Scene of the 1960s'', performed by Various Artists\n* Lenny Kaye for ''Crossroads: White Blues in the 1960s'', performed by Various Artists\n* James R. Morris, J.R. Taylor, and Dwight Blocker Bowers for ''American Popular Song'', performed by Various Artists\n* Neil Tesser for ''The Girl from Ipanema: The Bossa Nova Years'', performed by Stan Getz\n\n1985\nGunther Schuller and Martin Williams for ''Big Band Jazz'', performed by Various Artists\n\n* Glenn Hinson for ''Virginia Traditions Work Songs'', performed by Various Artists\n* Grover Sales for ''Amadeus'' (original soundtrack album), performed by Neville Marriner conducting the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields\n* James Sundquist for ''An Anthology of Sacred Carols for Classical Guitar'', performed by James Sundquist\n* Z Factor and Lorene Lortie for ''A Golden Celebration'', performed by Elvis Presley\n\n1984\nOrrin Keepnews for ''The \"Interplay\" Sessions'', performed by Bill Evans\n\n* Lester Bangs for ''The Fugs Greatest Hits, Volume 1'', performed by The Fugs\n* Peter Guralnick for ''The Okeh Sessions'', performed by Big Maybelle\n* Richard B. Hadlock for ''Giants of Jazz: Joe Sullivan'', performed by Joe Sullivan\n* John McDonough for ''Seven Come Eleven'', performed by Benny Goodman\n\n1983\nJohn Chilton and Richard Sudhalter for ''Giants of Jazz: Bunny Berigan'', performed by Bunny Berigan\n\n* Gary Giddins for ''Duke Ellington 1941'', performed by Duke Ellington & His Orchestra\n* Thornton Hagert for ''An Experiment in Modern Music: Paul Whiteman at Aeolian Hall'', performed by Paul Whiteman\n* William Ivey for ''The Greatest Country Music Recordings of All Time'', performed by Various Artists\n* William Ivey and Bob Pinson for ''60 Years of Country Music'', performed by Various Artists\n* Robert Palmer for ''Young Blood'', performed by The Coasters\n\n1982\nDan Morgenstern for ''Erroll Garner: Master of the Keyboard'', performed by Erroll Garner\n\n* C.P. Crumpacker for ''The Mario Lanza Collection'', performed by Mario Lanza\n* John McDonough for ''Giants of Jazz: Pee Wee Russell'', performed by Pee Wee Russell\n* David Thompson and Philip W. Payne for ''Giants of Jazz: Fats Waller'', performed by Fats Waller\n* Dick Wellstood, Willa Rouder, and Frank Kappler for ''Giants of Jazz: James P. Johnson'', performed by James P. Johnson\n\n1981\nDavid McClintock for ''Trilogy: Past Present Future'', performed by Frank Sinatra\n\n* David Evans and Bruce Bastin for ''Atlanta Blues: 1933'', performed by Blind Willie McTell, Curley Weaver and Buddy Moss\n* Lauren Lortie for ''Elvis Aron Presley'', performed by Elvis Presley\n* John McDonough and Richard M. Sudhalter for ''Giants of Jazz: Lester Young'', performed by Lester Young\n* Dan Morgenstern for ''Chicago Concert 1956'', performed by Louis Armstrong\n\n1980\nBob Porter & James Patrick for ''Charlie Parker: The Complete Savoy Sessions'', performed by Charlie Parker\n\n* Melvin Maddocks for ''Giants of Jazz: Billie Holiday'', performed by Billie Holiday\n* Dan Morgenstern and Stanley Dance for ''Giants of Jazz: Duke Ellington'', performed by Duke Ellington\n* Dick Schory for ''The Magical Music of Walt Disney'' by Various Artists\n* Richard M. Sudhalter for ''Hoagy Carmichael: A Legendary Performer and Composer'', performed by Hoagy Carmichael\n\n"	"1970s"	"{| class=wikitable\n\nYear\nWinner\nNominations\n\n1979\nMichael Brooks for ''A Bing Crosby Collection, Volumes 1 and 2'', performed by Bing Crosby\n\n* Irving Kolodin and William Bender for ''Beethoven: Symphonies (9)'', performed by Herbert von Karajan conducting the Berlin Philharmonic\n* Leonard Feather for ''Ellington at Carnegie Hall \u2013 1943'', performed by Duke Ellington\n* Alan Lomax for ''Georgia Sea Island Songs'', performed by Various Artists\n* Dan Morgenstern for ''The Individualism of Pee Wee Russell'', performed by Pee Wee Russell\n* Phil David Baker and R.D. Darell for ''Works of Carpenter/Gilbert/Adolph Weiss/Powell'', performed by the Los Angeles Philharmonic\n\n1978\nGeorge T. Simon for ''Bing Crosby: A Legendary Performer'', performed by Bing Crosby\n\n* Chris Albertson for ''Stormy Blues'', performed by Billie Holiday\n* Michael Brooks for ''The Lester Young Story, Volume 1'', performed by Lester Young\n* George T. Simon for ''Guy Lombardo: A Legendary Performer'', performed by Guy Lombardo\n* Patrick Snyder for ''Flight Log'', performed by Jefferson Airplane\n\n1977\nDan Morgenstern for ''The Changing Face of Harlem: Savoy Sessions'', performed by Various Artists\n\n* George R. Marek for ''Beethoven: The Five Piano Concertos'', performed by Daniel Barenboim conducting the London Philharmonic Orchestra with a solo by Arthur Rubinstein\n* Douglas B. Green for ''The Blue Sky Boys'', performed by The Blue Sky Boys\n* Francis Robinson for ''Caruso: A Legendary Performer'', performed by Enrico Caruso\n* Mort Goode for ''The Complete Tommy Dorsey, Volume 1 \u2013 1935'', performed by Tommy Dorsey\n\n1976 (Classical)\nGunther Schuller for ''Footlifters: A Century of American Marches'', performed by Gunther Schuller conducting the All-Star Band\n\n* Rudi Blesh for ''Joplin: The Complete Works'', performed by Dick Hyman\n* Laszlo Eosze for ''Kod\u00e1ly: Orchestral Works'', performed by Antal Dor\u00e1ti conducting the Philharmonia Hungarica\n* Rory Guy and Itzhak Perlman for ''Joplin: The Easy Winners'' with solos by Itzhak Perlman and Andr\u00e9 Previn\n* Rory Guy for ''Gershwin: Gershwin's Wonderful'' with solos by Ralph Grierson & Artie Kane\n* James H. Moore for ''Gagliano: La Dafne'', performed by Paul Vorwerk conducting the Musica Pacifica\n* Christopher Palmer for ''Korngold: Die Tote Stadt'', performed by Erich Leinsdorf conducting the Munich Radio Orchestra with solos by Ren\u00e9 Kollo, Carol Neblett, Hermann Prey & Benjamin Luxon\n* Judith Robison for ''The English Harpsichord'', performed by William Byrd, Giles Farnaby and others with a solo by Igor Kipnis\n* H.C. Robbins Landon for ''Haydn: Symphonies 93\u2013104'', performed by Antal Dor\u00e1ti conducting the Philharmonia Hungarica\n\n1976 (Non-Classical)\nPete Hamill for ''Blood on the Tracks'', performed by Bob Dylan\n\n* Ralph J. Gleason for ''The Real Lenny Bruce'', performed by Lenny Bruce, Benny Green for ''The Tatum Solo Masterpieces'', performed by Art Tatum, Tom T. Hall for ''Greatest Hits, Volume 2'', performed by Tom T. Hall, George T. Simon for ''Glenn Miller: A Legendary Performer'', performed by Glenn Miller & His Orchestra\n\n1975 (Classical)\nRory Guy for ''The Classic Erich Wolfgang Korngold'', conducted by Willy Mattes with a solo by Ulf Hoelscher\n\n* David Cairns for ''Berlioz: The Damnation of Faust'', performed by Colin Davis conducting the London Symphony Orchestra\n* Deryck Cooke for ''Mahler: Symphony No. 10'', performed by Wyn Morris conducting the New Philharmonic Orchestra\n* Donald Garvelmann for ''Scriabin: Piano Music (Complete), Volume 2'', performed by Various Artists\n* George Jellinek for ''Humperdinck: H\u00e4nsel und Gretel'', performed by Kurt Eichhorn conducting the Bavarian Radio Orchestra with solos by Anna Moffo & Helen Donath\n* Irving Kolodin for ''Verdi: I Vespri Siciliani'', performed by James Levine conducting the New Philharmonia Orchestra\n* Christopher Palmer for ''Herrmann: Citizen Kane'', performed by Charles Gerhardt conducting the National Philharmonic Orchestra\n* Wolfram Schwinger for ''Weber: Der Freisch\u00fctz'', conducted by Erich Kleiber\n* Erik Smith for ''Mozart: Don Giovanni'', performed by Colin Davis conducting the Royal Opera House Chorus and Orchestra\n* Clair W. Van Ausdall for ''Rachmaninov: The Bells and 3 Russian Songs'', performed by Eugene Ormandy conducting the Temple University Choirs\n\n1975 (Non-Classical)\nCharles R. Townsend, ''For the Last Time'', performed by Bob Wills & His Texas PlayboysDan Morgenstern for ''The Hawk Flies'', performed by Coleman Hawkins\n\n* Rudy Behlmer for ''50 Years of Film Music'', performed by Various Artists\n* Ralph J. Gleason for ''The Pianist'', performed by Duke Ellington\n* J.R. Young for ''The World is Still Waiting for the Sunrise'', performed by Les Paul and Mary Ford\n\n1974 (Classical)\nGlenn Gould for ''Hindemith: Sonatas for Piano Complete'', performed by the Villa Musica Ensemble\n\n* Misha Donat for ''Berio: Recital 1 (\"For Cathy\")'', performed by Luciano Berio conducting the London Sinfonietta with a solo by Cathy Berberian\n* Tom Eastwood for ''The Woods So Wild'', performed by Julian Bream\n* Irving Kolodin for ''Dvor\u00e1k: Piano Quartet in E Flat Major, Op. 87'', performed by the Guarneri Quartet with a solo by Arthur Rubinstein\n* Harvey Phillips for ''Bizet: Carmen'', performed by Leonard Bernstein conducting the Metropolitan Opera with solos by Marilyn Horne, James McCracken, Andriana Maliponte, and Tom Krause\n* Alan Rich for ''Rachmaninov: Concerto No. 2 in C Minor for Piano'', performed by Eugene Ormandy conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra with a solo by Arthur Rubinstein\n* H.C. Robbins Landon for Haydn: Symphony No. 36 and Symphony No. 48, performed by Antal Dor\u00e1ti conducting the Philharmonia Hungarica\n* H.C. Robbins Landon for Haydn: Symphony No. 20 in C Major and Symphony No. 35 in B Flat Major, performed by Antal Dor\u00e1ti conducting the Philharmonia Hungarica\n* Erik Smith for ''Bach: Brandenburg Concertos'', performed by Neville Marriner conducting the Academy of St. Martin in the Fields\n* Clair Van Ausdall for ''Debussy: La mer/Pr\u00e9lude \u00e0 l'apr\u00e8s-midi d'un faune''\n* ''Ravel: Daphnis et Chlo\u00e9, Suite No. 2'', performed by Eugene Ormandy conducting the Philadelphia Orchestra\n\n1974 (Non-Classical)\nDan Morgenstern for ''God Is in the House'', performed by Art Tatum\n\n* Stan Cornyn for ''Ol\u2019 Blue Eyes Is Back'', performed by Frank Sinatra\n* Chet Flippo for ''Lonesome, On'ry and Mean'', performed by Waylon Jennings\n* William Ivey for ''This is Jimmie Rodgers'', performed by Jimmie Rodgers\n* Lionel Newman for ''Remember Marilyn'', performed by Marilyn Monroe\n\n1973 (Classical)\nJames Lyons for ''Vaughn Williams: Symphony No. 2 (\"A London Symphony\")'', performed by Andr\u00e9 Previn conducting the London Symphony Orchestra\n\n* David Cairns for ''Berlioz: Benvenuto Cellini'', performed by Colin Davis conducting the London Symphony Orchestra\n* Tom Eastwood for ''Julian and John'', performed by Julian Bream & John Williams\n* Karolynne Gee for ''Michael Rabin: In Memoriam'', performed by Michael Rabin\n* H.C. Robbins Landon for ''Haydn: Symphonies (Complete), Volumes 4 and 5'', performed by Antal Dor\u00e1ti conducting the Philharmonia Hungarica\n* Sacheverell Sitwell for ''John Ogdon Plays Alkan'', performed by John Ogdon\n* Ursula Von Rauchhaupt for ''String Quartets of the New Viennesse School'', performed by La Salle Quartet\n\n1973 (Non-Classical)\nTom T. Hall for ''Tom T. Hall's Greatest Hits'', performed by Tom T. Hall\n\n* Michael Brooks for ''Super Chief'', performed by Count Basie\n* Albert Goldman for ''Lenny Bruce: Carnegie Hall'', performed by Lenny Bruce\n* Charles Mingus for ''Let My Children Hear Music'', performed by Charles Mingus\n* Dan Morgenstern for ''Bunny Berigan, His Trumpet and His Orchestra, Volume 1'', performed by Bunny Berigan\n\n1972\nSam Samudio for ''Sam, Hard and Heavy'', performed by Sam the Sham\n\n* Colman Andrews for ''Miles Davis'', performed by Miles Davis\n* Don Demichael for ''The Genius of Louis Armstrong'', performed by Louis Armstrong\n* Nat Hentoff for ''Louis Armstrong: July 4, 1900 \u2013 July 6, 1971'', performed by Louis Armstrong\n* James Lyons for ''Music of Varese'', performed by Konstantin Simonovitch conducting the Paris Instrumental Ensemble\n* Joshua Rifkin for ''Piano Rags by Scott Joplin'', performed by Rifkin\n* George T. Simon for ''This is Benny Goodman'', performed by Benny Goodman\n* Tom West for ''Honky Tonkin' with Charlie Walker'', performed by Charlie Walker\n\n1971\nChris Albertson for ''The World's Greatest Blues Singer'', performed by Bessie Smith\n\n* Billy Edd Wheeler for ''As I See It'', performed by Jack Moran\n* Ralph J. Gleason for ''Bitches Brew'', performed by Miles Davis\n* Rod McKuen for ''Hold Back the World'', performed by Alexander's Greyhound Bass, Anthony d'Oberoff for ''I Do Not Play No Rock and Roll'', performed by Mississippi Fred McDowell\n* Rex Reed for ''Judy. London. 1969.'', performed by Judy Garland\n* James Goodfriend for ''Sixteen All Time Greatest Hits'', performed by Bill Monroe and the Blue Grass Boys\n* Arthur Knight for ''They Shoot Horses, Don't They?'', performed by the John Green Orchestra\n\n1970\nJohnny Cash for ''Nashville Skyline'', performed by Bob Dylan\n\n* Joan Baez for ''David's Album'', performed by Joan Baez\n* John Dodds II for ''Chicago Mess Around'', performed by Johnny Dodds\n* John Hartford for ''John Hartford'', performed by John Hartford\n* Rex Reed for ''At Town Hall'', performed by Mabel Mercer and Bobby Short\n\n"	"1960s"	"{| class=wikitable\n\nYear\nWinner\nNominations\n\n1969\nJohnny Cash for ''At Folsom Prison'', performed by Johnny Cash\n\n* Stan Cornyn for ''Francis A. & Edward K.'', performed by Frank Sinatra and Duke Ellington\n* Miles Kreuger for ''Ethel Waters on Stage and Screen'', performed by Ethel Waters\n* Richard Oliver for ''Anthology of Indian Music, Volume 1'', performed by Ravi Shankar, Ali Akbar Kahn and Sundaram Balachander\n* Pete Seeger for ''Pete Seeger's Greatest Hits'', performed by Pete Seeger\n\n1968\nJohn D. Loudermilk for ''Suburban Attitudes in Country Verse'', performed by John D. Loudermilk\n\n* Stan Cornyn for ''Francis Albert Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim'', performed by Frank Sinatra & Antonio Carlos Jobim\n* Stanley Dance for ''The Far East Suite'', performed by Duke Ellington\n* Rory Guy for ''Extra Special!'', performed by Peggy Lee\n* Rod McKuen for ''The Earth'', performed by Rod McKuen with music by Anita Kerr\n* Richard Oliver for ''Listen!'', performed by Gary Lewis & the Playboys\n\n1967\nStan Cornyn for ''Sinatra at the Sands'', performed by Frank Sinatra\n\n* Harvey Cowen for ''Ben Colder Strikes Again'', performed by Ben Colder\n* Stanley Dance and Ralph J. Gleason for ''The Ellington Era, Volume 2'', performed by Duke Ellington\n* Fred W. Friendly for ''Edward R. Murrow: A Reporter Remembers, Vol. I\u2014The War Years''\n* Nelson Lyon for ''Doctor Zhivago'', performed by Maurice Jarre\n\n1966\nStan Cornyn for ''September of My Years'', performed by Frank Sinatra\n\n* Dom Cerulli for ''The Voice of the Uncommon Man'', performed by Adlai Stevenson\n* Stanley Dance for ''Grand Terrace Band'', performed by Earl Hines\n* Charles Lamb for ''Father and Son'', performed by Hank Williams and Hank Williams Jr.\n* Gustav Rudolf Sellner & Otto Gerdes for ''Berg: Wozzeck'', performed by Karl B\u00f6hm conducting the German Opera\n\n1965\nStanton Catlin and Carleton Beals for ''Mexico (Legacy Collection)'', performed by Carlos Ch\u00e1vez\n\n* Neville Cardus for ''Mahler: Symphony No. 5''\n* Berg: Wozzeck Excerpts with a solo by Phyllis Curtin, performed by Erich Leinsdorf conducting the Boston Symphony\n* Alexander Cohen for ''Beyond the Fringe '64'', performed by the original cast\n* Stan Getz, Jo\u00e3o Gilberto, and Gene Leess for ''Getz/Gilberto'', performed by Stan Getz and Jo\u00e3o Gilberto\n* Rory Guy for ''The Definitive Piaf'', performed by \u00c9dith Piaf\n* George Sponholtz for ''The Young Chevalier'', performed by Maurice Chevalier\n* Jack Tracy for ''Quincy Jones Explores the Music of Henry Mancini'', performed by Quincy Jones\n\n1964\nLeonard Feather and Stanley Dance for ''The Ellington Era'', performed by Duke Ellington\n\n* Edward Albee and Harold Clurman for ''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'', performed by the original cast\n* Harold Arlen for ''The Barbra Streisand Album'', performed by Barbra Streisand\n* Sidney Bock for ''An Evening of Elizabethan Music'', performed by the Julian Bream Consort\n* Bob Ballard for ''The Amazing Amanda Ambrose'', performed by Amanda Ambrose\n* Benjamin A. Botkin, Sylvester Vigilante, Harold Preece & James Horan for ''The Badmen'', performed by Pete Seeger and others\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n"
"Greenwich Cup"	"Introduction"	"The '''Greenwich Cup''' was a greyhound racing competition held annually from 1946 until 2003.\n\nIt was inaugurated in 1946 at New Cross Stadium  but following the closure of New Cross in 1969 it switched to Charlton Stadium. It only survived two years at Charlton because it also closed and the race found its final home at Catford Stadium in 1972.   When the Greyhound Racing Association shut down Catford in 2003 the race was discontinued.\n"	"Past winners"	"{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\"\n+\n\n Year !! Winner !! Breeding !! Trainer !! Time !! SP\n\n1946\t\nTrevs Castle\t\nCastledown Lad \u2013 Maries Treasure\t\nFred Trevillion (Private)\t\n24.25\t\n1-1f\n\n1947\t\nTrevs Castle\t\nCastledown Lad \u2013 Maries Treasure\t\nFred Trevillion (Private)\t\n24.31\t\n2-1\n\n1948\t\nBridget O\u2019Leer\t\nTrain \u2013 Baytown Daisy\t\nP Currie (Private)\t\n24.28\t\n20-1\n\n1949\t\nCameo Corner\t\nTanimon \u2013 Lovers Loan\t\nG Scadgell (Private)\t\n24.65\t\n100-6\n\n1950\t\nBelingas Fancy\t\nGrosvenor Flexion - Belinga\t\nRon Chamberlain (Private)\t\n24.44\t\n5-2\n\n1951\t\nMonachdy Mondays Flirt\t\nDaring Flash \u2013 Mondays Luck\t\nJimmy Jowett (Warrington)\t\n24.60\t\n5-1\n\n1952\t\nCinderellas Favourite\t\nBahs Choice \u2013 Printers Cinderella\t\nPaddy McEvoy (Private)\t\n24.72\t\n3-1\n\n1953\t\nJudy Luck\t\nTrevs Cutter \u2013 Queens Wood\t\nStan Martin (Wimbledon)\t\n24.13\t\n7-2\n\n1954\t\nCree Dusk\t\nHeavy Swell \u2013 Gala Beauty\t\nSidney Orton (Wimbledon)\t\n24.24\t\n5-4f\n\n1955\t\nClever Slipper\t\nBallylanigan Tanist \u2013 Smiling Amy \t\nI H Morse (Harringay)\t\n24.54\t\n3-1\n\n1956\t\nLady Linnett\t\nOllys Pal \u2013 Pride Of Castlerea\t\nJimmy Jowett (Clapton) \t\n24.10\t\n5-1\n\n1957\t\nSilver Strand\t\nHurry Abdul \u2013 Moody Dreamer\t\nDennis Hannafin (Wimbledon)\t\n24.21\t\n9-4\n\n1958\t\nPrecious Princess\t\nChampion Prince - Babsie\t\nDal Hawkesley (West Ham)\t\n23.98\t\n4-1\n\n1959\t\nMiss Cheerful\t\nCheerful Chariot \u2013 Miss Mink\t\nDave Geggus (Walthamstow)\t\n24.44\t\n1-2f\n\n1960\t\nCollettes Champion\t\nThaumaturgas \u2013 Freckled Lady\t\nLes Parry (White City - London)\t\n24.92\t\n100-6\n\n1961\t\nGlideaway Colleen\t\nSolar Prince \u2013 Glenaree Bluebell\t\nJoe Pickering (White City - London)\t\n24.34\t\n\n\n1962\t\nBeauties Dash\t\nRomantic Slievenamon \u2013 Bright Shock\t\nJohn Haynes (Private)\t\n24.23\t\n\n\n1963\t\nRosina\t\nIrish Quarter \u2013 Barbara Joan\t\nClare Orton (Wimbledon)\t\n24.07\t\n\n\n1964\t\nLady Dumper\t\nThe Grand Final \u2013 Susies Luck\t\nG Jackson (Private)\t\n23.77\t\n11-4\n\n1965\t\nBallyloo Hind\t\nHi There \u2013 Craan Majestic\t\nSid Ryall (Private)\t\n34.90\t\n\n\n1966\t\nLaughing Flame  \nPrairie Flash - Leading Rose\nPeter Collett (Private)\n36.24\n8-11f\n\n1967\t\nBettystown Lass\nWonder Valley - DunstownMayoress\nTerry O'Sullivan (Crayford)\n35.09\n\t10-1\n\n1968\t\nShady Bunny\nCrazy Parachute - Shady Contempera\nAdam Jackson (Clapton)\n35.18\t\n8-1\n\n1969\t\nAnnahope\nToast Again - Princess Hope\nPaddy McEllistrim (Wimbledon)\n35.24\t\n7-2jf\n\n1970\t\nWee Garryduff\nNewdown Heather - Marjorie\nTom Johnston Jr. (Wembley)\n34.58\n\t5-2\n\n1972\t\nMini Moose\nMoose Jet - Small Idea\nCharlie Coyle (Private)\n24.40\t\n10-11f\n\n1973\t\nBy Design\nKilbeg Kuda - Yellow Tape\nEmil Kovac (Private)\n23.77\t\n4-1\n\n1974\t\nHigh Priestess\nRussian Gun - Woodbrook Blonde\nJohn Horsfall (Catford)\n35.39\t\n1-1f\n\n1975\t\nMystery Careless\nCareless Black - Silly Monet\nFrank Melville (Harringay) \n35.81\n\t6-1\n\n1976\t\nParadise Peg\nCommutering - Rit Peg Princess\nTed Griffin (Private)\n34.82\t\n8-11f\n\n1977\t\nWeston Wonderful\nKilbelin Style - Trojan Silver\nReg Young (Bletchley) \n35.12\t\n4-1\n\n1978\t\nLoyal Katie\nLoyal Expert - Merry Pixie\nJohn Honeysett (Crayford) \n35.01\t\n2-5f\n\n1979\t\nHow Much\nMiles Apart - Wheatfield Crow\nPat Mullins (Private)\n36.09\t\n3-1\n\n1980\t\nWeston Bluebell\nClear Reason - Weston Star\nBarry Austin (Coventry)\n35.40\t\n8-1\n\n1981\t\nProhibition\nMoonshine Bandit - Glorious Day\nPat Mullins (Cambridge) \n35.85\t\n11-8f\n\n1982\t\nApapa Song\nLacca Champion - Lassinagh Style\nLinda Mullins (Cambridge) \n34.83\t\n1-1f\n\n1983\t\nCeili Lass\nCeili Band - Small Panda\nAdam Jackson (Wembley)\n35.37\t\n3-1\n\n1984\t\nIf So\nBlushing Spy - Ladys Pal\nSam Sykes (Wimbledon)\n35.50\n\t11-4f\n\n1985\t\nVelvet Vicky\nIvy Hall Solo - Check Style\nSam Sykes (Wimbledon)\n35.00\t\n11-10f\n\n1986\t\nBallyhaden Queen\nKnockrour Street - Sweeping Bally\nStan Gudgin (Harringay)\n35.18\t\n11-4\n\n1987\t\nAnneka\nSpartacus - Cobbling Rose\nTerry Dartnall (Wembley)\n34.84\t\n9-4jf\n\n1988\t\nCatch Ruby\nEasy And Slow - Catch Mint\nHarry White (Maidstone)\n34.96\t\n15-8\n\n1989\t\nAlley Bally\nAlleys Blue - Penmaric\nTerry Dartnall (Wembley)\n34.59\t\n4-7f\n\n1990\t\nRock On John\nCaptain Miller - Stakehill Fancy\nPaul Tompsett (Crayford)\n33.05\t\n10-1\n\n1991\t\nExpress Mail\nCurryhills Fox - Queen Of Hearts\nJohn Coleman (Walthamstow)\n35.13\t\n1-1f\n\n1992\t\nLiberal Girl\nEasy And Slow - Ballinvard Rose\nDerek Knight (Hove)\n34.84\t\n11-10f\n\n1993\t\nUnlikely\nTapwatcher - Mninga Multibet\nJohn McGee (Reading)\n34.92\t\n7-4\n\n1994\t\nWexford Minx\nManorville Major - Ballarue Suzy\nDerek Knight (Hove)\n34.70\t\n4-9f\n\n1995\t\nDeenside Joe\nWillie Joe - Deenside Sunset\nJohn Honeysett (Wembley)\n34.78\n\t4-1\n\n1996\t\nBarefoot Heix\nFrightful Flash - Barefoot Mandy\nPaddy Milligan (Catford)\n34.71\n\t6-1\n\n1997\t\nRoses Opinion\nLeaders Best - Yagoodthing\nMick Puzey (Walthamstow)\n35.04\n\t6-4f\n\n1998\t\nLenson Billy\nSlaneyside Hare - Ballydaly Flyer\nNorah McEllistrim (Wimbledon)\n34.85\n\t1-1f\n\n1999\t\nWestmead Leo\nShanless Slippy - Celtic Lady\nNick Savva (Milton Keynes)\n34.77\t\n20-1\n\n2000\t\nAllezViera\nFrightful Flash - Cool Rhythm\nJohn McGee Sr. (Private)\n35.07\t\n10-1\n\n2001\t\nKoko Casino\nSmall Fortune - Sonic Bluebell\nGerry Ballentine (Milton Keynes)\n34.86\n\t9-2\n\n2002\t\nDroopys Candice\nCome On Ranger - Droopys Chloe\nBrian Clemenson (Hove)\n34.53\t\n10-1\n\n2003\t\nShevchenko\nToms The Best - All Up Front\nSeamus Cahill (Wimbledon) \n35.04\t\n9-2\n\n"	" Venues & Distances "	"*1946-1968 \t(New Cross)\n*1969-1970 \t(Charlton) \n*1972-2003 \t(Catford)\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* British Greyhound Racing Board\n\n"
"Guilty by Suspicion"	"Introduction"	"\n'''''Guilty by Suspicion''''' is a 1991 American drama film about the Hollywood blacklist and associated activities stemming from McCarthyism and the House Un-American Activities Committee. Written and directed by Irwin Winkler, it starred Robert De Niro, Annette Bening and George Wendt.\n\nThe film was entered into the 1991 Cannes Film Festival.\n"	"Plot summary"	"\nDavid Merrill (De Niro), a director in 1950s Hollywood, returns from abroad to find that a rising tide of McCarthyism and the Red Scare has led to his not being allowed to work in films. He will only be allowed to direct once he implicates colleagues as Communist agents. He must decide whether to turn informant, or to stick to principle at the cost of his life's work.\n"	"Cast"	"* Robert De Niro - David Merrill\n* Annette Bening - Ruth Merrill\n* George Wendt - Bunny Baxter\n* Patricia Wettig - Dorothy Nolan\n* Sam Wanamaker - Felix Graff\n* Luke Edwards - Paulie Merrill\n* Chris Cooper - Larry Nolan\n* Barry Tubb - Jerry Cooper\n* Ben Piazza - Darryl Zanuck\n* Martin Scorsese - Joe Lesser\n* Barry Primus - Bert Alan\n* Gailard Sartain - Chairman Wood\n* Robin Gammell - Congressman Tavenner\n* Brad Sullivan - Congressman Velde\n* Tom Sizemore - Ray Karlin\n* Stuart Margolin - Abe Barron\n* Roxann Dawson - Felicia Barron (as Roxann Biggs)\n* Gene Kirkwood - Gene Woods\n* Stephen Root - RKO Guard\n"	"Reception"	"The film opened to good reviews and earned praise for Robert De Niro's performance. Roger Ebert gave the film three-and-a-half out of four stars and wrote that the film \"teaches a lesson we are always in danger of forgetting: that the greatest service we can do our country is to be true to our conscience.\"\n"	"Controversy"	"Before the film was released, a fight broke out over the film's script clean up which happened between director Irwin Winkler and former blacklisted writer Abraham Polonsky: through others, Polonsky learned Winkler changed the political convictions of the De Niro character. He was resentful of the change over. In the rewrite, the David Merrill character was changed from a Communist Party member to a relatively apolitical liberal. Winkler based his conception of Merrill on blacklisted director John Berry, who would come back to Hollywood film though it took time to get off the blacklist. Polonsky was so offended that director Irwin Winkler changed the main character that he not only had his name taken off of the picture, he also refused an executive producer credit that would have earned him a substantial fee.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n* \n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Guinea pig"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\nThe '''guinea pig''' (''Cavia porcellus''), '''cavy''' or '''domestic guinea pig''', or '''cuy''' for livestock breeds, is a species of rodent belonging to the family Caviidae and the genus ''Cavia''. Despite their common name, these animals are not in the pig family Suidae, nor do they come from Guinea. They originated in the Andes, and earlier studies based on biochemistry and hybridization suggest they are domesticated descendants of a closely related species of cavy such as ''Cavia aperea'', ''C. fulgida'', or ''C. tschudii'' and, therefore, do not exist naturally in the wild. Recent studies applying molecular markers, in addition to studying the skull and skeletal morphology of current and mummified animals, revealed that the ancestor is most likely ''Cavia tschudii''.\n\nThe domestic guinea pig plays an important role in the folk culture of many Indigenous South American groups, especially as a food source, but also in folk medicine and in community religious ceremonies. Since the 1960s, efforts have been made to increase consumption of the animal outside South America.\n\nIn Western societies, the domestic guinea pig has enjoyed widespread popularity as a household pet since its introduction by European traders in the 16th century. Their docile nature; friendly, even affectionate responsiveness to handling and feeding; and the relative ease of caring for them, continue to make guinea pigs a popular pet. Organizations devoted to competitive breeding of guinea pigs have been formed worldwide, and many specialized breeds of guinea pig, with varying coat colors and compositions, are cultivated by breeders.\n\nBiological experimentation on guinea pigs has been carried out since the 17th century. The animals were frequently used as model organisms in the 19th and 20th centuries, resulting in the epithet \"guinea pig\" for a test subject, but have since been largely replaced by other rodents such as mice and rats. They are still used in research, primarily as models for human medical conditions such as juvenile diabetes, tuberculosis, scurvy, and pregnancy complications.\n"	"History"	"The guinea pig was first domesticated as early as 5000 BC for food by tribes in the Andean region of South America (the present-day southern part of Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia), some thousands of years after the domestication of the South American camelids. Statues dating from ''circa'' 500 BC to 500 AD that depict guinea pigs have been unearthed in archaeological digs in Peru and Ecuador. The Moche people of ancient Peru worshipped animals and often depicted the guinea pig in their art. From about 1200 AD to the Spanish conquest in 1532, selective breeding resulted in many varieties of domestic guinea pigs, which form the basis for some of the modern domestic breeds. They continue to be a food source in the region; many households in the Andean highlands raise the animal, which subsists on the family's vegetable scraps. Folklore traditions involving guinea pigs are numerous; they are exchanged as gifts, used in customary social and religious ceremonies, and frequently referenced in spoken metaphors.  They also play a role in traditional healing rituals by folk doctors, or ''curanderos'', who use the animals to diagnose diseases such as jaundice, rheumatism, arthritis, and typhus. They are rubbed against the bodies of the sick, and are seen as a supernatural medium. Black guinea pigs are considered especially useful for diagnoses. The animal also may be cut open and its entrails examined to determine whether the cure was effective. These methods are widely accepted in many parts of the Andes, where Western medicine is either unavailable or distrusted.\n\nSpanish, Dutch, and English traders brought guinea pigs to Europe, where they quickly became popular as exotic pets among the upper classes and royalty, including Queen Elizabeth I. The earliest known written account of the guinea pig dates from 1547, in a description of the animal from Santo Domingo; because cavies are not native to Hispaniola, the animal was earlier believed to have been introduced there by Spanish travelers. However, based on more recent excavations on West Indian islands, the animal must have been introduced by ceramic-making horticulturalists from South America to the Caribbean around 500 BC, and it was present in the Ostionoid period, for example, on Puerto Rico, long before the advent of the Spaniards. The guinea pig was first described in the West in 1554 by the Swiss naturalist Conrad Gessner. Its binomial scientific name was first used by Erxleben in 1777; it is an amalgam of Pallas' generic designation (1766) and Linnaeus' specific conferral (1758). The earliest known illustration of a domestic guinea pig is a painting (artist unknown) in the collection of the National Portrait Gallery in London, dated to 1580, which shows a girl in typical Elizabethan dress holding a tortoise-shell guinea pig in her hands; she is flanked by her two brothers, one of whom holds a pet bird. The picture dates from the same period as the oldest recorded guinea pig remains in England, which are a partial cavy skeleton found at Hill Hall (Essex), an Elizabethan manor house, and dated to around 1575.\n"	"Name"	"The scientific name of the common species is ''Cavia porcellus'', with ''porcellus'' being Latin for \"little pig\". ''Cavia'' is New Latin; it is derived from ''cabiai'', the animal's name in the language of the Galibi tribes once native to French Guiana. ''Cabiai'' may be an adaptation of the Portuguese ''\u00e7avia'' (now ''savia''), which is itself derived from the Tupi word ''sauj\u00e1'', meaning rat. Guinea pigs are called ''quwi'' or ''jaca'' in Quechua and ''cuy'' or ''cuyo'' (plural ''cuyes, cuyos'') in the Spanish of Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia. Ironically, breeders tend to use the more formal \"cavy\" to describe the animal, while in scientific and laboratory contexts, it is far more commonly referred to by the more colloquial \"guinea pig\".\n\nHow the animals came to be called \"pigs\" is not clear. They are built somewhat like pigs, with large heads relative to their bodies, stout necks, and rounded rumps with no tail of any consequence; some of the sounds they emit are very similar to those made by pigs, and they also spend a large amount of time eating. They can survive for long periods in small quarters, like a 'pig pen', and were thus easily transported on ships to Europe.\n\nThe animal's name alludes to pigs in many European languages. The German word for them is ''Meerschweinchen'', literally \"little sea pig\", which has been translated into Polish as ''\u015bwinka morska'', into Hungarian as ''tengerimalac'', and into Russian as ''\u043c\u043e\u0440\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0432\u0438\u043d\u043a\u0430''. This derives from the Middle High German name ''merswin''. This originally meant \"dolphin\" and was used because of the animals' grunting sounds (which were thought to be similar). Many other, possibly less scientifically based explanations of the German name exist. For example, sailing ships stopping to reprovision in the New World would pick up stores of guinea pigs, which provided an easily transportable source of fresh meat. The French term is ''cochon d'Inde'' (Indian pig) or ''cobaye''; the Dutch call it ''Guinees biggetje'' (Guinean piglet) or cavia (while in some Dutch dialects it is called ''Spaanse rat''); and in Portuguese, the guinea pig is variously referred to as ''cobaia'', from the Tupi word via its Latinization, or as ''porquinho da \u00cdndia'' (little Indian pig). This is not universal; for example, the common word in Spanish is ''conejillo de Indias'' (little rabbit of the Indies). The Chinese refer to them as \u8c5a\u9f20 (''t\u00fansh\u01d4'', 'pig mouse'), and sometimes as Netherlands pig (\u8377\u862d\u8c6c, ''h\u00e9l\u00e1nzh\u016b'') or Indian mouse (\u5929\u7afa\u9f20, ''ti\u0101nzh\u00fash\u01d4''). The Japanese word for guinea pig is \"\u30e2\u30eb\u30e2\u30c3\u30c8\" (''morumotto''), which derives from the name of another mountain-dwelling rodent, the marmot; this is what guinea pigs were called by the Dutch traders who first brought them to Nagasaki in 1843.\n\nThe origin of \"guinea\" in \"guinea pig\" is harder to explain. One proposed explanation is that the animals were brought to Europe by way of Guinea, leading people to think they had originated there. \"Guinea\" was also frequently used in English to refer generally to any far-off, unknown country, so the name may simply be a colorful reference to the animal's exotic appeal. Another hypothesis suggests the \"guinea\" in the name is a corruption of \"Guiana\", an area in South America. A common misconception is that they were so named because they were sold for the price of a guinea coin; this hypothesis is untenable, because the guinea was first struck in England in 1663, and William Harvey used the term \"Ginny-pig\" as early as 1653. Others believe \"guinea\" may be an alteration of the word coney (rabbit); guinea pigs were referred to as \"pig coneys\" in Edward Topsell's 1607 treatise on quadrupeds.\n"	"Traits and environment"	"\nTwo parti-colored Abyssinian guinea pigs\n\nGuinea pigs are large for rodents, weighing between , and measuring between  in length. Modern breeding of ''cuy'' guinea pigs has resulted in animals weighing . They typically live an average of four to five years, but may live as long as eight years. According to the 2006 ''Guinness World Records'', the longest living guinea pig survived 14\u00a0years, 10.5\u00a0months.\n\nIn the 1990s, a minority scientific opinion emerged proposing that caviomorphs, such as guinea pigs, chinchillas, and degus, are not rodents and should be reclassified as a separate order of mammals (similar to lagomorphs). Subsequent research using wider sampling has restored consensus among mammalian biologists that the current classification of rodents as monophyletic is justified.\n\n===Natural habitat===\n''C. porcellus'' is not found naturally in the wild; it is likely descended from some closely related species of cavies, such as ''C. aperea'', ''C. fulgida'', and ''C. tschudii'', which are still commonly found in various regions of South America. Some species of cavy identified in the 20th century, such as ''C. anolaimae'' and ''C. guianae'', may be domestic guinea pigs that have become feral by reintroduction into the wild. Wild cavies are found on grassy plains and occupy an ecological niche similar to that of cattle. They are social, living in the wild in small groups which consist of several females (sows), a male (boar), and the young (which in a break with the preceding porcine nomenclature are called pups). They move together in groups (herds) eating grass or other vegetation, and do not store food. While they do not burrow or build nests, they frequently seek shelter in the burrows of other animals, as well as in crevices and tunnels formed by vegetation. They  tend to be most active during dawn and dusk, when it is harder for predators to spot them.\n\n===Domestic habitat===\nDomesticated guinea pigs thrive in groups of two or more; groups of sows, or groups of one or more sows and a neutered boar are common combinations. Guinea pigs learn to recognize and bond with other individual guinea pigs, and testing of boars shows their neuroendocrine stress response is significantly lowered in the presence of a bonded female when compared to the presence of unfamiliar females. Groups of boars may also get along, provided their cage has enough space, they are introduced at an early age, and no females are present. Domestic guinea pigs have developed a different biological rhythm from their wild counterparts, and have longer periods of activity followed by short periods of sleep in between. Activity is scattered randomly over the day; aside from avoidance of intense light, no regular circadian patterns are apparent.\n\nThis cat has accepted this pair of guinea pigs. The success of this type of interspecies interaction varies according to the individual animals involved.\n\nDomestic guinea pigs generally live in cages, although some owners of large numbers of guinea pigs dedicate entire rooms to their pets. Cages with solid or wire mesh floors are used, although wire mesh floors can cause injury and may be associated with an infection commonly known as bumblefoot (ulcerative pododermatitis). \"Cubes and Coroplast\" (or C&C) style cages are now a common choice. Cages are often lined with wood shavings or a similar material. Bedding made from red cedar (Eastern or Western) and pine, both softwoods, were commonly used in the past, but these materials are now believed to contain harmful phenols (aromatic hydrocarbons) and oils. Safer beddings made from hardwoods (such as aspen), paper products, and corn cob materials are other alternatives. Guinea pigs tend to be messy within their cages; they often jump into their food bowls or kick bedding and feces into them, and their urine sometimes crystallizes on cage surfaces, making it difficult to remove. After its cage has been cleaned, a guinea pig typically urinates and drags its lower body across the floor of the cage to mark its territory. Male guinea pigs may also mark their territory in this way when they are taken out of their cages.\n\nGuinea pigs do not generally thrive when housed with other species. Housing of guinea pigs with other rodents such as gerbils and hamsters may increase instances of respiratory and other infections, and such rodents may act aggressively toward the guinea pig. Larger animals may regard guinea pigs as prey, though some (such as dogs) can be trained to accept them. Opinion is divided over the cohousing of guinea pigs and domestic rabbits. Some published sources say that guinea pigs and rabbits complement each other well when sharing a cage. However, as lagomorphs, rabbits have different nutritional requirements, so the two species cannot be fed the same food. Rabbits may also harbor diseases (such as respiratory infections from ''Bordetella'' and ''Pasteurella''), to which guinea pigs are susceptible. Even the dwarf rabbit is much stronger than the guinea pig and may cause intentional or inadvertent injury.\n\n===Behavior===\nGuinea pigs can learn complex paths to food, and can accurately remember a learned path for months. Their strongest problem-solving strategy is motion. While guinea pigs can jump small obstacles, they are poor climbers, and are not particularly agile. They startle extremely easily, and either freeze in place for long periods or run for cover with rapid, darting motions when they sense danger. Larger groups of startled guinea pigs \"stampede\", running in haphazard directions as a means of confusing predators. When excited, guinea pigs may repeatedly perform little hops in the air (known as \"popcorning\"), a movement analogous to the ferret's war dance. They are also very good swimmers.\nGuinea pigs \"social groom\"\nLike many rodents, guinea pigs sometimes participate in social grooming, and they regularly self-groom. A milky-white substance is secreted from their eyes and rubbed into the hair during the grooming process. Groups of boars often chew each other's hair, but this is a method of establishing hierarchy within a group, rather than a social gesture. Dominance is also established through biting (especially of the ears), piloerection, aggressive noises, head thrusts, and leaping attacks. Non-sexual simulated mounting for dominance is also common among same-sex groups.\n\nGuinea pig sight is not as good as that of a human, but they have a wider angle of vision (about 340\u00b0) and see in partial color (dichromacy). They have well-developed senses of hearing, smell, and touch. Vocalization is the primary means of communication between members of the species. These are the most common sounds made by the guinea pig:\n*A \"wheek\" is a loud noise, the name of which is onomatopoeic, also known as a whistle. An expression of general excitement, it may occur in response to the presence of its owner or to feeding. It is sometimes used to find other guinea pigs if they are running. If a guinea pig is lost, it may wheek for assistance. \n*A bubbling or purring sound is made when the guinea pig is enjoying itself, such as when being petted or held. It may also make this sound when grooming, crawling around to investigate a new place, or when given food. \n*A rumbling sound is normally related to dominance within a group, though it can also come as a response to being scared or angry. In these cases, the rumble often sounds higher and the body vibrates shortly. While courting, a male usually purrs deeply, swaying and circling the female in a behavior called \"rumblestrutting\". A low rumble while walking away reluctantly shows passive resistance. \n*Chutting and whining are sounds made in pursuit situations, by the pursuer and pursuee, respectively. \n*A chattering sound is made by rapidly gnashing the teeth, and is generally a sign of warning. Guinea pigs tend to raise their heads when making this sound.\n*Squealing or shrieking is a high-pitched sound of discontent, in response to pain or danger. \n*Chirping, a less-common sound, likened to bird song, seems to be related to stress, or when a baby guinea pig wants to be fed. Very rarely, the chirping will last for several minutes. \n"	"Breeding"	"Pregnant sow one week before delivering three pups\n\nThe guinea pig is able to breed year-round, with birth peaks usually coming in the spring; as many as five litters can be produced per year. The gestation period lasts from 59\u201372 days, with an average of 63\u201368 days. Because of the long gestation period and the large size of the pups, pregnant females may become large and eggplant-shaped, although the change in size and shape varies. Unlike the offspring of most other rodents, which are altricial at birth, newborn pups are well-developed with hair, teeth, claws, and partial eyesight; they are immediately mobile, and begin eating solid food immediately, though they continue to suckle. Litters yield one to six pups, with an average of three; the largest recorded litter size is 17.\n\nIn smaller litters, difficulties may occur during labour due to oversized pups. Large litters result in higher incidences of stillbirth, but because the pups are delivered at an advanced stage of development, lack of access to the mother's milk has little effect on the mortality rate of newborns. Cohabitating females assist in mothering duties if lactating.\n\nGuinea pigs also practice alloparental care, in which a female may adopt the pup or pups of another. This might take place if the original parents die or are for some reason separated from them. This behavior is common, and is seen in many other animal species such as the elephant.\n\nMale and female guinea pigs do not differ in external appearance apart from general size. The position of the anus is very close to the genitals in both sexes. Female genitals are distinguished by a Y-shaped configuration formed from a vulvar flap, while the male genitals may look similar, with the penis and anus forming a like shape, the penis will protrude if pressure is applied to the surrounding hair. The male's testes may also be visible externally from scrotal swelling.\n\nGuinea pig pup at eight hours old\nMales reach sexual maturity at 3\u20135 weeks; females can be fertile as early as four weeks and can carry litters before they are adults. Females that have never given birth may develop irreversible fusing of the pubic symphysis, a joint in the pelvis, due to calcification which may occur between six and ten months of age. If they become pregnant after this has happened, the birth canal will not widen sufficiently; this may lead to dystocia and death as they attempt to give birth. Calcification of the female's pubic symphysis (if not bred) is a common myth. The reason for potential calcification is a metabolic disease, like ochronosis. A healthy, normal female guinea pig's pubic symphysis does not calcify.\nFemales can become pregnant 6\u201348 hours after giving birth, but it is not healthy for a female to be thus constantly pregnant.\n\nToxemia of pregnancy is common and kills many pregnant females. Signs of toxemia include anorexia, lack of energy, excessive salivation, a sweet or fruity breath odor due to ketones, and seizures in advanced cases. Pregnancy toxemia appears to be most common in hot climates. Other serious complications of pregnancy can include a prolapsed uterus, hypocalcaemia, and mastitis.\n"	"Diet"	"A silver agouti guinea pig eating grass\nA short-haired guinea pig eating a piece of apple\n\nGrass is the guinea pig's natural diet. Their molars are particularly suited for grinding plant matter, and grow continuously throughout the animal's life. Most grass-eating mammals are quite large and have a long digestive tract; while guinea pigs have much longer colons than most rodents, they must also supplement their diet by coprophagy, the eating of their own feces. However, they do not consume all their feces indiscriminately, but produce special soft pellets, called cecotropes, which recycle B vitamins, fiber, and bacteria required for proper digestion. The cecotropes (or caecal pellets) are eaten directly from the anus, unless the guinea pig is pregnant or obese. They share this behaviour with rabbits. In geriatric boars or sows (the condition is rarer in young ones), the muscles which allow the softer pellets to be expelled from the anus for consumption can become weak. This creates a condition known as anal impaction, which prevents the boar from redigesting cecotropes, though harder pellets may pass through the impacted mass. The condition may be temporarily alleviated by carefully expelling the impacted feces.\n\nGuinea pigs benefit from feeding on fresh grass hay, such as timothy hay, in addition to food pellets which are often based from timothy. Alfalfa is also a popular food choice; most guinea pigs will eat large amounts of alfalfa when offered it, though some controversy exists over the feeding of alfalfa to adult guinea pigs. Some pet owners and veterinary organizations have advised that, as a legume rather than a grass hay, alfalfa consumed in large amounts may lead to obesity, as well as bladder stones due to excess calcium, in any but pregnant and very young guinea pigs. However, published scientific sources mention alfalfa as a source for replenishment of protein, amino acids, and fiber.\n\nLike humans, but unlike most other mammals, guinea pigs cannot synthesize their own vitamin C and must obtain this vital nutrient from food. If guinea pigs do not ingest enough vitamin C, they can suffer from potentially fatal scurvy. Guinea pigs require about 10\u00a0mg of vitamin C daily (20\u00a0mg if pregnant), which can be obtained through fresh, raw fruits and vegetables (such as broccoli, apple, cabbage, carrot, celery, and spinach) or through dietary supplements. Healthy diets for guinea pigs require a complex balance of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and hydrogen ions; adequate amounts of vitamins E, A, and D are also necessary. Imbalanced diets have been associated with muscular dystrophy, metastatic calcification, difficulties with pregnancy, vitamin deficiencies, and teeth problems. Guinea pigs tend to be fickle eaters when it comes to fresh fruits and vegetables, having learned early in life what is and is not appropriate to consume, and their habits are difficult to change after maturity. They do not respond well to sudden changes in diet; they may stop eating and starve rather than accept new food types. A constant supply of hay or other food is generally recommended, as guinea pigs feed continuously and may develop habits such as chewing on their own hair if food is not present. Because guinea pigs' teeth grow constantly, they routinely gnaw, lest their teeth become too large for their mouths, a common problem in rodents. Guinea pigs also chew on cloth, paper, plastic, and rubber.\n\nA number of plants are poisonous to guinea pigs, including bracken, bryony, buttercup, charlock, deadly nightshade, foxglove, hellebore, hemlock, lily of the valley, mayweed, monkshood, privet, ragwort, rhubarb, speedwell, toadflax (both ''Linaria vulgaris'' and ''Linaria dalmatica''), and wild celery. Additionally, any plant which grows from a bulb (e.g., tulip or onion) is normally considered poisonous, as well as ivy and oak tree leaves.\n"	"Health"	"A parti-colored guinea pig suffering from torticollis, or wry neck\n\nCommon ailments in domestic guinea pigs include respiratory tract infections, diarrhea, scurvy (vitamin C deficiency, typically characterized by sluggishness), abscesses due to infection (often in the neck, due to hay embedded in the throat, or from external scratches), and infections by lice, mites, or fungus.\n\nMange mites (''Trixacarus caviae'') are a common cause of hair loss, and other symptoms may also include excessive scratching, unusually aggressive behavior when touched (due to pain), and, in some instances, seizures. Guinea pigs may also suffer from \"running lice\" (''Gliricola porcelli''), a small, white insect which can be seen moving through the hair; their eggs, which appear as black or white specks attached to the hair, are sometimes referred to as \"static lice\". Other causes of hair loss can be due to hormonal upsets caused by underlying medical conditions such as ovarian cysts.\n\nForeign bodies, especially small pieces of hay or straw, can become lodged in the eyes of guinea pigs, resulting in excessive blinking, tearing, and in some cases an opaque film over the eye due to corneal ulcer. Hay or straw dust can also cause sneezing. While it is normal for guinea pigs to sneeze periodically, frequent sneezing may be a symptom of pneumonia, especially in response to atmospheric changes. Pneumonia may also be accompanied by torticollis and can be fatal.\n\nBecause the guinea pig has a stout, compact body, it more easily tolerates excessive cold than excessive heat. Its normal body temperature is ,  so its ideal ambient air temperature range is similar to a human's, about . Consistent ambient temperatures in excess of  have been linked to hyperthermia and death, especially among pregnant sows. Guinea pigs are not well suited to environments that feature wind or frequent drafts, and respond poorly to extremes of humidity outside of the range of 30\u201370%.\n\nGuinea pigs are prey animals whose survival instinct is to mask pain and signs of illness, and many times health problems may not be apparent until a condition is severe or in its advanced stages. Treatment of disease is made more difficult by the extreme sensitivity guinea pigs have to most antibiotics, including penicillin, which kill off the intestinal flora and quickly bring on episodes of diarrhea and in some cases, death.\n\nSimilar to the inherited genetic diseases of other breeds of animal (such as hip dysplasia in canines), a number of genetic abnormalities of guinea pigs have been reported. Most commonly, the roan coloration of Abyssinian guinea pigs is associated with congenital eye disorders and problems with the digestive system. Other genetic disorders include \"waltzing disease\" (deafness coupled with a tendency to run in circles), palsy, and tremor conditions.\n"	"Pets"	"\n\n===Handling, temperament and socialization===\nSnapple cap references a Guinea Pig law in Switzerland\nIf handled correctly early in life, guinea pigs become amenable to being picked up and carried, and seldom bite or scratch. They are timid explorers and often hesitate to attempt an escape from their cage even when an opportunity presents itself. Still, they show considerable curiosity when allowed to walk freely, especially in familiar and safe terrain. Guinea pigs that become familiar with their owner will whistle on the owner's approach; they will also learn to whistle in response to the rustling of plastic bags or the opening of refrigerator doors, where their food is most commonly stored. In Switzerland, owning a single guinea pig is considered harmful to its well-being and forbidden by law.\n\n===Appearance, coat and grooming===\nBlack-haired Silkie Guinea pig\nDomesticated guinea pigs occur in many breeds, which have been developed since their introduction to Europe and North America. These varieties vary in hair and color composition. The most common varieties found in pet stores are the English shorthair (also known as the American), which have a short, smooth coat, and the Abyssinian, whose coat is ruffled with cowlicks, or rosettes. Also popular among breeders are the Peruvian and the Sheltie (or Silkie), both straight longhair breeds, and the Texel, a curly longhair. Grooming of guinea pigs is primarily accomplished using combs or brushes. Shorthair breeds are typically brushed weekly, while longhair breeds may require daily grooming.\n\n===Clubs and associations===\nCavy clubs and associations dedicated to the showing and breeding of guinea pigs have been established worldwide. The American Cavy Breeders Association, an adjunct to the American Rabbit Breeders' Association, is the governing body in the United States and Canada. The British Cavy Council governs cavy clubs in the United Kingdom. Similar organizations exist in Australia (Australian National Cavy Council) and New Zealand (New Zealand Cavy Council). Each club publishes its own standard of perfection and determines which breeds are eligible for showing.\n\n===Allergies to pet guinea pigs===\nAllergic symptoms, including rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma, have been documented in laboratory animal workers who come into contact with guinea pigs. Allergic reactions following direct exposure to guinea pigs in domestic settings have also been reported. Two major guinea pig allergens, Cav p I and Cav p II, have been identified in guinea pig fluids (urine and saliva) and guinea pig dander. People who are allergic to guinea pigs are usually allergic to hamsters and gerbils, as well. Allergy shots can successfully treat an allergy to guinea pigs, although treatment can take up to 18 months.\n"	"Cultural and media influence"	"A lilac, orange, and white Satin Peruvian guinea pig (show-length coat)\nAs a result of their widespread popularity, especially in households with children, guinea pigs have shown a presence in culture and media. Some noted appearances of the animal in literature include the short story \"Pigs Is Pigs\" by Ellis Parker Butler, which is a tale of bureaucratic incompetence. Two guinea pigs held at a railway station breed unchecked while humans argue as to whether they are \"pigs\" or \"pets\" for the purpose of determining freight charges. Butler's story, in turn, inspired the ''Star Trek: The Original Series'' episode \"The Trouble With Tribbles\", written by David Gerrold. In the Golden Hamster Saga books, two guinea pigs named Enrico and Caruso are modern-day thespians (named after Enrico Caruso) who serve as secondary characters, and often irritate the main character, Freddy Auratus, who strongly dislikes their acting antics.\n\n===In children's literature===\n''The Fairy Caravan'', a novel by Beatrix Potter, and Michael Bond's Olga da Polga series for children, both feature guinea pigs as the protagonist. Another appearance is in ''The Magician's Nephew'' by C. S. Lewis: in the first (chronologically) of his ''The Chronicles of Narnia'' series, a guinea pig is the first creature to travel to the Wood between the Worlds. In Ursula Dubosarsky's ''Maisie and the Pinny Gig'', a little girl has a recurrent dream about a giant guinea pig, while guinea pigs feature significantly in several of Dubosarsky's other books, including the young adult novel ''The White Guinea Pig'' and ''The Game of the Goose''.\n\n===In film and television===\nGuinea pigs have also been featured in film and television. In the TV movie ''Shredderman Rules'', the main character and the main character's crush both have guinea pigs which play a minor part in the plot. A guinea pig named Rodney, voiced by Chris Rock, was a prominent character in the 1998 film ''Dr. Dolittle'', and Linny the Guinea pig is a co-star on Nick Jr.'s ''Wonder Pets''. Guinea pigs were used in some major advertising campaigns in the 1990s and 2000s, notably for Egg Banking plc, Snapple, and Blockbuster Video. The Blockbuster campaign is considered by some guinea pig advocates to have been a factor in the rise of caging guinea pigs and rabbits together. In the ''South Park'' season 12 episode \"Pandemic 2: The Startling\", giant guinea pigs dressed in costumes rampage over the Earth. The 2009 Walt Disney Pictures movie ''G-Force'' features a group of highly intelligent guinea pigs trained as operatives of the U.S. government. A video game based on the movie was also released. A guinea pig named Bugsy appears in the 2008 film ''Bedtime Stories''. A guinea pig named Cashew features prominently in the second season of the U.S. adaptation of ''House of Cards''.\n"	"Scientific research"	"A guinea pig being examined by a veterinary medical officer for general health and pulmonary condition\n\nThe use of guinea pigs in scientific experimentation dates back at least to the 17th century, when the Italian biologists Marcello Malpighi and Carlo Fracassati conducted vivisections of guinea pigs in their examinations of anatomic structures. In 1780, Antoine Lavoisier used a guinea pig in his experiments with the calorimeter, a device used to measure heat production. The heat from the guinea pig's respiration melted snow surrounding the calorimeter, showing that respiratory gas exchange is a combustion, similar to a candle burning. Guinea pigs played a major role in the establishment of germ theory in the late 19th century, through the experiments of Louis Pasteur, \u00c9mile Roux, and Robert Koch. Guinea pigs have been launched into orbital space flight several times, first by the USSR on the Sputnik 9 biosatellite of March 9, 1961 \u2013 with a successful recovery. China also launched and recovered a biosatellite in 1990 which included guinea pigs as passengers.\n\nIn English, the term 'guinea pig' is commonly used as a metaphor for a subject of scientific experimentation, or any experiment or test in modern times. This dates back to the early 20th century; the Oxford English Dictionary notes its first usage in this capacity in 1913. In 1933, Consumers Research founders F. J. Schlink and Arthur Kallet wrote a book entitled ''100,000,000 Guinea Pigs'', extending the metaphor to consumer society. The book became a national bestseller in the United States, thus further popularizing the term, and spurred the growth of the consumer protection movement. The negative connotation of the term was later employed in the novel ''The Guinea Pigs'' by Czech author Ludv\u00edk Vacul\u00edk as an allegory for Soviet totalitarianism.\nGuinea pigs were popular laboratory animals until the later 20th century; about 2.5 million guinea pigs were used annually in the U.S. for research in the 1960s, but that total decreased to about 375,000 by the mid-1990s. As of 2007, they constitute about 2% of the current total of laboratory animals. In the past, they were widely used to standardize vaccines and antiviral agents; they were also often employed in studies on the production of antibodies in response to extreme allergic reactions, or anaphylaxis. Less common uses included research in pharmacology and irradiation. Since the middle 20th century, they have been replaced in laboratory contexts primarily by mice and rats. This is in part because research into the genetics of guinea pigs has lagged behind that of other rodents, although geneticists W. E. Castle and Sewall Wright made a number of contributions to this area of study, especially regarding coat color. In 2004, the U.S.'s National Human Genome Research Institute announced plans to sequence the genome of the domestic guinea pig.\n\nThe guinea pig was most extensively implemented in research and diagnosis of infectious diseases. Common uses included identification of brucellosis, Chagas disease, cholera, diphtheria, foot-and-mouth disease, glanders, Q fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, and various strains of typhus. They are still frequently used to diagnose tuberculosis, since they are easily infected by human tuberculosis bacteria. Because guinea pigs are one of the few animals which, like humans and other primates, cannot synthesize vitamin C, but must obtain it from their diet, they are ideal for researching scurvy. From the accidental discovery in 1907 that scurvy could be induced in guinea pigs, to their use to prove the chemical structure of the \"ascorbutic factor\" in 1932, the guinea pig model proved a crucial part of vitamin C research.\n\nComplement, an important component for serology, was first isolated from the blood of the guinea pig. Guinea pigs have an unusual insulin mutation, and are a suitable species for the generation of anti-insulin antibodies. Present at a level 10 times that found in other mammals, the insulin in guinea pigs may be important in growth regulation, a role usually played by growth hormone. Additionally, guinea pigs have been identified as model organisms for the study of juvenile diabetes and, because of the frequency of pregnancy toxemia, of pre-eclampsia in human females. Their placental structure is similar to that of humans, and their gestation period can be divided into trimesters that resemble the stages of fetal development in humans.\n\nGuinea pig strains used in scientific research are primarily outbred strains. Aside from the common American or English stock, the two main outbred strains in laboratory use are the Hartley and Dunkin-Hartley; these English strains are albino, although pigmented strains are also available. Inbred strains are less common and are usually used for very specific research, such as immune system molecular biology. Of the inbred strains that have been created, the two still used with any frequency are, following Sewall Wright's designations, \"Strain 2\" and \"Strain 13\".\n\nHairless breeds of guinea pigs have been used in scientific research since the 1980s, particularly for dermatological studies. A hairless and immunodeficient breed was the result of a spontaneous genetic mutation in inbred laboratory strains from the Hartley stock at the Eastman Kodak Company in 1979. An immunocompetent hairless breed was also identified by the Institute Armand Frappier in 1978, and Charles River Laboratories has reproduced this breed for research since 1982. Cavy fanciers then began acquiring hairless breeds, and the pet hairless varieties are referred to as \"skinny pigs\".\n"	"As food"	"\nTraditional preparation of a grilled cuy in Quito, Ecuador.\nDish from Ecuador called ''cuy''\n''Cuy'' being raised at home in the traditional Andean fashion\n\n===South America===\nGuinea pigs (called ''cuy'', ''cuye'', or ''cur\u00ed'') were originally domesticated for their meat in the Andes. Traditionally, the animal was reserved for ceremonial meals by indigenous people in the Andean highlands, but since the 1960s, it has become more socially acceptable for consumption by all people. It continues to be a major part of the diet in Peru and Bolivia, particularly in the Andes Mountains highlands; it is also eaten in some areas of Ecuador (mainly in the Sierra) and Colombia. Because guinea pigs require much less room than traditional livestock and reproduce extremely quickly, they are a more profitable source of food and income than many traditional stock animals, such as pigs and cattle; moreover, they can be raised in an urban environment. Both rural and urban families raise guinea pigs for supplementary income, and the animals are commonly bought and sold at local markets and large-scale municipal fairs.\nGuinea pig meat is high in protein and low in fat and cholesterol, and is described as being similar to rabbit and the dark meat of chicken. The animal may be served fried (''chactado'' or ''frito''), broiled (''asado''), or roasted (''al horno''), and in urban restaurants may also be served in a casserole or a fricassee. Ecuadorians commonly consume ''sopa'' or ''locro de cuy'', a soup dish. ''Pachamanca'' or ''huatia'', a process similar to barbecueing, is also popular, and is usually served with corn beer (''chicha'') in traditional settings.\n\nPeruvians consume an estimated 65 million guinea pigs each year, and the animal is so entrenched in the culture that one famous painting of the Last Supper in the main cathedral in Cusco shows Christ and the 12 disciples dining on guinea pig. The animal remains an important aspect of certain religious events in both rural and urban areas of Peru. A religious celebration known as ''jaca tsariy'' (\"collecting the cuys\") is a major festival in many villages in the Antonio Raimondi province of eastern Peru, and is celebrated in smaller ceremonies in Lima. It is a syncretistic event, combining elements of Catholicism and pre-Columbian religious practices, and revolves around the celebration of local patron saints. The exact form the ''jaca tsariy'' takes differs from town to town; in some localities, a ''sirvinti'' (servant) is appointed to go from door to door, collecting donations of guinea pigs, while in others, guinea pigs may be brought to a communal area to be released in a mock bullfight.  Meals such as ''cuy chactado'' are always served as part of these festivities, and the killing and serving of the animal is framed by some communities as a symbolic satire of local politicians or important figures.  In the Tungurahua and Cotopaxi provinces of central Ecuador, guinea pigs are employed in the celebrations surrounding the feast of Corpus Christi as part of the ''Ensayo'', which is a community meal, and the ''Octava'', where ''castillos'' (greased poles) are erected with prizes tied to the crossbars, from which several guinea pigs may be hung.  The Peruvian town of Churin has an annual festival which involves dressing guinea pigs in elaborate costumes for a competition.\n\nAndean immigrants in New York City raise and sell guinea pigs for meat, and some ethnic restaurants in major United States cities serve ''cuy'' as a delicacy. Peruvian research universities, especially La Molina National Agrarian University, began experimental programs in the 1960s with the intention of breeding larger-sized guinea pigs. Subsequent university efforts have sought to change breeding and husbandry procedures in South America, to make the raising of guinea pigs as livestock more economically sustainable. In the 1990s and 2000s, the university began exporting the larger breed guinea pigs to Europe, Japan, and the United States in the hope of increasing human consumption outside of these countries in northern South America.\n\n===Sub-Saharan Africa===\nMany efforts have also been made to promote guinea pig husbandry in developing countries of West Africa, where they occur more widely than generally known because they are usually not covered by livestock statistics. However, it has not been known when and where the animals have been introduced to Africa. In Cameroon, they are widely distributed. In the Democratic Republic of the Congo, they can be found both in peri-urban environments as well as in rural regions, for example, in South Kivu. They are also frequently held in rural households in Iringa Region of southwestern Tanzania.\n"	"See also"	"\n*Kurloff cells\n*Peter Gurney\n*Save the Newchurch Guinea Pigs\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Sources"	"\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n"	"External links"	"\n\n\n\n*  ACBA \u2013 American Cavy Breeders' Association\n*  Domestic Guinea Pig Genome\n*View the  guinea pig genome on Ensembl\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Happy (2006 film)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''Happy''''' is a 2006 Telugu romantic drama film directed by A. Karunakaran. The film stars Allu Arjun, Genelia D'Souza and Manoj Bajpayee in lead roles; music was scored by Yuvan Shankar Raja. The film was produced by Allu Aravind and released on 27 January 2006.\n\nUpon release, the film was dubbed into Malayalam and released with the title ''Happy be Happy''. The Telugu version was moderately successful at the box office whereas the Malayalam version was a smash hit collecting  12.22 lakhs in its opening week at Ernakulam.The film ran a total of 170 days in kerala and bought a huge fans to allu arjun in kerala. The film was remade in Bengali under the title ''Bolo Na Tumi Aamar'' starring Dev and Koel Mallick and in Oriya under the title ''Loafer'' starring Babushaan and Archita Sahu. The movie was dubbed into Hindi as Dum.\n"	"Story"	"Madhumati (Genelia D'Souza) is the daughter of a politician who turns out to be a martinet at home with his attachment on power. He believes that the behavior of his daughter would influence his caste politics, so he tries to keep her from continuing her MBBS as she goes to college and moves with friends of different mentalities. However, Madhumathi, comes to third year of medicine by maintaining her dignity and without involving in any affairs of love. Her focus is completely on studies. Once, she goes for a medical camp along with her class mates to Araku Valley. She meets Bunny (Allu Arjun) randomly in the woods nearby the medical camp. The story starts with his funny and playful encounters with Madhumathi.\n\nBunny comes to Hyderabad and joins in a pizza shop as a delivery boy and continues his MBA by attending evening classes.\n\nIn an incident, Madhumathi\u2019s father thinks that his daughter is dating someone and comes to believe that its none other than Bunny. He decides to get her married to a person of his own caste who settled in a top position: Manoj Bajpai, the deputy commissioner of police.\n\nMadhumati is more attached to her studies than marriage. She goes to Bunny and places the blame on him saying that he would be the reason for her suicide should she be forcibly married. Knowing that, Bunny plans to stop the marriage and meets the DCP. Bunny lies to him and convinces the DCP that he is in love with Madhumathi. But Bunny gets caught in his own white lie. Manoj Bajpai believes Bunny\u2019s words and gets him married to Madhumathi in a registered marriage. He also gives his new flat for the couple to live in.\n\nMadhumathi becomes estranged from her family and, in another series of events, ends up living with Bunny (or rather Bunny ends up living with her). Throughout their times together, mishaps and comedic events happen; Bunny ends up falling for Madhumati. Being separated from her family Madhumati has no way of paying for fees and one day expresses this to Bunny. Bunny gets into film industry as a stuntman taking high risk to his life to pay the semester fees of Madhumathi\u2019s MBBS.\n\nMadhumathi scores low in a subject and gets a negative feedback from her professor. To focus on her studies, she scorns Bunny and drives him out of the house. Madhumathi then focuses on her studies and achieves her MBBS degree with honors. On the day of her graduation she admits to her friend that she is indeed in love with Bunny. Her friend reveals that Bunny risked his life to pay her college tuition by doing dangerous stunts. He told her not to tell Madhumathi, and he is going back to Vizag that day. With regret, Madhumati tries to reconcile with Bunny and goes to meet him at the train station. On the way there she gets caught by a road block set up by a policeman who is her father's nemesis. As she was giving a lift to a sex worker (she didn't know at the time), she is jailed under prostitution charge. Soon her father is arrested as he storms the station and slaps the police who arrested her in a rage of fury. She manages to contact Bunny with a cell phone provided by one of the prostitutes, and Bunny comes to the station. Bunny also had an incident with the policeman who arrested Madhumati as he once berated him in public for smoking by a gas station. Bunny becomes enraged and begins to fight with the police. As he is about to deliver a finishing blow, the DCP who was transferred by Madhumati's father in contempt of him refusing Madhumati's hand in marriage comes back just in time and stops Bunny. He says he'll take care of everything and Bunny and Madhumati leave.\n"	"Cast"	"* Allu Arjun as Bunny\n* Genelia D'Souza as Madhumati\n* Manoj Bajpayee as DCP Arvind \n* Brahmanandam as Appala Naidu\n* Kishore as ACP Ratnam\n* Venu Madhav\n* Tanikella Bharani\n* Suman Setty as Bunny's friend\n* Deepak Shirke as Madhumati father\n* Rahul Aggarwal\n* Vijay Raj\n* Rama Prabha as Madhumati's grand mother\n* Seetha\n* Apoorva\n* Jahnavi as Madhumati's friend\n* G. V. Sudhakar Naidu as film director\n* L.B. Sriram\n* Kondavalasa Lakshmana Rao\n"	"Crew"	"* '''Story, Screenplay & Director''': A. Karunakaran\n* '''Producer''': Allu Aravind\n* '''Dialogue''': Kona Venkat & S. N. Swamy\n* '''Music''': Yuvan Shankar Raja\n* '''Cinematography''': R.D Rajasekhar\n* '''Editing''': Anthony\n* '''Art Director''': Chinna\n* '''Stunts''': Vijay, Allan Amin\n* '''Choreography''': Raju Sundaram\n* '''Movie Publicist''': S.K.N\n* '''Lyrics''': 'Sirivennela' Seetharama Sastry, Chandrabose, Kulasekhar, Vishwa, Pothula Ravi Kiran, Anant Sreeram\n* '''Banner''': Geetha Arts\n"	"Music"	"\n\nThe soundtrack was composed by noted Tamil composer Yuvan Shankar Raja, which was released formally on 30 December 2005. It features six tracks with 'Sirivennela' Seetharama Sastry, Chandrabose, Kulasekhar, Viswa, Pothula Ravi Kiran, Anant Sreeram having each penned lyrics for one song. Yuvan Shankar Raja received much critical acclaim for the music of ''Happy'', which was described as foot-tapping, brilliant and excellent and also as the major highlight and main strength of the film.\n\n===Original Version===\n\n\n Track !! Song !! Singer(s)!! Duration !! Lyricist!! Notes\n\n1 \n \"Chal Chal Re\" \n Clinton Cerejo \n 3:24 \n Viswa \n\n\n2 \n \"Happy\" \n Karthik \n 3:42 \n Chandrabose \n\n\n3 \n \"Ossa Re\" \n Jassie Gift & Suchitra \n 3:50 \n Pothula Ravikiran \n\n\n4 \n \"I Hate You\" \n Ranjith & Vasundara Das \n 4:39 \n Anant Sreeram \n\n\n5 \n \"Egire Mabbullona\"\n S. P. B. Charan \n 3:57 \n Kulasekhar \n\n\n6 \n \"Nee Kosam\" \n Shankar Mahadevan \n 3:18 \n 'Sirivennela' Seetharama Sastry \n\n\n\n===Malayalam Version===\n\n\n Track !! Song !! Singer(s)!! Lyricist\n\n1 \n \"Azhake Nee Enne\" \n Jose Sagar \n Siju Thuravoor \n\n2 \n \"Happy\" \n Franco \n Siju Thuravoor\n\n3 \n \"Chal Chal Chal Mere\" \n Anwar Sadath \n Siju Thuravoor\n\n4 \n \"Chirichu Konjunna\" \n Jassie Gift, Sangeetha \n Siju Thuravoor \n\n5 \n \"I Hate You\"\n Vidhu Prathap, Akhila Anand \n Siju Thuravoor\n\n6 \n \"Maname Manmizhiyale\" \n V. Devanand \n Siju Thuravoor \n\n"	"Box office"	"''Happy'' was made with a high budget of .\n''Happy'' collected (Share) in 100 Days worldwide with a final gross figure of .\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Hare-Way to the Stars"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Hare-Way to the Stars''''' is a 1958 Warner Bros. ''Looney Tunes'' theatrical cartoon short, starring Bugs Bunny, and released on March 29, 1958. The title is a play on the song \"Stairway to the Stars\".\n"	"Plot"	"The cartoon starts when Bugs Bunny, feeling the effects of mixing radish juice with carrot juice the night before, unknowingly climbs out of his hole and into a rocket ship that is about to be launched into space. He realizes what has happened once he screws open the tip of the ship, and is immediately hit by the satellite Sputnik and lands on what appears to be a space station. While there, Bugs meets Marvin the Martian who is trying to blow up earth with the Illudium Q-36 Explosive Space Modulator (in reality a stick of dynamite, it is also the same device he tried to use in his debut short ''Haredevil Hare'', though that Space Modulator was Uranium rather than Illudium) because \"it obstructs his view of Venus\".\n\nBugs quietly steals Marvin's explosive and after hearing no explosion, Marvin says one of his trademark lines \"''Where's the kaboom? There was supposed to be an earth-shattering kaboom!''\". Marvin then discovers that the explosive has been stolen by \"''That creature''\" and uses different tricks to try to catch Bugs and get the explosive back, including using \u2018just add water' Instant Martians (who somewhat resemble the Martians of ''A Martian Odyssey'') to chase Bugs around the space station and catch him. Bugs tricks the Instant Martians into flying off the road and falling through a trap door. Bugs then steals one of the Martian's spaceships, and while flying by, swaps the explosive he stole from Marvin for the bottle of Instant Martians. The explosive is lit, and soon explodes in Marvin's hand (destroying his space station in the process) before Marvin can finish saying its name. Marvin concedes that it is \"back to the old drawing board\" while Bugs is flying back to Earth. When Bugs arrives at Earth, he crashes into a construction site warning sign and finds himself and the bottle of Martians falling into the sewer. The Martians begin to grow as Bugs climbs out of the sewer, frantically replaces the manhole cover and warns the audience to \"''Run for the hills folks, or you'll be up to your armpits in Martians!''\" before taking his own advice as the ground shakes with the invaders underneath.\n"	"Cast"	"Mel Blanc as Bugs Bunny, Marvin The Martian and Countdown Voice\n"	"Availability"	"The cartoon was featured on the ''Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1'' Blu-ray box set (released November 15, 2011) with the cartoon restored and in high definition. This cartoon was also made part of the feature film ''The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie'' (sometimes known as ''The Great American Chase''), and Bugs even remarked that \"''old Chuck seemed detoimined to get poor little old me into outer space, too!''\".\n"	"Notes"	"*The \"Instant Martians\" resemble the alien from Jupiter in the Porky Pig cartoon ''Jumpin' Jupiter'' from three years earlier.\n*This cartoon was featured in the 1979 animated film ''The Bugs Bunny/Road Runner Movie'', which included a 30-second ''Star Wars'' opening crawl parody that reads: \"A long long long long long long long long long long time ago.... In a universe far far far far far far far far far far far far away..... Whew!\".\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Harlequin rabbit"	"Introduction"	"Black Harlequin and black Magpie\nBlack Harlequin\nThe '''Harlequin''' is a colourful breed of rabbit originating from France. It is a breed based around the coloration and markings, rather than fur and body type. The ideal weight of a standard Harlequin is 6.5-8\u00a0lb (2\u20133\u00a0kg).\n\nThe traditional Harlequin is part black or some other colour (no silvering) and part white or orange (the brighter the better). It should have an even mix of both colours and ideally have a half-and-half colouration on the head. Their colouration (not the name of the breed)may also be called ''magpie'' where the second colour is white rather than orange. The recognized colour patterns are (mixed with orange):\n*Black\n*Blue\n*Chocolate (brown)\n*Lilac\n\nThe magpie variants are, naturally:\n*Black\n*Blue\n*Chocolate (brown)\n*Lilac\n\nIt is recognized by both the British Rabbit Council and American Rabbit Breeders' Association.\n\nThe Harlequin rabbit is playful, docile, and intelligent. Like most breeds the rabbit can respond to its own name and even be litter box trained. They are gentle, but like all other rabbits, are high maintenance. Rabbits are exotic and require consistent care by responsible and financially capable individuals.\n\nHarlequin rabbits come in two types: Japanese and Magpie. Japanese Harlequins are generally orange and either black, blue, chocolate, or lilac, while Magpie Harlequins are white (instead of orange) and either black, blue, chocolate, or lilac. A \"perfect\" Harlequin will be split between the two colors on the head, ears, feet, and body. It kind of looks like a perfect stripe between the two colors. Some Harlequins will have orange or white bellies.\n\nThe current American Rabbit Breeders Association (ARBA) Standard of Perfection calls for a 3 part frontal alternation. The ears are two different colors. The face splits into two colors, which alternate with the ears. The chest and front legs split into two colors, which alternate with the face and match the ears. The hind feet should alternate with the front feet. The body markings are either bars, bands, or a combination of the two. The animal may be disqualified if it doesn't have certain markings on its face etc.\n\nSome experts say that \"Harlequin\" is not a breed of rabbit, but just a color type. Others argue that it is a breed of rabbit with that color scheme. This is debatable. The Harlequin markings do occur in other breeds, but the ARBA does not recognize it as showable in other breeds besides the Harlequin breed.\n\nIt was developed from semi-wild Tortoiseshell Dutch rabbits. Originally it looked like a badly marked Dutch rabbit. The Harlequin was first exhibited in Paris in 1887. They were then imported into England a few years later. Harlequins were used for meat during World War 2. Harlequins are nicknamed the clown of the rabbits and the royal jester because of the color separations and markings.\n\nThe average life span for the Harlequin rabbit is 5 years or more.\n\nThe bucks usually weigh 6.5 to 9 pounds and the does weigh 7 to 9.5 pounds.\n"	"See also"	"\n\n*List of rabbit breeds\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* Harlequin Rabbit Breed History\n* Rabbit Breeds Chart + Information\n\n\n\n"
"High Diving Hare"	"Introduction"	"\n'''''High Diving Hare''''' is a 1948-produced Warner Brothers ''Looney Tunes'' (reissued as a Blue Ribbon Merrie Melodie in the beginning, with the original Looney Tunes ending title sequence.) theatrical cartoon short starring Bugs Bunny and Yosemite Sam. Released to theaters on April 30, 1949, the short is an expansion of a gag from ''Stage Door Cartoon'', which was also directed by Friz Freleng. ''High Diving Hare'' can be seen in the third act of ''The Looney Looney Looney Bugs Bunny Movie''.\n"	"Synopsis"	"Bugs Bunny is drumming up business for a vaudeville show in a remote western town (notably one of the posters in the background is for \"Frizby the Magician\", a reference to director Friz Freleng). One of the main attractions is \"''Fearless Freep''\" and his high-dive act. As soon as Yosemite Sam hears the name \"''Fearless Freep''\", he goes into a joyful frenzy, buying as many tickets as he can. (\"I'm a-splurgin'!\")\n\nDuring the show, as Bugs is about to introduce Freep, he gets a telegram informing him that Freep is delayed by a storm and won't be able to appear until tomorrow. An angered Sam insists on seeing the high-diving act and forces Bugs at gunpoint to the top of a high-dive platform. But Bugs manages to pull out all his tricks and stops, and it is Sam who does all the diving, in a different comical setting nine separate times (in a variant of the diving act from \"Stage Door Cartoon\").\n\n1: Sam pushes Bugs to the edge of the platform (with Bugs baring his claws to secure himself to the board). Bugs tells Sam to cover his eyes while he puts on his bathing suit, and then proceeds to spin the board around so that Sam is at the diving edge. Bugs makes it look like he's taken the dive (accompanied with an audible \"SPLASH\"), while Sam turns around and starts to walk off, right off the edge and into the tank, which falls apart with the water still intact after the hoops break off the tank when he crashes in.\n\n2: Bugs springs on the board so hard that he sends Sam up, over his head and down (separating Sam from his pistols in the process). Bugs then realizes that he forgot to fill the tank with water, so he grabs a bucket of water and throws it down from the diving board past Sam. The water makes it into the tank, but Sam misses the tank altogether, smashing through the stage into the basement.\n\n3: Sam walks to the end of the board and finds Bugs standing on the board upside-down (\"Great horny toads! What are ya doin' down there upside-downy?\"). Bugs points out that it is actually ''Sam'' who is upside-down (\"I'm not upside down, doc. You are! Look!\"). Sam looks \"up\", sees the tank, and falls into it.\n\n4: Having been verbally hit with \"fightin' words\", Bugs dares Sam to \"step over this line\" (in a gag similar to one from Bugs Bunny Rides Again), sending Sam down for the splash again (but not before springing back up for a moment to declare: \"I hate you!\")\n\n5: Sam is stopped by a door, and yells \"Open up that door!\" then turns to the audience and says: \"You notice I didn't say Richard?\". He backs up and charges towards the door, which Bugs opens at the last moment, leading Sam to another splash, this time assisted by an anvil given to him by Bugs.\n\n6: Bugs, dressed as an Indian, points Sam to a \"short-cut\" in a desert-like setting (\"Quick! Him go that way! You take-em short cut! Head him off at pass!\"). Sam thanks the \"Indian\" and takes the route, leading to yet another dive.\n\nAfter two more dives in which the setups are unseen, Sam finally has Bugs tied and standing on the edge of the platform, with Sam sawing away at the board, gloating: \"Now ya smarty-pants, let's see ya get out-in this one! This time, you're a-diving!\" However, as soon as Sam cuts through the board, it's the ladder and platform that falls, leaving the cut plank suspended in mid-air. Bugs turns to the camera and cracks: \"I know this defies the law of gravity, but, you see, I never \"studied\" law!\"\n"	"Cast"	"\u2022 Mel Blanc as Bugs Bunny, Yosemite Sam and Telegram Boy\n"	"Notes"	"Available on Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 1, Disc 1, as a low-pitched, Blue Ribbon opening.\n"	"Critical reception"	"In a commentary by Greg Ford, it is described as \"arguable the best of all\" Bugs and Sam confrontations. Ford also refers to the ways Bugs tricks Sam as \"almost idiotically simple\".\n"	"See also"	"*List of Bugs Bunny cartoons\n*List of Yosemite Sam cartoons\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n*\n\n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Honey, I Blew Up the Kid"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Honey, I Blew Up the Kid''''' is a 1992 American comedy science fiction film and the sequel to the 1989 film ''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids''. Directed by Randal Kleiser and released by Walt Disney Pictures, the film stars Rick Moranis, Marcia Strassman, Robert Oliveri and Amy O'Neill, who reprise their roles as Wayne, Diane, Nick, and Amy Szalinski respectively, as well as newcomer Keri Russell as Mandy Park, Nick's love interest and babysitter of Adam, the Szalinskis' new two-year-old son, whose accidental exposure to Wayne's new industrial-sized growth machine causes him to gradually grow to enormous size. Made only three years after ''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids'', this film is set five years after the events depicted in the previous film. It was filmed in 1990.\n\nThe antagonist to the Szalinskis is Dr. Charles Hendrickson (John Shea), who wants the giant Adam stopped at all costs and would like to take over Wayne's invention that is now owned by the major corporation they work for, which is in turn owned by the kind Clifford Sterling (Lloyd Bridges).\n\nThis film would be followed by one last sequel in 1997, this time a direct-to-video film, ''Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves''. A TV show would also follow the film in 1997, called ''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids''.\n"	"Plot"	"\n\nIn the years since Wayne Szalinski (Rick Moranis) shrunk his kids, he and his family have moved to Nevada and have welcomed another child into the family, 2-ish-year-old Adam (Daniel & Joshua Shalikar). His wife, Diane, (Marcia Strassman), is helping their daughter, Amy (Amy O'Neill) get settled in at college, for which she is departing. As she is gone, Wayne is supposed to look after Adam and their high school son, Nick (Robert Oliveri).\n\nNick has an interest in guitars and has a liking for a girl he meets at his job, Mandy Park (Keri Russell), although she does not feel the same way about him. Wayne takes Adam and Nick to his job at Sterling Labs, where he is the head of a project, even though Dr. Charles Hendrickson (John Shea) is trying to take over for the position. Wayne begins to experiment with an idea on a machine that can make objects grow. He uses Adam's toy, Big Bunny, as the test subject. As a power surge distracts both Wayne and Nick, Adam gets out of his stroller, gets in the way of the machine, and is zapped. Suddenly, the machine breaks. Dismayed, Wayne and his sons go home. Deciding to spend some time with Nick, Wayne calls in Mandy to babysit Adam.\n\nLater on, Adam begins to grow via electric waves from the microwave where Wayne is trying to make some lunch for him. Wayne and Nick try to take him back to the lab, but are stopped by Hendrickson. Diane comes back home and is shocked to find her son  tall. She and Wayne drive to a warehouse to find his original shrink ray to shrink Adam back to normal size. While Nick watches him at the house, Mandy comes by and faints after seeing Adam. Having no choice, Nick then has her bound to a chair and gagged, to prevent her from running away and screaming. He unties and ungags her, only to find that Mandy goes hysterical, so he ties her up and gags her again. After Nick explains to her what happened and she finally calms down, Adam is then exposed to the television set, breaks through the walls of the house, and is loose on the streets, now  tall. Nick then unties Mandy and convinces her to help him, promising that he'll pay her overtime. Mandy agrees, and the two go looking for Adam.\n\nAt the warehouse, Wayne and Diane search for the shrink ray through tons of crates. They finally find it and leave to return home; However, Hendrickson finds out about the \"big baby\" and reports it to his boss, Clifford Sterling (Lloyd Bridges). He then gets several law enforcers to put Adam in a truck after finding him and taking Nick and Mandy into custody. Wayne and Diane return home with the shrink ray, only to find the boys gone and facing legal action from Hendrickson, who wants them arrested on the charges of theft, malicious mischief, and child endangerment. Hendrickson also intends that the authorities get Adam to be put to immediate testing, much to Wayne's anger. In the meantime, Adam accidentally breaks free from the truck when he grows to  tall due to high voltage lines the truck passes. Meanwhile, Sterling arrives to discuss the situation, and Wayne admits that he may be a flawed inventor but at least a good person, stating that all good inventors make mistakes all the time, and that he is willing to clean the mess up. Sterling agrees with him and gives his support to Wayne and Diane to shrink Adam back to normal size, but not before firing Hendrickson. Wayne suddenly discovers that Adam grows while he is near electricity, and Marshall Brooks tells him that Adam is headed straight for Las Vegas. After finding him, Nick and Mandy are mistaken for toys and he puts them in his pocket.\n\nIn the meantime, Hendrickson, angry at Sterling for dismissing him, gets one of Sterling Labs's board members to authorize an airstrike with the Nevada State Military with the usage of tranquilizer cartridges. Hendrickson manages to get the clearance for the strike from the board, despite the pilot's strong objections. Now  tall, Adam begins roaming the streets of Las Vegas. The citizens and visitors are stunned to see the gigantic baby in a Godzillaesqe manner, but he seems to think that the likes of \"Vegas Vic\" and all the neon lights are some kind of playground for him. Wayne and Diane arrive in time with Sterling, but there is still a problem; Adam needs to stand still for twelve seconds for the shrink ray to work. In an effort to keep him away from the lights, Wayne gets Brooks to drive an ice cream truck to lure Adam out of Las Vegas and back to Vista Del Mar while Sterling gets all the casino lights to be turned off to ensure that the plan goes smoothly. The plan is a success, and Diane convinces Wayne to enlarge her with the shrink ray, stating that although Adam will listen to his parents, as he 'knows' that his mother is larger than him and will not register her at his current size. \n\nIn Las Vegas, Adam has approached a Hard Rock Cafe and rips off the guitar from its sign, hoping to play with it. Hendrickson arrives in the helicopter and proceeds to shoot him with tranquilizer cartridges. The first shot misses him (due to the pilot's intentional maneuver), but the second hits the guitar, giving Adam a painful electrocuting shock, forcing him to throw the guitar into the pavement before crying in pain. The once-panicked crowd below watches in sympathy for Adam's pain, realizing that he was not a menace, but merely an innocent baby. Before Hendrickson has a chance to fire again, Diane (now enlarged) grabs the helicopter and demands Hendrickson and the pilot to back off. As Diane holds him still, Wayne and Sterling shrink both of them back to normal size. \n\nAfterwards, Hendrickson makes an excuse for shooting Adam, saying that the tranquilizer cartridges wouldn't hurt him, but Diane doesn't buy it and punches him, knocking him out. As the morning sun rises over the desert, Nick, now shrunk again by the ray along with Mandy and the car, finally wins Mandy's heart. Adam is excited to see that his Big Bunny is now over fifty feet tall. As Wayne and Diane kiss, the credits roll.\n"	"Cast"	"* Rick Moranis as Wayne Szalinski, a wacky inventor who always takes risks with pursuing machine experiments and at the same time is negligent prone when it comes to taking every precaution necessary in his achievement attempts.\n* Marcia Strassman as Diane Szalinski, Wayne's wife.\n* Amy O'Neill as Amy Szalinski, Wayne & Diane's eldest daughter.\n* Robert Oliveri as Nick Szalinski, Wayne & Diane's teenage son.\n* Daniel & Joshua Shalikar as Adam Szalinski, Wayne & Diane's two year old baby son who is enlarged to over 100 feet tall.\n* John Shea as Dr. Charles Hendrickson, Wayne's insolent boss hired under Clifford Sterling to be the head of Sterling labs. \n* Lloyd Bridges as Clifford Sterling, the president of Sterling labs. He has a kind disposition unlike his hired head, Dr. Hendrickson.\n* Keri Russell as Mandy Park, Adam's babysitter who also becomes Nick's girlfriend.\n* Ron Canada as Marshall Brooks\n* Gregory Sierra as Terence Wheeler\n* Michael Milhoan as Captain Ed Myerson\n* Leslie Neale as Constance Winters\n*Julia Sweeney as a Nosy neighbor\n* Linda Carlson as another Nosy neighbor\n"	"Production"	"The film was not originally written as a sequel to ''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids''. Originally titled ''Big Baby'', it was about a toddler who grew to giant size by a freak accident involving a growth ray and eventually terrorized Las Vegas in a non-violent, yet Godzillaesque way. Disney saw the possibilities of making this into a sequel to ''Honey'' and rewrote the script. Whereas most of the characters from ''Big Baby'' were rewritten as characters from ''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids'', there was no character in the original that \"Amy Szalinski\" could replace, so she is seen going away to college in the beginning of the film.\n\n===Casting===\nRick Moranis returns from the original film to portray \"wacky\" inventor Wayne Szalinski. Also returning is his wife, Diane, who is portrayed by Marcia Strassman. Amy O'Neill and Robert Oliveri return to portray the Szalinski children, Amy and Nick. Nick has matured in his personality and interests since the last film. He is still considered \"nerdy\", but has taken more interest in girls and guitars.\n\nCasting director Renee Rousselot searched over 1,000 small children for someone to portray Adam, the newest addition to the Szalinski clan. She searched for mostly three- to four-year-old boys because a younger child was thought to be problematic. She came across twins Daniel and Joshua Shalikar, from New Jersey and immediately cast them in December 1990. One twin would act in the morning, while the other was eating lunch or taking a nap. Baby consultant Elaine Hall Katz and director Randal Kleiser would plan the twins' scenes a week in advance. Tom Smith reported that, \"On his own, Dan was almost too adventuresome to repeat one move, and Josh seemed very cautious. Put them together and they could do anything.\" However, the film did have difficulties in working with such small children, and one crew member later remarked it was \"like playing hopscotch on hot coals\".\nAt the time, the Shalikar twins were scheduled to appear in two more ''Honey'' films. They did appear once, but were recast in ''Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves''.\n\nIn the film, Nick has a crush on a girl named Mandy Park, played by Keri Russell in her first feature film. John Shea portrays Dr. Charles Hendrickson, who is scheming to get Wayne's control of the project, while Lloyd Bridges portrays Clifford Sterling, the owner of Sterling Labs.\n\nFred Rogers and Richard Simmons are also seen in videos in TV scenes in the film.\n\n===Direction===\nRandal Kleiser, of ''Grease'' and ''White Fang'' fame, was chosen to direct this film, replacing Joe Johnston. Kleiser would return to film with the cast in the 3D show, ''Honey, I Shrunk the Audience'', which was at several Disney parks until 2010. Like its predecessor, and ''Grease'', ''Honey, I Blew Up the Kid'' had animated opening credits.\n\nProduction began on June 17, 1991. Filming took place in Simi Valley, California for the parts involving the Szalinskis' house. Also used extensively was well known places in Las Vegas such as the Hard Rock Hotel and Casino, the Mirage Hotel, and Fremont Street. The water park where Nick worked and where Mandy is first introduced is Wet 'n Wild in Las Vegas. It closed in 2004, twelve years after the film.\n\nSpecial effects were used heavily throughout the film, but some were not. When Adam knocks down his bedroom's door, production designer Leslie Dilley created a set with miniature furniture about four feet away from the camera, while the adult actors would be about fifteen feet away. Kleiser recalled, \"Danny was generally better at improvising and fresh reactions. Josh was better at following directions, so we would alternate.\"\n\n===Lawsuit before release===\nDisney would later find itself the subject of a lawsuit as a result of the film. The suit was filed in 1991 by Mark Goodson Productions director Paul Alter, who claimed to have come up with the idea of an oversized toddler after babysitting his granddaughter and watching her topple over building blocks. He wrote a screenplay titled \"Now, That's a Baby!\", which had not been made into a film but had received some sort of treatment beforehand. Alter claimed there were several similarities between the movie and his script, which consisted of the baby daughter of two scientists falling victim to a genetic experiment gone wrong instead of an enlarging ray. The case went to trial in 1993, with the jury finding in Alter's favor. Disney was forced to pay $300,000 in damages.\n"	"Reception"	"\n===Box office===\nThe film opened on July 17, 1992 to 2,492 theatres, almost twice as many as the first film. It was No. 1 on opening weekend with $11,083,318, and grossed $58,662,452 in the U.S.\n\n===Critical===\n\nThe film has received generally mixed reviews. It has a \"rotten\" rating of 41% at Rotten Tomatoes. Desson Thompson and Hal Hinson, both writers from the ''Washington Post'', agreed that the film was \"a one-joke film\". Roger Ebert, from the ''Chicago Sun-Times'', said that Adam \"didn't participate in the real world but simply toddled around\".\n"	"Soundtrack"	"\n\nIntrada Records released the record in 1992, in time for the film's release. The score was composed and conducted by Bruce Broughton, who would return to provide the score for ''Honey, I Shrunk the Audience''. \"Stayin Alive\" by the Bee Gees appears in the film. So does \"Loco-Motion\" by Carole King, Gerry Goffin, and \"Ours If We Want It\" written by Tom Snow and Mark Mueller. The soundtrack album consists of just the score.\n\n===Track listing===\n# \"Main Title\"\u00a0\u2013 3:03\n# \"To the Lab\"\u00a0\u2013 1:53\n# \"Adam Gets Zapped\"\u00a0\u2013 0:35\n# \"Putting on Weight?\"\u00a0\u2013 1:19\n# \"Macrowaved\"\u00a0\u2013 3:15\n# \"How'd She Take It?\"\u00a0\u2013 3:11\n# \"Sneaking Out\"\u00a0\u2013 1:12\n# \"Don't Touch That Switch!\"\u00a0\u2013 0:26\n# \"The Bunny Trick\"\u00a0\u2013 2:41\n# \"Get Big Bunny\"\u00a0\u2013 4:11\n# \"Clear the Streets!\"\u00a0\u2013 3:00\n# \"Car Flight\"\u00a0\u2013 4:38\n# \"Ice Cream!\"\u00a0\u2013 3:47\n# \"Look at That Mother!\"\u00a0\u2013 2:26\n# \"That's All, Folks!\"\u00a0\u2013 4:20\n"	"Home media"	"''Honey, I Blew Up the Kid'' was first released on VHS and Laserdisc on January 6, 1993. The film was released on a bare-bones DVD in 2002. While the VHS release contained no bonus material besides a music video, the laserdisc release contains the 1992 animated short film, ''Off His Rockers'' directed by Barry Cook, which accompanied the theatrical release. To date, ''Off His Rockers'' has only appeared on the laserdisc release of this film, making its availability rare, although the short can be viewed on YouTube.\n\nThe film was released on VHS in 1997, alongside its predecessor to coincide with the release of the third film in the series, ''Honey, We Shrunk Ourselves.''\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Hot Cross Bunny"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Hot Cross Bunny''''' is a 1948 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies theatrical animated short, starring Bugs Bunny.  The title is a play on the nursery rhyme ''Hot Cross Buns'' as well as a punny allusion to the basic plot premise.\n"	" Summary "	"Bugs is \"Experimental Rabbit #46\" in the Eureka Hospital Experimental Laboratory,  Paul Revere Foundation (which sports the slogan 'Hardly a man is now alive' in punning allusion to Longfellow's \"Paul Revere's Ride\"). Bugs lives a pampered life, oblivious to the fact that a scientist plans on switching his brain (or at least his personality, since no surgery is involved) with that of a chicken.\n\nAfter giving Bugs an examination (including a joke when Bugs reads the microscopic \"Allied Trades Consul\" disclaimer on an eye chart when told to read the bottom line), the scientist brings him out to the operating theater, in front of an audience of fellow doctors.  Bugs thinks he's been brought out to perform. He pulls out all the stops, singing, dancing, scatting (a la Danny Kaye), comedy routines (including his impression of Lionel Barrymore), and magic acts. Upon finishing each act, he looks around to see the unimpressed, stern-faced doctors in exactly the same frame position each time (\"What a tough audience! It ain't like St. Joe!\"). The scientist attempts to retrieve Bugs, but is pushed away. He strikes Bugs with a hammer while the rabbit is in the middle of a scat routine, but Bugs quickly revives and, having failed as the entertainment, becomes a vendor instead, selling hot dogs to the scientists, only to be hammered again. Learning the scientist's intentions, Bugs runs and a chase ensues.\n\nBugs hides in a closet, not noticing a skeleton in there, and comes out scared when he does see it. Then, when chased into the laboratory, he makes an ostensibly explosive cocktail and threatens the scientist with it, saying: \"One more step and I'll blow ya up! This contains manganese, phosphorus, nitrate, lactic acid, and dextrose!\" The scientist dismisses the threat, saying that the ingredients Bugs mentioned are the formula for a chocolate malt. Then he hides near an oxygen tent disguised as a Boy Scout, leading the scientist in the wrong direction.\n\nFinally, Bugs is rendered helpless with laughing gas and placed on the table, with metallic mind-switching caps placed on him and the rather uninterested-looking chicken.  At the last minute, he switches the electrodes (though it is revealed at the end that Bugs cut the wire connecting to his electrode instead) and the scientist ends up clucking like a chicken, while the chicken (with the scientist's mind) states in plain English he hopes that the experiment can be reversed. Bugs tells the audience: \"Looks like Doc is a victim of '''fowl play'''!\" and laughs.\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Hugh Jackman on screen and stage"	"Introduction"	"The following is the complete filmography of Australian actor, singer, and producer Hugh Jackman.\n"	" Film "	"{| class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n Title\n Year\n Role\n Notes\n \n\n ''Erskineville Kings''\n 1999\n Wace\n\n\n\n ''Paperback Hero''\n 1999\n \n\n\n\n ''X-Men''\n 2000\n Logan / Wolverine\n\n\n\n ''Kate & Leopold''\n 2001\n Leopold\n\n\n\n ''Someone Like You''\n 2001\n Eddie\n\n\n\n ''Swordfish''\n 2001\n \n\n\n\n ''X2: X-Men United''\n 2003\n Logan / Wolverine\n\n\n\n ''Profile of a Serial Killer''\n 2004\n \n\n\n\n ''Van Helsing''\n 2004\n \n\n\n\n ''Van Helsing: The London Assignment''\n 2004\n Gabriel Van Helsing\nVoice\n\n\n ''Stories of Lost Souls''\n 2005\n Roger\nSegment: \"Standing Room Only\"\n\n\n ''Happy Feet''\n 2006\n Memphis\n Voice\n\n\n ''Flushed Away''\n 2006\n Roddy\n Voice\n\n\n ''''\n 2006\n \n\n\n\n ''''\n 2006\n Tomas/Tommy/Tom Creo\n\n\n\n ''Scoop''\n 2006\n \n\n\n\n ''X-Men: The Last Stand''\n 2006\n Logan / Wolverine\n\n\n\n ''Deception''\n 2008\n \n Also producer\n\n\n ''Australia''\n 2008\n The Drover\n\n\n\n ''''\n 2008\n Narrator\n Documentary\n\n\n ''X-Men Origins: Wolverine''\n 2009\n James Howlett / Logan / Wolverine\n Also producer\n\n\n ''X-Men: First Class''\n 2011\n Logan / Wolverine\n Uncredited cameo\n\n\n ''Snow Flower and the Secret Fan''\n 2011\n Arthur\n\n\n\n ''Real Steel''\n 2011\n \n\n\n\n ''Butter''\n 2012\n \n\n\n\n ''Rise of the Guardians''\n 2012\n Bunnymund / The Easter Bunny\n Voice\n\n\n ''''\n 2012\n Jean Valjean\n\n\n\n ''Movie 43''\n 2013\n Davis\n\n\n\n ''The Wolverine''\n 2013\n Logan / Wolverine\n Also producer\n\n\n ''Prisoners''\n 2013\n Keller Dover\n\n\n\n ''X-Men: Days of Future Past''\n 2014\n Logan / Wolverine\n\n\n\n ''That Sugar Film''\n 2014\n Himself\n Documentary\n\n\n ''Dukale's Dream''\n 2014\n Himself\n Documentary\n\n\n ''Night at the Museum: Secret of the Tomb''\n 2014\n Himself\n Uncredited cameo\n\n\n ''Chappie''\n 2015\n Vincent Moore\n\n\n\n ''Me and Earl and the Dying Girl\n 2015\n Himself\n Voice\n\n\n ''Pan''\n 2015\n Blackbeard\n\n\n\n ''Eddie the Eagle''\n 2016\n Bronson Peary\n\n\n\n ''X-Men: Apocalypse''\n 2016\n Logan / Weapon X / Wolverine\n Uncredited cameo\n\n\n ''Logan''\n 2017\n Logan / Wolverine\nPost-production\n\n\n ''The Greatest Showman''\n 2017\n P.T. Barnum\nFilming\n\n\n ''Larrikins''\n 2018\n \n Voice\n\n\n\n"	"Television"	"{| class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n Title\n Year\n Role\n Notes\n \n\n ''Law of the Land''\n 1994\n Charles \"Chicka\" McCray\n Episode: \"Win, Lose and Draw\"\n\n\n ''Correlli''\n 1995\n Kevin Jones\n10 episodes\n\n\n ''Blue Heelers''\n 1995\n Brady Jackson\n Episode: \"Just Desserts\"\n\n\n ''''\n 1996\n Duncan Jones\n 5 episodes\n\n\n ''Halifax f.p.''\n 1998\n Eric Ringer\n Episode: \"Afraid of the Dark\"\n\n\n ''Saturday Night Live''\n 2001\n Himself/Host\n Episode: \"Hugh Jackman/Mick Jagger\"\n\n\n ''57th Tony Awards''\n 2003\n Himself/Host\n TV Special\n\n\n ''58th Tony Awards''\n 2004\n Himself/Host\n TV Special\n\n\n ''59th Tony Awards''\n 2005\n Himself/Host\n TV Special\n\n\n ''An Aussie Goes Barmy''\n 2006\n Narrator\n 1 episode\n\n\n ''Punk'd''\n 2006\u20132007\n Himself\n 2 episodes\n\n\n ''Viva Laughlin''\n 2007\n Nicky Fontana\n Episode: \"Pilot\", also executive producer\n\n\n ''An Aussie Goes Bolly''\n 2008\n Narrator\n 6 episodes\n\n\n ''81st Academy Awards''\n 2009\n Himself/Host\n TV Special\n\n\n ''Sesame Street''\n 2010\n Himself\n Episode: \"Tribute to Number Seven\"\n\n\n''WWE Raw''\n2011\nHimself/Host\nEpisode: \"955\"\n\n\n''Saturday Night Live''\n2011\nDaniel Radcliffe\nEpisode: \"Ben Stiller/Foster the People\"\n\n\n ''Top Gear''\n 2013\n Himself\n Episode: \"\"20.4\"\"\n\n\n ''Christmas in Washington''\n 2013\n Himself/Host\n TV Special\n\n\n ''WWE Raw''\n 2014\n Himself/Host\n Episode \"1,091\"\n\n\n ''68th Tony Awards''\n 2014\n Himself/Host\n TV Special\n\n\n"	" Theatre "	"\n\n Title\n Year\n Role\n Notes\n \n\n''Beauty And The Beast''\n1995\nGaston\nAustralia\n\n\n''Sunset Boulevard''\n1996\nJoe Gillis\nAustralia\n\n\n ''Oklahoma!''\n 1998\n Curly McLain\n West End\n\n\n ''Carousel''\n 2002\n Billy Bigelow\n Off-Broadway\n\n\n ''The Boy from Oz''\n 2003\n Peter Allen\n Broadway\n\n\n ''The Boy from Oz: The Arena Musical''\n 2006\n Peter Allen\n Australia\n\n\n ''A Steady Rain''\n 2009\n Denny\n Broadway\n\n\n''Hugh Jackman: in Performance''\n2011\nHimself\nCalifornia\n\n\n''Hugh Jackman: in Concert''\n2011\nHimself\nCanada\n\n\n ''Hugh Jackman: Back on Broadway''\n 2011\n Himself\n Broadway\n\n\n ''The River''\n 2014\n The Man\n Broadway\n\n\n ''An Evening With Hugh Jackman''\n 2015\n Himself\n Istanbul\n\n\n''Broadway to Oz''\n2015\nHimself\nAustralia\n\n\n"	" Video games "	"{| class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n Title\n Year\n Role\n Notes\n \n\n ''Van Helsing''\n 2004\n Gabriel Van Helsing\n Reprised role from the film\n\n\n ''X-Men: The Official Game''\n 2006\n Logan / Wolverine\n Reprised role from the film series\n\n\n ''X-Men Origins: Wolverine''\n 2009\n James Howlett / Logan / Wolverine\n Reprised role from the film\n\n\n"	" References "	"\n"	"Notes"	"\n"	" External links "	"\n*\n*\n\n\n"
"Ian McCulloch"	"Introduction"	"'''Ian McCulloch''' may refer to:\n\n* Ian McCulloch (actor) (born 1939), British actor\n* Ian McCulloch (singer) (born 1959), English singer, notably of Echo and the Bunnymen\n* Ian McCulloch (snooker player) (born 1971), English snooker player\n* Ian McCulloch (footballer) (born 1948), Australian rules football player for Fitzroy and East Perth\n"	"See also"	"* Iain McCulloch (born 1954), Scottish footballer (Kilmarnock and Notts County)\n\n"
"Ian McCulloch (singer)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''Ian Stephen McCulloch''' (born 5 May 1959 in Liverpool) is an English singer-songwriter and musician, best known as the frontman for the rock group Echo & the Bunnymen.\n"	"Career"	"McCulloch in Amsterdam in 2006\nIan McCulloch with Echo & the Bunnymen at the Festival Internacional de Benic\u00e0ssim 2016\nMcCulloch was a singer-songwriter with the Crucial Three, one of many local bands that sprung up amongst the regulars who patronised a Liverpool club called Eric's in the late '70s. The other two members were Julian Cope and Pete Wylie who went on to form Wah!. The band existed between May and June 1977, and never got beyond rehearsals. In July 1978, along with future members of The Teardrop Explodes \u2013 Cope, Mick Finkler and Paul Simpson \u2013 and drummer Dave Pickett, McCulloch formed A Shallow Madness. Again the band did not perform or record, but an acoustic version of the band, under the name 'Uh', played live twice. The band split up in September 1978. \n\nIn October 1978, McCulloch founded Echo & the Bunnymen with Will Sergeant (guitar), Les Pattinson (bass), and a drum machine (allegedly named Echo), making their live d\u00e9but at Eric's in November that year. In October 1979 the Bunnymen exchanged the drum machine for Pete de Freitas on drums. With their line up solidified, the Bunnymen played in the late 1970s and early 1980s, releasing their critically praised, first two albums, the somewhat Doors influenced Crocodiles in 1980 and the heavier, bass driven, Heaven up Here in 1981 and  culminating with the release of ''Ocean Rain'' in 1984. Shortly before the album was released, McCulloch described \"Ocean Rain\" as \"the greatest album ever made\". McCulloch later said: \"When I sing 'The Killing Moon' I know there isn't a band in the world who's got a song anywhere near that.\"\n\nIn 1988, McCulloch left the group to pursue a solo career under the impression the Bunnymen would be laid to rest, if only temporarily. When the remaining Bunnymen continued using the name with new singer Noel Burke, the split became permanent with McCulloch referring to the band as \"Echo & the Bogusmen\".\n\nIn 1990, McCulloch released the album ''Candleland'' which reflected a more mature outlook on the world, owing to the recent deaths of McCulloch's father and Pete de Freitas, and peaked at number 18 in the UK Albums Chart. It yielded two Modern Rock Tracks hits, \"Proud To Fall\" (No. 1 for 4 weeks) and \"Faith and Healing\". The album ''Mysterio'' was released in 1992 as the public's interest in the former Bunnyman was waning and sold less than its predecessor. Shortly after, McCulloch left the public eye to devote more time to his family.\n\nIn 1993, McCulloch partnered with Johnny Marr of the Smiths, writing an album's worth of material and generating public excitement over the collaboration of two highly regarded artists. McCulloch has credited Marr with helping him regain his lost confidence and rejuvenating his desire to create music. When it was suggested that Will Sergeant be brought in to work on the songs, the tapes were allegedly stolen from a courier van preventing Sergeant from offering any input.\n\nThe rekindling of the relationship between McCulloch and Sergeant led to the formation of Electrafixion in 1994. The band released the album ''Burned'' which peaked at number 38 in the UK and included the top-30 hit \"Sister Pain\". The band soon found themselves performing set lists composed of half Electrafixion songs and half Echo & the Bunnymen songs. \n\nIn 1997, Echo & the Bunnymen reformed and released the album ''Evergreen'' to positive reviews and chart success. ''Evergreen'' made the Top 10 of the UK Albums Chart and the single Nothing Lasts Forever reached No. 8 on the UK Singles Chart. The reformed Bunnymen have since several further albums, the most recent being ''Meteorites'' which was released in 2014.\n\nAt the height of the Bunnymen's popularity, McCulloch earned the nickname \"Mac the Mouth\" due to a penchant for witty, blunt criticism of artists he deemed inferior, while proclaiming the Bunnymen's superiority. Targets of his observations included Bono of U2 and Julian Cope. More recently, in 2011, McCulloch said of Bono: \"Had he been in Liverpool, he would have been laughed out of the place. U2 have never been liked in Liverpool. We know a fake when we see one.\" McCulloch said that during the early 1980s, Bono told him the Bunnymen could break America but only if they toured there for three months. McCulloch said: \"Three months? I can't spent three minutes in Birkenhead without going daft, let alone America.\"\n\nIn 1998, McCulloch teamed up with the Spice Girls, Tommy Scott of Space, and Simon Fowler of Ocean Colour Scene as \"England United\" to record \"Top of the World\", the official song for Team England in the 1998 FIFA World Cup, although it fared less well than a reissue of \"Three Lions\". He enjoyed more success working as a mentor for Coldplay during the recording of their 2002 album ''A Rush of Blood to the Head''.\n\nIn 2003, McCulloch released his third solo album ''Slideling'' and undertook a solo tour in support of the album.\n\nMcCulloch has been a lifetime supporter of Liverpool F.C. In 2006 he took part in recording the team's anthem with the Bootroom Allstars \u2013 a remake of the Johnny Cash song, \"Ring of Fire\", and was on the judging panel for the music competition Pringles Unsung.\n\nIn 2010, McCulloch featured in a guest role on the song \"Some Kind of Nothingness\" by the Manic Street Preachers from their tenth album ''Postcards from a Young Man''.\n\nIn 2012, McCulloch released a solo LP, \"Pro Patria Mori\" and a live album \"Holy Ghosts\" in 2013.\n"	"Musical influences"	"\nMcCulloch has cited Lou Reed, Iggy Pop, the Doors, Stevie Wonder, Leonard Cohen and particularly David Bowie as influences for his work. He has described Cohen's song \"Suzanne\" as \"the perfect lyric with the perfect melody\" and Bowie as \"so influential and the greatest solo artist of the 20th Century in any walk of art.\"\n"	"Personal life"	"In 1983, McCulloch married Lorraine Fox. They have two daughters, Candy and Mimi. Candy appeared in the video for his solo single \"Faith and Healing\" when she was a young girl. The couple separated in late 2003. He was in a relationship with Zoe Devlin, a former X Factor contestant. They had a daughter, Dusty, but have now separated.\n\nMcCulloch was brought up in the Norris Green area of Liverpool. The road on which he originally lived, Parthenon Drive, is the title of a song contained in the 2005 Echo & the Bunnymen album, ''Siberia''. He was educated at Alsop High School.\n\nMcCulloch featured in a YouTube video appeal in October 2010 which campaigned for Tom Hicks and George Gillett to be removed from Liverpool F.C.  In a 2013 interview McCulloch said that he was no longer attending Liverpool matches.\n"	"Discography"	"\n\n\n*''Candleland'' (1989)\n*''Mysterio'' (1992)\n*''Slideling'' (2003)\n*''Pro Patria Mori'' (2012)\n*''Liverpool Cathedral Live'' (2012)\n*''Holy Ghosts'' (2013)\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n\n* Bunnymen.com \u2013 The official site\n* The Songwriter As Poet: Ian McCulloch and the Pre-Raphaelite Tradition\n* The Ultimate Echo and the Bunnymen Forum, Discography, Tab & Lyric Site\n* A review of ''Slideling'', Ian McCulloch\u2019s solo album from 2003\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Ida Rentoul Outhwaite"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'Fairy Islands' from the book Elves and Fairies 1916 by Ida Rentoul Outhwaite\nFrom ''Elves & Fairies'' by Ida Rentoul Outhwaite\nThe Waterfall Fairy\nFrom ''Elves & Fairies'' by Ida Rentoul Outhwaite\n''For the New Zealand artist see Isa Outhwaite.''\n\n'''Ida Rentoul Outhwaite''', also known as  '''Ida Sherbourne Rentoul''' and '''Ida Sherbourne Outhwaite''' \n(9 June 1888  \u2013 25 June 1960), was an Australian illustrator of children's books. Her work mostly depicted fairies.\n\nIda was born in Carlton, Victoria, the youngest child of four and second daughter of the Rev. Dr. John Laurence Rentoul, an Irish-born Presbyterian minister and academic, and his wife Annie Isobel (n\u00e9e Rattray). At the time of her birth Outhwaite's father was a professor at Ormond College, University of Melbourne, and later moderator-general of his church for 1912-14, and when the World War I broke out, chaplain-general of the Australian military forces.  She was educated at Presbyterian Ladies' College, Melbourne.\n\nShe married Arthur Grenbry Outhwaite on 8 December 1909 and thereafter was generally known as Ida Rentoul Outhwaite. Before this she had variously signed her work I.S.R. and at some point changed this to I.R.O. She also occasionally used I.S.R.O. and full spellings rather than abbreviations.\n\nOuthwaite worked predominantly with pen and ink, and watercolour.\n\nOuthwaite's first illustration was published by ''New Idea'' magazine in 1904 when she was just 15 years of age - it accompanied a story written by her older sister, Anne Rattray Rentoul. In the years that followed, the sisters collaborated on a number of stories. Following her marriage to Grenbry Outhwaite in 1909, she also collaborated with her husband - most notably for ''The Enchanted Forest'' (1921), ''The Little Fairy Sister'' (1923) and ''Fairyland'' (1926). In a number of cases, her children - Robert, Anne, Wendy and William - served as models for her illustrations.\n\nHer illustrations were exhibited throughout Australia, as well as in London and Paris between 1907 and 1933. She died in Caulfield, Victoria, Australia.\n\nPublications carrying her illustrations include:\n* ''Mollie's Bunyip'' (1904);\n* ''Mollie's Staircase'' (1906);\n* ''Gum Tree Brownie and other Faerie Folk of the Never Never'' (1907);\n* ''Before the Lamps are Lit'' (1911);\n* ''Elves and Fairies'' (1916);\n* ''The Enchanted Forest'' (1921);\n* ''The Little Green Road to Fairyland'' (1922);\n* ''The Little Fairy Sister'' (1923);\n* ''The Sentry and the Shell Fairy'' (1924);\n* ''Fairyland'' (1926);\n* ''Blossom: A Fairy Story'' (1928);\n* ''Bunny and Brownie: The Adventures of George and Wiggle'' (1930); and\n* ''A Bunch of Wild Flowers'' (1933).\n\nHer works were also published in periodicals and newspapers such as ''The New Idea'', ''The Native Companion'', ''Australia Today'' and the ''British-Australasian''.\n\nHer work is depicted in four stained glass windows in an adjoining hall at St Mark's Anglican Church in Fitzroy, Victoria.\n\nIn 1985 she was honoured on a postage stamp, depicting an illustration from ''Elves and Fairies'', issued by Australia Post.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n*  Ida Rentoul Outhwaite - Children's Books illustrators.\n*  Ida Rentoul Outhwaite - Queen of Fairyland - Everything by fairy artist - Ida Rentoul Outhwaite. Listed from earliest to most recent.\n*  Chronological Bibliography - compiled by Michael Organ\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Index Roots Reggae Library"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\nThis page is an overview listing the full content of the Roots Reggae Library website. For each artist in this directory the website has a page that contains information about the artist and describes all the albums and songs in the discography of that given artist. There are currently 23 artist discographies available on the Roots Reggae Library, hailing from countries such as Jamaica, South Africa, Ivory Coast, Brazil and England.\n\nEach page of an artist or band gives information about their background as well as their musical style. Every album in the discography is highlighted with the album cover and the track list. Each song is then discussed individually and highlighted in bold font. Articles on the website end with an overview of the discography of that given artist or band. On the homepage, the author shares his personal view and taste in music.  \n"	"Content"	"This overview lists the name of the artist or band that has been published on the Roots Reggae Library and the statistical content of their discography. This includes the number of albums, songs, the total playing time and the date of publishing. The Website Tab refers to the numerical order in which the artists are listed on the website. The location at which the author has written the information on the artist discography is also stated. \n\nThe content of the discographies on this website dis unique, to the extend that the author has taken content such as singles and outtakes and has added them to existing albums. It is possible to view a similar list of published content on the website itself. Another option presented on the website is to scroll through a chronological timeline of all individual albums.\n"	"Published artists"	"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n\n '''Artist / Band''' !! '''Date Published''' !! '''Albums''' !! '''Songs''' !! '''Playing Time''' !! '''Website Tab''' !! '''Publishing Location'''\n\n  Bob Marley \n 2012/05 \n 9 \n  107 \n 06:49:24 \n 1 \n  Groningen, Netherlands \n\n  Peter Tosh \n 2012/06 \n 10 \n  109 \n 07:56:31 \n 2 \n  Groningen, Netherlands\n\n  Prince Lincoln \n 2012/07 \n 6 \n 65 \n 05:09:43 \n 6 \n  Bennekom, Netherlands \n\n  Black Roots \n 2012/10 \n 7 \n  87 \n 05:37:17 \n 15 \n  Windhoek, Namibia \n\n  Talisman \n 2012/10 \n 5 \n  38 \n 02:50:09 \n 16 \n  Windhoek, Namibia \n\n  The Gladiators \n 2012/12 \n 28 \n  305 \n 18:20:14 \n 8\n  Lubango, Angola \n\n  The Wailers \n 2013/03 \n 17 \n  255 \n 12:04:18 \n 12 \n  Jitra, Malaysia \n\n  The Tartans \n 2014/06 \n 2 \n  18 \n 00:49:51 \n 13 \n  Jitra, Malaysia \n\n  The Congos \n 2014/10 \n 15 \n  197 \n 13:47:06 \n 7 \n  Jitra, Malaysia \n\n  Steel Pulse \n 2014/11 \n 13 \n  157 \n 11:16:03 \n 14 \n  Jitra, Malaysia \n\n  Israel Vibration \n 2014/12 \n 18 \n  206 \n 14:41:14 \n 9 \n  Jitra, Malaysia \n\n  Alpha Blondy \n 2015/01 \n 17 \n  195 \n 14:20:41 \n 22 \n  Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia \n\n  The Abyssinians \n 2015/02 \n 5 \n  64 \n 04:02:39 \n 10 \n  Jitra, Malaysia \n\n  Lucky Dube \n 2015/08 \n 18 \n  183 \n 12:28:43 * \n 17 \n  Cruz das Almas, Brazil \n\n  Twinkle Brothers \n 2015/09 \n 42 \n  456 \n 28:04:00 \n 11 \n  Cruz das Almas, Brazil \n\n  Edson Gomes \n 2015/10 \n 6 \n  69 \n 04:33:35 \n 24 \n  Cruz das Almas, Brazil \n\n  Bunny Wailer \n 2015/12 \n 24 \n  283 \n 19:07:28 \n 3 \n  Jember, Indonesia \n\n  Ijahman Levi \n 2016/01 \n 20 \n  153 \n 11:15:05 \n 4 \n  Jember, Indonesia \n\n  Judy Mowatt \n 2016/02 \n 11 \n  138 \n 08:52:20 \n 5 \n  Sidoarjo, Indonesia\n\n  Max Adioa \n 2016/06 \n 2 \n  18 \n 01:16:10 \n 23 \n  Jember, Indonesia \n\n  Reggae Muntu \n 2016/07 \n 1 \n  6 \n 00:28:20 \n 18 \n  Jember, Indonesia \n\n  Joe Silo \n 2016/07 \n 1 \n  8 \n 00:32:17 \n 19 \n  Jember, Indonesia  \n\n  Joe Gad \n 2017/01 \n 1 \n  8 \n 00:29:33 \n 20 \n  Ilagan, Philippines \n\n  Jos\u00e9 Carlos \n 2017/01 \n 1 \n  8 \n 00:33:49 \n 21 \n  Ilagan, Philippines \n\n\n-* Playing time excluding 'Ngikwethembe Na', which is at the top of the Roots Reggae Library wishlist\n"	"References"	""
"Jack Cassidy"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''John Joseph Edward''' \"'''Jack'''\" '''Cassidy''' (March 5, 1927\u00a0\u2013 December 12, 1976) was an American actor, singer and director of stage, film, and television.\n"	"Early life"	"He was born in Richmond Hill, Queens, New York, the son of Charlotte (n\u00e9e Koehler) and William Cassidy. His father, an engineer at the Long Island Rail Road, was of Irish descent and his mother was of German ancestry.\n"	"Career"	"Cassidy achieved success as a musical performer on Broadway. He appeared in ''Alive and Kicking'', ''Wish You Were Here'', ''Shangri-La'', ''Maggie Flynn'', ''Fade Out \u2013 Fade In'', ''It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman'', and ''She Loves Me'', for which he won a Tony Award. He also received Emmy Award nominations for his television performances in ''He & She'' and ''The Andersonville Trial''.\n\nOn television, he became a frequent guest star, appearing in such programs as ''The Alfred Hitchcock Hour'', ''Gunsmoke'', ''Bewitched'', ''Get Smart'', ''That Girl'', ''Hawaii Five-O'', ''Match Game'' and ''McCloud'' and three times as a murderer on ''Columbo'', including \"Murder By the Book\", directed by not yet famous Steven Spielberg. Because that episode was the first of the first season, Cassidy was the first murderer of the series, excluding the two pilot films. The other two Columbo episodes are \"Publish or Perish\" (1974) and \"Now You See Him\" (1976).\n\nHe co-starred with Ronnie Schell in a television revival of ''Hellzapoppin'''. Cassidy also co-starred as a despicable informer in the movie ''The Eiger Sanction'' with Clint Eastwood and provided the voice of Bob Cratchit for the pioneering animated television special ''Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol''.\n\nHis frequent professional persona was that of an urbane, super-confident egotist with a dramatic flair, much in the manner of Broadway actor Frank Fay. Cassidy perfected this character to such an extent that he was cast as John Barrymore in the feature film ''W.C. Fields and Me''.\n\nThe role of the vain, shallow, buffoon-like newsman Ted Baxter on TV's ''The Mary Tyler Moore Show'' (1970\u20131977) was reportedly written with Cassidy in mind. Although Cassidy had played a similar buffoonish character in the 1967-1968 sitcom ''He & She'', he turned down the role, feeling that it was not right for him; the part went to Ted Knight. Cassidy later appeared as a guest star in a  1971 episode as Ted's highly competitive and equally egotistical brother, Hal.\n"	"Personal life"	"===Marriages and children===\nA programme featuring Cassidy and Jones at the White House in 1957\n\nCassidy was married twice. His first marriage in 1946 was to actress Evelyn Ward. Together they had a son, David, who later became a teen idol. They divorced in 1956 and in the same year Cassidy married singer and actress Shirley Jones. Cassidy and Jones had three sons, Shaun, Patrick, and Ryan. Cassidy's eldest son David later starred with Jones in the musical sitcom ''The Partridge Family.'' Jones and Cassidy divorced in 1974.\n\n===Mental issues===\nIn his 1994 autobiography, ''C'Mon, Get Happy'', Cassidy's eldest son David wrote that he became increasingly concerned about his father in the last years of his life. Cassidy suffered from bipolar disorder and was an alcoholic, who was displaying increasingly erratic behavior. In 1974, his neighbors were shocked to see him watering his front lawn naked in the middle of the afternoon.  Cassidy's second wife Shirley Jones described a similar incident when she found him sitting naked in a corner, reading a book. Jones said to him that they had to get ready to do a show, and he calmly looked up and said, \"I know now that I'm Christ\". In December 1974, Cassidy was hospitalized in a psychiatric facility for 48 hours. At that time, Jones found out that he had been previously diagnosed with bipolar disorder.\n\n===Sexuality===\nDavid Cassidy claimed that his father was bisexual, citing attributed personal accounts and reports, both anecdotal and published, of his father's same-sex affairs, a fact neither he nor his siblings discovered until after his death. In her 2013 memoir, Shirley Jones confirms that Cassidy had many same-sex affairs, including one with Cole Porter.\n"	"Death"	"By 1976, Cassidy was living alone in a penthouse apartment in West Hollywood.\n\nAccording to ex-wife Shirley Jones, on December 11, 1976, Cassidy asked her over for drinks, but she declined his invitation. He then invited actress and singer Donna Theodore out for a date. According to Theodore in a 1999 interview, which was featured in the ''Mysteries and Scandals'' episode on Cassidy, she began noticing strange mood swings in Cassidy, notably one incident in which he ran all over the nightclub to which they had gone. Feeling uncomfortable, she asked him to take her back to her house, which he did.  After eating dinner alone at an Italian restaurant, Cassidy returned to his apartment alone, by which time he was drunk, as he had consumed alcohol at various bars across West Hollywood that evening. In the early morning hours of December 12, Cassidy lit a cigarette and fell asleep on his Naugahyde couch. He then dropped the cigarette, which ignited the couch. The flames quickly spread throughout the apartment and the building. At 6:15 a.m., the blaze was discovered by Deputy Sherriff John DiMatteo, who evacuated the building and entered Cassidy's apartment. A charred corpse was found in the doorway of the apartment. As Cassidy's car was missing, his family hoped that he had traveled to Palm Springs, as he had apparently intended the following day.  But the corpse was soon identified as Cassidy's by dental records and a signet ring that he wore, bearing the Cassidy family crest.  The car had been borrowed by a friend, who later returned it.  Cassidy's remains were cremated and scattered on the Pacific Ocean.\n"	"Accolades"	"Cassidy won the 1964 Tony Award for best featured actor in a musical for his role in ''She Loves Me'' and was nominated for two Emmy Awards: in 1968 for Outstanding Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role in a Comedy, for ''He & She'', and 1971 for Outstanding Single Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role for the film ''The Andersonville Trial'' (1970). Cassidy was approved for a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2005, and fundraising efforts are currently underway to fund the dedication ceremony.\n"	"Stage"	"Source: Playbill Vault \n===Broadway===\n\n\n* ''Something for the Boys'' (1943) \u2014 chorus\n* ''Sadie Thompson'' (1944) \u2014 chorus\n* ''Around the World'' (1946) \u2014 chorus\n* ''Music in My Heart'' (1947) \u2014 chorus\n* ''Small Wonder'' (1948) \u2014 ensemble\n* ''Inside U.S.A.'' (1948) \u2014 chorus\n* ''Alive and Kicking'' (1950) \u2014 ensemble\n* ''South Pacific'' (1952) \u2014 Richard West\n* ''Wish You Were Here'' (1952) \u2014 Chick Miller\n* ''Sandhog'' (1954) \u2014 Johnny O'Sullivan\n* ''Shangri-La'' (1956), New York City Center \u2014 Charles Mallinson\n* ''The Beggar's Opera'' (1957) (with Shirley Jones), New York City Center \u2014 MacHeath\n\n*  ''She Loves Me'' (1963) \u2014 Steven Kodaly \n**Tony Award winner: Best Featured Actor in a Musical\n*  ''Fade Out \u2013 Fade In'' (1964) \u2014 Byron Prong \n**Tony Award nominee: Best Featured Actor in a Musical\n* ''It's a Bird...It's a Plane...It's Superman'' (1966) \u2014 Max Mencken\n**Tony Award nominee: Best Actor in a Musical\n* ''Maggie Flynn'' (1968) (with Shirley Jones) \u2014 Phineas Flynn\n**Tony Award nominee: Best Actor in a Musical\n* ''The Mundy Scheme'' (1969) \u2014 Mick Moloney\n* ''Sondheim: A Musical Tribute'' (concert) (March 11, 1973), Shubert Theater\n* ''Murder Among Friends'' (1975) \u2014 Palmer Forrester\n\n\n===Elsewhere===\n* ''Oklahoma!'' (1956) (with Shirley Jones), European tour \u2014 Curly\n* ''Wonderful Town'' (July 1958), Brussels World's Fair, Belgium \u2014 Robert Baker\n* ''Wonderful Town'' (1958), London, United Kingdom \u2014 Robert Baker\n* ''Wish You Were Here (musical)'' (1959) (with Shirley Jones), Dallas, Texas \u2014 Chick Miller\n* ''Epitaph for George Dillon'' (1959), Los Angeles, California \u2014 George Dillon\n* ''Gypsy (musical)'' (1962), Dallas, Texas \u2014 Herbie\n* ''Mary, Mary'' (1965), national tour \u2014 Dirk Winsten\n* ''Camelot (musical)'' (1965), national tour \u2014 Lancelot\n* ''Wait Until Dark'' (1967) (with Shirley Jones), national tour \u2014 Roat\n* ''The Marriage Band'' (1972) (with Shirley Jones), Las Vegas, Nevada; and national tour\n"	"Filmography"	"\n===Television===\n\n\n*''Lux Video Theatre'' (1957)\n*''The United States Steel Hour'' (1957)\n*''Richard Diamond, Private Detective''\u00a0\u2014 Danny Fortune\n*''Gunsmoke'' (1958)\u00a0\u2014 Marcus France\n*''The Chevy Mystery Show'' (1960)\u00a0\u2014 David Townsend\n*''Hawaiian Eye'' (1961)\u00a0\u2014 Maurice Clifford\n*''Maverick'' (1961)\u00a0\u2014 Roger Cushman\n*''Alfred Hitchcock Presents'' (1961)\u00a0\u2014 Mark Lansing\n*''General Electric Theater'' (1961)\u00a0\u2014 Alan Richards\n*''Lock-Up'' (1961)\u00a0\u2014 Vincent Gibson\n*''Wagon Train'' (1961)\u00a0\u2014 Dan Palmer\n*''Surfside 6'' (1962)\u00a0\u2014 Val Morton\n*''Everglades'' (1962)\u00a0\u2014 Ron Fairburn\n*''FBI Code 98'' (1962)\u00a0\u2014 Walter Macklin\n*''77 Sunset Strip'' (1962)\u00a0\u2014 Dick Arnador\n*''Bronco'' (1961\u20131962)\u00a0\u2014 Edward Miller\n*''The Dick Powell Show'' (1962)\u00a0\u2014 Roth\n*''Mister Magoo's Christmas Carol'' (1962) (voice)\u00a0\u2014 Bob Cratchit\n*''Hennesey'' (1962)\u00a0\u2014 Chaplain\n*''The Wide Country'' (1963)\u00a0\u2014 Jerry Manning\n*''Mr. Broadway'' (1964)\u00a0\u2014 Allan\n*''Famous Adventures of Mr. Magoo'' (1964)\n*''The Lucy Show'' (1965)\n*''The Alfred Hitchcock Hour'' (1965)\u00a0\u2014 Arthur Mannix\n*''The Garry Moore Show'' (1966)\u00a0\u2014 Harrison Floy\n*''He & She'' (1967)\u00a0\u2014 Oscar North\n*''Coronet Blue'' (1967)\u00a0\u2014 Demier\n*''The Girl from U.N.C.L.E.'' (1967)\u00a0\u2014 Rock Mussin\n*''I Spy'' (1967)\u00a0\u2014 Nick Fleming\n*''Get Smart'' (1968)\u00a0\u2014 Mr. Bob\n*''Bewitched'' (1968\u20131970)\u00a0\u2014 Rance Butler, George Dinsdale \n*''That Girl'' (1969)\u00a0\u2014 Marty Hines\n*''Annie, the Women in the Life of a Man'' (1970)\n*''The Governor & J.J.'' (1970)\u00a0\u2014 Mark Ellison\n\n*''Matt Lincoln'' (1970)\n*''George M!'' (1970)\u00a0\u2014 Jeremiah \"Jerry\" Cohan\n*''The Andersonville Trial'' (1970)\u00a0\u2014 Otis Baker\n*''Love, American Style'' (1970\u20131972)\n*''Sarge'' (1971)\u00a0\u2014 John Michael O'Flaherty\n*''Bonanza'' (1971)\u00a0\u2014 Kevin O'Casey\n*''The Mary Tyler Moore Show'' (1971)\u00a0\u2014 Hal Baxter\n*''Alias Smith and Jones'' (1971)\u00a0\u2014 Harry Wagener\n*''Columbo: Murder by the Book'' (1971)\u00a0\u2014 Ken Franklin\n*''The Powder Room'' (1971)\n*''Storefront Lawyers'' (1971)\n*''Night Gallery'' (1971)\u00a0\u2014 Marius Davis\n*''The Mod Squad'' (1971)\u00a0\u2014 Perry Lerriko\n*''Mission: Impossible'' (1972)\u00a0\u2014 Orin Kerr\n*''Your Money or Your Wife'' (1972)\u00a0\u2014 Josh Darwin, the TV Producer\n*''Banyon'' (1972)\n*''Great Mysteries'' (1973)\u00a0\u2014 Pennington\n*''Barnaby Jones'' (1973)\u00a0\u2014 Craig Woodridge\n*''A Time for Love'' (1973)\u00a0\u2014 Tom Pierson\n*''Sin, American Style'' (1974)\u00a0\u2014 Danny Holliday\n*''The Phantom of Hollywood'' (1974)\u00a0\u2014 Otto Vonner/Karl Vonner\n*''June Moon'' (1974)\u00a0\u2014 Paul Sears\n*''Columbo: Publish or Perish'' (January 1974)\u00a0\u2014 Riley Greenleaf\n*''Cannon'' (1974)\u00a0\u2014 General James O'Hara\n*''Hawaii Five-O'' (1975)\u00a0\u2014 Orrin Morwood\n*''Matt Helm'' (1975)\u00a0\u2014 Buckman\n*''Knuckle'' (1975)\n*''Death Among Friends'' (1975)\u00a0\u2014 Chico Donovan\n*''Columbo: Now You See Him...'' (1976)\u00a0\u2014 The Great Santini\n*''McCloud'' (1977)\u00a0\u2014 Lord Charles Bridges\n*''Benny and Barney: Las Vegas Undercover'' (1977)\u00a0\u2014 Jules Rosen\n*''The Feather and Father Gang'' (1977)\u00a0\u2014 episode \"The Judas Bug\"\n\n\n===Film===\n*''Look in Any Window'' (1961)\u00a0\u2014 Gareth Lowell\n*''The Chapman Report'' (1962)\u00a0\u2014 Ted Dyson\n*''The Cockeyed Cowboys of Calico County'' (1970)\u00a0\u2014 Roger Hand\n*''Bunny O'Hare'' (1971)\u00a0\u2014 Lieutenant Greeley\n*''The Eiger Sanction'' (1975)\u00a0\u2014 Miles Mellough\n*''W.C. Fields and Me'' (1976)\u00a0\u2014 John Barrymore\n*''The Private Files of J. Edgar Hoover'' (1977)\u00a0\u2014 Damon Runyon\n"	"Discography"	"'''Shirley Jones and Jack Cassidy albums'''\n*''Speaking of Love'' (1957) Columbia Records\n*''Brigadoon'' (1957) Columbia Records\n*''With Love from Hollywood'' (1958) Columbia\n*''Marriage Type Love'' (1959) RCA Records\n*''Maggie Flynn'' (1968) RCA Records\n*''Showtunes'' (1995) Sony Music Entertainment\n*''Essential Masters'' (2011) Master Classics Records\n* ''Marriage Type Love'' (2014) Columbia Masterworks Records\n\n;Guest appearances\n*''Free to Be... You and Me'' (1972) Bell Records (song: \"Girl Land\" with Shirley Jones)\n"	" References "	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Jan Karon"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Jan Karon''' is an American novelist who writes for both adults and young readers. She is the author of the ''New York Times''-bestselling Mitford novels, featuring Father Timothy Kavanagh, an Episcopalian priest, and the fictional village of Mitford. Her most recent Mitford novel, ''Come Rain or Come Shine'', debuted at #1 on the ''New York Times'' Bestseller List. She has been designated a lay Canon for the Arts in the Episcopal Diocese of Quincy (Illinois) by Keith Ackerman, Episcopal Bishop of Quincy, and in 2015, she was awarded the Library of Virginia's Literary Lifetime Achievement Award. Her original papers-to date are archived in Special Collections at the University of Virginia's Alderman Library.\n"	"Early life"	"Karon was born in 1937 in the Blue Ridge foothills town of Lenoir, North Carolina  as Janice Meredith Wilson. Fittingly, she was named Janice Meredith Wilson, after the novel ''Janice Meredith''.  Before Karon was 4, her parents split up and left her with her maternal grandparents on a farm a few miles from Lenoir. Her mother Wanda \u2013 15 at Karon's birth \u2013 went to Charlotte. Her father, Robert Wilson, joined the Royal Canadian Air Force.\n\nAt 12, Karon moved to Charlotte to rejoin her mother, who had married Toby Setzer and had two more children. Karon dropped out of school in ninth grade, at 14, and married Robert Freeland in South Carolina, where girls her age could do so legally. Freeland, five years older, worked at a Charlotte tire store, while Karon worked in a clothing store.  At 15, she gave birth to her only child, Candace Freeland.\n\nKaron and Freeland\u2019s marriage was troubled from the beginning, and tragedy rocked it further. Younger brother Alan Freeland recalls that he and Robert were at Charlotte's Stork Drive In when friends showed up, having been shooting a pistol at the Catawba River. They handed the gun through the window to Alan Freeland.  A bullet punctured one of Robert Freeland's lungs and chipped his spine, nearly killing him and leaving him paralyzed.  Karon was distraught and tried again to make the marriage work. It did not, and the couple divorced.\n\nKaron, 18, was on her own with little Candace. She took a receptionist job at Walter J. Klein Co., a Charlotte advertising agency.  Bored with answering the phone, she submitted writing examples. Klein soon had her writing advertising copy.  In her early 20s, Karon married Bill Orth, a Duke Power chemist.  Orth was active with Karon in theater and the Unitarian Church.  By the late 1960s, Karon and Orth were divorced, and she had married a third time, to Arthur Karon, a clothing salesman.  Arthur moved his wife and her daughter to Berkeley, California, where they lived for three years.\n\nIn California, Karon practiced Judaism, but she did not convert from Christianity. Karon wanted to be a novelist, and tried all through the 1960s.  When Karon's third marriage ended she returned to Charlotte and again worked in advertising. By 1985, Karon had moved to Raleigh and the McKinney & Silver advertising agency, where she had worked in the late 1970s.  Karon and Michael Winslow, a Mckinney designer, collaborated on a tourism campaign, interviewing artisans, musicians and others for print ads aimed at showing that North Carolina had other attractions besides theme parks and big hotels. One ad featured mountain musicians under the headline, \"The Best Place to Hear Old English Music Is 3,000 Miles West of London.\" The daringly sloganless campaign, which ran in ''National Geographic'' and other magazines, won the 1987 Kelly Award - the print advertising equivalent of the Academy Award.  Karon and Winslow split a $100,000 prize.\n\nIn 1988, Karon quit her job, traded her Mercedes for a used Toyota and moved to Blowing Rock.  In Blowing Rock, Karon began writing Father Tim stories for the ''Blowing Rocket'' newspaper.  An agent circulated Karon's fiction to publishers, but got only rejections. In 1994, Karon herself placed her work with a small religious publisher, which brought out a volume titled ''At Home in Mitford''.  Karon kept writing, and employed her marketing skills to promote her book, writing press releases and cold-calling bookstores. But the publisher offered limited distribution and little marketing muscle of its own. Two more Mitford novels appeared. Sales remained modest.  Then Karon's friend Mary Richardson - mother of Carolina Panthers' owner Jerry Richardson - showed ''At Home in Mitford'' to Nancy Olson, owner of Quail Ridge Books & Music in Raleigh.  Olson felt there was a large audience looking for clean, well-written fiction. She sent Karon's book to a New York agent friend, who got it to Carolyn Carlson, an editor at Viking Penguin and daughter of a Lutheran minister.  Carlson faced opposition at Viking Penguin, a mainstream publisher unused to Christian fiction. But in 1996 the big New York firm brought out Karon's first three titles as paperbacks.  The publisher also put Karon on a cross-country promotional tour. Meanwhile, independent bookstore workers began reading and championing her novels.  By the late 1990s, Karon's books were ''New York Times'' bestsellers.  In 2000, Karon left Blowing Rock and moved to Virginia, where she has restored an 1816 home, set in a working farm of 100 acres.\n"	"Works"	"\n=== Fiction ===\n\n==== ''The Mitford Years'' ====\n*''At Home in Mitford'' (1994)\n*''A Light in the Window'' (1995)\n*''These High, Green Hills'' (1996)\n*''Out to Canaan'' (1997)\n*''A New Song'' (1999)\n*''A Common Life: the Wedding Story'' (2001)\n*''In This Mountain'' (2002)\n*''Shepherds Abiding'' (2003)\n*''Light from Heaven'' (2005)\n*''Home to Holly Springs'' (2007)\n*''In the Company of Others'' (2010)\n*''Somewhere Safe with Somebody Good'' (2014)\n*''Come Rain or Come Shine (2015)''\n\n==== Children's books ====\n*''Miss Fannie's Hat'' (1998)\n*''Jeremy: The Tale of an Honest Bunny'' (2000)\n*''Jan Karon Presents: Violet Comes to Stay'' (2006)\n*''Jan Karon Presents:'' ''Violet Goes to the Country'' (2007)\n\n==== Christmas books ====\n*''The Mitford Snowmen'' (2001)\n*''Esther's Gift: A Mitford Christmas Story'' (2002)\n\n=== Non-fiction ===\n*''Patches of Godlight: Father Tim's Favorite Quotes'' (2001) - religious quotes used in the Mitford series\n*''The Trellis and the Seed: A Book of Encouragement for All Ages'' (2003)\n*''Jan Karon's Mitford Cookbook and Kitchen Reader'' (2004)\n*''A Continual Feast: Words of Comfort and Celebration, collected by Father Tim'' (2005)\n*''The Mitford Bedside Companion'' (2006)\n"	"References"	"\n Current biography at Penguin\n"	"External links"	"* Official site for the Mitford series author\n* December 6, 2005 lecture given by Karon at the National Cathedral, entitled ''Wrestling with and Writing from the Heart''\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Jazz Jackrabbit (1994 video game)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''Jazz Jackrabbit''''' is a platform game developed and published by Epic MegaGames. It was released in 1994 for PCs operating DOS, with subsequent Macintosh and Microsoft Windows releases in 1995 and 1996.  It was one of the first games to bring the side-scrolling platformer style - common on gaming consoles - to a PC audience.\n"	"Plot"	"The game is set in a fantasy world based on Aesop's \"The Tortoise and the Hare\", in which the enmity between tortoises and hares continues even after three thousand years. An evil mastermind tortoise named Devan Shell begins conquering planets, suppressing any native confrontation. One of such planets, Carrotus, is home to a peaceful hare kingdom that, once confronted by Shell, is able to provide enough resistance to fend him off. Enraged by his loss, Devan decides to kidnap Carrotus princess Eva Earlong and hide her on a distant airbase of unknown location to weaken the hares. In response, the king chooses to send Carrotus' hero Jazz Jackrabbit, who carries a blue LFG-2000 gun, to various planets conquered by Devan that might contain clues to the location of Eva's imprisonment. As Jazz travels through different worlds, he gains new weapons and meets new enemies in his pursuit to rescue the princess and save Carrotus from Devan Shell and his army of Turtle Terrorists.\n\nJazz is depicted as a bright green jackrabbit with a red bandana, bracers and a blue \"blaster\" gun.\n"	"Gameplay"	"In-game screenshot showing Jazz shooting at an enemy on Diamondus level, while profiting from temporary invincibility depicted by a field of yellow stars\nThe game is divided into six episodes. Each episode has three planets (worlds), with every planet itself consisting of two levels (some planets have an additional secret level). The final level of every episode features a boss that the player must deal with in order to complete the level. Episodes are tied by a single storyline usually progressing after each episode is finished.\n\nGameplay mechanics in ''Jazz'' are very similar to ''Zool'''s, with the exception of not being able to destroy the enemies by simply jumping at them (which was not added until the second game). Jazz will run faster and jump higher the longer he runs, avoiding chasms that might lead to harmful objects. Unlike other platform games, however, there are no abysses and every level bifurcates into subsections that might lead to valuable items (such as weapon pick-ups, score items, etc.) while the direction of general progression is hinted at with occasional arrows. Jazz has a life bar that changes in colour based on how much health Jazz has remaining. Jazz can withstand a limited number of hits (5 on Easy mode, 4 on Medium mode, 3 on Hard or Turbo mode) from harmful objects before losing a life; one hit's worth of health can be restored by picking up a carrot. Lives can also be accumulated to the maximum number of ten. When killed, Jazz starts from the level beginning or any checkpoint sign was reached and shot before.\n\nItems that the player can pick up usually resemble food, computer hardware components or other familiar shapes, and give 100 score points each. There are also several beneficial pick-ups in the game: a \"force shield\" that protects Jazz from one or four hits, a sidekick in form of a bird that shoots enemies, a hoverboard that allows flight in the air, rapid fire/super jump bonuses, a temporary \"speed-up\" and invincibility, as well as extra lives. Weapons also vary in numbers and consistency and include (besides the initial blaster) bouncing launcher grenades, flame bullets, bi-missile projectiles and TNT sets. Large sets of ammunition can only be collected by being shot from their enclosure.\n\nThe first game features a timer that starts a number of minutes at the beginning of each level (9 minutes 59 seconds on Easy mode, 8 minutes on Medium, 6 minutes on Hard, and 4 minutes on Turbo) and counts down to zero; on Hard and Turbo, another countdown appears at the top of the screen when there is less than a minute left, and if time expires, Jazz loses a life. If Jazz reaches and shoots the finish sign before time runs out, the player is then provided with additional score points awarded for the remaining time and a perfect score if he picks up all items and/or deals with all enemies. If Jazz finishes the area with a big red diamond, he gets to enter the bonus stage. In theses stages, animation switches to a pseudo-3D (third-person shooter) of Jazz as he runs on a speedway with the purpose of gathering as many blue diamonds as requested before time runs out, while obstacles try to stop him or slow him down. If the task is accomplished successfully, the player is provided with an extra life.\nJazz in his lizard form\nAside from bonuses, ''Jazz'' also features secret levels that can be accessed in specific areas of other levels once in every episode. Secret level signs feature the question mark instead of Devan's head portrait that must be shot. The current level is then considered completed and the secret level embarks. Levels themselves consist of an enormous \"grant\" area with numerous weapons and items to pick up. One level, however, features a mini-boss, while the player assumes control of Jazz in his sidekick bird form. Secret levels also feature a count-up upon completion that provides the player with extra score points.\n"	"Development"	"''Jazz Jackrabbit'' was developed in the Netherlands where Arjan Brussee then lived and in La Verne, California where game designer Cliff Bleszinski lived and worked from his mother's home. It was greatly inspired by the Amiga game ''Zool'' and the ongoing success of video game classics (such as ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' and ''Mega Man'') defining the platform game genre in the 1990s market, and was initially considered to be a pastiche of Sega's ''Sonic the Hedgehog'' in the computer world. The game did not manage to reach the popularity of ''Sonic'', but did acquire a certain fan audience due to its fast-paced gameplay, advanced graphics and notorious acid jazz level soundtracks.\n\nOn July 30, 1994, a CD-ROM version was released containing all six original episodes, as well as 3 additional ones, known as \"The Lost Episodes\", listed as episodes A, B, and C. In the C-episode, there is a secret level with Jazz in the form of a lizard.\n\nA shareware Christmas edition was released on December 3, 1994, with a special 3-level holiday-themed episode, titled \"Holiday Hare\". Subsequent pressings of the CD-ROM edition added Holiday Hare as episode X, bringing the total episode count to 10. \n\nFurthermore, on October 17, 1995, another shareware Christmas edition was released with a different holiday episode, titled \"Holiday Hare '95\", with 2 new holiday-themed worlds.\n"	"Reception and legacy"	"In 1995, ''PC Format'' magazine named ''Jazz Jackrabbit'' \"Arcade Game of the Year\". A sequel named ''Jazz Jackrabbit 2'' was released in 1998, as well as a reboot on Game Boy Advance in 2002.  The commercial success of the game kickstarted the career of its co-creator, Cliff Bleszinski, who would later go on to be a key force behind Epic Games' blockbuster hits ''Unreal'' and ''Gears of War'', among other titles. An Open Source cross-platform re-implementation named OpenJazz was released by  Alister Thomson in 2005.\n"	"External links"	"*\n*\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Jelen Pivo Live"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Jelen Pivo Live''' was a musical event held in Belgrade, Serbia from 2006 to 2012 in order to promote the Apatin Brewery brand Jelen pivo. The first Jelen Pivo Live was organized as a festival featuring only Serbian rock acts, but the following year beside Serbian bands, foreign acts were also included in the festival lineup. Foreign acts that performed on the festival include Ian Brown, Happy Mondays, Gary Moore, Dinosaur Jr., The Stooges, The Lemonheads, The Fall, Heavy Trash, Echo & the Bunnymen and The Rakes. Since 2010, the event was held as a concert of one foreign act (Guns N' Roses in 2010, Slash in 2011 and Metallica in 2012).\n"	" 2006 "	"In 2006 the festival's inaugural edition was held in Belgrade's SKC (Students Cultural Centre) over two days - on December 15 and 16. The festival had two stages.\n\nOn the opening night, the lineup featured Partibrejkers, Sunshine, Eyesburn, Orthodox Celts on the main stage as well as \u0160kabo, Straight Jackin', Discord, Irie FM, and Flip Out on the second stage.\n\nThe second night, the main stage featured Discipline A Kitschme, Obojeni Program, Darkwood Dub and Neo\u010dekivana Sila Koja Se Iznenada Pojavljuje i Re\u0161ava Stvar and on the second stage appeared Intruder, Pope\u010ditelji, Repetitor, and Supernaut.\n"	" 2007 "	"Due to increased popularity and prominence, Apatin Brewery decided to organize the festival at the larger venue and include foreign acts in the lineup beside the Serbian rock acts. The festival was held at the Kalemegdan Fortress and lasted for three days, from September 7 to September 9.\n\nThe lineup featured Ian Brown, Happy Mondays, Gary Moore, Hladno Pivo, Let 3, Discipline A Kitschme, Partibrejkers, Plejboj, Darkwood Dub, Obojeni Program, Mar\u010delo, Dado Topi\u0107 & Time, Darko Rundek, and Laibach. As a special feature, the festival gave opportunity to young musicians to show their onstage ability.\n"	" 2008 "	"The Stooges performing live at the festival in 2008\nIn 2008 the festival moved to Ta\u0161majdan Stadium. This time the festival was chosen to last for only two days, September 5 and 6.\n\nThe first evening on the festival appeared Repetitor, Jarboli, Hypnotized, Elektri\u010dni Orgazam, Dinosaur Jr. and The Stooges. The second night featured Strip, Shiroko, Majke, Discipline A Kitschme, The Lemonheads and Partibrejkers. This year the festival was raising awareness about environmental issues by promoting a tin recycling campaign with the motto \"Reciklirajte i Vi!\" (\"You, too, should recycle!\").\n"	" 2009 "	"In 2009 the festival went back to SKC. It lasted for two days, September 18 and 19. The lineup featured The Fall, Heavy Trash, Obojeni Program, \u017deneKese and Kanda, Kod\u017ea i Neboj\u0161a on the September 18, and Echo & the Bunnymen, The Rakes, Eva Braun, Ne\u017eni Dalibor and Veliki Prezir on September 19. The motto of this year's festival was \"Kad pijem, ne vozim\" (\"When I drink, I don't drive\"), as a part of the cooperation between Serbian breweries and Serbian Ministry of Internal Affairs.\n"	" 2010 "	"The fifth Jelen Pivo Live was not organized as a festival, but rather as the Guns N' Roses concert, held on September 23 at the Belgrade Arena. The concert featured the Canadian band Danko Jones and the Serbian band Night Shift as the opening acts.\n"	" 2011 "	"The sixth Jelen Pivo Live was organized as the Slash concert, on July 31 at the Belgrade Arena. The Serbian band Tea Break performed as the opening act.\n"	" 2012 "	"The seventh Jelen Pivo Live was organized as the Metallica concert, on May 8 at the U\u0161\u0107e. At the concert, which featured Gojira and Machine Head as opening acts, Metallica performed their 1991 eponymously titled album in its entirety. In 2012, Jelen Pivo Live also participated in the organization of IQ festival, which was held on June 9 in Belgrade Arena, and featured Marylin Manson, Mizar, Block Out, Laibach and Dirty Vegas.\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"*  Official page\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Jenna Dewan"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Jenna Dewan Tatum''' (; born '''Jenna Lee Dewan'''; December 3, 1980) is an American actress and dancer. She began her career as a backup dancer for Janet Jackson, and later worked with artists including Pink, Missy Elliott, and Christina Aguilera. She is known for her role as Nora in the 2006 film ''Step Up''. She has also starred on the short-lived NBC series ''The Playboy Club'' and had a recurring role on the FX series ''American Horror Story: Asylum''. She was Freya Beauchamp on the Lifetime series ''Witches of East End'' and as of 2016 was playing the recurring role of Lucy Lane in ''Supergirl''. Dewan has been married to actor Channing Tatum since 2009.\n"	"Early life"	"Dewan was born in Hartford, Connecticut, the daughter of Nancy Smith (n\u00e9e Bursch) and Darryll Dewan, who was a running back on the 1972 Notre Dame football team. Her father is of Syrian Lebanese and Polish descent and her mother is of German and English ancestry. She has three siblings:  brothers, Dawson Dewan, Dayne Dewan, and Daniel Dewan. Her parents divorced when she was young and her mother remarried Claude Brooks Smith. As a child, Dewan-Tatum moved frequently; she mentioned in an interview that she lived in seven cities before reaching the seventh grade. While attending high school at Notre Dame Preparatory School in Towson, Maryland, Dewan was a varsity cheerleader. She transferred to Grapevine High School in Grapevine, Texas.  She was also a varsity cheerleader there and graduated in 1999 from Grapevine High School and was voted prom queen during her senior year. She went to University of Southern California and was a member of the California Gamma Chapter of Pi Beta Phi.\n"	"Career"	"\n===Dancing===\n\nDewan first appeared in Janet Jackson's \"Doesn't Really Matter\" video, and later in \"All for You\" and the ''All for You Tour''. Dewan credits working with Jackson for aiding her career, allowing her to later work with many other artists and giving her the experience necessary to co-star in the dance film ''Step Up''. In 2016, Dewan-Tatum modeled as the face of Danskin in a campaign and photo shoot that captured and featured her athleticism as a dancer.\n\n===Acting===\nIn 2006, Dewan co-starred with Channing Tatum in Step Up, as well as starring in Take the Lead that same year. \n\nIn August 2008, Dewan starred in the Lifetime made-for-television film ''Fab Five: The Texas Cheerleader Scandal'' which follows five rule-breaking teens. She portrayed the role of disciplinarian Coach Emma Carr. In November 2009, she appeared in the straight-to-DVD comedy ''American Virgin'' alongside Rob Schneider.\n\nIn March 2011, Dewan was cast in the NBC pilot of ''The Playboy Club''. In May 2011, NBC picked up the series for a full season. She portrayed the role of Bunny Janie, a provocative Playboy bunny who works at a Playboy Club in Chicago in 1961. The series premiered on September 19 to 5.2 million viewers with mixed reviews from critics. Due to low ratings, NBC cancelled the series after just three episodes in October 2011.\n\nIn November 2011, Dewan starred in the film ''The Jerk Theory''. This was first released in Germany in 2009. It was later released in the US in November 2011.\n\nDewan appeared in the romantic-comedy film ''10 Years'', produced by her husband Channing Tatum. The film was released on September 14, 2012. That same year, she appeared in ''American Horror Story: Asylum'', the second season of the horror television series, as Teresa Morrison.\n\nIn 2013, Dewan began starring in the Lifetime series ''Witches of East End'' as Freya Beauchamp, one of the lead characters. In late 2015, she began a recurring role in the CBS series ''Supergirl'' playing Lucy Lane, the sister of Lois Lane and girlfriend of James Olsen.\n\n===33andOut Productions===\nAlong with friends Reid Carolin, Adam Martingano, Brett Rodriguez and husband Channing Tatum, Dewan started a production company called 33andOut Productions. Their first production is a documentary called ''Earth Made of Glass'' that follows Rwandan President Paul Kagame and genocide survivor Jean-Pierre Sagahutu. It premiered at the 2010 Tribeca Film Festival.\n"	"Personal life"	"Dewan with husband Channing Tatum in 2010.\nBefore meeting Channing Tatum in 2005, Dewan previously dated Justin Timberlake as well as Shane West. In 2005, Dewan met actor Channing Tatum on the set of their film ''Step Up''. They began dating shortly after filming had finished. The couple became engaged in early September 2008 in Maui, and married on July 11, 2009, at Church Estates Vineyards in Malibu, California. Their daughter, Everly Elizabeth Maiselle Tatum, was born on May 31, 2013 in London, England.\n\nDewan is an animal rights activist and a vegan.\n\nDewan is raising her daughter as a vegetarian but says she will let her decide what to eat when she gets old enough.\n"	"Filmography"	"\n=== Film ===\n\n Year\n Title\n Role\n Notes\n\n 2005\n ''Waterborne''\n Devi Smith\n\n\n 2005\n ''Tamara''\n Tamara Riley\n\n\n 2006\n ''Take the Lead''\n Sasha Betting\n\n\n 2006\n ''Step Up''\n Nora Clark\n\n\n 2006\n ''The Grudge 2''\n Sally Johnson\n\n\n 2008\n ''Love Lies Bleeding''\n Amber\n Direct-to-video\n\n 2009\n ''Falling Awake''\n Alessandra\n\n\n 2009\n ''''\n Sarah Jane\n\n\n 2009\n ''''\n Molly Taylor\n\n\n 2009\n ''American Virgin''\n Priscilla White\n\n\n 2011\n ''''\n Katherine Prescott\n\n\n 2011\n ''Balls to the Wall''\n Rachel Matthews\n\n\n 2011\n ''10 Years''\n Jess\n\n\n 2011\n ''Setup''\n Mia\n\n\n 2012\n ''Slightly Single in L.A.''\n Hallie\n\n\n\n=== Television ===\n\n Year\n Title\n Role\n Notes\n\n 2004\n ''Quintuplets''\n Haley\n Episode: \"Little Man on Campus\"\n\n 2004\n ''''\n Donna\n 2 episodes\n\n 2005\n ''Joey''\n Tanya\n Episode: \"Joey and the Break-up\"\n\n 2008\n ''Fab Five: The Texas Cheerleader Scandal''\n Emma Carr\n Television film\n\n 2009\n ''Melrose Place''\n Kendra Wilson\n 2 episodes\n\n 2011\n ''''\n Bunny Janie\n Main cast; 3 episodes\n\n 2012\u201313\n ''American Horror Story: Asylum''\n Teresa Morrison\n 6 episodes (2 uncredited)\n\n 2013\n ''She Made Them Do It''\n Sarah Pender\n Television film\n\n 2013\u201314\n ''Witches of East End''\n Freya Beauchamp\n Main cast; 23 episodes\n\n 2014\n ''''\n Brooke\n Episode: \"Be Cool\"\n\n 2014  \n ''So You Think You Can Dance''\n Herself\n Guest judge; 3 episodes\n\n 2015\u2013present\n ''Supergirl''\n Lucy Lane\n Recurring role (13 episodes)\n\n 2016\n ''Lip Sync Battle''\n Herself\n Episode: \"Channing Tatum vs. Jenna Dewan-Tatum\"\n\n 2016\n ''No Tomorrow''\n Tuesday\n Episode: \"No Holds Barred\"\n\n 2017\n ''World of Dance''\n\n TV Host\n\n\n\n\n+ Music videos\n\n Year\n Title\n Artist\n Notes\n\n1999\n\"So Real\"\nMandy Moore\n\n\n2000\n\"He Wasn't Man Enough\"\nToni Braxton\n\n\n2000\n\"Upside Down\"\nA*Teens\n\n\n2000\n\"Doesn't Really Matter\"\nJanet Jackson\n\n\n2000\n\"Honey Bee\"\nBelle Perez\n\n\n2001\n\"All for You\"\nJanet Jackson\n\n\n2001\n\"You're No Good\"\nEllie Campbell\n\n\n2002\n\"Gossip Folks\"\nMissy Elliott\n\n\n2003\n\"One Heart\"\nCeline Dion\n\n\n2003\n\"Juramento\"\nRicky Martin\n\n\n2006\n\"(When You Gonna) Give It Up to Me\"\nSean Paul featuring Keyshia Cole\n\n\n2006\n\"Get Up\"\nCiara featuring Chamillionaire\n\n\n2010\n\"Not Myself Tonight\"\nChristina Aguilera\n\n\n"	"Awards and nominations"	"{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\n Year\n Award\n Category\n Work\n Result\n\n 2007\n Teen Choice Awards\n Choice Movie: Dance Scene \n ''Step Up''\n \n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Jess Harnell filmography"	"Introduction"	"Jess Harnell\nThe filmography of American voice actor Jess Harnell.\n"	"Filmography"	"\n===Film===\n\n\n Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes\n\n 1988 \n ''Boulevard of Broken Dreams'' \n Benny Dimase \n \n\n 1994 \n ''Yakko's World: An Animaniacs Singalong'' \n Wakko Warner \n VoiceDirect-to-video\n\n ''Pom Poko'' \n Gyobu \n Voice2005 English dub\n\n 1996 \n ''Aladdin and the King of Thieves'' \n Fat Thief \n VoiceDirect-to-video\n\n 1997 \n ''Casper: A Spirited Beginning'' \n Fatso \n VoiceLive Action/Animated comedyDirect-to-video\n\n 1998 \n  ''Casper Meets Wendy'' \n VoiceDirect-to-video\n\n ''A Bug's Life'' \n Bus Beetle \n Voice\n\n 1999 \n ''We Wish You a Merry Christmas'' \n Santa, Man #1, Man #2 \n Direct-to-video\n\n ''Our Friend, Martin'' \n Reporter #1, Demonstrator \n\n ''O' Christmas Tree'' \n Man in House, Skunk, Santa\n\n ''Wakko's Wish'' \n Wakko Warner \n VoiceDirect-to-video\n\n ''Toy Story 2'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n 2000 \n ''Lion of Oz'' \n Singer \n Voice\n\n ''Joseph: King of Dreams'' \n Issachar, Lead Trader \n Direct-to-video\n\n ''The Life & Adventures of Santa Claus'' \n Wagif Knook, Giant, Additional Voices\n\n ''Little Nicky'' \n Gary the Monster \n Voice\n\n ''The Emperor's New Groove'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n 2002 \n ''Tom and Jerry: The Magic Ring'' \n Policeman \n Voice\n\n ''Scooby-Doo'' \n Creatures\n\n ''Lilo & Stitch'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''The Country Bears'' \n Long-Haired Dude \n\n\n 2004 \n ''Comic Book: The Movie'' \n Ricky \n Direct-to-videoAlso producer\n\n ''Clifford's Really Big Movie'' \n Dirk \n Voice\n\n ''Mickey, Donald, Goofy: The Three Musketeers'' \n Major General \n VoiceDirect-to-video\n\n ''Kangaroo Jack: G'Day U.S.A.!'' \n Dude #2 \n Voice\n\n 2005 \n ''Racing Stripes'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''Tom and Jerry: Blast Off to Mars'' \n Buzz Blister, Martian General, Worker #3 \n VoicesDirect-to-video\n\n ''Tom and Jerry: The Fast and the Furry'' \n Buzz BlisterFilm Director \n Direct-to-video\n\n 2006 \n ''Ice Age: The Meltdown'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''Cars'' \n Sven\n\n ''Asterix and the Vikings'' \n Cacofonix \n VoiceEnglish version\n\n ''The Wild'' \n Screaming Boat Captain \n\n\n ''Tales from Earthsea'' \n Hazia Dealer \n English version\n\n 2007 \n ''TMNT'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''Surf's Up'' \n\n\n ''Transformers'' \n Ironhide, Barricade \n Voice\n\n ''Underdog'' \n Astronaut\n\n ''Jekyll'' \n Guy #1 \n\n\n 2008 \n ''Horton Hears a Who!'' \n Another WhoAdditional Voices \n\n\n ''Dragon Hunters'' \n Gildas \n VoiceEnglish version\n\n ''WALL\u00b7E'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''Space Chimps'' \n\n\n ''Ponyo'' \n English version\n\n ''Igor'' \n Announcer, Royal Guard #2 \n\n\n 2009 \n ''Up'' \n Nurse AJ \n\n\n ''Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen'' \n Ironhide \n VoiceNominated - Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen CoupleShared with Shia LaBeouf and either Megan Fox or any \"Transformer\" \n\n ''The Haunted World of El Superbeasto'' \n Uncle Carl \n\n\n ''Cloudy with a Chance of Meatballs'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''Foster's Home for Imaginary Friends'' \n Bloo Superdude theme song singer \n Episode \"The Bloo Superdude and the Great Creator of Everything's Awesome Ceremony of Fun That He's Not Invited To\"\n\n 2010 \n ''Toy Story 3'' \n Army Man \n\n\n ''The Drawn Together Movie: The Movie!'' \n Captain HeroWile E. Coyote \n\n\n ''Tom and Jerry Meet Sherlock Holmes'' \n Pan, Brett Jeremy \n Direct-to-video\n\n 2011 \n ''Transformers: Dark of the Moon'' \n Ironhide \n VoiceNominated - Golden Raspberry Award for Worst Screen EnsembleShared with the entire cast\n\n 2012 \n ''The Lorax'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''Tom and Jerry: Robin Hood and His Merry Mouse'' \n Pan \n\n\n ''Wreck-It Ralph'' \n Don \n Voice\n\n 2013 \n ''Monsters University'' \n Fraternity BrotherMU Security Monster \n\n\n ''Despicable Me 2'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''I Know That Voice'' \n Himself \n Documentary\n\n ''Get a Horse!'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n 2014 \n ''Mr. Peabody & Sherman'' \n George Washington, Abraham Lincoln, Bill Clinton, Isaac Newton, New York City Cop \n\n\n ''The Hero of Color City'' \n Green \n\n\n 2015 \n ''Inside Out'' \n Additional Voices \n Uncredited\n\n ''Minions'' \n\n\n ''Hotel Transylvania 2'' \n\n\n 2016 \n ''Norm of the North'' \n Male Tourist \n Voice\n\n ''Zootopia'' \n ADR Loop Group \n (uncredited)\n\n ''The Secret Life of Pets'' \n Papillon \n\n\n 2017 \n ''The Nut Job 2: Nutty by Nature'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n\n\n===Television===\n\n\n Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes/Awards\n\n 1987 \n ''Throb'' \n Member of The Playthings \n Episode: \"The Spa\" \n\n 1990 \n ''Wake, Rattle & Roll'' \n Droop-A-Long CoyoteHardy Har Har \n \n\n 1991 \n ''Darkwing Duck'' \n Additional Voices \n \n\n 1992 \n ''Camp Candy'' \n Episode: \"When It Rains... It Snows\"\n\n ''Goof Troop'' \n Episode: \"E=MC Goof\"\n\n 1993 \n ''The Pink Panther'' \n Episode: \"Pilgrim Panther / That Old Pink Magic\" \n\n ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' \n Captain ZoraxWolf Jaxon \n Episode: \"Night of the Dark Turtle\"\n\n ''Problem Child'' \n Additional Voices \n \n\n ''Bonkers'' \n Toon Bomb, Charlie the Toon Pig, Heckler, Additional Voices \n Episodes: \"Color Me Piquel\", \"Tune Pig\", \"Fall Apart Bomb Squad\", \"Going Bonkers\", \"When the Spirit Moves You\"\n\n ''2 Stupid Dogs'' \n Secret SquirrelScirocco Mole \n \n\n 1993\u201395 \n ''Biker Mice from Mars'' \n Evil Eye Weevil, Honka Lougie \n Episodes: \"Garbage Wars\", \"Villain of the Year\", \"Motocross Trap\", \"Test of Friendship\", \"We Don't Need No Stinkin' City\"\n\n 1993\u201396 \n ''Rocko's Modern Life'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n 1993\u201398 \n ''Animaniacs'' \n Wakko Warner, Walter Wolf, AlveyRankAdditional Voices \n Television special\n\n 1995 \n ''Empty Nest'' \n Vince \n Episode: \"Harry Weston: Man's Best Friend\"\n\n ''The Twisted Tales of Felix the Cat'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''Timon & Pumbaa'' \n Bugs \n Episode: \"Rocky Mountain Lie/Amazon Quiver\"\n\n 1995\u201398 \n ''Pinky and the Brain'' \n Additional Voices \n \n\n 1996 \n ''Fantastic Four'' \n Impossible Man, Super-Skrull \n Episode: \"Hopelessly Impossible\"''\n\n ''Road Rovers'' \n Hunter \n Episodes: \"Hunter's Heroes\", \"Where Rovers Dare\", \"A Hair of the Dog That Bit You\", \"Let's Hit the Road\",\n\n ''Dexter's Laboratory'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''Quack Pack'' \n Additional Voice \n Episode: \"Recipe for Adventure\"\n\n 1996\u201398 \n ''The Spooktacular New Adventures of Casper'' \n Fatso \n \n\n 1997 \n ''Rugrats'' \n GuideSingerVoice \n Episode: \"Vacation\"\n\n ''Extreme Ghostbusters'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''I Am Weasel'' \n French Prime Minister, Workman \n Episode: \"This Bridge, Not Weasel Bridge\"\n\n ''The Weird Al Show'' \n Dr. Legume \n Episode: \"One for the Record Books\"\n\n ''Johnny Bravo'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''Jungle Cubs'' \n Toucan \n Episode: \"Old Green Teeth/The Elephant Who Couldn't Say No\"\n\n 1997 \n ''Ky\u00fbketsuki Miyu'' \n Takashi Kashiwabara \n Episode: \"The Red Shoe's\"\n\n 1997, 1998 \n ''Life with Louie'' \n Additional Voices \n Episodes: \"Louie's Gate\", \"Do It or Donut\"\n\n ''Recess'' \n Micky McCloud \n Episodes: \"Swing on Thru to the Other Side\", \"Parents' Night\", \"Yes, Mikey, Santa Does Shave: Part 1\"\n\n 1998 \n ''Histeria!'' \n Additional Voices \n \n\n ''The Wild Thornberrys'' \n Marsh DeerTortoise \n Episode: \"Vacant Lot\"\n\n 1998\u2013present \n ''America's Funniest Home Videos'' \n Announcer \n Reality Television Show\n\n 1998\u201399 \n ''The Secret Files of the Spy Dogs'' \n William, Big Jim Jones, Frank Sir \n Episodes: \"Bone / Time\", \"Escape / Exposed\", \"DNA / Santa\", \"Charlie / Automutt\"\n\n ''Mad Jack the Pirate'' \n SnuckAdditional Voices \n \n\n 1999 \n ''The New Woody Woodpecker Show'' \n Additional Voices \n \n\n ''Detention'' \n\n\n 2000 \n ''Buzz Lightyear of Star Command'' \n Bartender Heads, Clay \n\n\n ''Poochini's Yard'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n 2001 \n ''The Simpsons'' \n Pancho\n\n ''The Drew Carey Show'' \n Elvis Performer \n Episode: \"Drew and the King\"\n\n 2001\u201302 \n ''Horrible Histories'' \n Darren Dongle \n\n\n ''House of Mouse'' \n Br'er Rabbit, Additional Voices \n\n\n 2001\u201304 \n ''Totally Spies!'' \n Jerry ,Frankie Dude, Coach \n\n\n 2001\u201307 \n ''The Grim Adventures of Billy & Mandy'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n 2002\u201304 \n ''ChalkZone'' \n Joe Tabootie, Lars, Announcer, additional voices \n\n\n 2002\u201307 \n ''Kim Possible'' \n The Mayor \n Episodes: \"Cap'n Drakken\", \"Mathter and Fervent\"\n\n 2002\u201308 \n ''Codename: Kids Next Door'' \n Ice Cream Man ,Chef Pierre ,Dr. Julious B. Sharp, additional voices \n Episodes: \"Operation: I.-S.C.R.E.A.M./Operation: C.A.N.N.O.N.\", \"Operation B.R.E.A.K-U.P./Operation S.A.F.A.R.I.\", \"Operation C.A.N.Y.O.N./Operation H.O.L.I.D.A.Y.\", \"Operation C.A.K.E.D.-F.I.V.E.\", \"Operation C.L.O.W.N./Operation S.P.A.N.K.E.N.S.T.I.N.E.\"\n\n 2003 \n ''Clifford the Big Red Dog'' \n RexxingtonSinging Dog \n Episode: \"Food for Thought/Friends Forever\"\n\n ''Evil Con Carne'' \n HarvPolicemanRadio Singer \n Episode: \"Gridlocked and Loaded/Fool's Paradise\"\n\n''The Powerpuff Girls'' \n Gnomey \n Episode: \"See Me, Feel Me, Gnomey\"\n\n ''Ozzy & Drix'' \n Shwee \n Episode: \"Gas of Doom\"\n\n 2003\u201305 \n ''Duck Dodgers'' \n Tosh Gopher, Captain Peters, Puerco \n\n\n ''Clifford's Puppy Days'' \n Jorge, Mr. Sidarsky, Mr.Digby \n\n\n 2004 \n ''What's New, Scooby-Doo?'' \n Constable, Flute Player, Shane Flinty \n Episode: \"Large Dragon at Large\"\n\n ''Foster's Home For Imaginary Friends'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''Hi Hi Puffy AmiYumi'' \n\n\n ''The Fairly OddParents'' \n Singer \n Episode: \"Shelf Life\"\n\n ''Higglytown Heroes'' \n Higglyhune Chief \n Episode: \"Higgly Islands\"\n\n ''My Life as a Teenage Robot'' \n Singer, Todd's Dad \n Episode: \"A Robot for All Seasons\"\n\n 2004\u201309 \n ''Drawn Together'' \n Captain Hero, additional voices \n\n\n 2005 \n ''The Buzz on Maggie'' \n Eugene, Wendell, additional voices \n Episodes: \"The Science Whatchamacallit\", \"King Flear\", \"The Usual Insects\"\n\n ''Camp Lazlo'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n ''Tripping the Rift'' \n Captain Kirk \n Episode: \"Chode & Bobo's High School Reunion\"\n\n 2006 \n ''Pet Alien'' \n Gumpers, Swanky \n Nominated - Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Performer in an Animated Program\n\n ''My Gym Partner's a Monkey'' \n Bear Kid, Crocodile \n Episode: \"Shark Attack/Me Adam, You Jake\"\n\n ''Catscratch'' \n Mitchell the Mammoth \n Episode: \"A Woolly Adventure/Evil!\"\n\n 2006\u201307 \n ''Biker Mice from Mars'' \n Ronaldo Rump, Dr. Catorkian, Bangers, Camembert \n\n\n 2006\u201309 \n ''The Replacements'' \n Donny Rottweiler, additional voices \n \n\n 2007 \n ''Random! Cartoons'' \n Crank The Mall Security Guard \n Episode: \"Ratzafratz!\"\n\n ''The Land Before Time'' \n Swooper \n Episode: \"The Hermit of Black Rock\"\n\n ''El Tigre: The Adventures of Manny Rivera'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n 2007\u201308 \n ''Chowder'' \n Episodes: \"The Sing Beans/Certifrycation Class\", \"The Broken Part/The Meach Harvest\", \"The Fire Breather/The Flying Flinger Lingons\"\n\n 2008\u201309 \n ''The Secret Saturdays'' \n Piecemeal, Newscaster \n Episodes: \"Guess Who's Going to Be Dinner\", \"Target: Fiskerton\"\n\n 2008, 2010 \n ''Phineas and Ferb'' \n Additional Voices \n Episodes: \"Bowl-R-Ama Drama\", \"Phineas and Ferb Hawaiian Vacation\"\n\n 2008\u201310 \n ''The Marvelous Misadventures of Flapjack'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n 2009\u201311 \n ''The Super Hero Squad Show'' \n Odin, Hercules, Computer, Additional Voices \n \n\n 2009\u201312 \n ''Jungle Junction'' \n Taxicrab \n \n\n 2010 \n ''Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil'' \n Additional Voices \n \n\n 2010\u201314 \n ''Special Agent Oso'' \n Professor Buffo, Chilly, Buddy, and The Wicked King \n \n\n 2010\u2013present \n ''Adventure Time'' \nAdditional Voices \n \n\n ''Regular Show'' \n\n\n 2011\u201313 \n ''The Cleveland Show'' \n Tim \n\n\n ''The Looney Tunes Show'' \n Tosh Gopher, Additional Voices \n \n\n 2012 \n ''Pound Puppies'' \n Additional Voices \n Episodes: \"Lucky Gets Adopted\", \"Zipper the Zoomit Dog\"\n\n ''Motorcity'' \n Texas \n \n\n ''Gravity Falls'' \n Singer \n Episodes: \"Dipper vs. Manliness\"Uncredited\n\n ''Big Time Rush'' \n Babylace \n Episode: \"Big Time Babysitting\"\n\n 2012\u2013present \n ''Doc McStuffins'' \n Chilly, Buddy and the Wicked King \n \n\n ''Sofia the First'' \n Cedric the Sorcerer, Sir Gilliam, Woodsman, additional voices \n\n\n 2013 \n ''Rick and Morty'' \n Scary Terry, Additional Voices \n 2 episodes: \"Lawnmower Dog\", \"Anatomy Park\"\n\n 2014 \n ''Mixels'' \n Shuff, Vulk, Zaptor, Meltus, Burnard, Vaka \n\n\n ''Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero'' \n Additional Voices \n Episode: \"North Pole Down\"\n\n 2014\u201316 \n ''The 7D'' \n Grim Gloom, Additional Voices \n\n\n 2015 \n ''Fresh Beat Band of Spies'' \n Savage Strawberry \n Episode: \"Fruit Racer Game\"\n\n 2016 \n ''The Loud House'' \n Pucker Uppenheimer, Sean \n Episode: \"For Bros About to Rock\"\n\n\n ''Kulipari: An Army of Frogs'' \n Burnu, Yabber & Sergu \n Recurring roles\n\n\n ''Mighty Magiswords \n Bag Puppets, Fud Fit Theme Song Singer \n 2 episodes: \"Dungeons and Dayjobs\", \"Champions of Breakfast\"\n\n\n===Video games===\n\n\n Year !! Title !! Role !! Notes\n\n 1990 \n ''The Secret of Monkey Island'' \n Bill Fettuccini, Estervan - the SCUMM Bar Pirate, Pirate Leader I Store Keeper, Sword-Head Ghost \n \n\n 1994 \n ''Quest for Glory IV: Shadows of Darkness'' \n Franz \n\n\n 1997 \n ''Clayfighter 63 1/3'' \n Kung Pow \n\n\n 1999 \n ''Bugs Bunny: Lost in Time'' \n Merlin 'Moyle' Munroe \n\n\n ''NASCAR Rumble'' \n In-Game Commentator \n\n\n 2000 \n ''Star Wars Episode I: Jedi Power Battles'' \n Jedi Knight Ki-Adi-Mundi \n\n\n ''102 Dalmatians: Puppies to the Rescue'' \n Jean\u2011Pierre Le Pelt \n\n\n ''Star Wars: Demolition'' \n Darth Maul, Malakili \n\n\n 2001 \n ''Star Wars: Galactic Battlegrounds'' \n Darth Maul, Gungan Bolo Trooper, Hannoon Soldier \n\n\n ''Crash Bandicoot: The Wrath of Cortex'' \n Lo-Lo \n\n\n ''Star Wars: Starfighter Special Edition'' \n Ric Oli\u00e9, Pirate Ground Forces \n\n\n ''Rumble Racing'' \n In-Game Commentator \n\n\n 2002 \n ''Star Wars: Racer Revenge'' \n Darth Maul \n\n\n ''Star Wars: Obi-Wan'' \n Gran Thug, Ki-Adi-Mundi, Wounded Naboo Soldier \n\n\n ''Kingdom Hearts'' \n Dr. Finkelstein, Lock \n English version\n\n ''Star Wars: Jedi Knight II - Jedi Outcast'' \n Mon Calomari Rogue Leader \n\n\n ''Star Trek: Starfleet Command III'' \n Additional Voices \n\n\n 2003 \n ''Finding Nemo'' \n Marlin, Bruce \n\n\n ''Star Wars: Knights of the Old Republic'' \n Republic Soldier \n\n\n ''Star Wars Jedi Knight: Jedi Academy'' \n Gran, Trandoshan \n \n\n 2004 \n ''Hot Shots Golf Fore!'' \n Allan, Regis \n English version\n\n ''Spyro: A Hero's Tail'' \n Spyro the Dragon, Hunter the Cheetah, Moneybags the Bear, Sgt. Byrd the Penguin, Red, Astor, Magnus, Titan, Tomas, additional voices \n\n\n ''The Nightmare Before Christmas: Oogie's Revenge'' \n Dr. Finkelstein \n\n\n 2005 \n ''Robots'' \n Rodney Copperbottom, additional voices \n\n\n ''Crash Tag Team Racing'' \n Crash Bandicoot \n\n\n ''Kingdom Hearts II'' \n Dr. Finkelstein, Lock \n English version\n\n 2006 \n ''Ice Age 2: The Meltdown'' \n Additional Voices \n \n\n ''Over the Hedge'' \n Vincent, King Rat ,Police Chief \n \n\n 2007 \n ''Shrek the Third'' \n Pirate Captain, Peasant Actor, Evil Knight 3 \n \n\n ''Kingdom Hearts II: Final Mix+'' \n Dr. Finkelstein, Lock \n English version\n\n ''Crash of the Titans'' \n Crash Bandicoot \n \n\n ''Biker Mice from Mars'' \n Ronaldo Rump, Narrator ,Goon \n \n\n ''Ratchet & Clank Future: Tools of Destruction'' \n Smuggler, Plumber, Parrot \n \n\n 2008 \n ''Ratchet & Clank Future: Quest for Booty'' \n \n\n ''Crash: Mind Over Mutant'' \n Crash Bandicoot \n \n\n 2009 \n ''Transformers: Revenge of the Fallen'' \n Ironhide \n\n\n ''Ratchet & Clank Future: A Crack in Time'' \n Smuggler, Plumber, Battery Bot \n \n\n 2010 \n ''Marvel Super Hero Squad: The Infinity Gauntlet'' \n Hercules \n\n\n 2011 \n ''Transformers: Dark of the Moon'' \n Ironhide \n\n\n ''Ratchet & Clank: All 4 One'' \n Plumber \n\n\n ''Kinect Disneyland Adventures'' \n Br'er Fox, Br'er Rabbit \n  \n\n 2012 \n ''Ratchet & Clank: Full Frontal Assault'' \n Plumber \n\n\n 2013 \n ''Skylanders: Swap Force'' \n Blast Zone \n \n\n ''Ratchet & Clank: Into the Nexus'' \n Plumber, Smuggler, Parrot \n\n\n 2014 \n ''Skylanders: Trap Team'' \n Flip Wreck, Blast Zone \n \n\n 2015 \n ''Skylanders: SuperChargers'' \n Flip Wreck, Blast Zone \n \n\n ''Lego Dimensions'' \n Additional Voices \n \n\n 2016 \n ''Ratchet & Clank'' \n Plumber, Skid McMarx \n\n\n ''Skylanders: Imaginators - Crash Edition'' \n Crash Bandicoot, Flip Wreck, Blast Zone \n\n\n 2017 \n ''Crash Bandicoot N.Sane Trilogy'' \n Crash Bandicoot, Pinstripe Potoroo, Ripper Roo  \n \n\n\n===Theme Parks===\n\n\n Year !! Title !! Role\n\n 1989 \n ''Splash Mountain'' \n Br'er RabbitSinging Geese, Vultures\n\n 1992\n\n 1994 \n ''Roger Rabbit's Car Toon Spin'' \n Roger Rabbit\n\n 2007 \n ''Finding Nemo Submarine Voyage'' \n Marlin\n\n 2011 \n ''Transformers: The Ride'' \n Ironhide\n\n"	"See also"	"\n* Jess Harnell\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n"
"Jessica Martin"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nJessica Martin  is an English actress, singer and impressionist whose career has diversified to include comic writing and illustrating.\n"	"Life and career"	"She graduated with a B.A Honours degree in English and Drama from Westfield College, London University and Central School of Speech and Drama. Soon after graduating she became an impressionist on the Fringe circuit, performing alongside Rory Bremner and Harry Enfield. She was given a regular slot on ''Spitting Image'' and became the only female member of London Weekend's impressionist show, ''Copy Cats''. Fellow team members included Bobby Davro with whom she partnered for three series of his weekly show ''Bobby Davro's TV Weekly''. Martin and Gary Wilmot went on to find musical theatre stardom in the West End hit show ''Me and My Girl''. They performed for two years at the Adelphi Theatre and did a national tour.\n\nMartin went on to play many leading musical roles including Mabel in the 1996 production of ''Mack and Mabel'' at the Piccadilly Theatre, Nellie Forbush in ''South Pacific'', Mrs Lovett in ''Sweeney Todd'' and Norma Desmond in ''Sunset Boulevard''. She also guest starred in ''Doctor Who'' starring Sylvester McCoy as the Doctor. She played Mags in ''The Greatest Show in the Galaxy''. The episodes were released on DVD in 2012. She also provided the voice of the Queen in the ''Voyage of the Damned'' with David Tennant as the Doctor in the 2007 Christmas special.\nShe has made numerous radio appearances including a specially written one off special for BBC Radio 2, ''Cybill Liberty'', written by Mark Brisenden featuring a 1940s female radio detective Cybill Liberty, including Judy Garland and Carmen Miranda all played by Jessica.\n\nShe has maintained an extensive career as a voice over artists, performing in animations and commercials. She has also recorded several audio books including Mary Wollstonecraft's ''Vindication of the Rights of Men''.\n\nMartin provides voice acting for the English-language version of the PlayStation 2 game ''Dragon Quest VIII'', most notably as Empyrea.\n\nIn 2004, Martin recorded a song for the CD ''Weird & Wonderful - A Collection Of Songs by Alexander S. Bermange celebrating weirdos and weirdness'', featuring sixteen West End stars (released on Dress Circle Records). In 2008, she joined author and columnist Mark Steyn to release a cover of \"It's a Marshmallow World\", a holiday song first popularized by Bing Crosby.\n\nShe played the Lady of the Lake in the national tour of ''Spamalot'' in 2011, Lottie Ames in the award winning production of ''Mack and Mabel''   and Lottie Lacey in the revival of William Inge's ''Dark at the Top of the Stairs''.\n\nIn the last two years, Martin has successfully transitioned into the comic book industry. She has merged her passion for film history with narrative art. Her first published work was a story illustrated by her 'mentor' Mark Buckingham, leading artist on Vertigo's \"Fables\" series which was included in the Thought Bubble Anthology 2013. Her first comic written and drawn by herself was \"It Girl\" about silent film superstar Clara Bow. It was self-published in November 2013 and has been an ongoing success. It has sold out several times over in London comic shops Orbital and Gosh as well as Foyles and BFI bookstores. It was selected as one of the \"Ten Must Own Comics 2013\" by Broken Frontier's Small Press website.\n\nHer first graphic novel ''Elsie Harris Picture Palace'' set in the 1930s British film industry was short listed in the Myriad First Graphic Novel Prize 2014. The ceremony took place at the British Library in May 2014 as part of the \"Comics Unmasked\" exhibition season. It was published in Spring 2015.\n\nIn October 2015, she joined the cast of Elf: The Musical, playing the role of Emily Hobbs at the Dominion Theatre. In September 2016, she was featured in Robert J. Sherman's ''Bumblescratch'' playing the dual roles of Bethesda Bumblescratch and the Widow MacGregor at the Adelphi Theatre. She was named a Variety Club Celebrity Ambassador for her work in ''Bumblescratch'' and her other works.\n\nJessica Martin is a patron of the Music Hall Guild of Great Britain and America and performed at the 50th anniversary Memorial Service for Lupino Lane at St Paul's, Covent Garden.\n"	"Roles"	"\n===Television===\n* ''No\u00ebl Coward's Tonight At 8.30'' (BBC 1) 1992\n* ''You Bet'' Guest Panelist, Series 6 Episode 3 (LWT)1992\n* ''Doctor Who'' (BBC 1) 1988\n* ''Spitting Image'' (Central Independent Television) 1985-87\n* ''Royal Variety Shows'' (LWT) 1987 and 1986\n* ''Bobby Davro's T.V Weekly'' (Television South) 1986-88\n* ''Sunday Night At The London Palladium'' (LWT) 1986\n* ''Copy Cats'' (LWT) 1985\n\n===Games===\n* ''Dragon Quest VIII''  Empyrea (2004)\n* ''Metroid Other M'' Samus Aran (2010)\n\n===Film===\n* ''Shalom'' dir. Martin Kerem 2005\n* ''The Garden'' dir. Derek Jarman 1990\n\n===Cabaret and one-woman show===\n* ''All American Songbook'' (2 Temple Place) 4 July 2007\n* ''My Heart Stood Still'' (St. James's Palace) dir. Christopher Luscombe 2007\n* ''A Marvellous Party'' (St. James's Palace) dir. Christopher Luscombe  2006\n* ''Jessica Martin cabaret'' (The Ritz Hotel, London) 2006\n* ''Jessica Martin cabaret'' (Corporate \u2013\u201972 Club\u2019 Radisson Edwardian, London)  2006\n* ''Jessica Martin and John Barrowman cabaret'' (Highgrove) 2006\n* ''A Marvellous Party'' (Highgrove) dir. Christopher Luscombe  2005\n* ''Sunset Bitch'' (New York International Fringe Festival) dir. Robert Howie 2005\n* ''Blame It On My Youth'' (''Don\u2019t Tell Mama'' \u2013 New York and Jermyn Street Theatre, London) dir. Robert Howie  2003\n* ''Let's Kick Arts'' (Bridewell Theatre) dir. Don Leaver 2002\n* ''Veronique \u2013 A Lifelong Cult'' (Pleasance, Edinburgh Festival) dir. Robert Howie  2001\n\n===Radio roles===\n* Barbra Streisand in Jack Rosenthal's ''Last Act'' (BBC Radio 4) dir. Maureen Lipman 2006\n* Alma Cogan in ''Stage Mother, Sequinned Daughter'' (BBC Radio 4) dir. Marilyn Imrie 2002\n* ''I Can Do That'' (BBC Radio 4) dir. Bruce Hyman 1999\n* ''Glossies'' (BBC Radio 4) dir. Sally Flatman 1996\n* Ned Sherrin's ''Review of Revues'' (BBC Radio 2) 1995\n* ''Cybil Liberty'' (BBC Radio 2) dir. Dirk Maggs 1992\n* Jane Brown in Ray Cooney's farce ''Dead Trouble'' (Calibre Cassette Library for the Blind made in association with Challenge Anneka (Episode 5 of Series 1) dir. Ray Cooney 1989\n\n===Theatre roles===\n* Bethesda/Widow MacGregor ''Bumblescratch'', Adelphi Theatre dir. Stewart Nicholls 2016 \n* Emily Hobbs ''Elf: The Musical'', Dominion Theatre 2015\n* Lotte Ames ''Mack & Mabel'', Southwark Playhouse 2012\n* Lady of the Lake ''Spamalot'',  UK Tour 2011.\n* ''Unnatural Acts'' (Gilded Balloon, Edinburgh Festival) dir. David Giles 2007\n* ''The UnAmerican Songbook'' (Theatre Museum) dir. Denis King\n* ''Tracey Beaker Gets Real'' (Nottingham Playhouse & national tour) dir. David Newman 2006\n* ''Danny and Sylvia'' (Jermyn Street Theatre, London) dir. Kenn Oldfield 2005\n* ''Taste The Love'' (Jermyn Street Theatre, London) dir. Paul Rogan 2004\n* ''Exclusive Yarns'' (Wimbledon Studio Theatre at the New Wimbledon Theatre) dir. Andrew Wood 2004\n* ''Me, Myself and I'' (Orange Tree Theatre, Richmond) dir. Kim Grant 2003\n* ''Larkin With Women'' (Belgrade Theatre, Coventry) dir. David Giles 2003\n* Mrs Lovett in ''Sweeney Todd'' (Bridewell Theatre, London) dir. Richard Jordan 2001\n* Trudy in ''A Saint She Ain\u2019t'' (The King\u2019s Head, Islington) dir. Ned Sherrin 1999\n* ''Candida'' (New End Theatre) dir. David Evans Rees 1998\n* ''The Surprise Party'' (Nuffield Theatre at the University of Southampton & national tour) dir. Patrick Sanford 1997\n* Nellie Forbush in ''South Pacific'' (Churchill Theatre, Bromley & national tour) dir. David Taylor 1997\n* Mabel Normand in ''Mack and Mabel'' (Piccadilly Theatre, London) dir. Paul Kerryson 1996\n* ''Swingtime Canteen'' (The King\u2019s Head, Islington) dir. Robert Howie 1995\n* ''Lonely Hearts'' (Old Fire Station Theatre, Oxford) dir. Stephen Rayne 1995\n* ''The Court Jester'' (Croydon Warehouse Theatre) dir. Ted Craig 1994\n* ''Shakers'' (Nottingham Playhouse) dir. Jane Thornton 1994\n* Ruth in ''The Card'' (Maynardville Open-Air Theatre, Regent\u2019s Park) dir. Ian Talbot 1994\n* Gussie in ''The Case of the Dead Flamingo Dancer'' (Churchill Theatre, Bromley) dir. Martin Connor 1992\n* Sally Smith in ''Me and My Girl'' (Adelphi Theatre, London and national tour) dir. Mike Ockrent 1989-92\n* Bunny in ''Babes in Arms'' (Maynardville Open-Air Theatre, Regent\u2019s Park) dir. Ian Talbot 1988\n* Dorothy in ''The Wizard of Oz'' (Theatre Royal, Plymouth, and national tour) dir. Andrew McKinnon 1988\n"	"Lost musicals"	"** Something For The Boys\n** Leave It To Me\n** I Can Get It For You Wholesale\n** On a Clear Day You Can See Forever\n** Finian\u2019s Rainbow\n** One Touch Of Venus\n** Fifty Million Frenchmen\n** The Lost Musicals Gala hosted by Kitty Carlisle Hart and Anne Kaufman Schneider\n** Silk Stockings\n* ''Trudy in A Saint She Ain\u2019t'' (The King\u2019s Head, Islington) dir. Ned Sherrin 1999\n* ''Candida'' (New End Theatre) dir. David Evans Rees 1998\n* ''The Surprise Party'' (Nuffield Theatre at the University of Southampton & national tour) dir. Patrick Sanford 1997\n* Nellie Forbush in ''South Pacific'' (Churchill Theatre, Bromley & national tour) dir. David Taylor 1997\n* Mabel Normand in ''Mack and Mabel''' (Piccadilly Theatre, London) dir. Paul Kerryson 1996\n* ''Swingtime Canteen''' (The King\u2019s Head, Islington) dir. Robert Howie 1995\n* ''Lonely Hearts'' (Old Fire Station Theatre, Oxford) dir. Stephen Rayne 1995\n* ''The Court Jester'' (Croydon Warehouse Theatre) dir. Ted Craig 1994\n* ''Shakers'' (Nottingham Playhouse) dir. Jane Thornton 1994\n* ''Ruth in The Card'' (Maynardville Open-Air Theatre, Regent\u2019s Park) dir. Ian Talbot 1994\n* ''Gussie in The Case of the Dead Flamingo Dancer'' (Churchill Theatre, Bromley) dir. Martin Connor 1992\n* Sally Smith in ''Me and My Girl'' (Adelphi Theatre, London and national tour) dir. Mike Ockrent 1989-92\n* Bunny in ''Babes in Arms' (Maynardville Open-Air Theatre, Regent\u2019s Park) dir. Ian Talbot 1988\n* Dorothy in ''The Wizard of Oz'' (Theatre Royal, Plymouth, and national tour) dir. Andrew McKinnon 1988\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  Official website\n* \n*  ''Jessica Martin, Star of Stage, Screen and\u2026 Comics?!'' December 2014 interview\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Jimmy Carter rabbit incident"	"Introduction"	"The rabbit swimming away from the President\nThe '''Jimmy Carter rabbit incident''', dubbed the \"killer rabbit\" attack by the media, involved a swamp rabbit that swam toward then\u2013U.S. President Jimmy Carter's fishing boat on April 20, 1979. The incident caught press imagination after Carter's press secretary mentioned the event to a correspondent months later.\n"	"Background"	"President Carter had gone on a solo fishing expedition in his hometown of Plains, Georgia. According to Carter a rabbit being chased by hounds \"jumped in the water and swam toward my boat. When he got almost there, I splashed some water with a paddle.\"\n\nUpon returning to his office, Carter's staff did not believe his story, insisting that rabbits could not swim, or that they would never approach a person threateningly. However, the incident was captured on footage taken by a White House photographer.\n"	"Media accounts and public perception"	"Jody Powell, Carter's press secretary, mentioned the event to Associated Press correspondent Brooks Jackson on August 28, 1979, who filed the story with the wire service the following day. The story, entitled \"Bunny Goes Bugs: Rabbit Attacks President\", ran on August 30, 1979, and was carried on the front page of ''The Washington Post'', though the White House's refusal to release the photograph resulted in the newspaper using a cartoon parody of the ''Jaws'' poster labeled \"PAWS\" as its illustration. The White House still refused to release the photograph of the incident to the media until it turned up during the Reagan administration and the story saw a revival.\n\nCarter shooing away the rabbit, at far right\nIn his 1986 book ''The Other Side of the Story'', Powell recounted the story as follows:\n\n\n\nThe incident with the rabbit became fodder for political and ideological opponents who wanted to frame Carter's presidency as hapless and enfeebled, although the event's proximity to the Stateside release of the comedy feature film ''Monty Python and the Holy Grail'', which includes scenes of a killer rabbit slaying humans, led to some people describing Carter as having \"fended off a killer rabbit\" instead.\n\nThe incident was parodied in 1980 in a song by the folk singer Tom Paxton entitled \"I Don't Want a Bunny Wunny\".\n\nHumor columnist Dave Barry has often referred to the \"enormous swimming rabbit\" incident in his writings. In ''Dave Barry Slept Here: A Sort of History of the United States'', he names it the uncontested single most memorable event of Carter's presidency.\n"	"See also"	"\n* George H. W. Bush vomiting incident\n* Bill Clinton haircut controversy\n* Dick Cheney hunting incident\n* Rabbit of Caerbannog\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Johnny Clarke"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Johnny Clarke''' (born 12 January 1955) is a Jamaican reggae musician, best known for his recordings with producer Bunny Lee in the 1970s.\n"	"Biography"	"Clarke grew up in the Kingston ghetto of Whitfield Town and attended Jamaica College. In 1971 he won a talent contest in Bull Bay, his prize a meeting with producer Clancy Eccles, with whom he recorded his first song, \"God Made the Sea and the Sun\", the following year. The single didn't sell well, and disappointed with the lack of promotion from Eccles, he moved on to Rupie Edwards, who produced Clarke's first hits in 1973, with \"Everyday Wondering\" and \"Julie\". In 1974, Clarke moved on again, recording \"Jump Back Baby\" for Glen Brown, before beginning a long association with Bunny Lee and his band The Aggrovators in 1974. \"None Shall Escape the Judgement\" was an immediate success  and became the title track on Clarke's debut album. \n\nClarke was named Artist of the Year in Jamaica in both 1975 and 1976, and became one of the most popular singers on the island, mixing original songs with covers of popular reggae songs by other artists, and mixing roots and lovers-themed material. Many of Clarke's songs concern his faith as a Rasta and the beliefs of the Rastafari movement, including anti-violence (as on \"Let Go Violence\") and legalization of marijuana (\"Legalize It\"). He helped define the \"Flying Cymbals\" period that preceded the \"Roots Rockers\" sound of the mid- to late 1970s. Clarke was one of the first Jamaican artists signed to Virgin Records' Frontline subsidiary in 1976, releasing the albums ''Authorized Version'' and ''Rockers Time Now'' on the label. Clarke enjoyed further hits in the early 1980s with producer S Douglas, before working again with Lee. His popularity in Jamaica, however, declined, and he relocated to London in 1983, recording with Mad Professor, as well as further recordings for Jamaican producers King Tubby, Errol Thompson, and Prince Jammy. He has since occasionally reappeared with new material - ''Rasta Nuh Fear'' in 1992, and ''Rock With Me'' in 1997 - and continues to tour regularly. His song \"None Shall Escape the Judgement\" was featured on the Trojan roots compilations.\n\nClarke is known for his so-called \"African Roots\" or knee-length dreadlocks, which, when performing live, he frequently conceals inside a large hat. At the climax of his concert, he removes his hat, revealing his \"African Roots\" to the audience.\n\nHe set up his own Hit Machine label, his first album on the label being ''Jamaica 50 Johnny Clarke Sing Then Dub Them'', released in 2012 to coincide with the 50th anniversary of Jamaican independence.\n"	"Studio albums"	"*''None Shall Escape'' (1974) Total Sounds\n*''Moving Out'' (1975) Total Sounds\n*''Enter Into His Gates With Praise'' (1975)\n*''Sings In Fine Style'' (1975)\n*''I'm Gonna Put It On'' (1975) Vulcan\n*''No Woman No Cry'' (1976) Total Sounds\n*''Authorised Version'' (1976) Frontline\n*''Rocker's Time Now'' (1976) Frontline\n*''Don't Stay Out Late'' (1976) Paradise\n*''Up Park Camp'' (1977) Justice\n*''Girl I Love You'' (1977) Justice\n*''Sweet Conversation'' (1978) Third World\n*''King of the Arena'' (1978) Third World\n*''Satisfaction'' (1979) Third World\n*''Down In a Babylon'' (1980) Cha Cha\n*''I Man Come Again'' (1982) Black Music\n*''Yard Style'' (1983) Ariwa\n*''Reggae Party'' (1984)\n*''Sly & Robbie Present the Best of Johnny Clarke'' (1985) Vista Sounds\n*''Give Thanks'' (1985) Ariwa\n*''Enter into His Gates with praise'' (1989)  Attack\n*''Rasta Nuh Fear'' (1992) Sonic Sounds\n*''Don't trouble trouble'' (1994) Attack\n*''Rock With Me'' (1997)\n*''Reggae Heights'' (2003) Mafia & Fluxy\n*''Jamaica 50 Johnny Clarke Sing Then Dub Them'' (2012), Hit Machine\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* Johnny Clarke at Roots Archives\n* Interview by Peter I\n* Jah Rebel interview\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"John O'Hurley"	"Introduction"	"\n'''John George O'Hurley''' (born October 9, 1954) is an American actor, voice actor, author and television personality.  He is known for the role of J. Peterman on the NBC sitcom ''Seinfeld'', King Neptune XIV on ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' and was host of the game show ''Family Feud'' from 2006 to 2010.\n"	"Early life"	"O'Hurley was born in Kittery, Maine, the son of Jean, a housewife, and John O'Hurley, an ear, nose, and throat surgeon. O'Hurley attended Kingswood-Oxford School in West Hartford, Connecticut and graduated from Providence College in 1976 with a BA in Theatre.  His older sister Carol died in 1970 at the age of 17 due to epileptic seizures, and so O'Hurley performs charitable work for the Epilepsy Foundation. He has younger twin brothers, Bruce and Neal.\n"	"Career"	"\n===''Seinfeld''===\nOn ''Seinfeld'' O'Hurley played J. Peterman, a fictionalized version of catalog-company entrepreneur John Peterman, from 1995 to 1998. In 2001 O'Hurley financed the relaunch of The J. Peterman Company, and thus became a part-owner.\n\n===''Dancing with the Stars''===\nHe was a contestant on the first season of the television show ''Dancing with the Stars'' which aired during the summer of 2005. O'Hurley and his dance partner Charlotte J\u00f8rgensen made it to the final competition, which he lost to ABC soap opera star Kelly Monaco.\n\nAfter fans alleged that Monaco's victory was a set-up, the network announced that O'Hurley, Monaco and their professional dancing partners would face off in a special \"grudge match\" episode broadcast September 20, 2005. Unlike the first episode, viewer vote solely determined the outcome as opposed to a combination between the three professional judges and the viewer votes.\n\nO'Hurley and J\u00f8rgensen emerged as the winners.  The rematch earned $126,000 for Golfers Against Cancer charity. Afterward the duo produced a dance instruction video called, \"Learn to Dance with John and Charlotte\".\n\n\n'''Week #'''\n'''Dance/Song'''\n'''Judges' score'''\n'''Result'''\n\n\nInaba\nGoodman\nTonioli\n\n\n1\nCha-Cha-Cha/\"September\"\n7\n7\n6\nNo Elimination\n\n\n2\nQuickstep/\"Let's Face the Music and Dance\"\n8\n9\n9\nSafe\n\n\n3\nTango/\"Dance with Me\"\n9\n8\n7\nSafe\n\n\n4\nSamba/\"Just the Two of Us\"Viennese Waltz/\"I Got You Babe\"\n7No\n8Scores\n6Given\nBottom Two\n\n\n5Semi-finals\nFoxtrot/\"Let There Be Love\"Paso Doble/ \"Bamboleo\"\n99\n99\n99\nSafe\n\n\n6Finals\nQuickstep/ \"Let's Face the Music and Dance\"Freestyle/\"I'm So Excited\"\n99\n99\n99\n'''Runner Up'''\n\n\n7Dance-Off\nRumba/\"The Look of Love\"Waltz/\"You Light Up My Life\"Freestyle/\"I Am What I Am\"\n7108\n8108\n7109\n'''WON'''\n\n\n===Other roles===\nIn 1995, he had a role as Ralph Stafford on the ''Murder She Wrote'' episode \"Nailed\".\n\nIn 1995, O'Hurley co-starred on the short-lived sitcom ''A Whole New Ballgame''.\n\nFrom 2000\u20132014 he announced for Cartoon Network sister channel, Boomerang.\n\nO'Hurley has been the host of Purina's annual National Dog Show every Thanksgiving since 2002.\n\nIn 2003, he played the role of Roger Heidecker on the UPN television series ''The Mullets''.\n\nIn October 2005, he guest-starred in an episode of ''Drake & Josh''.\n\nIn March 2007, he took the lead role in the Wynn Las Vegas's production of ''Spamalot'', in which he plays King Arthur. He starred on Broadway and on National Tour as Billy Flynn in ''Chicago''. In July 2008 he reprised his role as King Arthur in the Los Angeles production of ''Spamalot'' at the Ahmanson Theatre. In June 2013 he once again reprised the role of King Arthur in Spamalot at The Muny Theater in St. Louis, Missouri, He hosted the Mrs. America and Mrs. World Pageants\n\nHe is one of the guest speakers in the Candlelight Processional at Epcot in Walt Disney World. O'Hurley is the voice of the owner of the Cow and Corset bar in the ''Fable II'' videogame for the Xbox 360. He also replaced Frank Welker as the \"Phantom Blot\" for ''Mickey Mouse Works'' and ''Disney's House of Mouse''. He has also provided the voice of King Neptune XIV on ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' and done voice-over work for radio stations, including WBEN-FM in Philadelphia, KPKX in Phoenix, Arizona, KMAX in San Francisco, and WARH in St. Louis. He is also the voice of Coors Light commercials for more than 10 years.\n\nO'Hurley guest-starred in an episode of ''The Emperor's New School'' called \"Malina's Big Break\", and in 2010, guest-starred on ''Wizards of Waverly Place'' as Captain Jim-Bob Sherwood.\n\nSince 2008 he acts as Roger Doofenshmirtz, Heinz Doofenshmirtz's brother, in ''Phineas and Ferb''. He also played in the award-winning ''2000x'' dramatic series produced by the Hollywood Theater of the Ear for National Public Radio.\n\nO'Hurley was a guest star on multiple episodes of the soap opera ''All My Children'' during its last month on ABC, in September 2011, playing Kit Sterling, a producer who approaches Erica Kane to make a movie based on the new book she has just written. He also acted in the soap opera ''Loving'' as Keith Lane-Jonathan Matalaine.\n\nIn 2015, he has a recurring role as Dr. Christopher Neff on ''Devious Maids''.\n\nHe also provides the voice for Victor the Villain on the children's animated TV series \"Wallykazam!\"\n\n====Game Show Host====\nFrom 2000\u20132001, he hosted a revival ''To Tell the Truth''. In 2004, he hosted the limited-run game show ''The Great American Celebrity Spelling Bee''. On September 11, 2006, O'Hurley replaced Richard Karn as the fifth host of ''Family Feud''. He hosted the show for four seasons, and in 2010 was replaced by Steve Harvey.\n"	"Personal life"	"O'Hurley is a self-taught pianist and classically trained vocalist.  O'Hurley has been composing since his teen years.  In 2004 he released a two-album project entitled \"''Peace of Our Minds''\", a compilation of his original piano compositions, in tandem with cellist Marston Smith. The piece \"''For Lisa''\" was written for O'Hurley's wife especially for their wedding day in 2004. He was featured on the March/April 2009 cover of Making Music Magazine.\n\nHe was married to Eva LaRue from 1992 to 1994. Since August 14, 2004 he has been married to Lisa Mesloh. They have a son, William Dylan O'Hurley.\n\nIn May 2011, O'Hurley received the Ellis Island Medal of Honor.\n"	"Filmography"	"* ''K.C. Undercover'' - Buck Marshall\n* ''National Dog Show'' - Host (2002\u2014 )\n* ''Game Show Countdown: Top 10 Hosts'' - Narrator\n* ''Game Show America'' - Host\n* ''Hell's Kitchen'' - Himself\n* ''Spamalot''\n** (Wynn Casino, Las Vegas) - King Arthur (31 March 2007 \u2013 23 July 2008)\n** (Ahmanson Theatre, Los Angeles) - King Arthur (July 7, 2009 - September 6, 2009)\n** (The Muny, St. Louis) - King Arthur (June 17\u201323, 2013)\n* ''Family Feud'' - Host (TV series and DVD game) (2006\u20142010)\n* ''Dancing with the Stars'' - Contestant (Runner-up, but voted the winner in a rematch)\n* ''The Great American Celebrity Spelling Bee'' - Host\n* ''The Mullets'' - Roger Heidecker\n* ''2 Shocking 4 TV'' - Host (Made-for-TV movie told in mocumentary style - 2003)\n* ''To Tell the Truth'' - Host (2000\u20132002)\n* ''House of Mouse'' - The Phantom Blot\n* ''Smart Guy'' - Hugh Sterling, host of \"Knowledge College\" (Episode: \"A Little Knowledge\")\n* ''Seinfeld'' - J. Peterman\n* ''What's New, Scooby-Doo?'' - Mayor\n* ''Valley of the Dolls'' - Allen Cooper\n* ''General Hospital'' - Greg Bennett\n* ''Frasier'' - Thomas Jay Fallow (Episode: \"Slow Tango in South Seattle\")\n* ''Santa Barbara'' - Steven Slade #2\n* ''The Young and the Restless'' - Jim Grainger #2\n* ''The Legend of Tarzan'' - Johannes Niels\n* ''Loving'' - Keith Lane/Jonathan Matalaine\n* ''The Edge of Night'' - Greg Shaeffer\n* ''Duck Dodgers'' - Captain Star Johnson\n* ''Lies and Liars'' - Host (TV Talkshow)\n* ''Buzz Lightyear of Star Command'' - King Nova\n* ''SpongeBob SquarePants'' - King Neptune XIV\n* ''The X-Files'' - Dr. Pollidori\n* ''Family Guy'' - Cult Leader/Man In White\n* ''Hey Arnold!'' - Councilman Gladhand\n* ''Glenn Martin DDS'' - Host of \"Are You Smarter Than a Chicken?\"\n* ''Drake & Josh'' - Doctor Carlson (the doctor who does Josh's surgery)\n* ''Sabrina, The Teenage Witch'' - Professor Beltran\n* ''The Emperor's New School'' - Editor of Incan Teen Magazine\n* ''Boy Meets World'' - 2 roles: Cal Kilbride and Grant, host of \"We're Not Making This Up!\", both 1996\n* ''Phineas and Ferb'' - Roger Doofenshmirtz (Heinz Doofenshmirtz's Brother)\n* ''Father of the Pride'' - Blake the Tiger\n* Narrator of Coors Light commercials\n* Voiceover imaging for several variety hits radio stations, including WBEN-FM/Philadelphia, WARH/St. Louis, WGTZ/Dayton, and WWLB/Richmond\n* Host of National Geographic DVD ''Show Me the Wild''\n* ''An American Carol'' - Himself as a maitre d'\n* ''Secret Talents of the Stars'' - Himself (host)\n* ''Buying the Cow'' - Tim 'Timbo' Chadway\n* ''Wizards of Waverly Place'' - Captain Jim Bob Sherwood\n* ''The Super Hero Squad Show'' - Grandmaster\n* ''Night Eyes 2'' - Detective Turner\n* ''The Looney Tunes Show'' - Walter Bunny (Lola Bunny's father)\n* ''Pair of Kings'' - Narrator\n* ''Beethoven's Christmas Adventure'' - Mr. Rexford (2011)\n* ''Krogzilla'' - Executive\n* ''Scooby-Doo! Stage Fright'' - The Great Pauldini\n* ''Wallykazam!'' - Victor the Villain\n* ''Gravity Falls'' - Knight Lilliputtian\n* ''The Angry Beavers'' - Snooty Narrator\n* ''America's Cutest'' - Himself\n* ''Archer (TV series)'' - Ellis Crane\n"	"Books"	"* ''It's Okay to Miss the Bed on the First Jump'' (2006) New York Times Best Seller\n* ''Before Your Dog Can Eat Your Homework, First You Have to Do It'' (2007)\n* ''The Perfect Dog'' (2013)\n"	"Music"	"* A medley (with Sarah Rice) of three songs (\"You Found Me and I Found You,\" \"Not Yet\" and \"Before I Met You\") from the musical ''Oh, Lady! Lady!!'' on Ben Bagley's Jerome Kern Revisited, Vol. II, released 1990\n* Peace of Our Minds (double-CD), released 2005\n* Secrets from the Lake, released 2008\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n* \n* \n*  Dance-off for \u2018Dancing with the Stars\u2019: Kelly Monaco and John O\u2019Hurley to face-off on September 20 (MSNBC.com)\n*  Podcast Interview with John on BackstageMusician.Com\n*  John O'Hurley pushes casinos in ads\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Joseph Armone"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Joseph \"Piney\" Armone''', also known as '''Shorty''', (September 13, 1917 \u2013 February 23, 1992) was a gangster in the Gambino crime family who served as underboss.\n"	"Biography"	"\n===Background===\nBorn on the Upper East Side, Manhattan, Armone earned his nickname \"Piney\" in the 1930s by extorting money from Christmas tree vendors. He was the younger brother of mobster Stephen Armone, an early member of the Mangano crime family, forerunner of the Gambino family. Armone married Josephine DiQuarto and was the father of two children. Josephine is a relative of Genovese crime family capo Dominick DiQuarto. He is an uncle to Gambino crime family capo Joseph (Joey The Blonde) Giordano. A devoted family man, Joseph Armone stayed away from mistresses and often took his wife out for dinner. Armone and his family lived in Brooklyn.\n\nArmone wore thick glasses and had an arthritic limp in his leg from an ancient gunshot wound. Armone rarely cursed; his speech, while not grammatical, had a high-flown formality once described as \"Mob Shakespearean\". He believed in omerta, the Cosa Nostra code of silence, was straightforward and direct, and highly trusted in mob circles. Armone was also respectful and polite to any Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) agents he encountered.  Armone's arrest record included robbery, felonious assault, homicide, and narcotics violations.\n\n===Early criminal career===\nArmone followed his brother into the Mangano family.  By the time Albert \"Mad Hatter\" Anastasia took over the family, he had become one of the family's major earners.  In 1957, underboss Joseph Biondo allegedly picked Armone and two other family mobsters to kill Anastasia. However, before the attack could take place, Armone was arrested on a narcotics charge and sent to jail. Biondo allegedly replaced Armone with his brother Stephen and the hitmen killed Anastasia. However, other accounts suggest that Profaci crime family capo Joe Gallo and his crew members were responsible for the Anastasia murder.\n\nIn 1964, Armone survived an assassination attempt. Armone was in a Manhattan bar when a gunman shot him five times at point blank range.\n\nOn October 1, 1964, Armone and 11 other mobsters were indicted in what became the French Connection case.  They were accused of transporting $20 million of heroin from 1956 to 1965 from France to the U.S. using sailors, businessman, and a diplomat as drug couriers. During the trial, one of the jurors was approached outside the courthouse by Patricia DeAlesandro, a former Playboy bunny and a friend of Armone. DeAlesandro tried to bribe the juror, but he reported the incident to law enforcement. DeAlesandro was later convicted of bribery and sentenced to five years in prison.\n\nOn June 22, 1965, Armone was convicted of the French Connection charges. In July 1965, Armone was sentenced to 15 years in prison.\n\nAfter serving ten years in prison, Armone was released. When mobster Paul Castellano became family boss, he promoted Armone to caporegime. Mob author and journalist Jerry Capeci would cite Armone's success as an example of the American Mafia disregarding its official ban of dealing drugs.\n\n===Gotti era===\nIn 1985 Armone was recruited by capo John Gotti into a conspiracy to kill Castellano. Gotti already had the support of capo Frank DeCicco and soldiers Sammy Gravano and Robert DiBernardo, but lining up the support of Armone was a critical step in the conspiracy.  As a well respected old-timer in the Gambino family, Armone would offer more credibility to the new regime and placate Castellano's supporters. For his part, Armone had a dim view of Castellano as a gangster and saw Gotti's coup as a final chance to rise to a leadership role in the family.\n\nThat chance came in April 1986, when Gotti's original underboss, Frank DeCicco, was blown up by a remote-controlled bomb.  Gotti then appointed Armone as his new underboss and sent him to Florida to supervise Gambino activities there.\n\nOn December 22, 1987, Armone was convicted in New York on charges of racketeering conspiracy involving extortion, bribery and illegal interstate travel to commit bribery. The bribery charge involved a plot from 1981 to 1982 to bribe a government official $20,000 to transfer the son of Gambino consigliere Joseph N. Gallo from a New York state prison to a federal prison. Gallo was also convicted in the trial.  At their ages, any sentence imposed on Gallo and Armone would ensure they would die in prison.  With this in mind, the judge released Gallo on bail before sentencing, effectively giving him a final Christmas with his family. Armone was offered a similar temporary release, but only on the condition that he publicly admit his role in the family and renounce his ties to it. Gotti, however, had banned Gambino members from taking plea deals that acknowledged the existence of the family, and refused Armone an exception.\n\nOn February 22, 1988, Armone was sentenced to 15 years in federal prison and was fined $820,000.\n\nOn September 24, 1988, in a separate case, Armone was convicted in Florida of extortion, loansharking, and racketeering in Broward County\n\n===Death===\nOn February 23, 1992, Armone died in prison of natural causes. He was buried in the Cemetery of the Resurrection in Staten Island, New York.\n"	"In popular culture"	"*In the 2001 television movie ''Boss of Bosses'', Joe Armone is portrayed as \"Piney Armone\" by actor Mark Margolis.\n*Armone is portrayed by Dominic Chianese in the 1996 TV film ''Gotti''.\n"	"References"	"\n*\n*\n"	"Further reading"	"*O'Brien, Joseph F., and Kurins, Andris, ''Boss of Bosses: The Fall of the Godfather: The FBI and Paul Castellano'', Pocket Books (1993) ISBN 0-671-71541-0\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Joshua Quagmire"	"Introduction"	"'''Joshua Quagmire''' (sometimes shortened to '''JQ''') (born 1952) is an American cartoonist for both underground and mainstream comic books, best known for his creation Cutey Bunny.\n"	"Biography"	"Joshua Quagmire (the name is a pseudonym) was raised in the Los Angeles area, though he has remarked that his grandfather served in the Canadian Forces in World War I; Quagmire has dedicated a story, \"The Last Time I Saw Tommy\", to his grandfather.  On the few occasions he has drawn himself into a story, he has not shown his own face.  He is a frequent guest at the San Diego Comic Convention.\n\nHis most enduring work has been the comic ''Cutey Bunny'', which was first published in 1982.  Cutey Bunny, a furry superheroine and a pastiche of Go Nagai's Cutey Honey, appeared in the self-produced underground comic ''Army Surplus Komikz'' from 1982 to 1985 as well as in Cerebus' Unique Story section.  The story, writing, and art style recall not only manga, but the madcap ''MAD Magazine'' and syndicated comic strips of the 1940s and 1950s, together with a burlesque sense of both humor and sexuality.  Quagmire uses an \"ensemble cast\" of characters who will tend to show up no matter what the situation or genre; along with Cutey, they include:\n\n* '''Vicky Feldhyser''', a sadomasochistic switch lesbian fox and sometimes-rival secret agent to Cutey, whom she lusts after\n* '''Taffy''', Cutey's little sister\n* '''Fatty Tubbins''', a cat, and Cutey's friend and companion (who is also frequently credited as Quagmire's inker)\n* The '''Space Gophers''', a quintet (or sometimes more) of not exceptionally bright interplanetary-traveling gophers, all of whom are named \"Al\"\n* '''Pandora''', a Scottish-brogued female robot who travels with the Gophers\n* '''Gran'ma Phooby''', Cutey's \"grandmother\", of indeterminate species and dreadful cooking skill\n* '''Heidi''' and '''Etsuko''', a pair of German and Japanese (respectively) scantily clad female elves, typically involved in some nefarious espionage plot\n* The '''Purple Puffle''', an odd creature who appears mainly as a background ornament\n\nIn 1985, the comic was nearly picked up for publishing by Aardvark-Vanaheim, but the deal fell through and Quagmire continued to self-publish.\n\nThere are a few projects which Quagmire has done outside this ensemble, such as the more serious '''CyberFox''' or the more overtly sexual '''Bronco Bunny'''.\n\nQuagmire is also fond of introducing caricatures of real personalities to his comics.  Bob Hope and Bing Crosby, in character as they were in the popular \"''Road to...''\" movies, frequently appear to help Cutey Bunny.  A frequent adversary is \"Uncle Joe\"\u2014quite obviously Joseph Stalin\u2014and his marionette henchman, \"Howdy Ivan\".  And Cutey, as an American secret agent, is often shown taking orders from a doddering Ronald Reagan or a sinister George H. W. Bush.  Even fellow comic book writer Chris Claremont appeared in one issue, helping unmask a villain who turned out to be Adolf Hitler in disguise.\n\nAlthough politics was never taboo in Quagmire's comics, they have been more emphasized in his recent works.  Typically, he has been even-handed in his treatment\u2014he recounts the tale of a socialist friend of his, who, upon reading an Uncle Joe story, could not determine whether it was for or against socialism and said that it seemed to be \"anti-every ideology\".  However, Quagmire has become more pointed in his criticism of George W. Bush and other contemporary leaders based on Quagmire's opposition to war and the current state of world economics and the environment.  For example, in a 2004 story, Heidi and Etsuko join the Department of Homeland Security, and are dispatched to the Middle East to search for weapons of mass destruction\u2014and remove the stickers on them which read \"Made in U.S.A.\"  However, they succeed only in finding weapons in practically every country in the area ''except'' Iraq.\n\nCurrently Quagmire is publishing an online comic called \"Bunz & Katz\" which began running in 2012. The strip is about two alien scouts, Bunz - an alien who has been altered to look like an anime \"sailor chick\" so as to blend in with \"Dirt's\" defenders, and her henchbot Katz. Send to Earth by the all conquering but now hopelessly obsolete and ancient NegaFleet, the two hapless protagonists attempt to prepare the way for Earth's destruction but things just never seem to work out for them. Their interactions with the inhabitants of \"Dirt\" (as Katz translated \"Earth\") and the ignorance of Earthly ways make up the majority of the humor along with occasional asides into popular cultural events or politics. \n"	"References"	"\n"	" External links "	"*  The QUAGMIRE - JQ's official Website\n*\n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Julie Ann Taylor"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Julie Ann Taylor''' (born January 29, 1966) is an American voice actress who is best known for her role of Ai Tanabe in ''Planetes'', Mutsumi Otohime in ''Love Hina'', Yukari Hayasaka in ''Paradise Kiss'' and Taiga Fujimura in ''Fate/stay night'' among others. She is also credited as Julie Pickering, Jean Howard and Cricket Brown.\n"	"Filmography"	"\n===Anime===\n* ''Ai Yori Aoshi~Enishi~'' - Natsuki Komiya\n* ''Aldnoah.Zero'' - Darzana Magbaredge\n* ''Argento Soma'' - Amian, Joan\n* ''Battle Athletes Victory'' - Pootashko\n* ''Blade of the Immortal'' - Otatsu, Haya, Kagehisa Anotsu (Young)\n* ''BlazBlue Alter Memory'' - Kokonoe, Tsubaki Yayoi\n* ''Bleach'' - Lirin, Rin Tsubokura, Haineko (spirit), Nozomi Kuj\u014d, Jackie Tristan\n* ''Blood Lad'' - Officer Beros, Wolf (Young)\n* ''Bludgeoning Angel Dokuro-Chan'' - Minami\n* ''Blue Exorcist'' - Exorcist B (Ep. 10), Female Student (Ep. 3), Kashino (Ep. 6), Teacher (Ep. 13)\n* ''Burn Up Scramble'' - Rio Kinezono\n* ''Carried by the Wind: Tsukikage Ran'' - Stephanie\n* ''Code Geass'' - Milly Ashford\n* ''El Hazard'' - Ifurita, Kalia\n* ''Fate/stay night'' - Taiga Fujimura, Mordred (Ep. 21)\n* ''Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works'' - Taiga Fujimura\n* ''Fafner in the Azure'' - Sakura Kaname\n* ''Figure 17'' - Asuka Karasawa, Narrator\n* ''Gad Guard'' - Takumi Kisaragi\n* ''Gankutsuou: The Count of Monte Cristo'' - Heloise, Additional Voices\n* ''Gargantia on the Verdurous Planet'' - Bellows\n* ''Gate Keepers'' - Reiko Asagiri\n* ''Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex'' - Ran, Additional Voices\n* ''Ghost Slayers Ayashi'' - Atl\n* ''Grenadier - The Senshi of Smiles'' - Mikan Kurenai, Kasumi\n* ''Gungrave'' - Biscoe's Wife, Randy's Wife\n* ''Gun Frontier'' - Katrina, Ayame\n* ''Gurren Lagann''- Boota\n* ''Hand Maid May'' - Additional Voices\n* ''Hare+Guu'' - Hiroko Yamada\n* ''Heat Guy J'' - Phia, Clair Leonelli (Young), Teto\n* ''Here is Greenwood'' - Shun Kisaragi\n* ''Honey and Clover'' - Ayumi Yamada\n* ''Hunter \u00d7 Hunter'' 2011 series \u2013 Khara\n* ''Hyper Doll'' - Mica Minazuki\n* ''Immortal Grand Prix'' - P.A. Announcer\n* ''JoJo's Bizarre Adventure: Stardust Crusaders'' - Holy Kujo\n* ''Kannazuki no Miko'' - Makoto\n* ''Karas'' - Hinaru\n* ''Kurokami: the Animation'' - Akane Sano\n* ''Last Exile'' - Sophia Forrester\n* ''Le Portrait de Petit Cossette'' - Shoko Mataki\n* ''Love Hina'' - Mutsumi Otohime\n* ''Love Hina Again'' - Mutsumi Otohime\n* ''Lucky \u2606 Star'' - Yui Narumi\n* ''Lunar Legend Tsukihime'' - Akiha Tohno\n* ''Mahoromatic'' - Eimi Shiina\n* ''Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic'' - Seishun Li, Laila (Ep. 6), Alibaba (Young)\n* ''Mao-chan'' - Operator\n* ''Marmalade Boy'' - Doris O'Connor\n* ''Monster'' - Lotte Frank, Johan (Young)\n* ''Nura: Rise of the Yokai Clan'' series - Sasami, 12 Year Old Umewakamaru (Young Gyuki), Awashima (Season 2)\n* ''Omishi Magical Theater: Risky Safety'' - Moe Katsuragi\n* ''One-Punch Man'' - Split-Chinned Kid\n* ''Overman King Gainer'' - Lioubov Smettana\n* ''Paradise Kiss''- Yukari \"Caroline\" Hayasaka\n* ''Persona 4: The Animation'' - Ai Ebihara\n* ''Planetes'' - Ai Tanabe\n* ''Please Teacher!'' - Ichigo Morino, Kozue Kusanagi\n* ''Please Twins!'' - Ichigo Morino\n* ''Rozen Maiden'' - Souseiseki\n* ''Rurouni Kenshin'' - Tsubaki, Misanagi\n* ''S-CRY-ed'' - Chuka, Fani\n* ''Sailor Moon'' - Haruna Sakurada, Viluy (Viz dub)\n* ''Sailor Moon Crystal'' - Haruna Sakurada\n* ''Saiyuki Reload'' - Gojyo (Young), Kanan, Rinlan, Wong\n* ''Samurai Champloo'' - Shino\n* ''Samurai Girl Real Bout High School'' - Shiroi Goto, Tomoe Kusunagi\n* ''Space Pirate Captain Harlock'' - Kei Yuuki\n* ''Scrapped Princess'' - Cz\n* ''Stellvia'' - Ayaka Machida\n* ''Sword Art Online II'' - Natsuki Aki, Skuld (Ep. 17)\n* ''Tengen Toppa Gurren Lagann'' - Boota\n* ''Tenjho Tenge'' - Chiaki Kounoke\n* ''Tiger & Bunny'' - Mari (Ep. 9), Additional Voices\n* ''Trigun'' - Additional Voices\n* ''The Twelve Kingdoms'' - Haku Sanshi, Kei Kei\n* ''Vandread'' - Meia Gisborn\n* ''Witch Hunter Robin'' - Eiko Yano, Mika Hanamura\n* ''X: The Series'' - Hokuto Sumeragi and Tohru Magami\n* ''Zegapain'' - Tomigai and Fosetta (Ai)\n* ''Zetman'' - Youko Amagi\n\n===Movies===\n* ''Adventures in Voice Acting'' - Herself\n* ''Ah! My Goddess: The Movie'' - Additional Voices\n* ''Akira'' - Additional Voices (2001 Pioneer dub)\n* ''Eureka Seven: Good Night, Sleep Tight, Young Lovers'' - Renton Thurston (Young)\n* ''Oblivion Island: Haruka and the Magic Mirror'' - Haruka's Mother\n* ''Mobile Suit Gundam F91'' - Monica Arno\n* ''Patlabor: The Movie'' - Noa Izumi\n* ''Patlabor 2: The Movie'' - Noa Izumi\n* ''Puella Magi Madoka Magica Movie 3: Rebellion'' - Junko Kaname\n* ''Sakura Wars: The Movie'' - Lachette Altair\n\n===Video games===\n*''.hack//Mutation'' - Rachel\n*''.hack//Outbreak'' - Rachel\n*''.hack//Quarantine'' - Rachel\n*''Ar tonelico Qoga: Knell of Ar Ciel'' - Katene (uncredited)\n*''Atelier Ayesha: The Alchemist of Dusk'' - Linca\n*''Atelier Escha & Logy: Alchemists of the Dusk Sky'' - Linca\n*''Atelier Shallie: Alchemists of the Dusk Sea'' - Linca, Nady Elminus\n*''BlazBlue'' series - Tsubaki Yayoi, Kokonoe, Izayoi\n*''Danganronpa 2: Goodbye Despair'' - Ibuki Mioda (uncredited)\n*''Eternal Sonata'' - Falsetto\n*''Fire Emblem: Awakening'' - Cordelia, Severa\n*''Fire Emblem Fates'' - Selena (Severa), Caeldori, Flora\n*''Growlanser: Heritage of War'' - Vanette \n*''Growlanser: Wayfarer of Time'' - Remus (uncredited)\n*''Hyperdimension Neptunia Mk2'' - 5pb./Lyrica\n*''Hyperdimension Neptunia Victory'' - Rei Ryghts\n*''Katamari Forever'' - Mutsuo Hoshino (uncredited)\n*''Nier'' - Emil\n*''Onechanbara Z2: Chaos'' - Anna, Anzu, Misha\n*''Rumble Roses XX'' - Aisha, Sista A (uncredited)\n*''Rune Factory Frontier'' - Rosetta (uncredited)\n*''Sakura Wars: So Long, My Love'' - Ratchet Altair (uncredited)\n*''Shin Megami Tensei: Persona 4'' - Ai Ebihara (uncredited)\n*''Soulcalibur V'' - Hildegard von Krone\n*''Star Ocean: Second Evolution'' - Chisato Madison\n*''Tales of Vesperia'' - Karol Capel (uncredited)\n*''Tekken 6'' - Narrator in Mokujin's ending (uncredited)\n*''Tekken Tag Tournament 2'' - Michelle Chang (uncredited)\n*''Tekken Tag Tournament 2: Wii U Edition'' - Michelle Chang (uncredited)\n*''Time and Eternity'' - Makimona\n*''Wild Arms 4'' - Jude Maverick (uncredited)\n*''Xenosaga Episode I: Der Wille zur Macht'' - Miyuki Itsumi (uncredited)\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Just Rambling Along"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''Just Rambling Along''''' is a 1918 American short silent comedy film featuring Stan Laurel. The film is Laurel's earliest surviving work and the first project he did with film producer Hal Roach, who later put out a large portion of the Laurel and Hardy films.\n"	"Plot"	"The story is of a poor young sap who can't seem to get a break. He's thrown out of a diner, and then finds a wallet, which is immediately snatched away from him by a little boy.  Stan tries to fight the boy for it, but the boy's father, a police officer, stops him. Stan gives up and walks away.\n\nNext the Pretty Young Lady (Mildred Reardon) woos him and a park bench full of men back into the diner.  When the hostess sees Stan, she kicks him out on his rear end.  Out on the street, he finds the little boy playing with the wallet.  He quickly snatches it away and goes back into the diner.  When the hostess tries to throw him out a third time, he shows her that he has money to pay for a meal.  Before going to the serving line, he pauses to flirt with the pretty young lady, who promptly throws a drink in his face.\n\nHe then goes up to the serving line where the chef gives him a taste of everything he has to offer that day.  Stan stuffs his face, but shakes his head and tells the chef that he doesn't want any of it.  He only wants a cup of coffee.  When the chef has his back turned, Stan stuffs his pockets and boater full of food.\n\nHe goes back to the pretty young lady's table, sits down, and tries to flirt with her once again.  While he's eating, she switches their tickets, and gets up to leave.  He follows her to the cashier and realizes he's left with her bill, which he cannot pay.  He tries to sneak out of the diner, but he's caught and thrown out on his rear for the third and final time.  The film ends with the cop roughing him up as the young boy looks on.\n"	"Cast"	"* Stan Laurel as Nervy Young Man\n* Mildred Reardon as Pretty Lady\n* Noah Young as Policeman\n* James Parrott as Cook\n* Bud Jamison as Chef\n* Bunny Bixby\n* Mary Burns\n* Harry Clifton\n* Helen Fletcher\n* Max Hamburger\n* Wallace Howe\n* Bert Jefferson\n* Alma Maxim\n* Belle Mitchell\n* Herb Morris\n* Marie Mosquini\n* William Petterson\n* Hazel Powell\n* Lillian Rothchild\n* Adu Sanders\n* Emmy Wallace\n* Dorothea Wolbert\n"	"See also"	"* List of American films of 1918\n* Stan Laurel filmography\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n* \n \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Kanal Kannan"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\n'''Kanal Kannan''' (born as '''V. Kannan''') is an Indian fight master/action choreographer, actor and screenwriter in Kollywood, Malayalam cinema, Cinema of Andhra Pradesh, Cinema of Karnataka and Bollywood.He is very spiritual and more than anything he is very good human being.\nHe has worked with actor Vijay in many films.  Stunt masters including Stun Siva, Peter Hein, Anal Arasu, K. Ganesh Kumar and Jeeva have worked as fighters and assistants to him.He is humble and very good human being.\n"	"Filmography"	"\n* 1991 ''Cheran Pandiyan''\n* 1991 ''Anbu Sangili''\n* 1991 ''Putham Pudhu Payanam''\n* 1991 ''MGR Nagaril''\n* 1992 ''Oor Mariyadhai''\n* 1992 ''Kizhakku Veluthachu''\n* 1992 ''En Aasai Rasathi''\n* 1992 ''Abhirami'' \n* 1993 ''Suriyan Chandiran''\n* 1993 ''Aranmanai Kili''\n* 1993 ''Gokulam''\n* 1994 ''Captain''\n* 1994 ''Sakthivel''\n* 1994 ''Priyanka''\n* 1994 ''Manasu Rendum Pudhusu''\n* 1994 ''Maindhan''\n* 1994 ''Chinna Madam''\n* 1994 ''Sevvanthi''\n* 1994 ''Nattamai''\n* 1994 ''Kaviyam''\n* 1994 ''Nila''\n* 1994 ''Pudhiya Mannargal''\n* 1995 ''Deva''\n* 1995 ''Chinna Mani''\n* 1995 ''Muthukulikka Vaariyala''\n* 1995 ''Ellame En Rasathan''\n* 1995 ''Pasumpon''\n* 1995 ''Nandhavana Theru''\n* 1995 ''Chellakannu''\n* 1995 ''Vishnu''\n* 1995 ''Periya Kudumbam''\n* 1995 ''Chandralekha''\n* 1995 ''Muthu''\n* 1995 ''Seethanam''\n* 1995 ''Ayudha Poojai''\n* 1995 ''Thotta Chinungi''\n* 1995 ''Mannai Thottu Kumbidanum''\n* 1996 ''Aruva Velu\n* 1996 ''Parambarai''\n* 1996 ''Poove Unakkaga''\n* 1996 ''Sengottai''\n* 1996 ''Manikkam''\n* 1996 ''Namma Ooru Rasa''\n* 1996 ''Avvai Shanmughi''\n* 1996 ''Mr. Romeo''\n* 1996 ''Panchalankurichi''\n* 1996 ''Selva''\n* 1997 ''Sakthi''\n* 1997 ''Hitler''\n* 1997 ''Bharathi Kannamma''\n* 1997 ''Aravindhan''\n* 1997 ''Suryavamsam''\n* 1997 ''Adimai Sangili''\n* 1997 ''Samrat''\n* 1997 ''Porkkaalam''\n* 1998 ''Rathna''\n* 1998 ''Desiya Geetham''\n* 1999 ''Thulladha Manamum Thullum''\n* 1999 ''Adutha Kattam''\n* 1999 ''Padayappa''\n* 1999 ''Nenjinile''\n* 1999 ''Oruvan''\n* 1999 ''Nee Varuvai Ena''\n* 1999 ''Jodi''\n* 1999 ''Hello''\n* 1999 ''Mudhalvan''\n* 1999 ''Pattali''\n* 2000 ''Annayya'' (Telugu)\n* 2000 ''Thirunelveli''\n* 2000 ''Narasimham''\n* 2000 ''Good Luck''\n* 2000 ''Sudhandhiram''\n* 2000 ''Mugavaree''\n* 2000 ''Unnai Kodu Ennai Tharuven''\n* 2000 ''Pennin Manathai Thottu''\n* 2000 ''Yuvakudu''\n* 2000 ''Maayi''\n* 2000 ''Uyirile Kalanthathu''\n* 2000 ''Azaad'' (Telugu)\n* 2000 ''Priyamanavale''\n* 2001 ''Friends''\n* 2001 ''Eduruleni Manishi'' (Telugu)\n* 2001 ''Badri''\n* 2001 ''Citizen''\n* 2001 ''Poovellam Un Vasam''\n* 2001 ''Alli Thandha Vaanam''\n* 2001 ''Nayak: The Real Hero'' (Hindi)\n* 2001 ''Manadhai Thirudivittai''\n* 2001 ''Hanuman Junction'' (Telugu)\n* 2002 ''Seema Simham'' (Telugu)\n* 2002 ''Red''\n* 2002 ''Charlie Chaplin''\n* 2002 ''Roja Kootam''\n* 2002 ''Sri Bannari Amman''\n* 2002 ''Junior Senior''\n* 2002 ''Ezhumalai''\n* 2002 ''Raja''\n* 2002 ''''Samurai''\n* 2002 ''Youth''\n* 2002 ''Karmegham''\n* 2002 ''Ivan''\n* 2002 ''King''\n* 2002 ''Five Star''\n* 2002 ''En Mana Vaanil''\n* 2002 ''Villain''\n* 2002 ''Virumbugiren''\n* 2003 ''Kadhaludan''\n* 2003 ''Manasellam''\n* 2003 ''Ennai Thalatta Varuvala''\n* 2003 ''Parasuram''\n* 2003 ''Whistle''\n* 2003 ''Eera Nilam''\n* 2003 ''Diwan''\n* 2003 ''Three Roses''\n* 2003 ''Vishnu'' (Telugu)\n* 2004 ''Kadamba'' (Kannada)\n* 2004 ''Gambeeram''\n* 2004 ''Aethiree''\n* 2004 ''Jana''\n* 2004 ''Sullan''\n* 2004 ''Singara Chennai''\n* 2004 ''Madurey''\n* 2004 ''Sathyam''\n* 2004 ''M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi''\n* 2004 ''Manmadhan''\n* 2005 ''Aayudham''\n* 2005 ''Bunny'' (Telugu)\n* 2005 ''6'2''\n* 2005 ''Bhadra'' (Telugu)\n* 2005 ''Kana Kandaen''\n* 2005 ''Andarivaadu'' (Telugu)\n* 2005 ''Anbe Aaruyire''\n* 2005 ''Ghajini''\n* 2005 ''Bageeratha'' (Telugu)\n* 2005 ''Bambara Kannaley''\n* 2005 ''Mahanandi'' (Telugu)\n* 2005 ''Sandakozhi''\n* 2006 ''Saravana''\n* 2006 ''Lakshmi'' (Telugu)\n* 2006 ''Yuga''\n* 2006 ''Asthram'' (Telugu)\n* 2006 ''Thimiru''\n* 2006 ''Stalin'' (Telugu)\n* 2006 ''Chinnodu'' (Telugu)\n* 2006 ''The Don'' (Malayalam)\n* 2006 ''Ilavattam''\n* 2006 ''Varalaru''\n* 2006 ''Thalaimagan''\n* 2006 ''Vallavan''\n* 2006 ''Chennai Kadhal''\n* 2007 ''Deepavali''\n* 2007 ''Pori''\n* 2007 ''Thullal''\n* 2007 ''Evadaithe Nakenti'' (Telugu)\n* 2007 ''En Uyirinum Melana''\n* 2007 ''Dhee'' (Telugu)\n* 2007 ''Lakshyam'' (Telugu)\n* 2007 ''Malaikottai''\n* 2007 ''Thulasi'' (Telugu)\n* 2007 ''Black Cat'' (Malayalam)\n* 2008 ''Bheema''\n* 2008 ''Kaalai''\n* 2008 ''Sadhu Miranda''\n* 2008 ''Singakutty''\n* 2008 ''Dasavatharam''\n* 2008 ''Sathyam''\n* 2008 ''Dhaam Dhoom''\n* 2008 ''Ellam Avan Seyal''\n* 2008 ''Hero'' (Telugu)\n* 2008 ''Saamida''\n* 2008 ''Silambattam''\n* 2009 ''Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaval''\n* 2009 ''Ayan''\n* 2009 ''Rajadhi Raja''\n* 2009 ''Raju Maharaju''\n* 2009 ''Current'' (Telugu)\n* 2009 ''Malai Malai''\n* 2009 ''Kanthaswamy''\n* 2009 ''Aadhavan''\n* 2009 ''Amaravathi'' (Telugu)\n* 2009 ''Vettaikaaran''\n* 2010 ''Aasal''\n* 2010 ''Paiyaa''\n* 2010 ''Sura''\n* 2010 ''Pokkiri Raja'' (Malayalam)\n* 2010 ''Maanja Velu''\n* 2010 ''Kaadhal Solla Vandhen''\n* 2010 ''Moscowin Kavery''\n* 2011 ''Ponnar-Shankar''\n* 2011 ''Engeyum Kadhal''\n* 2011 ''Ra.One'' (Hindi)\n* 2011 ''Thambi Vettothi Sundaram''\n* 2011 ''Osthe''\n* 2012 ''Nippu'' (Telugu)\n* 2012 ''Mallu Singh'' (Malayalam)\n* 2012 ''The King & the Commissioner'' (Malayalam)\n* 2012 ''Hero'' (Malayalam)\n* 2013 ''Naayak'' (Telugu)\n* 2013 ''Samar''\n* 2013 ''Kadal''\n* 2013 ''Mirchi'' (Telugu)\n* 2013 ''Zila Ghaziabad'' (Hindi)\n* 2013 ''Thirumathi Thamizh''\n* 2013 ''Mr. Pellikoduku'' (Telugu)\n* 2013 ''Tadakha'' (Telugu)\n* 2013 ''PoliceGiri'' (Hindi)\n* 2013 ''ShortCut-Romeo'' (Hindi)\n* 2013 ''Adda'' (Telugu)\n* 2013 ''D Company'' (Telugu)\n* 2013 ''Phata Poster Nikhla Hero'' (Hindi)\n* 2013 ''Ramayya Vasthavayya'' (Hindi)\n* 2013 ''Doosukeltha'' (Telugu)\n* 2013 ''Singh Saab The Great'' (Hindi)\n* 2014 ''Legend'' (Telugu)\n* 2014 ''Thirumanam Ennum Nikkah''\n* 2014 ''Irumbu Kuthirai''\n* 2014 ''Poojai''\n* 2015 ''Aambala''\n* 2015 ''Isai''\n* 2015 ''Killadi''\n* 2015 ''Anegan''\n* 2015 ''Rombha Nallavan Da Nee''\n* 2015 ''Vaalu''\n* 2015 ''Adhibar''\n* 2016 ''Saagasam''\n* 2016 ''Sowkarpettai''\n* 2016 ''Vaaliba Raja''\n* 2016 ''Kanniyum Kaalaiyum Sema Kadhal''\n* 2016 ''Mudinja Ivana Pudi''\n* 2016 ''Vaaimai''\n* 2016 ''Wagah''\n* 2016 ''Uchathula Shiva''\n* 2016 ''Kaththi Sandai''\n* 2017 ''Singam III: Si3''\n* 2017 ''Sakka Podu Podu Raja''\n* 2017 ''Vaigai Express''\n* 2017 ''Pottu''\n* 2017 ''Khaidi No. 150''\n\n"	"Actor"	"\n* 1989 ''Anbu Kattalai'' as Henchman (special appearance)\n* 1990 ''Paattali Magan'' as Henchman (special appearance)\n* 1993 ''Aranmanai Kili'' as Henchman (special appearance)\n* 1994 ''Captain'' as Auto Driver (special appearance)\n* 1995 ''Ellame En Rasathan'' as Rogue (special appearance)\n* 1995 ''Thai Thangai Paasam'' (special appearance)\n* 1996 ''Avvai Shanmughi'' as Henchman (special appearance)\n* 1997 ''Porkkaalam'' as Postman (special appearance)\n* 1998 ''Kadhal Mannan'' as Taxi Driver (special appearance)\n* 1998 ''Sollamale'' as Coconut Seller (special appearance)\n* 1999 ''Padayappa'' as Village man (a special appearance)\n* 1999 ''Nee Varuvai Ena'' as Bus Passenger (special appearance)\n* 1999 ''Mudhalvan'' as Auto Driver (special appearance)\n* 2000 ''Mugavaree'' (special appearance)\n* 2000 ''Pennin Manathai Thottu'' as Pickpocket (special appearance)\n* 2000 ''Uyirile Kalanthathu'' as Kanal\n* 2002 ''Red'' (special appearance)\n* 2002 ''Vivaramana Aalu'' as Karuppu (in a special appearance)\n* 2001 ''Citizen'' as Stunt Dupe (special appearance)\n* 2001 ''Manadhai Thirudivittai'' as Rogue (special appearance)\n* 2002 ''Charlie Chaplin'' as Rouge (special appearance)\n* 2002 ''Raja'' as Henchman (special appearance)\n* 2002 ''Ivan'' as Henchman (special appearance)\n* 2002 ''Villain'' as Henchman (special appearance)\n* 2003 ''Diwan'' as Referee (special appearance)\n* 2004 ''Aethiree'' as Police Driver (special appearance)\n* 2004 ''Sullan'' as Rouge (special appearance)\n* 2004 ''Singara Chennai'' Auto Driver \n* 2006 ''Thimiru'' as Dancer (special appearance in the song ''Oppurane Oppurane'')\n* 2006 ''Vallavan'' (special appearance)\n* 2007 ''Pori'' as Jackpot Ayyanardurai (special appearance)\n* 2007 ''Madurai Veeran'' as Kanal (special appearance)\n* 2007 ''Sivaji'' as Kanal Kannan (in a special appearance as a Henchman)\n* 2007 ''En Uyirinum Melana'' (special appearance in the song ''Kaakka Kaakka'')\n* 2007 ''Malaikottai'' as Mattu Ravi (special appearance)\n* 2008 ''Silambattam'' as Pulippal Boopathy (in a special appearance as a Henchman)\n* 2008 ''Bheema'' as Rogue (special appearance)\n* 2009 ''Satrumun Kidaitha Thagaval'' as Shiva\n* 2011 ''Sankarankoil'' as Kathir\n* 2013 ''Onbadhule Guru'' (special appearance in the song ''Alaiyadhe Summa Summa'')\n* 2015 ''Aambala'' as Henchman\n* 2015 ''Killadi'' as Kangu Kannan (in a special appearance as a Thief)\n* 2015 ''Rombha Nallavan Da Nee'' as Henchman\n* 2016 ''Vaaliba Raja''\n* 2016 ''Uchathula Shiva''\n* 2016 ''Kanniyum Kaalaiyum Sema Kadhal''\n\n"	"Screenwriter"	"* 2011  ''Sankarankoil''\n"	"Extra Fighter"	"* 1989 ''Enna Petha Rasa''\n"	"Awards "	";Won\n* 1995 Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator - ''Muthu''\n* 1996 Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator - ''Selva''\n* 2004 Medimix-Dinakaran Award for Best Stunt Master - ''M. Kumaran S/O Mahalakshmi''\n* 2004 Filmfare Award for Best Action Director - South - ''Madurey''\n* 2005 Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator - ''Sandakozhi''\n* 2006 Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director - ''Varalaru: The History of Godfather''\n* 2008 Tamil Nadu State Film Award for Best Stunt Coordinator - ''Silambattam''\n* 2008 Anada Vikatan Award for Best Stunt Choreography - ''Bheema''\n* 2009 Edison Awards For Best Action - ''Ayan''\n* 2009 Maha Fine Arts for Best Stunt - ''Aadhavan''\n;Nominated\n* 2007 Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director - ''Deepavali''\n* 2008 Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director - ''Dasavathaaram''\n* 2008 Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director - ''Bheema''\n* 2009 Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director - ''Ayan''\n* 2009 Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director - ''Vettaikaaran''\n* 2010 Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director - ''Paiyaa''\n* 2014 Vijay Award for Best Stunt Director - ''Poojai''\n* 2015 Edison Awards For Best Action - ''Aambala''\n"	"References"	"\n"	" External links "	"*\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Karl Pitterson"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Karl Pitterson''' is a Jamaican record producer and sound engineer.\n\nPitterson began his career in the early 1970s as house engineer with Jamaican studios such as Dynamics, Federal, Randy's, Studio One, Treasure Isle and Aquarius. Over the course of his 30 plus year career he has worked with the following artists among others: Bob Marley and The Wailers, Peter Tosh, Bunny Wailer, Burning Spear, Steel Pulse, Aswad, Big Youth, Dennis Alcapone, Pablo Moses, Mighty Diamonds, Sly & Robbie, Jacob Miller, Toots & the Maytals, Barrington Levy, Rico Rodriguez and Augustus Pablo. He has recently produced an album with American reggae artist Bernie Larsen on Love + Trust. \n\nKarl Pitterson produced the following albums for Steel Pulse: ''Handsworth Revolution'' (1978), ''Tribute to the Martyrs'' (1979) and ''True Democracy'' (1982).\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* Rootzreggae.com\n* Andybrouwer.co.uk\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Karyn White (album)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''Karyn White''''' is the self-titled debut album by American R&B singer Karyn White. Released in 1988, it went to #1 on the Top R&B Albums chart for seven weeks the following year. The album was certified Platinum by the RIAA on April 4, 1989. It gave her four hits, \"The Way You Love Me\", \"Superwoman\", \"Love Saw It\" and \"Secret Rendezvous\". The former three were #1 singles on the R&B chart. A re-issue in late 1989 of \"Secret Rendezvous\" in the UK reached #22, as opposed to the original top 50 placing. \"Superwoman\" became her biggest hit there, reaching #11 in the UK Singles Chart.\n\nWhite co-wrote two songs on the album.\n"	"Track listing"	"\n"	"Personnel"	"*Karyn White: lead and backing vocals\n*Babyface: acoustic and electric guitars, keyboards, backing and duet vocals\n*O'Bryan Burnette, Carmen Carter, Shaun Earl, Kim Eurisa, Niki Haris,  Bunny Hull, Debra Hurd, Sharon Robinson, Evan Rogers: backing vocals\n*Steve Harvey, Jeff Lorber, Ian Prince: keyboards, programming\n*Donald Griffin, Dann Huff: guitars\n*Kayo: synthesized and electric bass, synth guitar\n*Gary Meek: sax\n*Daryl Simmons: drums, percussion, timbales\n"	"Chart positions"	"{| class=\"wikitable\"\n\nYear\nChart\nPeak\n\n1988\nTop R&B/Hip-Hop Albums\n1\n\n1988\nUS ''Billboard'' 200\n19\n\n1989\nUK Albums Chart\n20\n\n"	"See also"	"*List of number-one R&B albums of 1989 (U.S.)\n*List of number-one R&B singles of 1989 (U.S.)\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Kelly Oechsli"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Kelly Oechsli''' (1918 February 23 \u2013 1999 October 18) was an American illustrator of children's books. He has illustrated Sesame Street and Fraggle Rock books, as well as children's encyclopediae such as the young children's encyclopedia .\n"	"Books"	"Oechsli has been a part of a number of books which include:\n*The Haunting of Grade Three by Grace Maccarone, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*Scruffy by Peggy Parish, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrations) \n*The Sesame Street Storybook by Jeff Moss, Jon Stone, Norman Stiles, Mel Crawford (Illustrator) \n*Weeny Witch by Ida DeLage, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*A House for Little Red (Modern Curriculum Press Beginning to Read Series) by Margaret Hillert, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*Mice at Bat by Kelly Oechsli \n*The Dragon In The Clock Box by Kelly Oechsli \n*The Birthday Car by Margaret Hillert, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*In My Garden: A Child's Gardening Book by Helen Oechsli, Kelly Oechsli \n*Benny, Benny, Baseball Nut by David A. Adler, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*The Haunted House by Dorothy Rose, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*Humpty Dumpty's Holiday Stories by Kelly Oechsli \n*Red and the Pumpkins by Jocelyn Stevenson, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*If I Could, I Would by David R. Collins, Kelly Oechsli \n*Too Many Monkeys!: A Counting Rhyme by Kelly Oechsli \n*Gobbledy-Gook by Steven Kroll, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*Playtime In The City by Leland Blair Jacobs, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*The Monkey's ABC Word Book by Kelly Oechsli \n*Space Dog in Trouble by Natalie Standiford (Goodreads Author), Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*Jack Frost and the Magic Paint Brush by Kathy Darling, Kelly Oechsli \n*One-Minute Stories of Brothers and Sisters by Kelly Oechsli \n*Home Sweet Home by Kelly Oechsli \n*Monkey And The Bee by Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*The Monkey And The Bee by Leland Jacobs, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*Arithmetic in Verse and Rhyme by Allan D Jacobs, Leland B. Jacobs, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*Humpty Dumpty's Bedtime Stories by Kelly Oechsli\n*The Easter Bunny's Secret by Kathy Darling, Kelly Oechsli \n*I Wish That I Could Have a Pet by Dorothy Rose, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*ABC Pigs Go to Market by Ida DeLage, Kelly Oechsli \n*Christmas in Britain and Scandinavia by Lillie Patterson, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*GERMS MAKE ME SICK by Parnell Donahue, Helen Capellaro, Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*Space Dog the Hero by Natalie Standiford (Goodreads Author), Kathleen C. Howell (Illustrator), Kelly Oechsli (Illustrator) \n*Peter Bull by Helen Oechsli, Kelly Oechsli \n*Everything Changes by Morris H. Philipson, Kelly Oechsli \n*Christmas Trick or Treat by Lillie Patterson, Kelly Oechsli \n*School by Ellen Rudin, Kelly Oechsli \n*Fly Away! by Helen Oechsli, Kelly Oechsli \n*Walter the Wolf by Marjorie Weinman Sharmat, Kelly Oechsli \n "	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* http://www.jacketflap.com/persondetail.asp?person=87833\n*  from 1962\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Killer Bunnies and the Quest for the Magic Carrot"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''''Killer Bunnies and the Quest for the Magic Carrot''''' is a noncollectible card game created by Jeff Bellinger and graphic design/illustrations by Jonathan Young. Some early artwork for the game was also done by \"Alex\" Alexander, although credit for his contributions are not generally recognized. It is published by Playroom Entertainment.\n"	" Gameplay "	"The objective of the game is to win, accomplished by acquiring carrot cards, one of which is revealed to be the winning \"magic carrot\" at the end of the game.  The player with the winning carrot card must also have an alive bunny in the Bunny Circle. Acquiring carrot cards is done primarily through the use of bunnies, which allow the use of an enormous variety of in-game actions.  Thus, the game revolves around playing bunnies and eliminating opposing bunnies through various means (some comical and some violent, but the game art never shows blood or gore).\n\nEach player maintains a hand of five cards and a run cycle of two cards.  In each turn, players normally turn the Top Run card face up to play it, then slide the Bottom Run card into the Top Run position, draw a replacement card, and place a card from their hand into the Bottom Run position, thus returning their hand size to five cards.\n\nCards may be one of different varieties: \"Run\" cards are the basic type of cards, while \"Special\" cards are those that may be either played normally, or may be saved for later use when put through the run cycle. \"Very Special\" cards are similar, except that the player may choose to play the card out of turn, immediately from their hand. There are also the \"Play Immediately\" cards, which are played whenever they are drawn. Finally, \"Kaballa Dolla\" cards represent the monetary currency in the game, which may be used to purchase various items at the start of the player's turns.'\n"	" Expansions "	"''Killer Bunnies'' consists of a 110-card starter deck, as well as Cabbage and Water cards, and 6 twelve-sided dice. Booster sets containing 55 additional cards and other equipment have been released, adding to the complexity of the game.  As of the Epsilon revision of the game, ''Killer Bunnies'' includes the first booster set.  Due to its nature as a noncollectible card game, each expansion relies on gameplay elements found in previous expansions, prompting players to own every previous booster set before acquiring the next one.  Some have criticized the piecemeal release, although it is not atypical of collectible card games, to which ''Killer Bunnies'' retains a passing resemblance.  However, ''Killer Bunnies'' and its booster decks were originally designed together, with certain components referencing or referring to mechanics found in later booster decks.  There are a total of 10 booster decks (not including the Yellow booster which now is included with the Blue starter):\n\n* The '''Blue''' set is the starter deck, and contains twelve Carrot cards, the Kaballa's Market starter card, and 101 cards used in the draw pile. The Blue deck features twenty-five different bunnies (three colors of every type).\n* The '''Yellow''' booster deck adds four additional Carrots to the game. It features yellow and violet bunnies, as well as the first Free Agent! bunny of the game. As of the Epsilon edition of Killer Bunnies, Yellow deck is included with the Blue starter. The combined decks include 12 small cabbage cards, 12 small water cards, and 12 small carrot cards.\n* The '''Red''' booster deck (2003) adds Red Bunnies, which are bunnies that have built-in abilities that additionally benefit the player.  This deck also comes with the Rooney's Weapons Emporium starter card, where players can buy used weapons and defense cards. This booster also adds four additional Carrots to the game. Small cards include a cabbage and a water card, as well as 6 defense cards and the 4 small carrot cards. A red dodecahedral die is also included.\n* The '''Violet''' booster deck (2003) adds Specialty Bunnies, which are uncolored bunnies which may only be matched with each other to form Bunny Triplets.  This booster adds the last four Carrots to the game and the twenty-sided dice. Another small cabbage and another small water card are included, as well as 6 more defense cards and the last 4 small carrot cards.\n* The '''Orange''' booster deck (2004) adds Weil's Pawn Shop to the game. Players can buy dead bunnies from Weil's Pawn Shop, as well as six different colored \"pawns.\" Pawns allow matching-colored dice to be re-rolled when a player has them in its possession, as well as allowing certain cards to be played twice before discarding. You can also make a bunny triplet with a pawn of any color and two bunnies of that same color. Four additional Specialty Bunnies are featured, as well as two Double Free Agent! bunnies. No small cards are included in this booster.\n* The '''Green''' booster deck (2004) adds Zodiac cards to the game.  Players collect Zodiac cards similarly to Carrots, and at the end of the game, but before the Magic Carrot is revealed, one Zodiac card is revealed to be the winning Zodiac symbol, which grants the holder of the respective Zodiac card greater chances of obtaining the Magic Carrot. Half-color bunnies have also been added, where these bunnies may be treated as either of two different colors. 12 small zodiac cards are included, and a 12-sided die featuring the symbols of the zodiac.\n* The '''Twilight White''' booster deck (2005) adds The White Stuff, a twelve-sided white die, whose holder is granted the exclusive use of substituting the die for any unfavorable die roll. Two more pawns, a black and a white pawn, are added.\n* The '''Stainless Steel''' booster deck (2005) adds Super Bunnies, which are more powerful but incur additional consequences if they are removed from play. Also included are 8 defense cards, and a cabbage and a water card. The cabbage and water cards give the player only 1/2 cabbage or 1/2 water, respectively.\n* The '''Perfectly Pink''' booster deck (2006) adds Pink Bunnies, which are similar to Red Bunnies, but are more powerful.  It also adds Ranks which must be assigned to bunnies, allowing the player owning the highest-ranked Bunny a special privilege.\n* The '''Wacky Khaki''' booster deck (2006) adds additional Ranks into the game.\n* The '''Ominous Onyx''' booster deck (2007) adds Mysterious Places to the game. Players can play Mysterious Place cards, and during the game, the last player to draw one is granted the privilege of deciding the destiny of cards with a yellow ball with a red stripe in the picture. At the end of the game before the Winning Zodiac is revealed, the small Mysterious Place deck is inspected, and the player holding the Mysterious Place which matches the one at the bottom of the deck may take all Zodiacs of one color/type from any opponents. This booster deck includes 110 cards.\n* The '''Chocolate''' booster deck (2010) adds 55 cards including the previously released (at conventions) Psi and Omega booster cards.\nIn addition, \"Bunny Blanks\" are also available, which allow players to create their own cards.  Limited edition \"Omega series\" cards have also been released, providing a collectible aspect to the game.  The \"Psi series\" cards, included with the Bunny Blanks, are also a second series of collectible ''Killer Bunnies'' cards.\n"	"Kids Game"	"In 2004, the kids version of ''Killer Bunnies'', ''Kinder Bunnies: Their First Adventure'', was released. It is a very simplified and largely nonviolent game, created for children as young as five years old.  The Sky Blue Starter Deck has very little reading and just a series of basic cards. The Sunshine Yellow Booster Deck (included in the same box as the Starter Deck) requires more reading and may not be suitable for the younger kids. There are no other booster decks available for this game. However the Kinder Bunnies cards can also be added to the Killer Bunnies cards as an eleventh booster deck.\n"	" Criticism "	"The most common criticism of ''Killer Bunnies'' is that the game is ultimately a lottery, with the winner being determined by the random choosing of the Magic Carrot, which is set at the start of the game.  Because of this, a player consistently outclassed through the game can still win as long as a single bunny and a single carrot card is retained.  Fans of ''Killer Bunnies'' contend that this random element keeps the game exciting even when one player's early card draws leave him in a poor position.  It also allows less skilled or serious players to enjoy a game against more experienced players.  Others have complained about the complexity of ''Killer Bunnies'', especially with the booster packs added to the game.\n\nThere are, however, alternate rules that allow for a non-random endgame.  Points are assigned for each Carrot that a player has acquired, and the \"Magic Carrot\" is worth a slightly higher point value.  This way, a player with only the Magic Carrot can still be beaten by a player that has dominated the game with collecting many Carrots.\n"	" Sequels "	"Sequels to the original ''Killer Bunnies'' game have been released. ''Killer Bunnies and the Journey to Jupiter'' was released in October 2008.  There is also a third game in the series by the name of ''Killer Bunnies and the Ultimate Odyssey'' that was released in 2010. Odyssey, like the others, is non-collectible and constructible. However, in order to fulfill players' desires for less randomness, it involves players building their own unique decks to draw from, instead of drawing from a central pile.  Playroom Entertainment has also released ''Killer Bunnies and the Conquest of the Magic Carrot''.  It is a new version of the original and is completely compatible with the Quest for the Magic Carrot.\n"	"References"	"\n"	" External links "	"* Official ''Killer Bunnies'' website\n* Official ''Playroom Entertainment'' website\n* ''Magic Carrot'' Fan site\n* ''Magic Carrot'' Message Board\n*\n\n\n"
"Kyle Carr"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Christopher Kyle Carr''' (born September 15, 1986) is an American short track speed skater who has qualified for the 2014 Winter Olympics.  The son of a nationally ranked skater, Carr grew up roller skating.  In 2001, he switched from inline speed skating to short track.  While still in high school, he moved to Marquette, Michigan to further his training.\n\nCarr made the 2005 Junior World Championships, and the senior World Cup team for the 2005\u201306 season.  He broke his ankle at the 2006 Junior World Team trials and missed the 2006 Olympic Trials.  Following surgery and rehab, he returned to skating but found he had lost much of his speed.  After several tough years, he made the 2009\u201310 World Cup Team.  Carr made his first World Championships in the spring, but  missed the 2010 Olympics by a hundredth of a second.  He had been planning to retire after the season, but decided to give himself another four years to fulfill his Olympic dream.\n\nCarr made the World Cup team every year from 2010\u201313 and helped the United States set the national relay record.  In 2011, he won a bronze at the World Championships as part of the relay team.  Carr finished fourth overall at the Olympic Trials, qualifying for the 2014 Olympics in Sochi, Russia.  He plans to retire after the games and finish his degree in exercise science.\n"	"Early life"	"Christopher Kyle Carr was born September 15, 1986 in Hunterdon County, New Jersey to mother Lisa (n\u00e9e Godown, now Cervantes) and father Chris.  Kyle Carr's mother was a nationally ranked skater.  His grandfather, George Carr, worked at the Frenchtown Roller Rink for 30 years where Kyle and future Olympic teammate Chris Creveling spent much of their early roller skating careers.\n\nCarr began skating at age one.  At age three, he had his first roller skating competition, and at age seven he boldly told his mother that he was going to make the Olympics.  At age thirteen, he broke his wrist while inline skating.  Shortly thereafter, coach Shawn Walb introduced Carr to ice short track speed skating.  Carr fell in love with the new sport and gave up inline skating in 2001.  After his junior year of high school at Governor Mifflin, he moved to Marquette, Michigan in 2004 to further his training at the US Olympic Education Center.\n"	"Skating career"	"Kyle Carr competing as a short track skater. \nCarr participated in the 2005 Junior World Championships.  In the fall, he made the senior World Cup team, and won a gold medal in Slovakia.  However, Carr broke his ankle at the 2006 Junior World Team trials and was unable to compete at the 2006 Olympic Trials.  He moved to Peachtree City, Georgia, where his mother was living, for surgery and rehabilitation.  After two surgeries and eight months of rehab, he was ready to return to the ice.  When he did, he found he was a considerably slower skater and considered quitting.  His high school sweetheart, Siobhan O'Rourke, moved to Marquette and Carr's career turned around thanks to her support.\n\nCarr made the 2009\u201310 United States World Cup Team, but with O'Rourke graduating from college in 2010, Carr was planning to give up speed skating and \"become an adult\" at the end of the season.  He placed third in the 500 meters at the National Championships, qualified for his first World Championships, and was offered the opportunity to train full-time with the National Team.  He and O'Rourke moved to Salt Lake City to give Carr's Olympic dream one last shot.  Carr missed the 2010 Olympic team by a hundredth of a second.  In 2011, he won a bronze medal at the World Championship as part of the US relay team.  In 2012, he placed third in the men's time trial and the National Championships.  Carr has made the World Cup team each year from 2010\u201313; he has won six World Cup medals in total \u2013 one gold, two silver, and two bronze, all for relay events.\n\nAt the 2014 Olympic Trials, Carr made the 500 meter finals after winning his semifinal.  He finished fourth in the event, and followed in up with a fifth-place finish in the 1500.  On the final day of the Trials, he fell in the semifinals of the 1000 meters and was disqualified. Frustrated, he approached his coach who informed him that the fall did not matter as Carr already had enough points to make the United States' Olympic Team.  \"At that point, all that frustration and anxiety turned into happiness and gratitude\", Carr recalled.  Carr finished fourth overall and is expected to compete in the men's relay at the Olympics.  Thanks to the anonymous donation of an Atlanta-area businessman through GoFundMe, Carr will be joined in Sochi, Russia, site of the 2014 Olympic games, by his mother.  Previously, Carr, like many of his teammates, used the crowd funding website to help cover his living expenses.\n\nCarr is coached by national coach Stephen Gough, as well as his club coaches: Anthony Barthell and Alex Izykowski.  Carr plans to retire after the Olympics.  \"I'm at an age now where I kind of want to progress with my life\", he said. \"I'd love to speedskate forever, but it doesn't pay the bills.\"  After retiring, he plans to finish his degree in exercise science and work with elite athletes on their training regimens.\n\nAs of 2014, Carr is part of the team that holds the national record in the 3000 meter relay.\n"	"Personal life"	"Carr is engaged to longtime girlfriend Siobhan O'Rourke.  The wedding date was originally set for September 5, 2014, but was moved to September 19 so that Carr's teammate and best friend J.R. Celski could attend.  Carr has a younger sister, Bethany Camp.\n\nCarr has a pet dog, cat, and bunny. In his free time, he likes to play basketball and ride his bike.  He enjoys music with a strong beat, including hip hop and techno.  During the off-season, Carr works in commercial real estate.  He has volunteered with Operation Christmas Child and has participated in National Multiple Sclerosis Society fundraisers.  Carr lists basketball player LeBron James as the greatest influence on his life because of the adversity James overcame to win multiple NBA Championships.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  Personal webpage of Kyle Carr\n*  Official profile at US Speedskating\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Lady in the Dark (film)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''Lady in the Dark''''' is a 1944 American Technicolor musical film directed by Mitchell Leisen and starring Ginger Rogers. It was nominated for three Academy Awards; for Best Cinematography, Best Music and Best Art Direction (Hans Dreier, Raoul Pene Du Bois, Ray Moyer).\n"	"Plot"	"Life has become a series of headaches and bad dreams for Liza Elliott, the successful editor-in-chief of Allure fashion magazine. She is being romanced by publisher Kendall Nesbitt, but he is married and slow in obtaining a divorce. And her second-in-command, Charley Johnson, is a cut-up who drives her so crazy with his jokes, Liza ends up seeing him in her craziest dreams at night.\n\nReluctantly going into psychoanalysis with Dr. Alex Brooks, she discounts his theory that something from her past has caused Liza to take a no-nonsense approach to life and avoid all attempts at ever being glamorous.\n\nColleagues swoon when Hollywood movie star Randy Curtis arrives at Allure for a photo shoot. Kendall abruptly claims to be free at last, but Liza holds him off by accepting a dinner date offer from Randy instead. Aware that he doesn't care about her looks, the Allure editor becomes quite alluring herself in a beautiful dress for a change.\n\nCharley quits to work for a magazine where he can be in charge. It turns out that all Randy is interested in is Liza running his studio's production company. While trying to persuade Charley to stay at Allure, she suddenly finds herself kissing him, the last man she'd ever expected to love.\n"	"Cast"	"*Ginger Rogers as Liza Elliott \n*Ray Milland as Charley Johnson\n*Warner Baxter as Kendall Nesbitt\n*Jon Hall as Randy Curtis\n*Barry Sullivan as Dr. Brooks\n*Mischa Auer as Russell Paxton\n*Phyllis Brooks as Allison DuBois\n*Mary Philips as Maggie Grant\n*Edward Fielding as Dr. Carlton\n*Don Loper as Adams\n*Mary Parker as Miss Parker\n*Catherine Craig as Miss Foster\n*Marietta Canty as Martha\n*Virginia Farmer as Miss Edwards\n*Fay Helm as Miss Bowers\n*John T. Bambury as Bunny, Midget (uncredited)\n"	"Production background"	"\nThe film was based on the 1941 Broadway musical ''Lady in the Dark'', written by Kurt Weill (music), Ira Gershwin (lyrics), and Moss Hart (book and direction). The film version cut most of the Weill/Gershwin songs from the score. \"The Saga of Jenny\" and \"Girl of the Moment\" remained, and part of \"This Is New\" is played by a nightclub band in the background. Part of \"My Ship\" was hummed by Ginger Rogers, but the song itself was never sung.\n"	"Radio adaptation"	"''Lady in the Dark'' was presented on ''Lux Radio Theatre'' February 16, 1953. The one-hour adaptation starred Judy Garland and John Lund.\n"	"See also"	"*List of American films of 1944\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Les Ardentes"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Les Ardentes''' is a Belgian multi-day electro-rock music festival which yearly takes place in Li\u00e8ge, in early July. The event is located in the Astrid Park in the Coronmeuse quarter, close to the city centre. Les Ardentes is organised ever since 2006, with Fabrice Lamproie and Ga\u00ebtan Servais as founders. The festival name is a French plural noun meaning \"The Burning\", a referral to the nickname of host city Li\u00e8ge, ''La Ville Ardente'' (\"The Burning City\").\n\nLes Ardentes is one of the major festivals in the Meuse\u2013Rhine Euroregion (formed by parts of Belgium, Germany and the Netherlands). Every year the happening attracts more people, with over 25,000 spectators at its start and a record of 76,000 visitors in 2014. Since 2008, it is a four-day event whereas before it lasted three days. Les Ardentes has different stages on which the artists perform, the largest being situated in the centre of the park and others situated in the ''Halles des foires'' (\"fair halls\"). The festival is easily accessible by public transport - bus or train.\n"	"Featured performers"	"Performers at previous festivals included:\n\n* '''2006''':  Indochine, TTC, Modeselektor, Sven V\u00e4th, Juan Atkins, Zita Swoon, Echo & the Bunnymen, Mad Professor + Omar Perry + Kenny Knots, Montevideo, Nada Surf, CocoRosie and The Nits\n* '''2007''': Arid, Zita Swoon, Air, Vive la F\u00eate, Cassius, Apparat with Ellen Allien, The Hacker, Robert Hood, Ricardo Villalobos, !!!, Clinic, Infadels, Ghinzu, Martin Solveig, The Datsuns, Absynthe Minded, Joey Starr, DJ Krush, Daan, The Tellers, Mud Flow, Archive and Hooverphonic\n* '''2008''': Laurent Garnier, Yael Naim, Trentem\u00f8ller (liveset), Flogging Molly, Cypress Hill, Sebastien Tellier, Arsenal, Shameboy, Yelle, Cansei de Ser Sexy, Booka Shade, Goose, Dr. Lektroluv, Andrew Weatherall, Dave Clarke, Derrick May, M.A.N.D.Y., Freaky Age, Tim Vanhamel, Das Pop, Dizzee Rascal, The Streets, Groove Armada, Liars, The Kills, The Mars Volta, The Bloody Beetroots, Calvin Harris, Noisia, Sage Francis, Puggy, Nada Surf, Arno, Alain Bashung, The Cinematic Orchestra and The Dandy Warhols\n* '''2009''': The Bony King of Nowhere, Herman Dune, Emiliana Torrini, Kid Cudi, Mogwai, Grandmaster Flash, Sonar, Madcon, The Rakes, Method Man & Redman, Q-tip, Etienne de Cr\u00e9cy, The Subs, Para One, Paul Kalkbrenner, Adam Beyer, The Hickey Underworld, Art Brut, Triggerfinger, Peaches, Tricky, Kool Shen, Magnus, Fink, IAMX, Amon Tobin, Caspa, Skream, Benga, DJ Mehdi, Erol Alkan, Mylo, Alela Diane, Ozark Henry, Gabriella Cilmi, Peter Bjorn and John, The Subways, Cold War Kids, Supergrass and Ghinzu\n* '''2010''': Jamie Lidell, Julian Casablancas, Cypress Hill, Pavement, The Tellers, Broken Social Scene, Crystal Castles, Morcheeba, Missy Elliott, Midnight Juggernauts, Audio Bullys, Just Jack, N.E.R.D., Tocadisco, The Shoes, Busy P, Zombie Nation, Tiga, Crystal Fighters, The Black Box Revelation, Babyshambles, Charlotte Gainsbourg, Erykah Badu, Ben Harper & Relentless 7, Isbells, Tunng, Nada Surf, SebastiAn, Adam Green, Yacht, Everlast, Jose James, Selah Sue, Nouvelle Vague, Heather Nova, Sarah Blasko, Archive and PiL\n* '''2011''':  Dune, Triggerfinger, Ziggy Marley, Selah Sue, Connan Mockasin, These New Puritans, Stromae, The Human League, Kelis, Das Pop, Sum 41, Goose, Wu-Tang Clan, Limp Bizkit, Yuksek, The Subs, Dr. Lektroluv, Joris Voorn, Vanishing Point, Balthazar, Carl Bar\u00e2t, The Subways, Kate Nash, Cake, Snoop Dogg, Joan As Police Woman, Darkstar, Flux Pavilion, An Pierle, Staff Benda Bilili, Katerine, Agnes Obel, Guillemots, Keziah Jones, Puggy, Ozark Henry and Mika\n* '''2012''':  50 Cent, Absynthe Minded, Cypress Hill, Death In Vegas, Divine, Far East Movement, I Blame Coco, Joeystarr, Kavinsky, M83, Madeon, Marilyn Manson, Milow, Morning Parade, Morrissey, Patti Smith, School is Cool, Shearwater, The Hickey Underworld, The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion, The Ting Tings, Warpaint, White Lies and Yeasayer\n* '''2013''': -M-, dEUS, Mika, Steve Aoki, Kaiser Chiefs, Arno, Hooverphonic with Orchestra, Lou Doilon, BB Brunes, Miguel, Feed Me, Dada Life, Digitalism dj set, IAMX, Oxmo Puccino, 1995, Disiz, Soldout, Stupeflip, Trixie Whitley, The Raveonettes, Eiffel, An Pierl\u00e9, The Maccabees, Alex Hepburn, DJ Hype, Superlux, Balthazar, Vismets\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Leslie Kong"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Leslie Kong''' (1933 \u2013 9 August 1971) was an influential Chinese-Jamaican reggae producer.\n"	"Career"	"Leslie and his two older brothers Cecil and Lloyd ran a restaurant, ice cream parlour and record shop called Beverley's in Orange Street, Kingston. In 1961, he encountered a young Jimmy Cliff outside of his shop singing a song he had written called \"Dearest Beverley,\" in the hopes that the mention of the establishment would convince Kong to record him. This encounter led Kong to launch his own record label, Beverley's, and to record Cliff's song, launching Cliff's career in the process.\n\nCliff took on an A&R role for the label, and brought Bob Marley to Kong's attention. In 1962, Kong recorded Marley's first single: \"One Cup of Coffee\" and \"Judge Not\", and Jimmy Cliff's first hit, \"Miss Jamaica\". Kong, known in Jamaican music circles as \"the Chinaman\", quickly established himself as the island's leading producer of local popular music. Throughout the 1960s Kong kept recording many leading Jamaican artists from ska to reggae through rocksteady including Joe Higgs, Desmond Dekker, Toots & the Maytals, Derrick Morgan, John Holt and Stranger Cole. A wise businessman, Kong was one of the original shareholders in Island Records along with Chris Blackwell and Australian engineer Graeme Goodall. Starting in 1963 Kong began licensing ska recordings to Blackwell for release in the UK on Island's Black Swan imprint. After Blackwell bought out Kong and Goodall's share in Island, in 1967 Kong formed a second partnership with Graeme Goodall, who created the Pyramid label in the UK for the successful release of Kong's rocksteady and early reggae productions. When Pyramid folded in 1969, the licensing successes continued with Trojan Records.\n\nKong is known for being the first Jamaican producer to get international hits with long-time collaborator Desmond Dekker, in 1967 with \"007 (Shanty Town)\" and, above all, in 1969 with \"Israelites\" which topped the UK Singles Chart in April 1969 and went to number nine on the US charts in July 1969, selling over two million copies. During the early reggae period, he worked with Bob Marley and The Wailers (''The Best of the Wailers'') and enjoyed several successful hits with The Pioneers' \"Long Shot Kick The Bucket\", and The Melodians' \"Rivers of Babylon\" and \"Sweet Sensation\". His works with The Maytals also led to many hits including \"54-46 That's My Number\" and the UK charting single \"Monkey Man\".  Matthew Sherman explains the relationship between The Maytals and Leslie Kong as, \"From '69 to '71, Toots (Toots Hibbert) could do no wrong recording for Leslie Kong. With the consistent nucleus of musicians, the Beverley's All-Stars (Jackie Jackson, Winston Wright, Hux Brown, Rad Bryan, Paul Douglas and Winston Grennan) and the Maytals\u2019 brilliant harmonizing, Toots wrote and sang his unmistakable voice about every subject imaginable.\"\n\nOther vocalists who recorded for him and the Beverley's label include Ken Boothe, Bruce Ruffin, The Gaylads and Delroy Wilson. Ex-Skatalites saxophonist Roland Alphonso cut numerous instrumentals for Kong during the rocksteady period. When reggae arrived in late 1968, lead instrumental duties were handled by organists Ansell Collins and Winston Wright.\n\nKong's plans to release a compilation album of tracks from the singles he produced by the Wailers led to Bunny Wailer allegedly threatening Kong with a curse, telling him that if he issued the record he would die. Kong went ahead with the release in 1970.\n\nKong died of a heart attack, aged 38, in August 1971.\n"	"Discography"	"* Various Artists \u2013 ''Original Reggae Hot Shots'' \u2013 1969 \u2013 Beverley's/Trojan (1975)\n* Various Artists \u2013 ''King Size Reggae'' \u2013 1970 \u2013 Beverley's\n* Various Artists \u2013 ''Golden Hits by the Greats'' \u2013 1970 \u2013 Beverley's\n* Various Artists \u2013 ''Reggae Chartbusters'' \u2013 1970 \u2013 Beverley's\n* Various Artists \u2013 ''King Size Reggae'' \u2013 1970 \u2013 Trojan Records\n* Various Artists \u2013 ''Hot Shots of Reggae'' \u2013 1970 \u2013 Trojan Records\n* Various Artists \u2013 ''Best of Beverley's Records 1969\u20131970'' \u2013 Trojan Records (1981)\n* Various Artists \u2013 ''The Best of Beverley's Records or Masterpieces From The Works of Leslie Kong'' \u2013 Island Records/Trojan (1981)\n* Various Artists \u2013 ''The King Kong Compilation'' \u2013 Island Records (1981)\n* Various Artists \u2013 ''Leslie Kong's Connection Vol 01 \u2013 1969\u20131971'' \u2013 Jet Set Records\n* Various Artists \u2013 ''Leslie Kong's Connection Vol 02 \u2013 1969\u20131971''' \u2013 Jet Set Records\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Lesson 1 (E-girls album)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''Lesson 1''''' is the debut studio album of the Japanese super girl group E-girls. It was released on April 17, 2013 in two different editions.\n"	"Background"	"The album was announced on February 26, via the group and LDH official websites. It was revealed the album prices and some details about the editions, being released in two editions: limited with a DVD and a regular CD only. In March 18, jacket covers and track list were revealed, the CD including fourteen tracks and DVD including all music videos released up to date and a bonus live video from EXILE's \"EXILE Live Tour 2011 Tower of Wish ~Negai no Tou~\".  The album was also put in pre-order in Japan's ''iTunes Store'', including an acoustic version of the song \"Love Letter\" as a special pre-order track only. The first press of the CD+DVD edition includes a 64-page photobook. First presses of both editions feature a special packaging and include a card with a serial code which give access to a free wallpaper download though their official website. If codes of the album and their previous release, \"Candy Smile\", are entered, the page also offers the download for an unreleased song.\n"	"Composition"	"The album is composed by fourteen tracks. It includes three new tracks: \"Loving Bell\", \"Shiny Girls\" and \"Take it Easy!\", all singles released up to date and some b-sides included on the singles.\n"	"Singles"	"Five songs from the album were released as singles:\n\nThe first and debut single of the group, \"Celebration!\", was released in December 28, 2011. The song featured all members from the groups Dream (with former member Sayaka), Happiness (with former member Mimu) and Flower. The single peaked at number seven in ''Oricon'''s weekly chart with 18,720 copies sold in the first week.\n\nThe second single, \"One Two Three\", was released in April 18, 2012. The song featured all members from the groups again but without Dream's Sayaka, who withdrawn from the group in March 2012 and Happiness' Mimu, who announced hiatus due to her studies. It is also the first single featuring the dancers Anna Suda and Risa Ikuta, both from EGD (a dance group of EXPG (EXILE' Dance Academy)). A special version of the b-side, \"Tadaima!\", was also included on the album. It peaked at number twelve in ''Oricon'' weekly chart, selling 18,123 copies in the first week. At the date, it is the group's lowest selling single.\n\nThe third single, \"Follow Me\", was released in October 3, 2012. Due to the addiction of the non-debuted group Bunny and another member from EGD, the number of members increased to 32, which made LDH lead to a new system for the release of the single where the girls were required to undergo a period of training and afterwards, the girls who excelled and fit the image of the single would be chosen to participate. Sixteen members, four vocalists and twelve performers, from all five groups included on E-Girls were chosen for this single. All songs from the single were included on the album. It peaked at number two in ''Oricon'''s weekly chart, selling with 30,008 copies in the first week. Although the selling numbers of the physical single being below compared to the single \"The Never Ending Story\", it is classified as the most successful single of the group at the date due to its digital performance (250 000 downloads).\n\nThe fourth single, \"The Never Ending Story\", was released in February 20, 2013. The song is a cover of Limahl's \"The NeverEnding Story\". In early 2012 three members from Bunny left the group and the remaining twenty-nine members (except Happiness' Mayu, who went to a hiatus) were included on the single. The b-side, \"Just in Love\", was first released digitally in December 26, 2012, and later included on the single. The song and its music video were included on the album. It peaked number two in ''Oricon'' weekly chart, selling 40,055 copies in its first week. It is currently the best selling single of the group physically.\n\nThe fifth and final single, \"Candy Smile\", was released in March 13, 2013. The song features twelve members, four vocalists and eight performers, from all twenty-eight members. A special version of the b-side, \"Love Letter\", was included on the album. It peaked at number six in ''Oricon'' weekly chart, selling 34,764 copies in its first week.\n"	"Track listing"	"\n\n\n"	"Personnel"	"*Credits are listed on E-Girls official website and in the album's liner notes.\n\n===Participating members===\n====Vocalists====\n*\"Follow Me\" \u2013 Ami (Dream), Karen (Happiness), Reina Washio (Flower), Yuzuna Takebe (Bunny)\n*\"Candy Smile\" \u2013 Ami, Shizuka (Dream), Karen (Happiness), Reina Washio (Flower)\n*\"Loving Bell\" \u2013 Erie (Dream), Reina Washio (Flower), Ruri Kawamoto (Happiness)\n*\"One Two Three\" \u2013 Shizuka, Aya (Dream), Mayu, Karen (Happiness), Reina Washio, Chiharu Muto (Flower)\n*\"Ready Go\" \u2013 Erie, Aya (Dream), Karen (Happiness), Chiharu Muto (Flower), Yuzuna Takebe (Bunny)\n*\"Shiny Girls\" \u2013 Ami, Shizuka, Erie, Aya (Dream), Karen, Ruri Kawamoto (Happiness), Reina Washio, Chiharu Muto (Flower), Yuzuna Takebe (Bunny)\n*\"Take it Easy!\" \u2013 Chiharu Muto (Flower), Ruri Kawamoto (Happiness), Yuzuna Takebe (Bunny)\n*\"Love Letter\" \u2013 Shizuka, Aya (Dream), Ruri Kawamoto (Happiness), Chiharu Muto (Flower)\n*\"Suki Desuka?\" \u2013 Shizuka (Dream), Reina Washio (Flower)\n*\"Just in Love\" \u2013 Ami, Shizuka (Dream), Karen (Happiness), Reina Washio (Flower)\n*\"Celebration!\" \u2013 Shizuka, Aya (Dream), Mayu, Karen (Happiness), Reina Washio, Chiharu Muto (Flower)\n*\"Himawari\" \u2013 Ami, Shizuka, Erie, Aya (Dream), Karen (Happiness), Reina Washio, Chiharu Muto (Flower), Yuzuna Takebe (Bunny)\n*\"Tadaima!\" \u2013 Ami, Shizuka, Erie, Aya (Dream), Mayu, Karen, Ruri Kawamoto (Happiness), Reina Washio, Chiharu Muto (Flower), Yuzuna Takebe (Bunny)\n*\"The Never Ending Story ~Kimi ni Himitsu wo Oshieyou~\" \u2013 Ami, Shizuka, Erie, Aya (Dream), Karen (Happiness), Reina Washio, Chiharu Muto (Flower), Yuzuna Takebe (Bunny)\n\n====Performers (as seen on the music videos)====\n\n\n*\"Follow Me\" \u2013 Ami (Dream), Karen, Sayaka, Kaede, Yurino, Anna Suda (Happiness), Reina Washio, Shuuka Fujii, Mio Nakajima, Harumi Sato, Nozomi Bando (Flower), Yuzuna Takebe, Kyoka Takeda, Anna Ishii, Nonoka Yamaguchi (Bunny), Risa Ikuta (EGD)\n*\"Candy Smile\" \u2013 Ami, Shizuka (Dream), Karen, Sayaka, Kaede, Anna Suda (Happiness), Reina Washio, Erina Mizuno, Shuuka Fujii, Harumi Sato (Flower) Anna Ishii (Bunny), Risa Ikuta (EGD)\n*\"One Two Three\" \u2013 Ami, Shizuka, Erie, Aya (Dream), Mayu, Karen, Sayaka, Kaede, Yurino, Miyuu, Anna Suda (Happiness), Reina Washio, Chiharu Muto, Erina Mizuno, Shuuka Fujii, Mio Nakajima, Kyoka Ichiki, Manami Shigetome, Harumi Sato, Nozomi Bando (Flower), Reina Kisu (EGD)\n\n*\"Just in Love\" \u2013 Ami, Shizuka (Dream), Karen, Sayaka, Yurino, Anna Suda (Happiness), Reina Washio, Erina Mizuno, Mio Nakajima (Flower), Kyoka Takeda, Misato Hagio, Rio Inagaki, Nonoka Yamaguchi (Bunny), Risa Ikuta (EGD)\n*\"Celebration!\" \u2013 Ami, Shizuka, Erie, Aya, Sayaka (Dream), Mayu, Karen, Sayaka, Kaede, Yurino, Miyuu, Mimu (Happiness), Reina Washio, Chiharu Muto, Erina Mizuno, Shuuka Fujii, Mio Nakajima, Kyoka Ichiki, Manami Shigetome, Harumi Sato, Nozomi Bando (Flower)\n*\"The Never Ending Story ~Kimi ni Himitsu wo Oshieyou~\" \u2013 Ami, Shizuka, Erie, Aya (Dream), Karen, Sayaka, Kaede, Yurino, Miyuu, Anna Suda, Ruri Kawamoto (Happiness), Reina Washio, Chiharu Muto, Erina Mizuno, Shuuka Fujii, Mio Nakajima, Kyoka Ichiki, Manami Shigetome, Harumi Sato, Nozomi Bando (Flower), Takebe Yuzuna, Takeda Kyoka, Misato Hagio, Rio Inagaki, Anna Ishii, Nonoka Yamaguchi (Bunny), Risa Ikuta, Reina Kisu (EGD)\n\n\n===Music credits===\n\n\n====Lyrics====\n*Shoko Fujibayashi (1, 4, 10, 11, 14)\n*Maria Okada (RzC) (2)\n*Litz (2)\n*Jam9 (3, 8, 12)\n*Yosuke Nimbari (4)\n*Yu Shimoji (5, 6)\n*Emyli (7)\n*NA.ZU.NA (7)\n*Masato Odake (9, 13)\n*Keith Forsey (14)\n\n====Music====\n*Jam9 (1, 3, 8, 12)\n*ArmySlick (1, 3, 4, 7, 8, 11, 12)\n*CLARABELL (RzC) (2)\n*Yosuke Nimbari (4)\n*Kazuhiro Hara (5)\n*Kohei Yokono (6)\n*ULO (6)\n*NA.ZU.NA (7, 10)\n*SHIBU (9)\n*Emyli (10)\n*UTA (TinyVoice Production) (13)\n*Giorgio Moroder (14)\n\n\n====Arrangement====\n*ArmySlick (1, 3, 4, 8, 9, 10, 11)\n*CLARABELL (RzC) (2)\n*Yosuke Nimbari (4)\n*H-wonder (5, 12, 13, 14)\n*Kohei Yokono (6, 7)\n*Masaki Iehara (8)\n*M.I (9)\n*NA.ZU.NA (10)\n\n====Instruments====\n*Masahi Iehara \u2013 guitar, strings arrangement\n*Udai Shika \u2013 strings\n\n"	"Chart performance"	"The album debuted at number one on Oricon's daily chart with 18,038 copies sold on the first day and 57,337 copies sold in the first week.\n\n===Oricon===\n\n\n\nOricon Chart\nPeak\nDebut sales\nSales total\nChart run\n\nDaily albums chart \n1\n18,038\n162,269\n49 weeks\n\nWeekly albums chart\n1\n57,337\n\nMonthly albums chart\n3\n93,973\n\nYearly Albums Chart\n40\n145,597\n\n\n===Other charts===\n\nChart\nPeakposition\n\n ''Billboard Japan'' top albums\n 1\n\n\n===Sales and certifications===\n\nChart\nAmount\n\n''RIAJ'' physical shipping certification\nGold (100,000+)\n\n"	"Release history"	"{| class=\"wikitable plainrowheaders\"\n\n Country !! Date !! Format !! Label\n\n Japan\n April 17, 2013\n CD, digital download\n Rhythm Zone\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of Berenstain Bears books"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nThis '''list of ''Berenstain Bears'' books''' includes many in the picture book series (such as \"Beginner Books\" and \"First Time Books\") and the illustrated children's novels, such as those in the \"Big Chapter Books\" series. Since the first ''Berenstain Bears'' installment was published in 1962, the series has sold close to 260 million copies.\n\nIn addition to writing children's literature, the authors Stan and Jan Berenstain also wrote two parenting books, ''What Your Parents Never Told You About Being a Mom or Dad'' (1995) and ''The Berenstain Bears and the Bear Essentials'' (2005), as well as their autobiography, ''Down a Sunny Dirt Road'' (2002). The Berenstain Bears appear in each of these books.\n"	"Publication summary"	"\nTitles marked with an asterisk (*) were adapted into episodes of the 1985 cartoon series.\n\n\n Title \n Year \n Publisher \n Notes/Series\n\n ''The Big Honey Hunt'' \n 1962 \n Random House \n Beginner Books\n\n ''The Bike Lesson'' \n 1964 \n Random House \n Beginner Books/Bright & Early\n\n ''The Bears' Picnic'' \n 1966 \n Random House \n Beginner Books\n\n ''The Bear Scouts'' \n 1967 \n Random House \n Beginner Books\n\n ''The Bears' Vacation'' \n 1968 \n Random House \n Beginner Books\n\n ''Inside, Outside, Upside Down'' \n 1968 \n Random House \n Bright & Early\n\n ''Bears on Wheels'' \n 1969 \n Random House \n Bright & Early/Step-into-Reading\n\n ''The Bears' Christmas'' \n 1970 \n Random House \n Beginner Books\n\n ''Old Hat, New Hat'' \n 1970 \n Random House \n Bright & Early\n\n ''The B Book'' \n 1971 \n Random House \n Bright & Early\n\n ''Bears in the Night'' \n 1971 \n Random House \n Bright & Early\n\n  (later published as ''The C Book'') \n 1972 \n Random House \n Bright & Early\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears\u2019 Nursery Tales'' \n 1973 \n Random House \n Pictureback\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears in: The Bears' Almanac'' \n 1973 \n Random House \n Bear Facts Library/Beginner Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears\u2019 New Baby'' \n 1974 \n Random House \n Pictureback/First Time Books\n\n ''He Bear, She Bear'' \n 1974 \n Random House \n Bright & Early\n\n ''The Bear Detectives'' \n 1975 \n Random House \n Beginner Books\n\n ''The Bears\u2019 Nature Guide'' \n 1975 \n Random House \n Bear Facts Library\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears\u2019 Counting Book'' \n 1976 \n Random House \n Board Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears\u2019 Science Fair'' \n 1977 \n Random House \n Bear Facts Library\n\n ''The Spooky Old Tree'' \n 1978 \n Random House \n Bright & Early\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go to School'' \n 1978 \n Random House \n Pictureback/First Time Books\n\n ''Papa\u2019s Pizza: A Berenstain Bear Sniffy Book'' \n 1978 \n Random House \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and Too Much Birthday''* \n 1978 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Missing Dinosaur Bone''* \n 1980 \n Random House \n Beginner Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Mysterious Numbers'' \n 1980 \n Fisher Price \n Talk-to-Me\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears\u2019 Christmas Tree'' \n 1980 \n Random House \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Sitter'' \n 1981 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go to the Doctor'' \n 1981 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears\u2019 Moving Day'' \n 1981 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Visit the Dentist'' \n 1981 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears: How to Get Along With Your Fellow Bear'' \n 1982 \n Kidstuff/IJE \n Book and audio\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Get in a Fight''* \n 1982 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go to Camp'' \n 1982 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears In the Dark''* \n 1982 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears\u2019 Storybook Treehouse'' \n 1982 \n Random House \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Messy Room''* \n 1983 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Truth''* \n 1983 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Wild, Wild Honey''* \n 1983 \n Random House \n Mini-storybook\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go Fly a Kite''* \n 1983 \n Random House \n Mini-storybook\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears\u2019 Soccer Star''* \n 1983 \n Random House \n Mini-storybook\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears to the Rescue''* \n 1983 \n Random House \n Mini-storybook\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears\u2019 Trouble with Money'' \n 1983 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Olympics'' \n 1983 \n Texas Instruments \n Magic Wand Speaking Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears On the Job'' \n 1983 \n Texas Instruments \n Magic Wand Speaking Books\n\n ''Baby Bear's Toys 'n Noises'' \n 1984 \n Stahlwood \n Bath Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and Mama\u2019s New Job'' \n 1984 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Big Election'' \n 1984 \n Random House \n Mini-storybook\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Dinosaurs'' \n 1984 \n Random House \n Mini-storybook\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Neighborly Skunk''* \n 1984 \n Random House \n Mini-storybook\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and Too Much TV'' \n 1984 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Meet Santa Bear'' \n 1984 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Shoot the Rapids''* \n 1984 \n Random House \n Mini-storybrook\n\n \n 1984 \n Random House \n Mini-storybook\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and Too Much Junk Food'' \n 1985 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Forget their Manners''* \n 1985 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Learn About Strangers''* \n 1985 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears on the Moon'' \n 1985 \n Random House \n Bright & Early\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Toy Time'' \n 1985 \n Random House \n Cuddle cloth book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Bath Book'' \n 1985 \n Random House \n Bath Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Knight to Remember'' \n 1986 \n Random House \n Happy House\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Week at Grandma\u2019s'' \n 1986 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Get Stage Fright''* \n 1986 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears No Girls Allowed''* \n 1986 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Trouble with Friends''* \n 1986 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Meet Questron: Left, Right, Stop Go'' \n 1987 \n Questron Electronic Books \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Meet Questron: One, Two, Three - How Many...'' \n 1987 \n Questron Electronic Books \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Bad Habit'' \n 1987 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Big Road Race'' \n 1987 \n Random House \n First Time Readers\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Missing Honey'' \n 1987 \n Random House \n First Time Readers\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Blaze a Trail'' \n 1987 \n Random House \n First Time Readers\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Not-So-Buried Treasure'' \n 1987 \n Random House \n Happy House\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Mansion Mystery'' \n 1987 \n Random House \n Happy House\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Coughing Catfish'' \n 1987 \n Random House \n Happy House\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go Out for The Team'' \n 1987 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears On the Job'' \n 1987 \n Random House \n First Time Readers\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Trouble at School'' \n 1987 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Bad Dream'' \n 1988 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Double Dare'' \n 1988 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Ghost of the Forest'' \n 1988 \n Random House \n First Time Readers\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Get the Gimmies'' \n 1988 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Ready, Get Set, Go!'' \n 1988 \n Random House \n First Time Readers\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the In-Crowd'' \n 1989 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and Too Much Vacation''\n 1989 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Trick or Treat'' \n 1989 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Prize Pumpkin'' \n 1990 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Slumber Party'' \n 1990 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Trouble with Pets'' \n 1990 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Attic Treasure'' \n 1990 \n McDonald's \n Published in 1996 by Family Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Eager Beavers'' \n 1990 \n McDonald's \n Published in 1996 by Family Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and Life With Papa'' \n 1990 \n McDonald's \n Published in 1996 by Family Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Substitute Teacher'' \n 1990 \n McDonald's \n Published in 1996 by Family Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Are a Family'' \n 1991 \n Random House \n First First Time Books (Also Toddler Books, 1996)\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears at the Super-Duper Market'' \n 1991 \n Random House \n First First Time Books  (Also Toddler Books, 1996)\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Don\u2019t Pollute (Anymore)'' \n 1991 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Four Seasons'' \n 1991 \n Random House \n First First Time Books  (Also Toddler Books, 1996)\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Say Goodnight'' \n 1991 \n Random House \n First First Time Books  (Also Toddler Books, 1996)\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Trouble with Grownups'' \n 1992 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and Too Much Pressure'' \n 1992 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Big Red Kite'' \n 1992 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Broken Piggy Bank'' \n 1992 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Get Jealous'' \n 1992 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Home Sweet Tree'' \n 1992 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Hug and Make Up'' \n 1992 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Learn to Share'' \n 1992 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears On Time'' \n 1992 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Perfect Fishing Spot'' \n 1992 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Spooky Shadows'' \n 1992 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears On the Road'' \n 1992 \n Random House \n Form Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Visit Fun Park'' \n 1992 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Big Rummage Sale'' \n 1992 \n Golden \n Golden Sound Story\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Home Sweet Tree'' \n 1993 \n Play-Along Entertainment \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Drug Free Zone'' \n 1993 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the New Girl in Town'' \n 1993 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Gotta Dance!'' \n 1993 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Nerdy Nephew'' \n 1993 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Red-Handed Thief'' \n 1993 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Accept No Substitutes'' \n 1993 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Female Fullback'' \n 1993 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Wheelchair Commando'' \n 1993 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears All Year 'Round'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Baby Chipmunk'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Bedtime Battle'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Excuse Note'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Family Get Together'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Get a Checkup'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears at the Giant Mall'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Good Deed'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Hiccup Cure'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Jump Rope Contest'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Learn About Colors'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Pet Show'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Spooky Old House'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Visit Farmer Ben'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Wishing Star'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears With Nothing to Do'' \n 1993 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Secret Clubhouse'' \n 1994 \n Colorforms \n My First Colorforms Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and their Forest Friends'' \n 1994 \n Colorforms \n My First Colorforms Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Bully'' \n 1994 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' New Neighbors'' \n 1994 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Galloping Ghost'' \n 1994 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Giddy Grandma'' \n 1994 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Dress Code'' \n 1994 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the School Scandal Sheet'' \n 1994 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears at Camp Crush'' \n 1994 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears at Big Bear Fair'' \n 1994 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Big Picture'' \n 1994 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Birthday Boy'' \n 1994 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Lost in a Cave'' \n 1994 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Soccer Tryouts'' \n 1994 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Summer Job'' \n 1994 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Talent Show'' \n 1994 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Visit Uncle Tex'' \n 1994 \n Western \n Cub Club\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears In the Movies'' \n 1994 \n Yes! Entertainment \n Where is It? Storybook\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Green-Eyed Monster'' \n 1995 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and Too Much Teasing'' \n 1995 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Count Their Blessings'' \n 1995 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Media Madness'' \n 1995 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears in the Freaky Funhouse'' \n 1995 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Showdown at Chainsaw Gap'' \n 1995 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Humongous Pumpkin'' \n 1995 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts in Giant Bat Cave'' \n 1995 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts Meet Bigpaw'' \n 1995 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Family Tree House'' \n 1995 \n Yes! Entertainment \n Pop-Up Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Coughing Catfish'' \n 1996 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Cook It!'' \n 1996 \n Random House \n First Time Do-It!\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Draw It!'' \n 1996 \n Random House \n First Time Do-It!\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Fly It!'' \n 1996 \n Random House \n First Time Do-It!\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Grow It!'' \n 1996 \n Random House \n First Time Do-It!\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears at the Teen Rock Caf\u00e9'' \n 1996 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears in Maniac Mansion'' \n 1996 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears in Big Bear City'' \n 1996 \n Random House \n Peek-a-board\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Visit the Big City'' \n 1996 \n Hasbro/Playskool \n Magic Touch Talking Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears: When We Grow Up'' \n 1996 \n Hasbro/Playskool \n Magic Touch Talking Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears: A Visit to the Big Museum'' \n 1996 \n Hasbro/Playskool \n Magic Touch Talking Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears, Yike! Yike! Where\u2019s My Trike?'' \n 1996 \n Random House \n Peek-a-board\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts Save That Backscratcher'' \n 1996 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears: Scrub a Dub Dub'' \n 1996 \n Family Time \n Bath Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Terrible Talking Termites'' \n 1996 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Sci-Fi Pizza'' \n 1996 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts Ghost Versus Ghost'' \n 1996 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears: Welcome to Bear Country'' \n 1996 \n Family Time \n Pop-Up Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' All-Time Favorite Nursery Songs'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears at Big Fun Park'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n Board Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Easter Magic'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n Board Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go Out to Eat'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n Board Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go to the Movies'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n Board Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Pick Up and Put Away'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n Board Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Homework Hassle'' \n 1997 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Blame Game'' \n 1997 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Bermuda Triangle'' \n 1997 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Ghost Of The Auto Graveyard'' \n 1997 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Haunted Hayride'' \n 1997 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and Queenie\u2019s Crazy Crush'' \n 1997 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Home Sweet Tree'' \n 1997 \n Random House \n Big Flap Book\n\n ''The A Book'' \n 1997 \n Random House \n Bright & Early\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Sinister Smoke Ring'' \n 1997 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Magic Crystal Caper'' \n 1997 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Run-Amuck Robot'' \n 1997 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Ice Monster'' \n 1997 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Thanksgiving'' \n 1997 \n Scholastic \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Great Scuba Dive'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n Bath Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears: Back to School'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n GT Publishing\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Bedtime Stories'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n GT Publishing\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Get the Grouchies'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n GT Publishing\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Help Around the House'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n GT Publishing\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Hold Hands at the Big Mall'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n GT Publishing\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears On the Road'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n GT Publishing\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Say Please and Thank You'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n GT Publishing\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears in the Spooky Fun House'' \n 1997 \n Family Time \n Pop-Up Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Get Their Kicks'' \n 1998 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Lend a Helping Hand'' \n 1998 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go Platinum'' \n 1998 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Big Date'' \n 1998 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Love Match'' \n 1998 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Perfect Crime (almost)'' \n 1998 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Get the Don\u2019t Haftas'' \n 1998 \n Random House \n Jellybean Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Get the Screamies'' \n 1998 \n Random House \n Jellybean Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears by the Sea'' \n 1998 \n Random House \n Step-into-Reading/Beginner Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Ride the Thunderbolt'' (as Visit Fun Park) \n 1998 \n Random House \n Step-into-Reading\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Big Bear, Small Bear'' \n 1998 \n Random House \n Step-into-Reading\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Missing Merit Badges'' \n 1998 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Search For Naughty Ned'' \n 1998 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Play Ball!'' \n 1998 \n Scholastic \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears\u2019 Comic Valentine'' \n 1998 \n Scholastic \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears\u2019 Easter Surprise'' \n 1998 \n Scholastic \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts Scream Their Heads Off'' \n 1998 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Really Big Disaster'' \n 1998 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Evil Eye'' \n 1998 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the Ripoff Queen'' \n 1998 \n Scholastic \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Mad, Mad, Mad Toy Craze'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Think of Those in Need'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Big Question'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the G-Rex Bones'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Lost in Cyberspace'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Wax Museum'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go Hollywood'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Get the Noisies'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Jellybean Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Get the Scaredies'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Jellybean Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go Up and Down'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Step-into-Reading\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' House of Mirrors'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Step-into-Reading\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Catch the Bus'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Step-into-Reading\n\n ''Berenstain Baby Bears: My New Bed'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Baby Bears\n\n ''Berenstain Baby Bears: My Trusty Car Seat'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Baby Bears\n\n ''Berenstain Baby Bears: My Potty and I'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Baby Bears\n\n ''Berenstain Baby Bears: Pacifier Days'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Baby Bears\n\n ''The Berenstain Bear Scouts and the White Water Mystery'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berestain Bear Scouts and the Stinky Milk Mystery'' \n 1999 \n Random House \n Bear Scouts\n\n ''The Berestain Bears' Book of Values'' \n 1999 \n Berenstain Entertainment \n Cloth Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Red Roadster'' \n 2000 \n Ertl \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears: The Whole Year Through'' \n 2000 \n Scholastic \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears: That Stump Must Go'' \n 2000 \n Random House \n Beginner Books\n\n ''The Birds, the Bees, and the Berenstain Bears'' \n 2000 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and Baby Makes Five'' \n 2000 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Big Blooper'' \n 2000 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears No Guns Allowed'' \n 2000 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Great Ant Attack'' \n 2000 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Phenom in the Family'' \n 2000 \n Random House \n Big Chapter Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Get the Twitchies'' \n 2000 \n Random House \n Jellybean Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go In and Out'' \n 2000 \n Random House \n Step-into-Reading\n\n ''Berenstain Baby Bears Me First! Me First!'' \n 2000 \n Random House \n Baby Bears\n\n ''Berenstain Baby Bears My Everyday Book'' \n 2000 \n Random House \n Baby Bears\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Dollars and Sense'' \n 2001 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Tic-Tac-Toe Mystery'' \n 2001 \n Random House \n Step-into-Reading\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Escape of the Bogg Brothers'' \n 2001 \n Random House \n Step-into-Reading\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Missing Watermelon Money'' \n 2001 \n Random House \n Step-into-Reading\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Excuse Note'' \n 2001 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Runamuck Dog Show'' \n 2001 \n Random House \n Stepping Stone\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Wrong Crowd'' \n 2001 \n Random House \n Stepping Stone\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Goofy Goony Guy'' \n 2001 \n Random House \n Stepping Stone\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Haunted Lighthouse'' \n 2001 \n Random House \n Stepping Stone\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Real Easter Egg'' \n 2002 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Funny Valentine'' \n 2002 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears, Ride Like the Wind'' \n 2002 \n Random House \n Stepping Stone\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Report Card Trouble'' \n 2002 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Papa\u2019s Day Surprise'' \n 2003 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears, Too Small for the Team'' \n 2003 \n Random House \n Stepping Stone\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Save Christmas'' \n 2003 \n HarperCollins \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go to Grizzlyland'' \n 2003 \n Fisher Price \n Power Touch\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Mama\u2019s Day Surprise'' \n 2004 \n Random House \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears We Like Kites'' \n 2004 \n Random House \n Step-into-Reading\n\n ''Brother Bear Loves Dinosaurs'' \n 2004 \n HarperCollins \n Board Book\n\n ''Sister Bear Learns to Share'' \n 2004 \n HarperCollins \n Board Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Baby Chipmunk'' \n 2005 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Trouble with Chores'' \n 2005 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Wishing Star'' \n 2005 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears: Bedtime Battle'' \n 2005 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books \n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and Too Much Car Trip'' \n 2005 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears: Clean House'' \n 2005 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go Back to School'' \n 2005 \n HarperCollins \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go On a Ghost Walk'' \n 2005 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' New Pup'' \n 2005 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Play T-Ball'' \n 2005 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Seashore Treasure'' \n 2005 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Dinosaur Adventure'' \n 2005 \n HarperCollins \n -\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Down on the Farm'' \n 2006 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Out West'' \n 2006 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Hug and Make Up'' \n 2006 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Trouble with Commercials'' \n 2007 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' New Kitten'' \n 2007 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Big Spelling Bee'' \n 2007 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Trim the Tree''  \n 2007 \n HarperCollins \n Lift the Flap\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Lose a Friend'' \n 2007 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Baby Easter Bunny'' \n 2008 \n HarperCollins \n Lift the Flap\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Big Bedtime Book'' \n 2008 \n HarperCollins \n \u2014\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Bad Influence'' \n 2008 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Really Big Pet Show'' \n 2008 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears: God Loves You'' \n 2008 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears and the Golden Rule'' \n 2008 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Go To Sunday School'' \n 2008 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Say Their Prayers'' \n 2008 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Valentine Party'' \n 2008 \n HarperCollins \n Lift the Flap\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Sleepover'' \n 2008 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Family Reunion'' \n 2009 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Love Their Neighbors'' \n 2009 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Play a Good Game'' \n 2009 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Safe and Sound!'' \n 2009 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books \n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Class Trip'' \n 2009 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears' Faithful Friends'' \n 2009 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Give Thanks'' \n 2009 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Sick Days'' \n 2009 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears' Christmas Tree'' \n 2009 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n ''Reading is Fun with The Berenstain Bears'' \n 2009 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go Out to Eat'' \n 2009 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Discover God's Creation'' \n 2010 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n''The Berenstain Bears and The Gift of Courage'' \n 2010 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears and a Job Well Done'' \n 2010 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n''The Berentain Bears Kindness Counts'' \n 2010 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Go on Vacation'' \n 2010 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears All Aboard!'' \n 2010 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Haunted House'' \n 2010 \n HarperCollins \n Lift the Flap\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears and the Joy of Giving'' \n 2010 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Computer Trouble'' \n 2010 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books \n\n '' The Berenstain Bears' Jobs Around Town'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears' Neighbor in Need'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears' Kitten Rescue'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears and the Forgiving Tree'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears' Holy Bible (NiRV)'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Follow God's Word'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Get Ready for Christmas'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n Lift the Flap\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears' Gossip Gang'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Here's the Church Here's the Steeple'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n Lift the Flap\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Let the Bible Be Your Guide'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears and the Little Lost Cub'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears and Mama's Helpers'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Nutcracker'' \n 2011 \n Harper Collins \n First Time Books\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears and the Perfect Fishing Spot'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Reap the Harvest'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Say Please and Thank You'' \n 2011 \n Harper Collins \n Big Book\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Shaggy Little Pony'' \n 2011 \n Harper Collins \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Show Some Respect'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears and the Trouble with Secrets'' \n 2011 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Winter Wonderland'' \n 2011 \n Harper Collins \n Lift the Flap\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Old-Fashioned Christmas'' \n 2012 \n HarperCollins \n \n\n ''The Berenstain Bears' Dinosaur Dig'' \n 2012 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears and the Tooth Fairy'' \n 2012 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears at the Aquarium'' \n 2012 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears: Mama For Mayor'' \n 2012 \n HarperCollins \n I Can Read\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears: We Love Our Mom!'' \n 2012 \n HarperCollins \n First Time Books\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears: Faith Gets Us Through'' \n 2012 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears: God Made the Seasons'' \n 2012 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears: Good Deed Scouts to the Rescue'' \n 2012 \n Zonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Help the Homeless'' \n 2012 \n Zonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Honey Hunt Helpers'' \n 2012 \n Zonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears: God Bless the Animals'' \n 2012 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears and the Easter Story'' \n 2012 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n''The Berenstain Bears All Things Bright and Beautiful'' \n 2012 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Get Involved'' \n 2012 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears: God Bless Our Home'' \n 2012 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears We Love Our Dad'' \n 2013 \n Harper Festival \n -\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears The Trouble with Things'' \n 2013 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Storybook Bible'' \n 2013 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Thank God for Good Health'' \n 2013 \n Zonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears God Made the Colors'' \n 2013 \n Zonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Good Deed Scouts Help Their Neighbors'' \n 2013 \nZonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Piggy Bank Blessings'' \n 2013 \n Zonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Do Not Fear God is Near'' \n 2013 \n Zonderkidz \n I Can Read\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Thanksgiving Blessings'' \n 2013 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Valentine Blessings'' \n 2013 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Keep the Faith'' \n 2014 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Blessed are the Peacemakers'' \n 2014 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Holy Bible'' \n 2014 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Biggest Brag'' \n 2014 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears God Made You Special'' \n 2014 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Country Cookbook'' \n 2015 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears God Bless Our Country'' \n 2015 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Harvest Festival'' \n 2015 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears Storybook Bible for Little Ones'' \n 2015 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears and the Very First Christmas'' \n 2015 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n '' The Berenstain Bears and Easter Sunday'' \n 2016 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n ''The Berenstain Bears Mother's Day Blessing'' \n 2016 \n Zonderkidz \n Living Lights\n\n\n"	"Story summaries"	"\n===First Time Books===\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and The Messy Room''====\nEverything in the Berenstain Bears' house is clean, that is, except for Brother and Sister's room. The problem is that despite their attempt to clean their room whenever they want, the cubs spend more time arguing over who-does-what and moving each other's stuff than cleaning within any 15-minute period, leaving Mama to clean it up all by herself. Having finally had enough of this, she suddenly decides upon throwing every item in the room away in the trash in order to prevent any future cleanups, much to the horror of the cubs. The commotion brings Papa into the scene, who calls a family meeting and realizes that Brother and Sister  need some toy boxes and organizational tools. And so, everyone pitches in to clean up the cubs' messy room.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Lend a Helping Hand''====\nBrother and Sister are always fighting over stuff such as who has the best spot on the sofa in front of the TV, who has the biggest slice of cake, who will get more jellybeans, etc. Mama and Papa are worried, as they realize that their cubs are getting greedy. Both of them devise a plan to make them help others instead of themselves. One day while leaving the supermarket, Mama and the cubs bump into old Mrs. McGrizzle. Mama makes the reluctant cubs put Mrs. McGrizzle's groceries away, while she and McGrizzle talk about the cubs behavior. They both come up with an idea that both of the cubs are going to clean out McGrizzle's attic, much to the cubs dismay. However, the cubs find some very interesting stuff in the attic, such as an antique Barbie and old baseball cards. In the end, Brother and sister run a garage sale of all of the stuff Mrs. McGrizzle wanted to throw away, and learn their lesson.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Get in A Fight''====\nOn most sunny days, Brother and Sister always wake up in a good mood, taking turns when going to the bathroom, saying \"Please\" and \"Thank you\" at breakfast, sitting together on the school bus, working on their backyard tree house together, and sharing their toys. But one gray and stormy morning, they get into a big fight when Sister lets her feet dangle down in front of Brother's face. Sister, agitated, rushes off to the bathroom and takes a long time using the bathroom, aggravating their parents. They no longer say \"please\" or \"thank you\" at breakfast, they sit in different seats on the school bus, and draw a line down the middle of their tree house. They even take back the toys they usually shared during their argument. Papa becomes fed up with their fighting, but ultimately gets pulled into the dispute. Mama finally gets the others to calm down, then explains why the cubs began fighting. She says that it's alright for some people to fight, especially folks who love each other very much. In the end, Brother and Sister make up and get along well the next day.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Go to Camp''====\nSummer vacation has come, but there is not much to do now that school is out. Mama enrolls the cubs in a day camp. The cubs show concern about being in a new place, especially outdoors so much. The owner of the camp, Grizzly Bob, is friendly and has many sports and activities for the cubs.  On the first day, Grizzly Bob takes the group atop Spook Hill, which is a tough time for the cubs, and shows them Skull Rock, which overlooks Bear Country and where they will have an overnight camp out at the end of the summer. Sister, who has never been away from home overnight, is concerned. The later generic days prove fruitful for the cubs, who enjoy sports, crafts and games. At the end of the summer, the cubs have their overnight camp out, and the hike up Spook Hill is easier as they are in better shape. Grizzly Bob tells the cubs Indian lore and they enjoy their powwow and night under the stars, even Sister. The following day is the final day of camp, marked by a sports festival. Brother won a trophy for finishing second in the dash, and Sister won medals for her homespun bead belt and the dead bear's float. With autumn approaching, soon school will be in session. Emboldened by her experience at camp, Sister is ready for school and the new adventures it will bring.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears: Baby Makes Five''====\nThe Bear Family just had a new member of the family come. The new members name is Baby Honey, who gains attention very quickly. However, Sister is annoyed by the attention Honey gets, as it is putting her out of the spotlight. Sister starts acting grumpy and holds a grudge on Honey. She says that Honey is not good at anything instead of wetting and filling diapers, and does not include Honey in a drawing of her family. Mama realizes that Sister is jealous, and decides to play Sisters old baby videos. Sister eventually realizes that she was once like Baby Honey. She then includes Baby Honey in the family photo, and grows fond of her. \n\n====''The Berenstain Bears In The Dark''====\nBrother and Sister often borrow books from the local library. Sister prefers books about ecology and storybooks. While Brother has enjoyed those too, he is maturing and taking an interest in mystery novels. Brother checks out a book called ''The Case of the Crying Cave'', which looks eerie. During the evening when the entire Bear family is reading in the den, Sister finishes her book and accepts Brother's offer to read the mystery to her. The book is about three Bear Scouts who were hiking in the mountains and came upon a cave that looked like a human face. When the cave emitted a ghostly noise, it scared the three Scouts away! Mama interrupts, saying it is time for bed. That night, heavy autumn winds occur, which give the house a pallor. Brother decides to have some fun at Sister's expense by making spooky noises similar to the creepy cave. This causes a fighting cycle: Sister cries out for Mama and Papa, who come in and leave the light on. But Brother protests he will not sleep unless it is dark so he turns off the light, causing Sister to cry out for her parents, who return and reactivate the light switch, which returns to Brother turning off the lights and Sister wailing. The following morning, the entire Bear family is tired to do anything from lack of sleep and the fracas last night, so Papa decides to help Sister with her problem. He takes Sister up to the attic, where it is dark, and says that oftentimes one's imagination can construct things not always as they seem. Sister wishes she did not have one so she would never be scared, but Papa says that is ludicrous, for without imagination one would be unable to handle complex science problems, paint pictures, write stories, and many of the more rich parts of the world. Sister first sees a ghost, only to be a pile of old clothes when Papa shines the light on it. Sister then sees an owl; which Papa says is true, but a plaster owl statue he won at a carnival many years ago. Mama also helps Sister out by having her inherit a night light in the form of a lighthouse she owned when she was a cub; signifying there is light no matter how dark it seems, just like a lighthouse for sailors at sea. That evening, Brother offers to complete the unfinished reading of ''The Case of the Crying Cave'' only if Sister will not freak out. Sister, better focused after Papa's lesson, agrees. Brother's mystery book concludes by saying that the three Scouts dropped their backpacks and needed to go back for them; ergo they needed to confront their fears. They go inside the cave to solve the mystery; an opening in the alcove caused the wind to blow over it making the piercing noise. After she scares Brother by telling him she was hoping the howling in the cave turned out to be a scary monster and makes a monster face at him, Sister sleeps peacefully, thanks to Papa's lesson and Mama's night light. However, Brother hears the call of the owl outside the window, and decides that he has had enough of mysteries for a while.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Visit the Dentist''====\nSister gets her first loose tooth. When she informs Mama, she says that she will need to see Dr. Bearson, the dentist. Brother says Dr. Bearson will yank it out with his yankers, only to be chided by Mama for scaring Sister and says Dr. Bearson is a good doctor who handles dental problems appropriately. Mama takes both cubs to Dr. Bearson, with Brother being his first patient. Brother turns out to have a cavity! Dr. Bearson recommends filling it, but says it's only a baby tooth and not overly serious. Although Brother is scared of this, the procedure turns out to be a gentle and painless routine. Sister is the second patient and she informs the dentist about her loose tooth. Sister is scared that he will use his yankers to pull it out, but he uses a piece of gauze to remove it instead, using little force save for a gentle tug. Dr. Bearson gives the tooth to Sister to take home, and she puts it under her pillow, discovering the next morning that she has received money from the tooth fairy in exchange for it.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and Too Much TV''====\nMama realizes that all Brother, Sister, and Papa do when at home is watch television, which seems to make everyone lazy. She tells the cubs that there would be no more TV for a week and turns the TV off. Papa thinks that it is a good idea, since he says that homework, fresh air, sunshine and exercise are also part of life, but is upset when Mama says that it applies to the entire family. Mama gives Papa alternatives to TV such as the newspaper to find out what is going on in Bear Country. Initially, the cubs and Papa are worried about boredom, but throughout the week they learn that there are other ways to enjoy themselves, even something as simple as sitting and relaxing for starters. While the cubs are doing their homework and Papa is reading the paper one day of the TV-free week, Sister sees an ad for a TV special. Mama says no TV means no TV and says that nature can present a special on the biggest screen of all, with the Bear family watching the sunset which turns into a stargazing event watching the night sky light up. The Bears also go to the Bear Country Mall where Sister buys a knitting set and Brother a Rubik's Cube, but Papa tries sneaking into an electronics store to get a quick fix of TV. At dinner of the final day of the no TV week, Mama says she does not hate TV, only that the cubs were sitting in front of it like lumps. Brother says that tomorrow he will watch TV all day, as does Papa and Sister. However, the only one who sits in front of the TV for a long time is Papa, with Sister knitting a tiny rug and Brother solving his cube puzzle. Finally, even Papa turns the TV off when he sees the pond and grabs his fishing rod to catch a couple of those leaping trout.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and Computer Trouble''====\nPapa buys a computer for work such as printing out bills and buying equipment online. However, Brother and Sister keep on entering his workshop to play games on his computer. He buys computers for Brother, Sister, and Mama. Baby Honey also gets a small toy computer to play games on. The whole family gets addicted to their computers, staying on it 24/7. Brother and Sister download games and join social networks with their friends. Mama eventually gets addicted to eBear(a parody of eBay). Papa gets worried, especially when he reads an article in the newspaper about how computers can be bad for young kids such as Brother and Sister. Papa makes a rule in the house, saying that the members of the Bear family cannot go on the computer for more than one hour a day. The plan works out. Brother and Sister have fun with their friends instead of getting cyberbullied, Mama stops using eBear for good, and Honey has more fun with her toys than her computer. Papa also manages to do more work without his computer. The Bear family feel closer without the computer. The next day, the family go out to see a movie. They end up seeing Spiderbear (a parody of Spider-Man). \n====''The Berenstain Bears Meet Santa Bear''====\nMama becomes very concerned and worried about her cubs' behavior after the cubs are so excited for the new Christmas toys and when the mall is already ready for Christmas two days after Thanksgiving. Papa believes that Mama is over-protective about the cubs' behavior because he believes that Brother and Sister are good cubs, but when Brother and Sister find the toys they saw on television commercials it makes them forget the true meaning of Christmas. Sister Bear becomes more excited about getting to meet Santa Bear, but makes a long list of things she wanted for Christmas. Brother warns her that she's getting greedy; he also tells her that Santa has lots of cubs to think about besides Sister, all the cubs in the world, and she becomes nervous. Sister becomes really nervous as to whether or not she's been good enough for Santa's expectations, recalling incidents from previous books. Mama Bear and Papa Bear assure her that she doesn't have to worry, as Santa Bear doesn't expect cubs to be perfect. Sister remembers the true meaning of Christmas and doesn't know how Mama and Papa will get their gifts without meeting Santa Bear, but Brother tells her that presents for Mama and Papa was their job and they secretly get money for Christmas shopping the next day. The next day, as Sister Bear visits Santa Bear, he gives her a coloring book, after she told him what she wanted for Christmas and gave him her list, which is a shorter one that she made. Sister and Brother purchase Mama and Papa great gifts afterwards. On Christmas Eve, Sister asks Papa questions about Santa. Papa tells her that the true meaning of Christmas is giving, and that Santa has an important job. The next day, she and Brother find the things they wanted for Christmas along with Papa and Mama.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and Too Much Junk Food''====\nMama notices that her cubs' junk food snacking habits have caught up with them. Papa Bear has also fallen into the bad snack habit as well. Mama Bear decides to put all the sweets and junk food in the freezer, and start her family on a healthy diet. At the grocery store, The Bear family runs into their family doctor, Dr. Grizzly, who commends Mama for a shopping cart full of healthy food but also notices Papa and cubs staring longingly at the candy, so she suggests they drop by her office for some advice. The cubs are initially worried about getting shots, but soon find out she has a presentation about healthy eating habits, specifically how fruits, vegetables, and grains affect the body's performance. As the family leaves, She suggests an exercise plan as well. The family begins their healthy eating and exercise. Eventually, they all get into shape and decide to enter the Bear Country three-mile run. While they didn't finish first, they won a trophy for being the only family where all members completed the run. Papa Bear suggests they open the freezer to celebrate, but decides on the others' suggestions of carrot sticks, nuts and raisins for a snack.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Learn About Strangers''====\nBrother is very cautious and wary of strangers while Sister says hello to everyone and everything she meets. Papa Bear shows Sister articles from the newspaper of encounters with strangers gone wrong, such as \"Stranger Bothers Cub\", \"Missing Cub Found\", \"Chief Grizzly Questions Stranger\", and \"Cub Stranger Meeting\". Papa also reads her a story about a sly fox who pretends to be a goose's friend when he invites her over to his den, but eats her in the end in order to tell her why she shouldn't talk to strangers or accept gifts and rides from them. The story only serve to frighten Sister. Unable to sleep, the headlines from the newspaper and parts of the \"Silly Goose and Wily Fox\" story flash through Sister's head. The next day, Sister has an askew view that anyone she does not know is a stranger, and as such an automatic criminal. Seeing the effect Papa's lesson had on Sister, Mama Bear explains that not every stranger is an immediate kidnapper and relates a lesson she was taught when she was young: \"There are always a few bad apples in every barrel\". Sister picks up an apple that is bumpy on the outside thinking it is a \"bad apple\" while on the inside it is fine. Mama shows an apple with a normal external appearance but inside it is infested with worms. Sister understands the difference and realizes she can still be friendly but must use her common sense when it comes to people she doesn't know. She feels better and goes with Brother to the town green as he launches his pusher plane. Sister relaxes and enjoys looking for wildflowers. Just as they are about to go home, an unknown bear drives up with a radio-controlled plane that grabs Brother's attention. The stranger tells Brother he plans on following his plane in his car and invites Brother to come along. Sister intervenes, stopping him from accepting the offer. Brother is annoyed and believes Sister has become too paranoid about strangers then is further angered when Papa scolds him. Papa explains that Sister was not tattling about something minor, but a situation that could have been very dangerous. After calming down, Brother thanks Sister for looking out for him. Sister asks Mama if the stranger who owned the radio airplane was a crook, Mama replies that chances are he was law-abiding and probably not a \"bad apple\".\n\nRules for children on strangers are posted on the last page.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Forget Their Manners''====\nThe family has gotten into a habit of forgetting their manners, being rude, and impolite, frustrating Mama. It starts out with simple issues, such as not using \"please\" or \"thank you\", then escalating into pushing and shoving, then being rude at meals, and making messes with food fights. Mama is at the end of her rope, and she even feels Papa is part of the problem as he corrects the cubs by shouting and banging his fist. Mama devises a politeness plan, which lists a series of impolite behaviors that gets punished by an extra chore. Brother and Sister decide to come up with a plan of their own by being super polite, hoping that Mama will get fed up with the whole thing, but this fails, and the cubs soon are in a habit of simply being courteous to one another. However, Papa is the one who gets fed up; as he is older and more used to his habits, he has to do many chores to break his habit, causing him to grouse about Mama's plan.\n\nOne day, the family is out shopping, to which Papa says he is glad to be out of the house \"and away from that Politeness Plan\", but Mama says that manners matter in public as well. While at the supermarket, Papa points out that one must also have common sense along with manners, such as letting everyone go ahead of you in line means you will be held up for a very long time; he also adds that there may be certain times when one has to interrupt. He sees a lady with a broken bottle and politely interrupts her in order to bring it to her attention and keep her groceries from being spoiled, and she thanks Papa. \n\nWhile returning home, the Bears' car rear ends another car, which is owned by a big bear, who is at first angry with Papa; however, he is suddenly reminded of his own manners when seeing how polite Papa is. He then explains that he had stopped short because a mama duck and her ducklings had crossed in front of him. Fortunately, neither car was damaged. As the Bears return home, they reflect how good manners not only make life easier to live by, but more relaxing.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Sitter''====\nMama and Papa get notice of a meeting at a town hall, which presents a problem as the cubs cannot be unattended. So they see about the usual deal of staying with Gramps and Gran as they have done before. The problem is, Gramps and Gran also are going to the meeting, as are other family members, Aunt Maude, and Cousin Wilbur. Mama finds someone not attending the meeting, a neighbor named Mrs. Grizzle. Brother and Sister have never had anyone outside the family stay with them, and shudder as Mrs. Grizzle has the reputation amongst all their friends as the neighborhood grouch; Brother recalling a time his kite accidentally bopped her and Sister trampling her flower garden when she had been playing ball. Also, her size is imposing as a large woman; only Papa Bear is taller than Mrs. Grizzle (but barely). The cubs fear she will be dictatorial and kid-hating, but Mama says that is ludicrous, Mrs. Grizzle raised seven cubs of her own and knows how to handle cubs. Sister accepts this, but Brother resolves to himself he will keep away from the sitter. Mrs. Grizzle arrives at the Bear residence in a jolly mood, and shows the cubs her work bag, which she uses whenever she had a babysitting job. Inside the bag are some odds and ends such as ball of twine and deck of cards; then she does a couple of tricks and plays some card games with them. When bedtime rolls around, Mrs. Grizzle helps the cubs scrub their backs in the bathtub (Brother Bear changing his mind about staying away from the sitter), she tucks them in bed and reads Sister a bedtime story. When Mama and Papa arrive home, they are glad to see a peaceful home and the cubs asleep. Eventually the cubs come to like Mrs. Grizzle, and say that although there were future times Mama and Papa went off from home, that Mrs. Grizzle was the memorable time they were home with a sitter.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Show Some Respect''====\nBrother, Sister, Honey, Mama, and Papa join Gramps and Gran on a picnic. When trying to decide where to set it up, however, they all show disrespect to each other. When Papa suggests hosting it in a site, he and his friends did when they were cubs. Brother's opinion is \"That was so 100 years ago... let's go somewhere better.\" When Mama suggests a creek, Sister's opinion is \"It is so dirty, worn down and full of mosquitoes... let's go somewhere better.\" Even Mama and Papa begin to disrespect Gramps and Gran causing Gramps to host a family meeting. After discussing it, everybody apologizes to one another and ultimately decide to picnic at Gramps and Gran's house.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Trouble With Chores''====\nMama gets very frustrated because the cubs are performing awfully at chores. Every time Mama gives a simple task to the cubs or Papa, they always have excuses to not do them. For example, when Mama asks Brother to clean the dishes he says \"But there is a neat show on right now!\" and when Mama asks Sister to wash them she says \"But I always get the dirty chores!\" Eventually Mama concludes that maybe it is better if she does all the work herself, but this is proven false. Papa then suggests to Mama that they take a break off of the chores and not do it unless they feel like it. To show a point Mama agrees knowing that their antics will eventually cause the house to get messy. This prediction comes true and while Mama goes to her quilting and gardening club, Papa, Sister and Brother get so exasperated that they spend one entire afternoon cleaning up the dirty, filthy crowded house.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and The Double Dare''====\nOne day, while Mama, Papa, and Brother are busy, Sister comes home saying that a bully stole her jump rope. Brother decides to volunteer to get her rope back, and goes to the park where the bully, To-Tall and his gang, are playing. Brother comes and asks them for the jump rope, or else he will pound them to meat. Despite Brother does not get to beat up To-Tall, To-Tall gives him the jump rope. Glad that he got it back, Brother decides to head home. While he was going, To-Tall and his gang tell Brother if they could go on a trip somewhere. Brother, who says no, is then teased by the gang (who call him\nchicken). Saying that he is not chicken, Brother goes with the gang. They start going to a bunch of spots that scare Brother such as the Spooky Old Tree,\na hike at the edge of a ravine, and a log over a rushing river. They arrive at the final spot, Farmer Ben's  watermelon patch. To- Tall and his gang\ntell brother that they will steal some watermelon. Brother disagrees, only to be teased by the gang again. Angry, he goes and takes a juicy watermelon, while the gang watches. Farmer Ben comes and catches Brother, and the gang runs away. Confused why Brother is stealing his watermelon, Brother tells Farmer Ben about him and To-Tall. After the story, Farmer Ben says that \"chickens aren't very smart, but they do know not to act when someone calls them chicken\" (referencing to Brother Being called a chicken.) \"Sheep, on the other hand, don't think for themselves, and are always following the leader.\" Brother sees the sheep heading to the highway, as the leader ram did. Farmer Ben says that Shep his sheepdog will round them up. He says that sheep will do anything the ram will do-run into a highway, jump off a cliff, or steal from a watermelon patch. Farmer Ben gives brother some watermelon to share with his family and a shortcut away from his farm. While Brother is walking home, To-Tall and his gang see him. The ask him if he can go to \"Widder Bruins\" house and \"have some fun\", or is Brother chicken. Brother says he is not chicken, nor sheep. The gang, who angrily keep on teasing Brother. All of the sudden, To-Tall's dad Two-Ton Grizzly comes and starts shouting at To-Tall and his gang. Brother leaves the argument and goes back home. He gives Sister her jump rope back. Mama asks him how he got back the jump rope, which Brother replies he just asked the gang. Mama says that he literally got it just like that, which Brother replies \" well, not really\".\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Slumber Party''====\nMama allows Sister to go to Lizzie Bruin's for a slumber party under the impression that there will be just a few cubs and that Lizzie's parents will not be there. However, word of the party spreads, and Lizzy allows everyone to come despite her parents leaving the cubs under the supervision of her teenage babysitter. The babysitter has trouble controlling all the cubs, especially once Too-Tall and his gang crash the party, and Sister and her friends are more than willing to take advantage of the situation and made such a commotion. Soon, the sleepover causes havoc to the point that the neighbors call the police, the Bruins return home and everything is a mess. The Bruins call the cubs' parents to take them home and tell them about the disarray they discovered. Mama is angry and disappointed and grounds Sister for one week with nothing to occupy her but chores, homework, and school. Papa, who believes the punishment is too harsh, tells Mama that privilege and responsibility apply to parents as well as cubs, and implies that they should have called and confirmed with the Bruins about the sleepover before allowing Sister to go. The next day, Mama Bear releases Sister of her punishment, admitting her anger got the best of her. Mama and Sister head over to Lizzy's house, intent on helping clean up the mess last night. Lizzy suggests they have some soda and becomes excited, proposing a cleanup party. Sister turns down the offer, explaining that same behavior from the night before and that she doesn't want to hear the word \"party\" again, for a long time.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Trouble With Grown-ups''====\nBrother and Sister feel that their parents have nothing to say but negative things about their cubs and criticize them. Mama finds out that the \"Parents Night Talent Show\" is next Friday, but the cubs forgot to give her the notice they brought home, which makes things worse. Lizzy,  Cousin Fred, Brother, and Sister try to think of a play, when Brother suggests \"The Trouble with Grownups!\", they agree secretly that it will be about cubs that do the same things Brother and Sister did that week that were wrong and the parents getting angry. The play gently parodies their parents, with cousin Freddy and Lizzy Bruin as Brother and Sister of the play. The comedy routine is a hit with the audience. Mama and Papa find it funny and enjoy the play. The next day, Mama and Papa Bear dress up as the cubs and do the same thing and show the cubs what they thought about it from their own point of view. Mama and Papa as the cubs run around rambunctiously, and Mama and Papa leave their cleaning objects and tools on the floors, which gets the cubs realizing that their parents enforcement of house rules serve a purpose. Seeing each other's perspective, this helps the family to understand and comprehend their frustrations a bit better, and learn that no one means to get on each other's nerves, as it is part of living under one roof.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears' New Neighbors''====\nThe cubs are wondering who will move into a sold house across from theirs. One day, the new family arrives to the house and they are a family of pandas. Papa, initially excited to see them, has trouble adjusting to the family because they are different from him. When Papa misinterprets their row of bamboo as a spite fence, he refuses to adjust to the Panda family. Although, Papa is angered to meet the new neighbors, the cubs visit them anyway and they make friends with them. Later, the family, even Papa, comes over with a gift of honey to them, and when they learn that the bamboo is not a spite fence, Papa accepts the new neighbors. Even if others are different, we need to accept them and show love. They may even think you are different.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Count Their Blessings''====\nMama thinks about how Sister and Brother will come back with complaints about how they do not have the things their friends have. She says Sister complains about Lizzy's Bearbie collection, and Brother will complain that he doesn't have enough video games like Cousin Freddy. When they come home, Mama and Papa tell them to think about what they have that their friends do not have. They count all their blessings and when they sit down together as a family, the lights go out. Brother and Sister hear a thunderstorm coming, which knocks out the power; Papa knows a trick that can make the thunderstorm go away. They count each time and the storm is one mile away. After the thunderstorm, the cubs go upstairs to play with the toys they have, learning to be more appreciative of their possessions, and also are thankful for events such as Christmas and Easter which celebrate with candy. Mama says that since the cubs' birthdays are coming up and they have learned their lesson about being grateful for what they have, perhaps it is appropriate that they get Sister a Bearbie doll and Brother a new video game. Papa chuckles that he knows what to thankful for; a wife and children!\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Homework Hassle''====\n\nAfter Brother falls too far behind in his homework, Papa warns Brother there will be no TV, no talking on the phone, and no anything until he gets caught up with his homework. Sister begins taunting Brother about how he is never able to get his homework done, leaving Brother to go for a walk. He goes outside to Gramps and Gran's house, and Gramps tells Brother of how Papa procrastinated in his homework, too, when he was a cub. Brother decides that he should go and do his homework and the next day, Teacher Bob gives Brother a B+ on his homework, and when he gets home, Mama, Papa, and Sister give Brother a hug as Brother's punishment is lifted. However, in the 2003 version, it did not show Brother getting a B+ on his homework by Teacher Bob and when he gets home, Mama, Papa, and Sister give Brother a hug instead, Mama kissed him on his cheek and Papa and Sister praised him. Meanwhile, in the 2003 version, Papa then must do his bills and does it with Brother.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Excuse Note''====\nSister finds gym very boring, so when she sees Lizzie with an excuse note after hurting her arm, she decides Lizzie is lucky. After school, while getting off the bus, Brother and Sister are running and Sister trips on a stone and falls. Papa and Mama rush to see if she is all right. She sprains her ankle and she gets an excuse note. At school, she enjoys sitting around doing nothing while the other cubs participate in gym. Eventually her ankle is all better, and one day at recess she forgets she is supposed to be injured and kicks a soccer ball that comes her way.  Teacher Jane notices and points out that her ankle must be all better now.  Sister complains to Mama that now she has to participate in useless gym again, but Mama explains to her how gym is good as it helps keep her healthy and helps her improve in other things.  Sister takes her advice and tries her hardest in gym, which in turn helps improves her athletic and sports abilities.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Get the Gimmies''====\nThe Bear family goes to a supermarket. At the checkout, Brother and Sister see their favorite candies and make a fuss until Papa gives in to their behavior and buys them. On the way out to the parking lot, Brother and Sister spot a Bucking Frog similar to the Bucking Duck they ride at the mall. They begin to whine and beg, even worse than they did inside, and Papa gives in once again and buys them a ride. En route to the car, the cubs spot a stand that sells toy cats that squeak. They have their worst screams yet, and Papa, embarrassed, reluctantly gives in to their demand and buys each of them a toy cat. When they got home, Papa and Mama are upset about the cubs' behavior and decide to have a talk with them about how greedy cubs that want everything can never be satisfied. Gramps and Gran come to visit, and Brother and Sister greet them by jumping up and down and yelling, demanding gifts. Infuriated and fed up, Papa sends the cubs to their room. Papa explains to Gramps and Gran that Brother and Sister have the worst case of the gimmies, and Gramps states that Papa had the gimmies once when he was a cub. Gramps and Gran state that they had a deal in which when it came time for a trip to the general store, Papa could pick out a treat, a book, or a toy before they ever left the house, and that was it for the day. If he came down with the gimmies and began whining for anything else, they would go right home and Papa would get nothing at all. The cubs then come down and apologize. Papa and Mama realize that is a good idea, and so do Brother and Sister. They go to the supermarket for a few days later, and Brother and Sister get the treats they decided on at the house, Brother gets a book on dinosaurs and Sister gets a box of crayons. The plan works, much to Mama and Papa's relief and Brother and Sister are very proud of themselves, too. However, as they leave, the Bear family spots a cub who also has the gimmies in the checkout. Brother and Sister express disgust with the cub's behavior, and they leave the supermarket happily.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and Too Much Teasing''====\nBrother teases Sister when she buys or watches things he doesn't like or hates every day. So one day Sister tells Mama about it. Mama and Papa tell Brother that teasing isn't a good idea. Papa shows Brother what teasing is like by calling Mama \"Ookums Snookums\" and tickling under her chin, which she doesn't like. At school, Brother gets a job working with the principal, and Too-tall Grizzly and his gang tease Brother, giving him a taste of what it's like to get teased. One day a new kid named Milton becomes Too-tall's new target, Brother stands up for Milton. Milton's parents are farmhands, and this is his first time going to a community school. Part of the reason that Milton is a target is because he is very much like a \"hayseed\" who acts folksy and simplistic among others. He's also bad at sports like baseball and soccer.  However, there is one sport Milton understands: wrestling, as he says on the farm part of his job was \"rassling\" pigs to the ground. Brother sends the principal a letter the next morning which secretly says that Milton challenges Too-tall and his gang to a wrestling match. (In the 2003 adaptation of the book, this part is changed to Brother bringing Milton in to try out for the school wrestling team, of which Too-tall is the captain.) Too-tall and his gang accept the challenge, and Milton wins by falling on Too-tall and his gang. Because of Too-tall's loss, he has to leave Milton alone. In the end, Brother doesn't tease Sister anymore.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Report Card Trouble''====\nBrother gets a bad report card, with all non-Physical Education grades being bad, while all of his classmates and Sister get good scores. After Papa shouts at him for doing very poor in school, Brother ends up getting grounded from sports, television, video games, skateboarding, rollerblading, and going out to movies with his friends. Despite how much Mama consoles him, Brother remains depressed. The whole family feels grounded after, since it would be unfair and a bad example if they do anything that Brother cannot do. Mama suggests that Papa went too far with grounding Brother, as she sees Sister being bored. After a talk on helping Brother, Mama and Papa decide to help him. Sister even joins, helping Brother with his vocabulary. The next day, the whole family helps Brother study for a math test and do a science project. Brother does good on the project and test, resulting in Papa lifting his grounding and improving his grades.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears No Girls Allowed''====\nWhen Brother and his friends used to play games, Sister would constantly tag along.  She was slower than they were and had a tendency to whine, so all the older cubs viewed her as a nuisance. But as Sister gets older, she suddenly starts to become better than them at climbing, baseball, marbles, and other activities. What's worse is the fact that Sister has also become a show-off and a bad winner with her obnoxious over-celebrating. One day, she can't find any of the other cubs to play with, so she decides to occupy herself instead. But after three days of no playmates, she goes looking for them and discovers they have built a neat-looking clubhouse in the thicket behind the baseball diamond that looks like a fortress. Her excitement turns to hurt feelings when the boy cubs add the finishing touch: a sign that reads, \"Bear Country Boys Club: NO GIRLS ALLOWED.\"  Sister runs home crying, and although Papa is initially furious and vows to make the cubs let her in the club, Mama suggests another solution: building a treehouse for Sister and her friends. Papa builds it in the old climbing tree, and Sister and her friends bring a rope ladder, a tin can telephone, and a spyglass. Mama explains to Sister that although the boys are being unfair and are sore losers, Sister had brought some of it on herself with her sore winner attitude. They celebrate the new clubhouse by grilling honeycomb and salmon, and the delicious smell brings the boys out of their clubhouse to investigate. The girls decide to invite the boys to share the meal, and afterwards, the boys invite the girls to their clubhouse in the thicket for a dessert of berries. Brother runs ahead, and when the girls arrive, they discover he's changed the sign to \"Bear Country Boys Club: GIRLS WELCOME!\"\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Trick or Treat''====\nOn the week near Halloween, Mama comes home with groceries, candy for trick-or-treaters. Brother and Sister try to surprise Mama by dressing into their costumes, and they manage to do so. Then on Halloween when the cubs make a map of their planned trick or treat route, they reveal about how they believe that Mama's best friend, \"Miz Migrizz\", is a spooky, cruel, witch. Mama Bear tries to tell them that Miz Migrizz isn't a witch but fails to convince them. That night, Brother and Sister and their friends Fred (as a pirate), Lizzy Bruin (as a skeleton), and Queenie (as the wicked queen from Snow White), go trick or treating but just when they leave the curb to their house they meet Too-Tall Grizzly and his gang. They learn that Too-Tall and his gang have only accepted on going Trick-Or-Treating under a mistaken belief that it is more fun and is about playing mean harsh tricks on older people. The cubs are worried when Too-Tall gives them an invitation to play tricks with them on Miz Migrizz and just before Too-Tall and his gang can start tricking Migrizz she hears the commotion and catches them. But instead of scolding them she gives them candy apples for Halloween. The cubs realize that she is kind after all. They thank Migrizz and head for home.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and The Bad Dream''====\nBrother obsessively collects all of the ''Space Grizzlies'' merchandise from action figures to movies to toys. No one else in the Bear family understands why Brother is so drawn to the toys, mostly finding it annoying when he leaves them all over the treehouse. He loves the toys so much that he looks for ways to earn money to buy more of them, eventually to get Sleezo's Cloud Castle. After seeing a poster for an upcoming Space Grizzlies movie, he can't wait for it to premiere. One afternoon, Brother desperately wants to play Space Grizzlies and propositions Sister. She agrees on the condition that Brother plays three games of her choice first. At dinner, Papa announces the movie Brother wants to see will be in theaters the next day. While Brother watches the Space Grizzlies movie, Mama and Papa and Sister see a different movie at the same multiplex called \"The Magic Toeshoes\", about a girl in a ballet class who cannot balance until she is given magic shoes by an old man, only to lose them before the big recital then to be told by the old man they were plain ordinary shoes, it was in her all along. After coming home from the theater, and going to bed, Sister wakes up and tells Mama and Papa of being embarrassed in public. Mama tells her it was a bad dream; a nightmare. All the things she was seeing in her sleep were jumbled pieces of information she had experienced during her day. Sister accepts that all she had was a bad dream and that it couldn't hurt her. Although Brother initially scoffs at her fear of bad dreams, that night he has a nightmare about being chased by enemies of the Space Grizzlies. Sister explains what she learned to him, and Brother better understands.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Trouble With Money''====\nThe cubs know a lot about Bear Country, such as the best places for flowers, berries, and honey. However, they don't know a lot about money. Whenever they receive any money, either from doing odd jobs for neighbors or as handouts from Mama, Papa or their grandparents, they immediately run to the mall and blow it all on honeycomb on a stick and cheap toys. Attempts to save money in Sister's piggy bank are short-lived, and Brother does not even own a piggy bank. Mama starts getting concerned about the cubs' attitude, and recommends putting them on an allowance to show the value of money. However, this idea is disapproved by Papa, who cheerfully suggests that this is the time to have a carefree childhood and that they will have plenty of money worries when they are grownup. However, Papa is the one to give the cubs a dressing down about squandering. One day, when Brother and Sister are at the mall, they see a new game called \"Astro Bear\" at the arcade and run home to ask for money for it. Papa explodes, asking if they think he's made of money or that money grows on trees, and knocking over a chair as he yells. Mama once again attempts to bring up the allowance idea, but Papa refuses, saying that they need to learn to earn their money, just as he did. The cubs take what he says to heart and become small entrepreneurs, selling flowers and berries, guiding tours of Bear Country's most beautiful spots, and starting a pet-sitting business. But when they start selling maps of the locations of all the best honey trees (a family secret), Papa begins to worry. He complains that all they care about now is making money, and they've turned into little misers, which does seem to be apparent as Brother and Sister are seen accounting for all the money they made. He calls the cubs in for a lecture, but before he can begin, they dump all their hard-earned money into his lap, saying that they earned it all for him so he wouldn't have to worry about money so much. A startled Papa is silent, and Mama clarifies with the cubs that she and Papa worry about money, but the purpose of the earlier lecture was to see the importance of hard work and savings. This time, Papa is the one who brings up the allowance idea. They take the cubs' money to the Bear Country Bank and open a savings account, explaining to the cubs about starting a nest egg and how interest works. The bank is inside the mall, and adjacent to the video arcade, so Papa feels that since the cubs have learned their lessons about squandering, the entire Bear family enjoys a round of Astro Bear.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and Papa's Pizza''====\nWhen the cubs invite their friends over to their house, they don't know what to do until they ask Mama if they can have a party. Mama sarcastically says \"No\" at first, but then says, \"Yes\". Initially, the cubs try to make snacks, but end up making only their favorite foods: \"Peanut Butter-mushy-banana-and-crushed-honeycomb-sandwiches-with-a-Pickle\". When the cubs express their beliefs that their friends will love it as much as they, Mama tells the cubs that they also need to make their friends' favorite foods and that some may not like the sandwiches. The next few days the cubs go around asking their friends what they like. But nobody likes guacamole, cheese sandwiches, peanut butter, green onions, green peppers, tuna fish, mushrooms, squash, and other things like that, making them have to agree on boring \"crackers and water\". But Papa comes to the rescue and says that he used to be a Pizzaologist in college and lets the cubs make their own pizza.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears At the Giant Mall''====\nBrother and Sister ride their bikes to the hardware store, where they find Papa trying to purchase a one and a half-inch carving set. Papa finds that the Bear Country Hardware store doesn't have a one and a half inch carving set, so he is told by the clerk to check the Bear Country Mall for the carving set, much to Papa's, Brother's and Sister's delight. The family drives to the giant mall, where Papa brags once again that he never gets lost. Mama, Brother and Sister, go over the rules of the mall, but since Papa believes that he never gets lost, he abandons the rules and goes alone to find the hardware store while the family agrees to meet in the food court in one hour. Brother, Mama, and Sister look around the mall in a book store, a pet store, and a music store. The group has fun, but when the hour is finished they head to the food court but Papa doesn't show up. Mama is not surprised that Papa doesn't arrive and suspects that he got himself lost. The cubs and Mama ask a clerk for help to find Papa, but the clerk says that he hasn't seen Papa. They head to the lost cub center where they find Papa and Papa finally admits that he got lost. The cubs show him where the hardware store is, and after Papa gets his carving set, he apologizes for the trouble he caused and promises to always follow the rules.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Bad Habit''====\nSeveral of the cubs in Sister's first grade class have developed little nervous habits from the increased amount of work compared to kindergarten, but Sister's is the worst: a nail-biting habit that is making her fingers sore. When Mama places tape over Sister's fingers to keep her from biting them, Sister gets irritated by it because her friends tease her. She cannot scratch itches and play Jacks and such, so eventually she takes off the tape and her nail-biting habit gets bigger and bigger. Papa and Mama get worried and Papa gets an idea for a reward where Sister would get a dime for every day she doesn't bite her nails until she can stop her habit. Sister is excited about the idea. But even that won't help Sister break her habit and she doesn't get a single dime. However, Gran gives Mama another suggestion: instead of a dime at the end of each day, give Sister ten pennies at the beginning of the day. This way, the jingle of them in her pocket will remind her not to bite, and for every nail she does bite she must give back a penny. The plan works, and although Sister has to give back a few pennies, she still gets ten fine fingernails and 93 pennies in ten days, breaking her nail-biting habit for good. However Brother gets jealous that Sister has all those pennies and he tells Papa that he'll bite his nails so he can get money like Sister, but Brother tells Papa when he suspiciously objects that he was joking.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the In-Crowd''====\nSister meets a new cub named Queenie McBear whose fashionable clothes and fancy bike impresses Sister's friends. When Sister tries to be friendly, Queenie scoffs at both Sister's name and her style of dress. She also wins over Sister's friends by buying them ice cream, as well as laughing that Sister still uses a tricycle. Sister first tries to teach herself to ride Brother's bike in order to beat Queenie at her own game, but fails miserably. Mama tries to get Sister to fit in by getting her an outfit akin to Queenie's. While Sister appreciates Mama's kind gesture, she says it is not her, and that she would not change herself even if \"Bear Country was attacked by an army of Queenie clones!\" Mama, glad that Sister has a good outlook, tells her that just because Queenie got ice cream for Sister's friends, it does not make them automatically like her, and that Sister should focus on what she is good at; her jump rope abilities in an upcoming double Dutch tournament. On the day of the tournament, many cubs participate, even some boys like Brother and Cousin Freddy. Sister's friends register for Sister's team when they see she is the best chance to win. Queenie turns out to be a disaster at jump rope, especially since she made the mistake of wearing dangly clothings and hoop earrings. Sister wins the tournament and is cheered by all, and Queenie admits she has learned a lesson in what it is like to be humiliated, and pledges to turn over a new leaf.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Blame Game''====\nMama is feeling annoyed because Brother and Sister keep playing the blame game with each other after every mistake and accident. When the cubs break the vase, and Mama rushes into the room, they blame each other for breaking the vase by protesting about how the vase broke and why they tried to tease each other causing to break the vase. Just as Mama is about to lose her temper, Papa comes in and tells the cubs to instead solve the problem. They do so, but when Brother and Sister break the bay window with a baseball and begin the blame game again, Papa loses it as well until Mama helps them fix the problem. Papa reminds the cubs that while there are times when someone really is to blame, there's always enough blame to go around.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Attic Treasure''====\nOne day, Mama gets an idea from a magazine to turn their attic into a lovely family room. The family goes up to the attic and plan to turn the junk into cash and hold a big yard sale the next day. But however when the family puts up their advertisements for the yard sale, they find that the junk happens to be forgotten treasures; like Brother's twirl-a-hoop, Papa's baseball card collection, a cracked honey pot as a wedding gift, Papa's sack race trophy, albums of Papa and Mama's wedding, and baby furniture in case they have another baby. Eventually they have nothing to offer at the yard sale when they refuse to sell the treasures, so they cancel the yard sale and are able to clean up the attic enough to turn it into a family room.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Trouble at School''====\nBrother gets ill and Dr. Grizzly recommends Brother to stay home until he feels better. Brother is annoyed with his schoolwork and his place on the soccer team being disrupted by being bedridden, but Mama pampers him and gives him entertaining things to pass the time. Brother enjoys these so much that he neglects the folders of makeup work Sister brings home for him. By the time he recovers, Brother returns to a bumpy start; he has been relegated to a second-stringer on the soccer team as Freddy has been promoted to the first string, and he has to take a math test. Even in an unprepared state, Brother might have squeaked by on the test because he was good with fractions, but his mind was so distracted by losing his place on the soccer team that he flunks, and his test is returned with a remark \"Very Poor! Must be Signed by Parents\". When Brother and Sister return home, Sister falls ill from Brother's earlier malady. Brother takes advantage of Mama's attention to Sister to hide the poor test. The next day, Brother becomes truant by intentionally missing the bus, folding his test into a paper airplane to be rid of it both figuratively and literally, then walking down a dirt road ranting to himself how nothing has ever gone right for him in soccer or academics. The road is connected is along his grandparents' home, who see him and are perplexed as to why he is being a truant, but Gramps decides to handle to problem in a kindly manner. He takes Brother to a swamp with an old rusted carriage submerged in the peat, and tells that many years ago he was driving the carriage through a series of wrong turns until finally, in a rage, he drove it right into the swamp. Gramps then realized he actually worked so hard to cause such a mess, similar to Brother's rant, and that if he only took a moment to stop and change course, all the trouble could have been avoided. After the paper airplane is found, Gramps takes Brother home, to which Mama and Papa are not pleased to hear Brother was truant. But when Gramps shows he has taught Brother right, Papa signs the test and Mama returns Brother to school, commenting, \"it is never too late to correct a mistake\". Brother's teacher says most students did poorly on the math test and gives the class another shot, to which Brother does well after learning an earlier lesson in adding and subtracting fractions from Gramps. At soccer, the coach gives Brother his old position back as Freddy is not ready for the first string, but has been making progress. Rather than gloat, Brother comments to the coach \"it is never too late to correct a mistake\" and commends Freddy for sharpening his athletic ability.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Bully''====\nSister comes home crying about being assaulted by a bully, Brother goes to the empty school to avenge her only to find out the bully is a younger girl named Tuffy, and he walks away knowing he can't beat up a girl. Rather than getting even, Brother helps Sister in the art of self-defense and helps her vent her frustrations by creating a bean bag with a picture of Tuffy on front of it that she can punch. As the days go by she becomes more proficient at self-defense until the day comes when Tuffy is throwing rocks at a baby bird during recess. When Sister stands up for the bird, Tuffy tries but fails to hit Sister and instead gets a bloody nose. While waiting to see the principal, Sister learns that Tuffy's behavior stems from how she is disciplined at home. Sister is given a warning but avoids further punishment because teachers saw that she was just trying to protect the bird, while also learning a lesson in bully motivation. Tuffy is sentenced to a week of detention during recess as punishment for her poor behavior and has to visit the school psychologist twice a week.\n\n===''The Berenstain Bears and the Big Blooper''===\nOne day, Lizzy Bruin invites Sister to play with her, which she happily accepts, and they start by playing house with their dolls. Their game is cut short by Lizzy's mother trying to make some phone calls. Sister and Lizzy then decide to watch ''Trouble at Big Bear High'', a video rented by Lizzy's older brother, Barry. The video was about teenagers in high school, who often got angry and upset with each other, and often teased one another. Whenever the teenagers in the video got angry or upset, they often used  Adult words that Sister had never heard. Sister assumes that the words are like \"phooey\" or \"fudge\", but more mature. After a few more hours with Lizzy, Sister goes home for dinner. At dinner, Sister tells her family about the video. Brother (who had also seen the video with Barry) questions whether or not Sister was old enough to be watching the video. Offended, Sister says that she liked the video a lot, but, accidentally knocks over her glass of milk. Intending to say \"Oh, phooey!\" or \"Oh, fudge!\", Sister accidentally lets one of the swear words from the video slip. Everyone at the table is shocked, and Sister tells Mama all about the adult words. Mama tells Sister that the words she heard from the video are not nice words, and should never be used by any cub, regardless of how angry or upset they are. When Sister asks whether grown-ups use those words, Mama sternly turns her attention to Papa. Papa starts to tell Sister about situations when grown-ups do use bad words (E.G hitting their thumb with a hammer, or when wrong moves occur in sports), only to be cut off by Mama. Mama then reiterates her point to Sister, that no one, Cubs or adults, should ever use swear words, since they just aren't nice. That night, as Sister is being tucked into bed, she asks Mama why Cubs and adults use swear, even though it isn't nice. Mama sighs, and answers that it just becomes a habit.\n\n===Step into Reading Books===\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Go Up and Down''====\nAt the mall, some bears go up and down on the escalators. But they go too far when they go up the down escalator, and some go down the up escalator. The mall owner calls the police and the kids get back to their school.\n\n====''Old Hat, New Hat''====\nAt a hat store, Momma discards her old hat and shops for a new one. She finds a reason to reject each hat that is brought to her, until she happens upon her old hat, declares it perfect, and leaves the store with it.\n\n===Big Chapter Books===\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the New Girl in Town''====\nAn ancient feud in Bear Country between the Bear and Grizzly clans has resurfaced while a new female cub named Bonnie Brown has transferred to Bear Country School. During her first day at the school, she ends up befriending Brother, who has developed a crush on her and vice versa. Meanwhile, a school rendition of ''Romeo and Juliet'' helps both clans realize what could happen if they continue to feud with one another. In the end, Brother and Bonnie are able to continue with their friendship.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears' Christmas Tree''====\nIt is Christmas, and Papa Bear and the cubs are told by Mama Bear to buy a Christmas tree. Instead of buying one from Grizzly Gus, they go out into the forest, despite the cold and snow, and find various trees that appear to be homes to all kinds of animals. When they come upon their last tree, Papa looks into a tiny window of the trunk and sees a family of snowbirds spending Christmas together and realizes that Christmas is the time to be thinking of family and friends. They head back to the Christmas tree lot, only to find that Gus has sold every last tree. They are disappointed until they see their own tree decorated with help from the animals who returned the kindess to them.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Nerdy Nephew''====\nProfessor Actual Factual brings a new cub to school called Freddy Factual, who is very smart but doesn't know about friends. Soon Queenie comes along and Freddy teaches Queenie how to play chess. Brother, Freddie and Sister try to tell him that Queenie is pretending to be his friend to get homework answers, but Ferdy doesn't believe this and ignores them. After school, Brother invites Ferdy to come to his place to play video games, but Ferdy says he agreed to meet Queenie to help her with schoolwork. Queenie comes along and she and Ferdy become homework partners. The next day, when Ferdy plays chess by himself again, he sees Brother playing with the ball. He asks him to pass the ball, but Brother refuses as he looks like he is pretending he does not want it. Eventually Brother throws the ball, but Ferdy is talking to Queenie and does not see the ball coming, so hits him on the stomach. Queenie laughs and Ferdy runs away. Brother chases after him and tells Ferdy that he was showing off and apologizes. Brother also admits that he is concerned about an upcoming football game against a tough team, so Ferdy offers to help out by using his chess skills to look at play patterns. Brother's team manages to outwit their opponents thanks to Ferdy knowing which play patterns work best. The school cheers Brother and the players, and the coach says Ferdy is the best team manager he has ever had.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears' Media Madness''====\nAt the Bear Country School, the cubs help Mr. Bob set up a TV station. The cubs become very involved and forget their schoolwork.\n\n===''The Bear Scouts''===\nBrother and his friends are going camping by themselves, but Papa decides to come along bragging that he knows better than the guide book. Trouble occurs when Papa tries to prove himself smarter than the guide book; he makes a spaghetti knot to swing across a collapsed bridge, but it unties and Papa almost falls down a gorge and the cubs are forced to rescue him; When they come to a fork on the trail, the guide book says to go the long way, but Papa goes the short way and when he refuses to obey the guide book map, he finds a group of crocodiles on the short way and is forced to go up the long way; when the cubs are forced to go down a river, they build a canoe to travel down with, but Papa grows impatient and tries to use a log to go down the river and gets trapped into a whirlpool and the cubs are forced to rescue him again; Papa tries to make stew for dinner, but the cubs go fishing and Papa finds that his stew tastes horrible and he dumps it down a cliff; he then tries to sleep in a cave that night rather than tents, but is chased away by a group of bats and he injures himself as he falls down the cliff. The cubs bandage him and take him home to a displeased Mama.\n\n===Other books===\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Big Road Race''====\nBased on the story of the Tortoise and the Hare, Brother Bear participates in a road race under the name \"Little Red\", driving the Bears' family car, which is slower and less aerodynamic than the other racers. Brother keeps putting along while the other racers, identified by other colors speed off. One racer known as Blue hits a tree speeding through a hairpin turn while Brother rounds the curve carefully. Another one, known as Green (who is \"quite mean\") uses tacks to flatten the tires of Orange and Yellow while he is unconcerned about Little Red. An overconfident Green stops at a fast food joint, but \"it turns out the food was not fast enough\" as Brother comes along to get the checkered flag. The Bear family proudly celebrates Brother with his gold cup as the final line is what was recited for much of the story: \"Putt, putt, putt, went Little Red\".\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Broken Piggy Bank''====\nWhen Mama and the cubs are at the store, Brother buys a toy airplane and Sister buys a teddy bear, but when Brother wants a toy truck too, Mama buys a piggy bank for the cubs, saying it will teach them to save wisely. Brother and Sister earn lots of money by doing chores, but Mama is shocked to find the piggy bank broken one day. She thinks the cubs will spend the money on such purchases as candy, comic books and rides at the Fun Park. She is shocked again when she realized that she misjudged the cubs, because they spent the money on Mama's birthday present.\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears and the Wishing Star''*====\nWhen Sister sees a teddy bear at the mall, she loves it and wants it. That night, Mama teaches Sister the rhyme of the wishing star. Sister wishes for the teddy bear. When the wish comes true, she wishes for an \"A\" on her work at school. When that wish comes true, she sees a pony on TV. She wishes for the pony, but the wish doesn't come true. Sister is very sad, so Brother tells her that she has to be careful of being greedy, because the wishing star doesn't listen to greedy requests. However Sister who apparently didn't learn a thing from the experience, and what Brother tells her, then says, \"Well, two out of three isn't bad!\"\n\n====''The Berenstain Bears Get Lost in a Cave''====\nPapa and the Bear Scouts Brother, Sister, Lizzy, and Cousin Freddy explore a cave, but, when they take many wrong curves, they get lost. Before long, they find a river that they think is another branch that could lead out of the cave. They go down the river and see a mini waterfall. When they go down it, Sister says the waterfall was a scary water ride at \"Fun Park\". The cubs want to do it again, but Papa says \"NO!\"\n\n====''Get A Checkup''====\nThis is a poetic retelling of ''Go to the Doctor.''\n\nIn this story the cubs are told that they are going to Doctor Grizzly's for a checkup. The cubs get nervous because Mama and Papa tell them that they are most likely going to get booster shots of medicine. After several tests by Dr. Grizzly, she helps them conquer their fears of booster shots; and learns that Papa is overweight, prescribing a diet for him until he gets into shape.\n\n====''Love Their Neighbors''====\nBased on the Good Samaritan, it says everyone in Bear Country takes pride in their personal appearance and their houses, from the simple farmhouse of Farmer Ben to the stately manor of Squire Grizzly. However, there is one place in Bear Country that is an eyesore, a rundown shanty owned by the Bogg Brothers, who are also uncouth and spit tobacco on the road in public. When the Bears' are on their way to a harvest fair, their car breaks down. All of their friends pass by, but apologize for being unable to help, citing their responsibilities at the fair. One group does help, the grungy Bogg brothers, who tow the Bears' car to a gas station owned by their Uncle Zeke. Zeke deduces the problem was a ruptured air hose and even replaces the damaged part on the house. The Bears learn a lesson that being a good neighbor is more than appearances when the Bogg brothers are glad to help, confident the Bears would have done the same for them in a reversed scenario. The Boggs then perform hoedown music in the fair for everyone, but the Bears feel they owe the Boggs for their aid, so they invite them to dinner the following week. The Boggs come to the Bears' home, not their usual rough cut selves, but well dressed and acting polite.\n\n====''Storybook Bible for Little Ones''====\nTold with words and pictures in the beloved Berenstain style, this padded board book is based on the bestselling the Berenstain Bears Storybook Bible and features eight stories from the Old and New Testaments. Perfect for little ones just learning about the Bible.\n\n===Living Lights===\n\n====''God Loves You''====\nThe Berenstain Bear series helps children learn how God wants them to live every day. When the Bear family practices going to church, praying, and being kind, plus remembering how much God loves them, their lives are much more joyful. In God Loves You! Brother and Sister Bear discover that God loves them, not because they\u2019re successful, but because he made them. This book helps children appreciate the many ways God shows his love to them.\n\n====''The Golden Rule''====\nShould Sister Bear ignore the new girl at school just because her friends do? The Berenstain Bears and the Golden Rule shows children how choosing to be kind may not always be the easy choice. But it is always the right one.\n\n====''Go to Sunday School''====\nThe Berenstain Bear series helps children learn how God wants them to live every day. When the Bear family practices going to church, praying, and being kind, plus remembering how much God loves them, their lives are much more joyful. Sundays find the Bear family busily enjoying all sorts of activities, But church isn\u2019t one of them. In The Berenstain Bears Go to Sunday School\u00b8 children discover the value of going to church and Sunday School as a family. The Berenstain Bears Go to Sunday School was the 2009 Retailers Choice Award winner in the Children\u2019s Fiction category.\n\n====''Say Their Prayers''====\nIn The Berenstain Bears Say Their Prayers, Brother Bear discovers that God answers every prayer\u2014in his own way and time. Children will learn, along with Brother Bear, that praying isn\u2019t just for bedtime.\n\n====''Love Their Neighbors''====\nThe Little Lights Berenstain Bear series helps children learn how God wants them to live every day. Most of the Berenstain Bears\u2019 neighbors are like the Bear family\u2014they keep their homes neat and clean. Except for the Bogg Brothers who live in a run-down shack. In The Berenstain Bears Love Their Neighbors children learn that being a good neighbor takes more than keeping a nice home.\n\n====''Play a Good Game''====\nThe Little Lights Berenstain Bear series helps children learn how God wants them to live every day. Coach Papa Bear wants his team to play fair. But the other coach just wants to win. The Berenstain Bears Play Fair shows that players and coaches should act in a way that pleases God.\n\n====''Give Thanks''====\nThe Living Lights Berenstain Bear series helps children learn how God wants them to live every day. The Berenstain cubs act out the first Thanksgiving\u2014complete with costumes, props and a full Thanksgiving feast. But will Sister Bear\u2019s pet turkey play the part of dinner? The Berenstain Bears Give Thanks teaches how God provided for the pilgrims and reminds children of God\u2019s many blessings.\n\n====''Christmas Tree''====\nFinding the perfect Christmas tree is very important for Papa Bear and the cubs. But while hunting for that one special tree, the family meets up with other animals that live in them. Papa, Brother, and Sister realize that the trees are perfect homes for the animals and show kindness and love for their fellow Bear Country friends by not cutting them down. The animals from the forest work together to thank the Bear Family in a wonderful and unique way.\n\n====''Discover God's Creation''====\nGod\u2019s creation, we have found, has a better picture and better sound. And worlds of wonder all around! Thanks, Lord, for this world we\u2019ve found! Mama Bear pulls the plug on TV and the Bear cubs are upset! What are they going to do now? All it takes is a peek outside for Brother and Sister to see that God has given them a beautiful world that is far more fun than the TV screen.\n\n====''Job Well Done''====\nBrother, Sister, and Honey Bear need to clean their playhouse. They\u2019d rather play outside. In The Berenstain Bears and A Job Well Done the Bear children learn what the Bible says about the joy of work.\n\n====''Joy of Giving''====\nIn The Berenstain Bears and The Joy of Giving Brother and Sister Bear can\u2019t wait for Christmas and all the presents they\u2019ll open. But during the Christmas Eve pageant, something special happens! The Bear cubs learn a very valuable lesson about the joy of giving to others.\n\n====''Forgiving Tree''====\nWhen Cousin Fred accidentally damages Brother's brand-new bike,Brother Bear is angry. Can Sister Bear help him see that forgiving hisfriend is the right thing to do?\n\n====''Holy Bible NIrV''====\nPerfect for school, church, and home, The Berenstain Bears Holy Bible, NIrV is a large-print Bible for early readers. It uses the complete text of the New International Reader\u2019s Version (NIrV) written at a third-grade reading level. With 18 full-color pages of the popular Berenstain Bears illustrations with related biblical virtues, it is just right for beginning readers to embark on their first exploration of the Bible with friendly faces guiding the way.\n\n====''Follow God's Word''====\nThis five-book collection of the highly popular Living Lights\u2122 Berenstain Bears\u00ae stories provides children with an ideal gift they will enjoy for years to come. The biblical values, morals, and life lessons are invaluable for children throughout every stage of their lives. Includes 5 stories: The Berenstain Bears: Kindness Counts; The Berenstain Bears Go to Sunday School; The Berenstain Bears and the Golden Rule; The Berenstain Bears: God Loves You; and The Berenstain Bears Say Their Prayers.\n\n====''Get Ready for Christmas''====\nHelp Brother, Sister, and Honey search the Bear family tree house to find their \u201cbearloom\u201d manger scene in this memorable and fun lift-the-flap Christmas story.\n\n====''Gossip Gang''====\nIn The Berenstain Bears and the Gossip Gang, talking about others makes Sister feel like she is special, even if what is said might not be true. But when rumors are spread about her, Sister begins to understand just how hurtful gossip can be.\n\n====''Here's the Church, Here's the Steeple''====\nJoin the Berenstain Bear family and discover all that goes on in both the Chapel in the Woods and Sunday school with this fun and interactive lift-the-flap.\n\n====''Let the Bible Be Your Guide''====\n\u201cPapa, in the book of Proverbs we are told, \u2018Choose knowledge rather than gold.\u2019\u201d The Scout Guidebook says: Rule Number Two\u2014 \u2018Don\u2019t ever stand up in a canoe!\u2019\u201d Papa and the Bear Scouts are off on a canoe adventure hoping to earn their White Water Badges. But will Scoutmaster Papa follow the rules the way he should?\n\n====''Perfect Fishing Spot''====\nPapa, Brother, and Sister Bear search for the perfect fish for dinner. But when Papa\u2019s ideas don\u2019t go as planned, will they rely on Mama\u2019s advice?\n\n====''Reap the Harvest''====\n\u201cThat\u2019s the way it is with farming. Same way it is with faith . . . our true reward may come later on-in God\u2019s good time.\u201d Brother and Sister take a summer job on Farmer Ben\u2019s farm. But will their hard work pay off at the end of summer?\n\n====''Show Some Respect''====\n\"Honor your father and your mother,\" Exodus 20:12 In The Berenstain Bears Show Some Respect even good cubs can fall into bad habits. Brother and Sister have gotten into the habit of sometimes treating their Mama and Papa with less than the respect they deserve. Mama and Papa occasionally forget their manners towards their parents as well! When Gramps and Gran notice the change in the Bear Family attitude, they call them on it and point out that everyone deserves a little respect.\n\n====''Trouble with Secrets''====\n\u201cSecrets are fun. But it\u2019s more fun to share! So welcome!\u201d said Brother and Sister Bear. It looks like Brother and Sister Bear are sneaking around Bear Country! Cousin Fred and Lizzy are curious. What could their friends be up to?\n\n====''Faith Gets Us Through''====\nThe Bear Scouts are ready to earn their Cave Adventure Merit Badges. How will Scoutmaster Papa Bear help the cubs?\n\n====''God Made the Seasons''====\nWinter, spring, summer, fall, Brother and Sister Bear love them all! Read all about the seasons in Bear Country!\n\n====''God Bless the Animals''====\nAn owl in the tree, an alligator in the swamp \u2026 who else will you meet? Join the Bear family on a nature walk through Bear Country!\n\n====''Easter Story''====\n\"He has risen!\" Mark 16:6 Brother and Sister have come to value all the candy and Easter eggs they get on Easter morning. But a much more important value gets emphasized one Eastern morn when Papa read them the Easter story (featuring people not bears).\n\n====''Get Involved''====\nA storm hits Bear Country, and Bear Country might flood! It\u2019s up to the Bear family and the rest of the rescue team at the Chapel in the Woods to come together and save their community.\n\n====''God Bless our Home''====\nThe Bear Family seems to be outgrowing the tree house. But God has blessed them with happy memories in their home, and no one really wants to move. Can they find a way to stay?\n\n====''Trouble with Things''====\nIn this new Berenstain Bear, Living Lights 8x8 The Berenstain Bears and The Trouble with Things, the Bears are dealing with a typical family issue \u2026 the idea that they need \u201cthings.\u201d And even more things! Brother Bear wants a Space Grizzlies play set. Sister Bear begs for a Bearbie dream house. Even Papa Bear thinks he needs a new fishing rod! But thanks to Mama Bear\u2019s wisdom the family learns that God offers more than just material things.\n\n====''Storybook Bible''====\nJoin Papa, Mama, Brother, Sister, and Honey Bear as they read favorite Bible stories together as a family and imagine what it would have been like to see Adam and Eve in the garden, watch Noah build the ark, and listen as Jesus tells a parable to the people. Told with words and pictures in the beloved Berenstain style, twenty-three Old and New Testament stories come alive for young readers.\n\n====''Thanksgiving Blessings''====\nRide along with the Bear family on Thanksgiving Day as Brother and Sister learn about all the things they\u2014and YOU\u2014can be thankful for \u2026 including faith, family, and the huge feast waiting for them at the end of their journey to Gramp\u2019s and Gran\u2019s. Includes a sheet of colorful stickers featuring the whole Bear family.\n\n====''Valentine Blessings''====\nThe Country Cousins hockey team has been practicing every day for the big game against their rivals, the Beartown Bullies. But when Brother receives a Valentine in the mail from a secret \u201cSweetie Bear\u201d he doesn\u2019t know what do. Will the Valentine keep him from playing his best at the hockey game or will he learn an important lesson about love?\n\n====''Keep the Faith''====\nWhen Brother and Sister Bear\u2019s friend Ferdy Factual tells them he doesn\u2019t believe God created the world, the Bear cubs don\u2019t know what to think. What does it mean to have faith? Can Preacher Brown help?\n\n====''Blessed are the Peacemakers''====\nMost of the cubs at Bear Country School get along most of the time. But when rivals are cast opposite each other in the school play, Romeo and Grizzliet, Brother and Sister Bear have to decide if they should mind their own business or get involved as peacemakers to save the performance.\n\n====''Biggest Brag''====\nBrother and Sister Bear both like to be the best\u2014the best soccer player, the best student, the best artist. But when Gramps overhears the cubs bickering about who can see the most unusual cloud formations he puts a stop to the arguing. Being proud of a special talent from God is one thing, but bragging about it is foolish.\n\n====''God Made You Special''====\nIn this newest 8x8 softcover title in the Berenstain Bears Living Lights collection, the Bruins join the Bear family for a cookout and bring their cousin Tommy along. It isn\u2019t long before the cubs start up a game of baseball and Sister soon notices that Tommy doesn\u2019t play like the rest of the group. When Sister asks about Tommy, Mama takes the opportunity to talk to Sister about how God makes each of us unique in our own way. And that we all have special gifts and talents to share with the folks around us.\n\n====''Country Cookbook''====\nIt\u2019s The Berenstain Bears' Country Cookbook! Bear lovers everywhere are sure to find favorite recipes for fun food in this new kid-friendly, cookbook--ranging from Bear favorites that use honey and berries to pie, a delicious stew, and even some Berenstain favorites like Jan Berenstain\u2019s famous green lasagna. Featuring breakfast, lunch, main meal, and dessert recipes as well as kid-friendly cooking tips such as food and measurement conversions, this is sure to become a go-to cookbook for delicious and fun recipes kids can cook with an adult.\n\n====''God Bless our Country''====\nIn the newest Berenstain Bear Living Lights 8x8 title, the glorious fourth has arrived and the Bear family is busy decorating with flags and bunting. Brother, Sister and Honey are anticipating the big parade and all the fireworks but aren\u2019t really thinking about the true meaning of the day.\nBut Mama and Papa make sure the cubs know just how much Bear Country is blessed with a quick lesson about the first Fourth of July.\n\n====''Harvest Festival''====\nAutumn is a beautiful time of year, and the folks of Bear Country are looking forward to everything the season brings. So when the Chapel in the Woods holds its first ever Harvest Festival, people gather at Farmer Ben\u2019s for a wonderful time of family, friends, fun, and praising God for his gifts.\n\n====''Storybook Bible for Little Ones''====\nThe Berenstain Bears Storybook Bible for Toddlers is perfect for young children. Now toddlers have a padded board book edition designed just for them, with simple text, bright art, and a padded cover. This cute and durable edition provides an overview of the Bible with ten stories from the Old and New Testaments that follow the Bear family as they explore Scripture. The Berenstain Bears Storybook Bible for Toddlers is fun and enlightening for kids and a great resource for parents and educators. \n\n====''Very First Christmas''====\nThe beloved Berenstain Bears tell the story of the first Christmas in The Berenstain Bears, The Very First Christmas. Fans of the Berenstain Bears read all about Jesus\u2019 coming from the angel\u2019s announcement of a new baby to the visit of the three wise men.\n\n===I Can Read===\n\n====''Jobs Around Town''====\nSearching for the perfect job, the Bear siblings learn to celebrate the many talents of others and begin to imagine where their own God-given gifts will take them as they grow.\n\n====''Neighbor in Need''====\nThe Good Deed Scouts are on the lookout for someone to help \u2026 and who do they see? It\u2019s Mrs. Grizzle doing her yard work! Will she let the cubs help?\n\n====''Kitten Rescue''====\nThe Good Deed Scouts are on the lookout for someone to help \u2026 and they hear the mewing of a kitten in a tall tree! Will the cubs save the day?\n\n====''Little Lost Cub''====\nHelping a lost cub find his mother is a perfect good deed for the Scouts. After all, if they are living by God\u2019s example, they cannot let even the smallest go astray! Will they find the cub\u2019s mother and bring them back together?\n\n====''Mama's Helpers''====\nThe Good Deed Scouts are a group of bear cubs committed to doing a good deed each and every day. In this Berenstain Bears\u00ae Living Lights\u2122 level one I Can Read, scouts Brother, Sister, Cousin Fred, and Lizzy set forth to find a good deed to do. The scouts decide that it is a good idea to help Mama Bear with her every day chores around the tree house. Emergent readers quickly learn that with kindness and cooperation, work gets done and then the fun can begin. Biblical values are brought out and Bible verses are quoted in this new addition to the highly successful I Can Read series. In addition to the faith-based messages always found in Zonderkidz books, we have the benefit of having our young readers learn about life\u2019s truths and lessons with the beloved Berenstain Bear cubs.\n\n====''Good Deeds Scouts to the Rescue''====\nThis three-book collection of popular Berenstain Bear Good Deed Scout I Can Read stories will provide young readers with valuable reading skills practice as well as lessons about serving and caring for others.\n\n====''Help the Homeless''====\nThe spooky, old house on Spook Hill would make the perfect homeless shelter for Bear Country. The Good Deed Scouts and Old Tom better get busy with repairs!\n\n====''Honey Hunt Helpers''====\nA series of faith-based values readers inspired by the classic Berenstain Bears book, The Berenstain Bears and the Good Deed, recently acquired for reprint by Zonderkidz. The Good Deed Scouts are a group of bear cubs who are committed to doing a good deed each and every day. Scouts Brother, Sister, Cousin Fred and Lizzy set forth in each story to find a good deed to do. Each book begins with a Bible verse about the importance of doing good deeds to help others. Each story tells about a different need in the community that the scouts can fulfill, a different way in which they can be of service. By doing good deeds for others, the Good Deed Scouts bring out the best in others as well. Soon those they serve are doing good deeds in return. From this small seed helping and caring for others grows and blossoms throughout the whole community. Biblical values are brought out and Bible verses are quoted.\n\n====''Thank God for Good Health''====\nHave Brother and Sister taken care of themselves as God would want? Go with the Bear family to Dr. Grizzly\u2019s office and read all about it.\n\n====''God Made the Colors''====\nRed, yellow, blue, and more, the Bear cubs take a color tour! Bear Country comes alive with color as Brother and Sister teach us about God\u2019s colorful world. Written in simple rhyme and classic Berenstain rhythm, level one readers will enjoy this tour of Bear Country.\n\n====''Good Deed Scouts Help Their Neighbors''====\nIn this collection of three stories, young readers will learn from the Good Deed Scouts just how important it is to serve others. Written in the level one of the I Can Read standards, these bind-ups of stories from the Berenstain Bears Living Lights series are sure to please emergent readers. Parents will appreciate these quality stories that help children practice early reading skills and learn about caring for others. Books included in this collection are: The Berenstain Bears Mama\u2019s Helpers, Help the Homeless, and Honey Hut Helpers. \n\n====''Piggy Bank Blessings''====\nIn The Berenstain Bears\u2019 Piggy Bank Blessings, a level one Berenstain Bears\u00ae Living Lights I Can Read\u2122, Mama Bear thinks it is time to teach the cubs about saving money for something special. Even the Bible says each one of us should put aside some of our earnings! But will the cubs listen to Mama and scripture, or will they spend their money on things they do not need?\n\n====''Do Not Fear God is Near''====\nSister Bear has overcome many fears like bugs, big dogs, and storms. But even with the reminder that God is always watching over her, there are some things that still scare the young cub. Will Sister remember to trust in God when something spooky startles her? Young readers will appreciate the lessons Sister Bear learns from Papa in The Berenstain Bears Do Not Fear, God Is Near, the newest Berenstain Bears\u00ae Living Lights\u2122 Level One I Can Read.\n"	" References "	"\n"	"External links"	"The following list contains all Berenstain Bears storybooks and activity/coloring books, as well as non-Bears books by the Berenstains.\n* Complete Berenstain Bears Bibliography\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of climbing knots"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nThere are many knots used in climbing, rappelling and mountaineering. Popular climbing knots are briefly described and depicted in this article.\n\n\n\n\n'''Bends'''\n\n50px\nBeer knot: The Beer knot is often used in tubular webbing, usually for making slings.\n\n50px\nDouble fisherman knot (a.k.a. Grapevine):The Grapevine knot is useful to tie together two ends of ropes. Ropes can be of unequal sizes. It is often used to tie both ends of the same rope together to form a circle.\n\n\nTriple fisherman's knot\n\n50px\nOverhand bend (a.k.a. European death knot, Euro death knot, EDK):The Overhand bend is a simple and fast way to join two ropes, notably for rappelling. Can be very useful in situations where speed is critical to safety. It is similar to a water knot, but both bitter ends come out the same side of the knot.\n\n50px\nWater knot (a.k.a. Tape Knot, Double Overhand Bend, Ring Bend):The Water knot is useful to tie together two ends of ropes. Often used with webbing.\n\n\n'''Binding'''\n\n50px\nStrangle knot: The Strangle knot is a simple binding knot. It forms both sides of a Double fisherman's knot, and is also used to back up loop knots and both ends of bends.\n\n\n'''Hitches'''\n\n50px\nBachmann knot:The Bachmann knot is useful when the friction hitch needs to be reset quickly/often or made to be self-tending as in crevasse and self-rescue.\n\n50px\nClove hitch:The Clove hitch is used in belay systems among other things.\n\n50px\nItalian hitch (a.k.a. Munter hitch, HMS):The Italian hitch is a simple knot, used by climbers and cavers as part of a life-lining or belay system. Its main use is as a friction device for controlling the rate of descent in belay systems.\n\n50px\nKlemheist knot:The Klemheist knot is an alternative to the Prusik knot, useful when the climber is short of cord but has plenty of webbing.\n\n50px\nPrusik:The Prusik is a knot used mainly for emergency use. Some carry between one and three cords specifically for prusiks. One can be used to quickly secure a person's position to correct problems with equipment; two can be used as a method of ascending a rope.\n\n50px\nBlake's hitch:Blake's hitch is widely used in tree climbing applications.  The knot can be slid up and down a line manually, but when loaded, it sticks securely.\n\n50px\nGirth hitch: This hitch is commonly used to attach loops of runner to harnesses, bags, other kinds of equipment, and to natural features like rock knobs or brush/tree trunks for protection.\n\n\n'''Loop Knots'''\n\n50px\nAlpine butterfly knot:The Alpine Butterfly is a strong and secure loop knot. Allows load distribution in multiple directions. It can also be used to isolate a worn section of rope.\n\n50px\nFigure-of-eight loop:The Figure-of-eight loop is considered strong and secure. Can be tied by taking a bight of rope and tying a figure-of-eight knot or can be tied directly around/through objects before weaving back through the first figure eight knot (Figure-of-eight follow through).\n\n50px\nDirectional Figure-of-eight Loop: The Inline figure-of-eight loop is similar to a figure-of-eight loop but used to form a loop that will be loaded longitudinally in a line under tension. Particularly useful in rope tightening systems where the loop is established as a means to secure a pulley or carabiner onto the main line to reduce the amount of work needed to tighten the entire system. Similar to a trucker's hitch.\n\n50px\nDouble bowline: The double bowline is commonly used by sport climbers who take multiple lead falls and then have trouble untying their figure eights.\n\n50px\nDouble Figure Eight Loop (a.k.a. Bunny Ears): Used for equalising two anchors using the rope.\n\n50px\nYosemite bowline: Also called a ''bowline with a Yosemite finish'', this is another way of tying the rope to the harness.\n\n50px\nBowline on a bight: Used for equalizing anchors.\n\n\n'''Stopper Knots'''\n\n50px\nStevedore knot (a.k.a. Double figure eight):The Stevedore knot is tied at the end of a rope to prevent the end from unraveling, slipping through another knot, or passing back through a hole, block, or belay/rappel device. It is more bulky and less prone to jamming than the closely related figure-of-eight knot.\n\n50px\nOverhand knot:The Overhand knot is a component of many knots used in climbing.\n\n50px\t\nMonkey's fist:The Monkey's Fist is used to tie the end of a climbing rope into a tight ball so the rope can be thrown farther/easier.\n\n"	" External links "	"\n*  Rock climbing knots Knots used in climbing and mountaineering\n*  Grog's Index of Climbing Knots\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of Disney Channel (India) series"	"Introduction"	"\n"	"Original shows"	"\n===Old Disney Channel===\n\n====2006====\n*''Vicky & Vetaal'' (2006)\n\n\n====2007====\n*''Agadam Bagdam Tigdam'' (May 18, 2007 - July 19, 2007)\n*''Dhoom Machaao Dhoom'' (January 8, 2007 \u2013 January 10, 2008)\n\n\n====2008====\n*''Break Time Masti Time'' (October 6, 2008 - November 11, 2008)\n*''Kaarthika'' (September 22, 2008 \u2013 January 2, 2009)\n*''Nach to the Groove'' (April 2008 - December 2008)\n*''Sanya'' (April 21, 2008 \u2013 January 2, 2009)\n\n====2009====\n*''Kya Mast Hai Life'' (April 27, 2009 \u2013 July 4, 2010)\n\n====2010====\n*''Art Attack India'' (Indian adaptation of ''Art Attack'', hosted by Gaurav Juyal)\n*''Ishaan'' (May 15, 2010 - 2011)\n\n===Modern Disney Channel===\n\n====2011====\n*''Best of Luck Nikki'' (Indian version of ''Good Luck Charlie'') (April 3, 2011)\n*''Mai Ka Lal'' (June 12, 2011)\n\n====2012====\n*''Best of Luck Nikki'' Season 2 (Indian version of ''Good Luck Charlie'') (June 3, 2012)\n*''The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir'' (Indian adaptation of ''The Suite Life of Zack & Cody'') (April 8, 2012)\n*'' Doraemon New Animation''\n\n====2013====\n*''Best of Luck Nikki' Season 3 (Indian version of ''Good Luck Charlie'') (July 7, 2013)\n*''Oye Jassie'' (Indian adaptation of ''Jessie'') (October 13, 2013)\n*''Shake It Up'' (Indian adaptation of the show with the same name) (March 30, 2013)\n*''The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir'' (Indian adaptation of ''The Suite Life of Zack & Cody'') (January 27, 2013)\n\n====2014====\n*''Arjun Prince of Bali'' (June 1, 2014)\n\n====2015====\n*''Arjun Prince of Bali'' Season 2 (May 21, 2015)\n*''Best of Luck Nikki'' Season 4 (Indian version of ''Good Luck Charlie'') (August 2, 2015)\n*''Goldie Ahuja Matric Pass'' (February 1, 2015)\n*''Kabhi Aise Geet Gaaya Karo'' (January 31, 2015)\n*''Lage Raho Chachu'' (January 31, 2015)\n*''Maan Na Maan Main Tera Mehmaan'' (February 1, 2015)\n*''Palak Pe Jhalak'' (Indian adaptation of ''That's So Raven'') (September 27, 2015)\n*''Vicky Aur Vetaal'' (November 15, 2015)\n*''Zindagi Khatti Meethi'' (January 31, 2015)\n\n====2016====\n* Gabbar Poonchwala (January 11, 2016)\n* Gaju Bhai (May 16, 2016)\n* V 4 Viraat (May 24, 2016)\n* Astra Force (November 27, 2016)\n\n====Coming soon====\n* The Tales Of KARNA . it is maybe Indian form of wizards of waverly place\n* Best Of Luck Dolly (sequel for Best of luck nikki season 4)\n"	"All shows"	"*''Doraemon''\n*''101 Dalmatians: The Series''\n*''Aaron Stone''\n*''Agadam Bagdam Tigdam''\n*''Akkad Bakkad Bambey Bo''\n*''American Dragon: Jake Long''\n*''Art Attack''\n*''Austin & Ally''\n*''Bear in the Big Blue House''\n*''Best of Luck Nikki''\n*''The Book of Pooh''\n*''Boy Meets World''\n*''Brian O'Brian''\n*''Brandy & Mr. Whiskers''\n*''Bunnytown\n*''Buzz Lightyear of Star Command''\n*''The Buzz on Maggie''\n*''Cheese Banao Apni Style''\n*''Cory in the House''\n*''Clifford the Big Red Dog''\n*''Dhoom Machaao Dhoom''\n*''Dog with a Blog''\n*''Donald Duck Presents''\n*''DuckTales''\n*''The Elephant Princess''\n*''Fillmore!''\n*''Good Morning, Mickey!''\n*''Goof Troop''\n*''Gravity Falls''\n*''Handy Manny''\n*''Hannah Montana''\n*''Hanuman''\n*''Hercules: The Legendary Journeys''\n*''Higglytown Heroes''\n*''Road to High School Musical 2''\n*''House of Mouse''\n*''Imagination Movers''\n*''Ishaan''\n*''JoJo's Circus''\n*''Karishma Kaa Karishma''\n*''Kya Mast Hai Life''\n*''The Legend of Tarzan''\n*''Life with Derek''\n*''Little Einsteins''\n*''The Little Mermaid''\n*''Lizzie McGuire''\n*''Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch''\n*''Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch Pure''\n*''Mickey Mouse and Friends''\n*''Mickey Mouse Club''\n*''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse''\n*''Mortified''\n*''My Friends Tigger & Pooh''\n*''Naturally, Sadie''\n*''The New Adventures of Winnie the Pooh''\n*''Ojamajo Doremi''\n*''Phil of the Future''\n*''Phineas and Ferb''\n*''Pocoyo''\n*''The Proud Family''\n*''Quack Pack''\n*''Recess''\n*''The Representers''\n*''Rolie Polie Olie''\n*''Shaka Laka Boom Boom''\n*''Shake It Up''\n*''Shararat''\n*''So Random!''\n*''So Weird''\n*''Son Pari\n*''Sonny with a Chance''\n*''Stanley''\n*''Studio Disney''\n*''The Suite Life of Karan & Kabir''\n*''The Suite Life of Zack & Cody''\n*''The Suite Life on Deck''\n*''TaleSpin''\n*''That's So Raven''\n*''Timon & Pumbaa''\n*''Vicky & Vetaal''\n*''Wander Over Yonder''\n*''Welcome to Pooh Corner''\n*''Wizards of Waverly Place''\n\n\n"	"See also"	"*List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel (India)\n*The Walt Disney Company (India)\n*Disney Channel (India)\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of Disney Channel series"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nThis is a list of television series originally broadcast on, and produced at least partially by, Disney Channel (formerly \"The Disney Channel\"), a family-oriented American basic cable channel and former premium channel, owned by The Walt Disney Company. Both past and present series are included. Future series are only included if they have a confirmed air date. Series that are still in production are marked in '''bold'''.\n\nDisney Channel has had many popular shows throughout its history. Its first ever series was ''Good Morning, Mickey!'', which ran from 1983 to 1992. The first series branded as a \"Disney Channel Original Series\" was ''Flash Forward'', which ran from 1995 to 1999. The channel's first hit series was ''The All-New Mickey Mouse Club'', which ran from 1989 to 1996. Its second hit series was ''Even Stevens'', which ran from 2000 to 2003.\n"	"The Disney Channel series"	"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n\n Year\n Series\n Premiere date\n End date\n\n 1983\n''Good Morning, Mickey!'' \n April 18, 1983 \n 1992\n\n''Welcome to Pooh Corner'' \n April 18, 1983 \n 1986\n\n''You and Me Kid'' \n April 18, 1983 \n 1986\n\n''Contraption'' \n April 18, 1983 \n October 25, 1989\n\n''EPCOT Magazine'' \n 1983 \n 1999\n\n''Donald Duck Presents'' \n September 1, 1983 \n 1992\n\n 1984\n''Symbol'' \n 1984 \n 1991\n\n''Disney Family Album'' \n June 1984 \n January 1986\n\n1985\n''Dumbo's Circus'' \n May 6, 1985 \n February 28, 1997\n\n1987\n''Videopolis'' \n 1987 \n 1989\n\n1988\n''Good Morning, Miss Bliss'' \n November 30, 1988 \n March 18, 1989\n\n 1989\n''The All-New Mickey Mouse Club'' \n April 24, 1989 \n March 7, 1996\n\n''Teen Win, Lose or Draw'' \n 1989 \n 1992\n\n 1992\n''The Secret of Lost Creek'' \n February 1, 1992 \n March 1, 1992\n\n''Adventures in Wonderland'' \n March 23, 1992 \n 1997\n\n"	"Disney Channel original series"	"{| class=\"wikitable sortable\"\n+Key\n\n Upcoming series\n\n\n\n Year\n Series\n Premiere date\n End date\n\n1995\n''Flash Forward'' \n December 14, 1995 \n 1999\n\n 1997\n''Mad Libs'' \n February 1997 \n 1999\n\n''Going Wild with Jeff Corwin'' \n September 14, 1997 \n February 14, 1999\n\n 1998\n''Bug Juice'' \n February 28, 1998 \n October 15, 2001\n\n''Off the Wall'' \n 1998 \n 1999\n\n''The Famous Jett Jackson'' \n October 25, 1998 \n June 22, 2001\n\n 1999\n''So Weird'' \n January 18, 1999 \n September 28, 2001\n\n''The Jersey'' \n January 30, 1999 \n March 23, 2004\n\n 2000\n''Totally Circus'' \n June 16, 2000 \n September 24, 2000\n\n''Even Stevens'' \n June 17, 2000 \n June 13, 2003\n\n''In a Heartbeat'' \n August 26, 2000 \n March 25, 2001\n\n 2001\n''Totally Hoops'' \n January 7, 2001 \n April 15, 2001\n\n''Lizzie McGuire'' \n January 12, 2001 \n February 14, 2004\n\n''The Proud Family'' \n September 15, 2001 \n August 19, 2005\n\n 2002\n''Kim Possible'' \n June 7, 2002 \n September 7, 2007\n\n''Totally in Tune'' \n June 23, 2002 \n August 18, 2002\n\n 2003\n''That's So Raven'' \n January 17, 2003 \n November 10, 2007\n\n''Lilo & Stitch'' \n September 20, 2003 \n July 29, 2006\n\n 2004\n''Dave the Barbarian'' \n January 23, 2004 \n January 22, 2005\n\n''Phil of the Future'' \n June 18, 2004 \n August 19, 2006\n\n''Brandy and Mr. Whiskers'' \n August 21, 2004 \n August 25, 2006\n\n 2005\n''American Dragon: Jake Long'' \n January 21, 2005 \n September 1, 2007\n\n''The Suite Life of Zack & Cody'' \n March 18, 2005 \n September 1, 2008\n\n''The Buzz on Maggie'' \n June 17, 2005 \n May 27, 2006\n\n 2006\n''The Emperor's New School'' \n January 27, 2006 \n November 20, 2008\n\n''Hannah Montana'' \n March 24, 2006 \n January 16, 2011\n\n''Shorty McShorts' Shorts'' \n July 28, 2006 \n May 25, 2007\n\n''The Replacements'' \n July 28, 2006 \n March 30, 2009\n\n 2007\n''Cory in the House'' \n January 12, 2007 \n September 12, 2008\n\n''Phineas and Ferb'' \n August 17, 2007 \n June 12, 2015\n\n''Wizards of Waverly Place'' \n October 12, 2007 \n January 6, 2012\n\n2008\n''The Suite Life on Deck'' \n September 26, 2008 \n May 6, 2011\n\n 2009\n''Sonny with a Chance'' \n February 8, 2009 \n January 2, 2011\n\n''Jonas'' \n May 2, 2009 \n October 3, 2010\n\n 2010\n''Good Luck Charlie'' \n April 4, 2010 \n February 16, 2014\n\n''Fish Hooks'' \n September 3, 2010 \n April 4, 2014\n\n''Shake It Up'' \n November 7, 2010 \n November 10, 2013\n\n''Take Two with Phineas and Ferb'' \n December 3, 2010 \n November 25, 2011\n\n 2011\n''A.N.T. Farm'' \n May 6, 2011 \n March 21, 2014\n\n''So Random!'' \n June 5, 2011 \n March 25, 2012\n\n''PrankStars'' \n July 15, 2011 \n November 22, 2016\n\n''Jessie'' \n September 30, 2011 \n October 16, 2015\n\n''Austin & Ally'' \n December 2, 2011 \n January 10, 2016\n\n2012\n''Gravity Falls'' \n June 15, 2012 \n February 15, 2016\n\n''Code: 9'' \n July 26, 2012 \n September 28, 2012\n\n''Dog with a Blog'' \n October 12, 2012 \n September 25, 2015\n\n 2013\n'''''Mickey Mouse''''' \n June 28, 2013 \n present\n\n'''''Liv and Maddie''''' \n July 19, 2013 \n present\n\n''Wander Over Yonder''\n August 16, 2013 \n June 27, 2016\n\n 2014\n''I Didn't Do It'' \n January 17, 2014 \n October 16, 2015\n\n''Win, Lose or Draw'' \n January 17, 2014 \n May 21, 2014\n\n ''Girl Meets World'' \n June 27, 2014 \n January 20, 2017\n\n 2015 \n\n'''''K.C. Undercover''''' \n January 18, 2015 \n present\n\n '''''Best Friends Whenever''''' \n June 26, 2015 \n present\n\n '''''Bunk'd''''' \n July 31, 2015 \n present\n\n '''''Descendants: Wicked World''''' \n September 18, 2015 \n present\n\n 2016 \n'''''Stuck in the Middle''''' \n February 14, 2016 \n present\n\n '''''Walk the Prank'''''  \n April 1, 2016 \n present\n\n '''''Bizaardvark''''' \n June 24, 2016\npresent\n\n'''''Elena of Avalor'''''\n July 22, 2016 \n present\n\n '''''Mech-X4'''''  \n November 11, 2016 \n present\n\n 2017 \n '''''Tangled: The Series''''' \n2017\n\n '''''Andi Mack''''' \n2017\n\nTBA\n '''''Untitled ''That's So Raven'' spin-off''''' \nTBA\n\n"	"Playhouse Disney/Disney Junior original series"	"\n===Playhouse Disney original series===\n\n\n\n Year\n Series\n Premiere date\n End date\n\n 1997\n''Bear in the Big Blue House'' \n October 20, 1997 \n April 28, 2006\n\n''Discover Spot'' \n October 21, 1997 \n June 17, 2005\n\n 1998\n''PB&J Otter'' \n March 15, 1998 \n October 15, 2000\n\n''Rolie Polie Olie'' \n October 4, 1998 \n February 24, 2004\n\n''Out of the Box'' \n October 10, 1998 \n September 27, 2004\n\n 2001\n''The Book of Pooh'' \n February 9, 2001 \n July 8, 2003\n\n''Stanley'' \n September 15, 2001 \n November 26, 2004\n\n''The Wiggles'' \n September 21, 2001 \n August 20, 2007\n\n2003\n''JoJo's Circus'' \n September 28, 2003 \n February 14, 2007\n\n2004\n''Higglytown Heroes'' \n September 12, 2004 \n January 7, 2008\n\n 2005\n''Breakfast with Bear'' \n June 20, 2005 \n 2006\n\n''Johnny and the Sprites'' \n October 9, 2005 \n January 4, 2009\n\n''Little Einsteins'' \n October 9, 2005 \n December 22, 2009\n\n 2006\n''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse'' \n May 5, 2006 \n November 6, 2016\n\n''Handy Manny'' \n September 16, 2006 \n February 14, 2013\n\n 2007\n''My Friends Tigger & Pooh'' \n May 12, 2007 \n October 9, 2010\n\n''Bunnytown'' \n November 3, 2007 \n November 8, 2008\n\n2008\n''Imagination Movers'' \n September 6, 2008 \n April 14, 2013\n\n 2009\n''Special Agent Oso'' \n April 4, 2009 \n May 17, 2012\n\n''Where Is Warehouse Mouse?'' \n August 29, 2009 \n February 2, 2010\n\n''Jungle Junction'' \n October 5, 2009 \n October 25, 2012\n\n\n===Disney Junior original series===\n\n+Key\n\n Upcoming series\n\n\n\n\n Year\n Series\n Premiere date\n End date\n\n 2011\n'''''Jake and the Never Land Pirates''''' \n February 14, 2011 \n \tpresent\n\n 2012\n'''''Doc McStuffins''''' \n March 23, 2012 \n \tpresent\n\n''Tales of Friendship with Winnie the Pooh'' \n 2012\n\n'''''Sofia the First''''' \n November 18, 2012 \n \tpresent\n\n 2013\n''Henry Hugglemonster'' \n April 15, 2013 \n November 30, 2015\n\n 2014\n''Sheriff Callie's Wild West'' \n January 20, 2014 \n November 7, 2016\n\n 2015\n'''''Miles from Tomorrowland''''' \n February 6, 2015 \n present\n\n'''''Goldie & Bear''''' \n September 12, 2015 \n \tpresent\n\n'''''The Lion Guard''''' \n November 22, 2015 \n \tpresent\n\n 2016\n '''''Elena of Avalor''''' \n July 22, 2016 \n present\n\n 2017\n '''''Mickey and the Roadster Racers''''' \n January 15, 2017 \n present\n\n '''''Fancy Nancy''''' \n 2017\n\n '''''Puppy Dog Tales''''' \n 2017\n\n '''''Vampirina''''' \n 2017\n\n 2018\n '''''Muppet Babies''''' \n 2018\n\n"	"Toon Disney/Disney XD original series"	"\n===Toon Disney original series===\n\n\n Year\n Series\n Premiere date\n End date\n\n2002\n''Teacher's Pet'' \n January 11, 2002 \n May 10, 2002\n\n''Disney's House of Mouse'' \n September 2, 2002 \n December 24, 2003\n\n''Teamo Supremo'' \n September 2002 \n March 7, 2004\n\n''The Weekenders'' \n September 2002 \n February 29, 2004\n\n2003\n''Recess'' \n September 3, 2003 \n February 12, 2009\n\n2004\n''Fillmore!'' \n January 2, 2004 \n January 23, 2004\n\n2005\n''Power Rangers S.P.D.'' \n July 16, 2005 \n February 2, 2006\n\n2006\n''Power Rangers Mystic Force'' \n February 20, 2006 \n November 13, 2006\n\n2007\n''Power Rangers Operation Overdrive'' \n February 26, 2007 \n November 12, 2007\n\n2008\n''Power Rangers Jungle Fury'' \n February 18, 2008 \n November 3, 2008\n\n''Cars Toons'' \n October 28, 2008 \n February 13, 2009\n\n\n===Disney XD original series===\n\n\n+Key\n\n Upcoming series\n\n\n\n Year\n Series\n Premiere date\n End date\n\n2009\n''Phineas and Ferb'' \n February 13, 2009 \n June 12, 2015\n\n''Aaron Stone'' \n February 13, 2009 \n July 30, 2010\n\n''Yin Yang Yo!'' \n February 14, 2009 \n April 18, 2009\n\n''Zeke and Luther'' \n June 15, 2009 \n April 2, 2012\n\n''I'm in the Band'' \n November 27, 2009 \n December 9, 2011\n\n2010\n''Kick Buttowski: Suburban Daredevil'' \n February 13, 2010 \n December 2, 2012\n\n''Pair of Kings'' \n September 22, 2010 \n February 18, 2013\n\n2011\n''Kickin' It'' \n June 13, 2011 \n March 25, 2015\n\n2012\n''Lab Rats: Bionic Island'' \n February 27, 2012 \n February 3, 2016\n\n''Motorcity'' \n April 30, 2012 \n January 7, 2013\n\n''Tron: Uprising'' \n May 18, 2012 \n January 28, 2013\n\n''Randy Cunningham: 9th Grade Ninja'' \n August 13, 2012 \n July 27, 2015\n\n''Crash & Bernstein'' \n October 8, 2012 \n August 11, 2014\n\n2013\n''Mighty Med'' \n October 7, 2013 \n September 9, 2015\n\n2014\n''Wander Over Yonder'' \n March 31, 2014 \n June 27, 2016\n\n''The 7D'' \n July 7, 2014 \n November 5, 2016\n\n''Gravity Falls'' \n August 4, 2014 \n February 15, 2016\n\n'''''Star Wars Rebels''''' \n October 3, 2014 \n present\n\n'''''Kirby Buckets''''' \n October 20, 2014 \n present\n\n'''''Penn Zero: Part-Time Hero''''' \n December 5, 2014 \n present\n\n2015\n'''''Star vs. the Forces of Evil''''' \n January 18, 2015 \n present\n\n''Gamer's Guide to Pretty Much Everything''\n July 22, 2015 \n January 2, 2017\n\n'''''Pickle and Peanut''''' \n September 2, 2015 \n present\n\n2016\n''Lab Rats: Elite Force'' \n March 2, 2016 \n October 22, 2016\n\n'''''Walk the Prank'''''  \n April 1, 2016 \n present\n\n''Lego Star Wars: The Freemaker Adventures'' \n June 20, 2016 \n August 29, 2016\n\n'''''Future-Worm!''''' \n August 1, 2016 \n present\n\n'''''Right Now Kapow''''' \n September 19, 2016 \n present\n\n'''''Milo Murphy's Law''''' \n October 3, 2016 \n present\n\n'''''Mech-X4'''''  \n  December 5, 2016 \n present\n\n2017\n'''''DuckTales''''' \n 2017\n\n'''''Big Hero 6''''' \n 2017\n\n'''''Billy Dilley's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer''''' \n 2017\n\n2018\n'''''Country Club''''' \n 2018\n\n\n"	"See also"	"\n* List of Disney Channel movies\n* List of programs broadcast by Disney Channel\n* List of programs broadcast by Disney XD\n* List of Longest Running Disney Channel Original Series\n"	"Notes"	"\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of download-only PlayStation 4 games"	"Introduction"	"\n\nThis is a list of games for Sony's PlayStation 4 (PS4) home video game console that are available to download from the PlayStation Store and not available on Blu-ray Disc.\n\n\n<!--\n====\n====\n====\n====\n======\n"	"NOTE TO EDITORS: If you add or update a release date"	"==on these lists with a reliable source, please=="	"remember to update the game article as well."	"======\n======\n======\n======\n========\n\n-->\n"	"PlayStation 4 games not available on disc"	"\n\n\nTitle\nDeveloper\nFirst released\nRelease date\n\nNorth America\nEurope\nJapan\n\n\n''#killallzombies''\nBeatshapers\n2014-10-28October 28, 2014\n2014-10-28October 28, 2014\n2014-11-12November 12, 2014\n\n\n''10 Second Ninja X''\nFour Circle Interactive\n2016-07-19 July 19, 2016\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n\n\n''1001 Spikes''\n8bits Fanatics\n2014-06-03June 3, 2014\n2014-06-03June 3, 2014\n2015-10-07October 7, 2015\n2015-11-27November 27, 2015\n\n''100ft Robot Golf''\nNo Goblin\n2016-10-10 October 10, 2016\n2016-10-10October 10, 2016\n2016-10-10October 10, 2016\n\n\n''101 Ways to Die''\nFour Door Lemon\n2016-03-22 March 22, 2016\n2016-03-22March 22, 2016\n2016-03-22March 22, 2016\n\n\n''140''\nAbstraction Games\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n2016-09-07September 7, 2016\n\n\n''2064: Read Only Memories''\nMidBoss\n\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n\n\n''2Dark''\nGloomywood\n\n\n\n\n\n''3on3 Freestyle''\nJoycity\n2016-12-06December 6, 2016\n2016-12-06December 6, 2016\n\n\n\n''5 Star Wrestling: ReGenesis''\nSerious Parody\n2016-01-20 January 20, 2016\n2016-01-20January 20, 2016\n2016-01-20January 20, 2016\n\n\n''88 Heroes''\nBitmap Bureau\n\n\n\n\n\n''8DAYS''\nSanta Clara Games\n\n2017-02-07February 7, 2017\n\n\n\n''A Bastard's Tale''\nNo Pest Productions\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-05October 5, 2016\n\n\n''A Boy and His Blob''\nAbstraction Games\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-21January 21, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n\n\n''A Duel Hand Disaster: Trackher''\nAsk An Enemy Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''A Healer Only Lives Twice''\nPon Pon Games\n2016-06-03June 3, 2016\n\n\n2016-06-03June 3, 2016\n\n''Aaero''\nMad Fellows\n\n\n\n\n\n''Aaru's Awakening''\nLumenox Games\n2015-04-07April 7, 2015\n2015-04-07April 7, 2015\n2015-04-08April 8, 2015\n2015-08-05August 5, 2015\n\n''Absolute Drift: Zen Edition''\nFlippfly / Funselektor Labs\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n\n\n''Absolver''\nSloclap\n\n\n\n\n\n''Abyss Odyssey: Extended Dream Edition''\nACE Team\n2015-07-28July 28, 2015\n2015-07-28July 28, 2015\n\n\n\n''Abz\u00fb''\nGiant Squid\n2016-08-02 August 2, 2016\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n\n\n''ACA Neo Geo: Alpha Mission II''\nHamster Corporation / SNK\n2016-12-26December 26, 2016\n2017-01-10January 10, 2017\n2017-01-18January 18, 2017\n2016-12-26December 26, 2016\n\n''ACA Neo Geo: Fatal Fury: King of Fighters''\nHamster Corporation / SNK\n2016-12-15December 15, 2016\n2017-01-12January 12, 2017\n2017-01-04January 4, 2017\n2016-12-15December 15, 2016\n\n''ACA Neo Geo: Metal Slug''\nHamster Corporation / SNK\n2016-11-24 November 24, 2016\n2016-11-28November 28, 2016\n2016-11-24November 24, 2016\n2016-11-24November 24, 2016\n\n''ACA Neo Geo: NAM-1975''\nHamster Corporation / SNK\n\n\n\n\n\n''ACA Neo Geo: Neo Turf Masters''\nHamster Corporation / SNK\n\n\n\n\n\n''ACA Neo Geo: Samurai Shodown''\nHamster Corporation / SNK\n2016-12-08 December 8, 2016\n2016-12-09December 9, 2016\n2016-12-08December 8, 2016\n2016-12-08December 8, 2016\n\n''ACA Neo Geo: The King of Fighters '94''\nHamster Corporation / SNK\n2016-10-27  October 27, 2016\n2016-10-27October 27, 2016\n2016-10-27October 27, 2016\n2016-10-27October 27, 2016\n\n''ACA Neo Geo: World Heroes''\nHamster Corporation / SNK\n\n\n\n\n\n''Aces of the Luftwaffe''\nHandyGames\n2015-02-25February 25, 2015\n2015-05-19May 19, 2015\n2015-02-25February 25, 2015\n\n\n''Act It Out! A Game of Charades''\nSnap Finger Click\n2016-01-05January 5, 2016\n2016-01-05January 5, 2016\n2016-01-08January 8, 2016\n\n\n''Action Henk''\nRageSquid\n2016-03-08 March 8, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n2016-03-09March 9, 2016\n\n''Active Soccer 2 DX''\nThe Fox Software\n2016-12-14December 14, 2016\n\n2016-12-14December 14, 2016\n\n\n''Adam's Venture: Origins''\nVertigo Games\n2016-04-01 April 1, 2016\n2016-04-01April 1, 2016\n2016-04-01April 1, 2016\n\n\n''Adrift''\nThree One Zero\n2016-07-15 July 15, 2016\n2016-07-15July 15, 2016\n2016-07-15July 15, 2016\n\n\n''Adventure Capitalist''\nHyper Hippo Productions\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n\n\n''Adventures of Pip''\nTic Toc Games\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n\n\n''Aegis Defenders''\nGUTS Department\n\n\n\n\n\n''AER''\nForgotten Key\n\n\n\n\n\n''AeternoBlade''\nCorecell Technology\n2015-08-04August 4, 2015\n2015-08-04August 4, 2015\n2015-08-05August 5, 2015\n\n\n''Afro Samurai 2: Revenge of Kuma''\nVersus Evil\n2015-09-22 September 22, 2015\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015 ''removed''\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015 ''removed''\n\n\n''Agony''\nMadMind Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Albedo: Eyes from Outer Space''\nZ4G0\n2016-01-20January 20, 2016\n2016-02-02February 2, 2016\n2016-01-20January 20, 2016\n\n\n''Alchemic Jousts''\nLunatic Pixels\n2016-11-22November 22, 2016\n2016-11-22November 22, 2016\n2016-11-24November 24, 2016\n\n\n''AIPD''\nBlazing Badger\n2016-01-29January 29, 2016\n2016-02-02February 2, 2016\n2016-01-29January 29, 2016\n\n\n''AirMech Arena''\nCarbon Games\n2015-05-05May 5, 2015\n2015-05-05May 5, 2015\n2015-05-13May 13, 2015\n2015-05-14May 14, 2015\n\n''Airship Q''\nMiracle Positive\n\n\n\n\n\n''Alien Shooter''\nSigma Team\n2016-01-08January 8, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n2016-01-08January 8, 2016\n\n\n''Alienation''\nHousemarque\n2016-04-26 April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2016-06-02June 2, 2016\n\n''Alone With You''\nBenjamin Rivers\n2016-08-23 August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n\n\n''Amazing Discoveries in Outer Space''\nCosmic Picnic\n2016-02-02February 2, 2016\n2016-02-02February 2, 2016\n2016-02-03February 3, 2016\n\n\n''Amnesia Collection (Amnesia: The Dark Descent, Amnesia: A Machine for Pigs)''\nFrictional Games\n2016-11-22 November 22, 2016\n2016-11-22November 22, 2016\n2016-11-22November 22, 2016\n\n\n''Among the Sleep''\nKrillbite Studio\n2015-12-09 December 9, 2015\n2015-12-09December 9, 2015\n2015-12-09December 9, 2015\n\n\n''Amplitude''\nHarmonix\n2016-01-05January 5, 2016\n2016-01-05January 5, 2016\n2016-01-06January 6, 2016\n\n\n''Anima: Gate of Memories''\nCipher Studios\n2016-06-03June 3, 2016\n2016-06-07June 7, 2016\n2016-06-03June 3, 2016\n2017-01-06January 6, 2017\n\n''Anodyne''\nAnalgesic Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n''Anomaly 2''\n11 bit studios\n2014-09-16September 16, 2014\n2014-09-16September 16, 2014\n2014-09-17September 17, 2014\n\n\n''Another World: 20th Anniversary Edition''\nThe Digital Lounge\n2014-06-25June 25, 2014\n2014-07-08July 8, 2014\n2014-06-25June 25, 2014\n\n\n''Anoxemia''\nBSK Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''APB: Reloaded''\nReloaded Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n''Apotheon''\nAlientrap\n2015-02-03February 3, 2015\n2015-02-03February 3, 2015\n2015-02-04February 4, 2015\n\n\n''Aqua Kitty: Milk Mine Defender DX''\nTikipod\n2014-11-25November 25, 2014\n2014-11-25November 25, 2014\n2014-11-26November 26, 2014\n2016-03-23March 23, 2016\n\n''Aqua Moto Racing Utopia''\nZordix AB\n2016-11-29November 29, 2016\n2016-11-29November 29, 2016\n2016-11-30November 30, 2016\n\n\n''Aragami''\nLince Works\n2016-10-04 October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-20October 20, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: A-Jax''\nHamster Corporation / Konami\n2015-03-19March 19, 2015\n2015-09-08September 8, 2015\n2015-10-20October 20, 2015\n2015-03-19March 19, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: Ark Area''\nHamster Corporation / UPL\n\n\n\n2017-01-19January 19, 2017\n\n''Arcade Archives: Armed F''\nHamster Corporation / Nichibutsu\n2016-05-27 May 27, 2016\n2016-05-27May 27, 2016\n\n2016-05-27May 27, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: Atomic Robo-Kid''\nHamster Corporation / UPL\n2016-09-29September 29, 2016\n\n\n2016-09-29September 29, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: Bomb Jack''\nHamster Corporation / Tecmo\n2014-06-19June 19, 2014\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n\n2014-06-19June 19, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Bubble Bobble''\nHamster Corporation / Taito\n2016-01-29January 29, 2016\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n2016-04-01April 1, 2016\n2016-01-29January 29, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: Butasan''\nHamster Corporation / Jaleco\n2015-03-12March 12, 2015\n2015-07-14July 14, 2015\n2015-10-06October 6, 2015\n2015-03-12March 12, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: City Connection''\nHamster Corporation / Jaleco\n2014-10-02October 2, 2014\n2015-05-05May 5, 2015\n2015-09-08September 8, 2015\n2014-10-02October 2, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Contra''\nHamster Corporation / Konami\n2016-08-10August 10, 2016\n2016-09-27September 27, 2016\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n2016-08-10August 10, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: Cosmo Police Galivan''\nHamster Corporation / Nichibutsu\n2015-04-09April 9, 2015\n2015-10-20October 20, 2015\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n2015-04-09April 9, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: Crazy Climber''\nHamster Corporation / Nichibutsu\n2014-05-15May 15, 2014\n2015-05-26May 26, 2015\n2015-06-19June 19, 2015\n2014-05-15May 15, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Crazy Climber 2''\nHamster Corporation / Nichibutsu\n2015-02-26February 26, 2015\n2015-10-15October 15, 2015\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2015-02-26February 26, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: Darius''\nHamster Corporation / Taito\n2016-08-26August 26, 2016\n\n\n2016-08-26August 26, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: Double Dragon''\nHamster Corporation / Techn\u014ds Japan\n2014-11-27November 27, 2014\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-07-14July 14, 2015\n2014-11-27November 27, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Double Dragon II The Revenge''\nHamster Corporation / Techn\u014ds Japan\n2016-02-26  February 26, 2016\n2016-02-26February 26, 2016\n2016-02-26February 26, 2016\n2016-02-26February 26, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: Elevator Action''\nHamster Corporation / Taito\n\n\n\n\n\n''Arcade Archives: Exerion''\nHamster Corporation / Jaleco\n2014-10-23October 23, 2014\n2015-07-07July 7, 2015\n2015-07-22July 22, 2015\n2014-10-23October 23, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Flak Attack''\nHamster Corporation / Konami\n2016-03-25March 25, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-03-25March 25, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: Front Line''\nHamster Corporation / Taito\n\n\n\n\n\n''Arcade Archives: Gradius''\nHamster Corporation / Konami\n2015-01-29January 29, 2015\n2015-06-09June 9, 2015\n2015-06-23June 23, 2015\n2015-01-29January 29, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: Gradius II''\nHamster Corporation / Konami\n2016-04-22April 22, 2016\n2016-07-15July 15, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-04-22April 22, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: Haunted Castle''\nHamster Corporation / Konami\n2016-12-01December 1, 2016\n\n\n2016-12-01December 1, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: Ikki''\nHamster Corporation / Sunsoft\n2015-05-22May 22, 2015\n2015-11-03November 3, 2015\n2016-04-12April 12, 2016\n2015-05-22May 22, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: Karate Champ''\nHamster Corporation / G-Mode\n2014-10-09October 9, 2014\n2015-09-29September 29, 2015\n2015-07-28July 28, 2015\n2014-10-09October 9, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Kid's Horehore Daisakusen''\nHamster Corporation / Nichibutsu\n2016-02-12February 12, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-02-12February 12, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: KiKi KaiKai''\nHamster Corporation / Taito\n2016-07-15July 15, 2016\n2016-09-14September 14, 2016\n\n2016-07-15July 15, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: MagMax''\nHamster Corporation / Nichibutsu\n2015-04-02April 2, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n2015-12-02December 2, 2015\n2015-04-02April 2, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: Mat Mania Exciting Hour''\nHamster Corporation / Techn\u014ds Japan\n2014-06-12June 12, 2014\n2015-03-24March 24, 2015\n2015-08-24August 24, 2015\n2014-06-12June 12, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Moon Cresta''\nHamster Corporation / Nichibutsu\n2014-08-26August 26, 2014\n2015-05-29May 29, 2015\n2015-09-29September 29, 2015\n2014-08-26August 26, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Mr. Goemon''\nHamster Corporation / Konami\n2014-12-25December 25, 2014\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n2015-10-27October 27, 2015\n2014-12-25December 25, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Mutant Night''\nHamster Corporation / UPL\n\n\n\n\n\n''Arcade Archives: Ninja-Kid''\nHamster Corporation / UPL\n2014-05-15May 15, 2014\n2015-05-26May 26, 2015\n2015-07-07July 7, 2015\n2014-05-15May 15, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Ninja-Kid II''\nHamster Corporation / UPL\n2015-06-05June 5, 2015\n2015-10-27October 27, 2015\n2016-01-26January 26, 2016\n2015-06-05June 5, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: NOVA 2001''\nHamster Corporation / UPL\n2014-09-25September 25, 2014\n2015-06-16June 16, 2015\n2015-11-03November 3, 2015\n2014-09-25September 25, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Raiders5''\nHamster Corporation / UPL\n2014-12-18December 18, 2014\n2015-06-23June 23, 2015\n\n2014-12-18December 18, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Renegade''\nHamster Corporation / Techn\u014ds Japan\n2014-07-24July 24, 2014\n2015-06-02June 2, 2015\n2015-06-30June 30, 2015\n2014-07-24July 24, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Rygar''\nHamster Corporation / Tecmo\n2014-05-15May 15, 2014\n2014-08-19August 19, 2014\n\n2014-05-15May 15, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Salamander''\nHamster Corporation / Konami\n2015-11-27November 27, 2015\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2015-11-27November 27, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: Scramble''\nHamster Corporation / Konami\n2014-12-25December 25, 2014\n2015-06-30June 30, 2015\n\n2014-12-25December 25, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Shanghai III''\nHamster Corporation / Sunsoft\n2015-07-03July 3, 2015\n2015-11-24November 24, 2015\n2016-06-02June 2, 2016\n2015-07-03July 3, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: Shusse Ozumo''\nHamster Corporation / Techn\u014ds Japan\n2015-01-22January 22, 2015\n2015-09-30September 30, 2015\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2015-01-22January 22, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: Soldier Girl Amazon''\nHamster Corporation / Nichibutsu\n2016-03-11March 11, 2016\n2016-08-09August 9, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n2016-03-11March 11, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: Solomon's Key''\nHamster Corporation / Tecmo\n2014-09-04September 4, 2014\n2015-09-15September 15, 2015\n\n2014-09-04September 4, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Star Force''\nHamster Corporation / Tecmo\n2015-09-04September 4, 2015\n\n\n2015-09-04September 4, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: Super Dodge Ball''\nHamster Corporation / Techn\u014ds Japan\n2015-07-31July 31, 2015\n2015-11-10November 10, 2015\n2016-01-12January 12, 2016\n2015-07-31July 31, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: Terra Cresta''\nHamster Corporation / Nichibutsu\n2014-11-20November 20, 2014\n2015-05-19May 19, 2015\n2015-09-15September 15, 2015\n2014-11-20November 20, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Terra Force''\nHamster Corporation / Nichibutsu\n2016-11-17November 17, 2016\n\n\n2016-11-17November 17, 2016\n\n''Arcade Archives: The Legend of Kage''\nHamster Corporation / Taito\n2015-10-02October 2, 2015\n2015-12-01December 1, 2015\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2015-10-02October 2, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: The Ninja Warriors''\nHamster Corporation / Taito\n\n\n\n\n\n''Arcade Archives: Thunder Cross''\nHamster Corporation / Konami\n\n\n\n\n\n''Arcade Archives: TwinBee''\nHamster Corporation / Konami\n2015-12-25December 25, 2015\n2016-02-26February 26, 2016\n2016-05-10May 10, 2016\n2015-12-25December 25, 2015\n\n''Arcade Archives: Wonder Boy''\nHamster Corporation / Westone Bit Entertainment\n2014-07-10July 10, 2014\n\n\n2014-07-10July 10, 2014\n\n''Arcade Archives: Wonder Boy in Monster Land''\nHamster Corporation / Westone Bit Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Arcade Game Series: Dig Dug''\nBandai Namco Entertainment\n2016-04-20  April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n\n''Arcade Game Series: Galaga''\nBandai Namco Entertainment\n2016-04-20  April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n\n''Arcade Game Series: Ms. Pac-Man''\nBandai Namco Entertainment\n2016-04-20  April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n\n''Arcade Game Series: Pac-Man''\nBandai Namco Entertainment\n2016-04-20  April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n\n''Arcade Land''\nKoth Studio\n2016-06-14June 14, 2016\n2016-06-14June 14, 2016\n\n\n\n''Ark: Survival Evolved''\nStudio Wildcard\n\n\n\n\n\n''Armello''\nLeague of Geeks\n2015-09-01 September 1, 2015\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2015-09-16September 16, 2015\n\n''Armikrog''\nPencil Test Studios\n2016-08-23 August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n\n\n''Art of Balance''\nShin'en Multimedia\n2016-06-03 June 3, 2016\n2016-06-03June 3, 2016\n2016-06-03June 3, 2016\n\n\n''Ascendant''\nHapa Games\n2015-09-08September 8, 2015\n2015-09-08September 8, 2015\n\n\n\n''Asdivine Hearts''\nKemco\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n2017-01-10January 10, 2017\n\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n\n''Asemblance''\nNilo Studios\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n\n\n''Assassin's Creed Chronicles''\nUbisoft Montreal\n2015-04-21April 21, 2015\n2015-04-21April 21, 2015\n2015-04-22April 22, 2015\n2015-04-22April 22, 2015\n\n''Assault Android Cactus''\nWitch Beam\n2016-03-08 March 8, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n2016-03-09March 9, 2016\n\n''Assault Suit Leynos''\nDracue Software\n2015-12-23December 23, 2015\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n\n2015-12-23December 23, 2015\n\n''Astebreed''\nEdelweiss\n2015-03-19March 19, 2015\n2015-06-25June 25, 2015\n2015-06-25June 25, 2015\n2015-03-19March 19, 2015\n\n''Astraea''\nNorwind Interactive\n\n\n\n\n\n''Atom Universe''\nAtom Republic\n\n\n\n\n\n''Attacking Zegeta''\nDenysoft\n2015-06-23June 23, 2015\n2015-06-23June 23, 2015\n\n\n\n''Attacking Zegeta 2''\nDenysoft\n2016-11-18November 18, 2016\n2016-11-18November 18, 2016\n\n\n\n''Attractio''\nGameCoder Studios / Renderfarm Studios\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-02-17February 17, 2016\n\n\n''Awesomenauts Assemble!''\nRonimo Games\n2014-03-04March 4, 2014\n2014-03-04March 4, 2014\n2014-03-05March 5, 2014\n\n\n''Axiom Verge''\nThomas Happ Games\n2015-03-31March 31, 2015\n2015-03-31March 31, 2015\n2015-04-01April 1, 2015\n\n\n''Azkend 2: The World Beneath''\n10tons\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-04May 4, 2016\n\n\n''Aztez''\nTeam Colorblind\n\n\n\n\n\n''Back to Bed''\nBedtime Digital Games\n2015-08-25 August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n\n\n''Back to the Future: The Game''\nTelltale Games\n2015-10-13 October 13, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n\n\n''Backgammon Blitz''\nVooFoo Studios\n2013-12-18December 18, 2013\n2014-04-15April 15, 2014\n2013-12-18December 18, 2013\n\n\n''Badass Hero''\nAwesome Games Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Badland: Game of the Year Edition''\nFrogmind\n2015-05-26May 26, 2015\n2015-05-26May 26, 2015\n2015-05-28May 28, 2015\n\n\n''Bard's Gold''\nPixel Lantern\n2016-06-17 June 17, 2016\n2016-06-17June 17, 2016\n2016-06-17June 17, 2016\n2016-12-15December 15, 2016\n\n''Baseball Riot''\n10tons\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-20January 20, 2016\n\n\n''Basement Crawl''\nBloober Team\n2014-02-25February 25, 2014\n2014-02-25February 25, 2014\n2014-02-26February 26, 2014\n\n\n''Bases Loaded 2016''\nClarice Games\n2016-04-08April 8, 2016\n\n\n2016-04-08April 8, 2016\n\n''Bastion''\nSupergiant Games\n2015-04-07April 7, 2015\n2015-04-07April 7, 2015\n2015-04-08April 8, 2015\n\n\n''Batman: The Telltale Series''\nTelltale Games\n2016-08-02 August 2, 2016\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n\n\n''Battalion 1944''\nBulkhead Interactive\n\n\n\n\n\n''Battalion Commander''\nSmartphone Labs\n2016-12-01December 1, 2016\n2016-12-01December 1, 2016\n2016-12-02December 2, 2016\n\n\n''Battle Ages''\nDR Studios\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n2016-04-25April 25, 2016\n\n\n''Battle Chasers: Nightwar''\nAirship Syndicate\n\n\n\n\n\n''Battle Islands''\nDR Studios\n2014-10-28October 28, 2014\n2014-10-28October 28, 2014\n2014-10-29October 29, 2014\n\n\n''Battle Trivia Knockout''\nHappy Dance Games\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n2015-10-30October 30, 2015\n\n\n''Battle Worlds: Kronos''\nKing Art Games\n2016-04-26 April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n\n\n''Battleship''\nFrima Studio\n2016-08-12August 12, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-12August 12, 2016\n\n\n''Beach Buggy Racing''\nVector Unit\n2015-05-29May 29, 2015\n2015-05-29May 29, 2015\n2015-06-02June 2, 2015\n\n\n''Bears Can't Drift!?''\nArran Langmead\n2016-08-09August 9, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-09August 9, 2016\n\n\n''Bedlam''\nRedBedlam\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n2015-10-14October 14, 2015\n\n\n''Better Late Than Dead''\nOdin Game Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Between Heartbeats''\nBlimbu Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Beyond Eyes''\ntiger & squid\n2015-09-08 September 8, 2015\n2015-09-08September 8, 2015\n2015-09-08September 8, 2015\n\n\n''Beyond Flesh and Blood''\nPixelbomb Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Big Buck Hunter Arcade''\nGameMill Entertainment\n2016-10-25 October 25, 2016\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n\n\n''Big City Stories''\nHellfire Games\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n\n\n\n''BigFest''\nOn The Metal\n\n\n\n\n\n''Binaries''\nGround Shatter\n2016-08-30 August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n\n\n''BitUp''\nCosmogonia\n\n\n\n\n\n''Black & White Bushido''\nGood Catch Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Black Witchcraft''\nQuattroGear\n\n\n\n\n\n''Blacklight: Retribution''\nZombie Studios\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-12-04December 4, 2013\n\n\n''Blackwood Crossing''\nPaperSeven\n\n\n\n\n\n''Blade Ballet''\nDreamSail Games\n2016-08-09August 9, 2016\n2016-08-09August 9, 2016\n\n\n\n''Blade Warrior''\nNLabSoft\n\n\n\n\n\n''Blast 'Em Bunnies''\nNnooo\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n2016-03-09March 9, 2016\n\n\n''BlazeRush''\nTargem Games\n2015-11-11November 11, 2015\n\n2015-11-11November 11, 2015\n\n\n''Bloodstained: Ritual of the Night''\nInti Creates\n\n\n\n\n\n''Blue Estate''\nHeSaw\n2014-06-24June 24, 2014\n2014-06-24June 24, 2014\n2014-06-25June 25, 2014\n\n\n''Blue Rider''\nRavegan\n2016-09-05September 5, 2016\n2016-09-14September 14, 2016\n2016-09-05September 5, 2016\n\n\n''Blues and Bullets''\nA Crowd of Monsters\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n\n\n''Boggle''\nFrima Studio\n2015-08-04 August 4, 2015\n2015-08-04August 4, 2015\n2015-08-04August 4, 2015\n\n\n''Bokosuka Wars II''\nPygmy Studio\n2016-11-10November 10, 2016\n\n\n2016-11-10November 10, 2016\n\n''Bombing Busters''\nSanuk Games\n2015-07-02July 2, 2015\n2015-09-15September 15, 2015\n2015-07-02July 2, 2015\n\n\n''Bombshell''\nInterceptor Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Bounce Rescue!''\nBitecore\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n2016-04-05April 5, 2016\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n\n\n''Bound''\nPlastic\n2016-08-16  August 16, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n\n''Boundless''\nWonderstruck\n\n\n\n\n\n''Brawl''\nBloober Team\n2015-04-24April 24, 2015\n2015-04-28April 28, 2015\n2015-04-24April 24, 2015\n\n\n''Brawlhalla''\nBlue Mammoth Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Brawlout''\nAngry Mob Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Breach & Clear: Deadline''\nMighty Rabbit Studios\n2016-08-04August 4, 2016\n2016-08-04August 4, 2016\n\n\n\n''Brick Breaker''\nSanuk Games\n2016-04-26 April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n\n\n''Bridge Constructor''\nClockstone STUDIO\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n2016-12-14December 14, 2016\n\n\n''Broforce''\nFree Lives\n2016-03-01March 1, 2016\n2016-03-01March 1, 2016\n\n2016-03-02March 2, 2016\n\n''Broken Age: The Complete Adventure''\nDouble Fine Productions\n2015-04-28April 28, 2015\n2015-04-28April 28, 2015\n2015-04-29April 29, 2015\n\n\n''Broken Bots''\nBunnycopter\n2016-06-07 June 7, 2016\n2016-06-07June 7, 2016\n2016-06-07June 7, 2016\n\n\n''Broken Sword 5: The Serpent's Curse''\nRevolution Software\n2015-09-04September 4, 2015\n2015-09-08September 8, 2015\n2015-09-04September 4, 2015\n\n\n''Brothers: A Tale of Two Sons''\nStarbreeze Studios\n2015-08-12 August 12, 2015\n2015-08-12August 12, 2015\n2015-08-12August 12, 2015\n\n\n''Brut@l''\nStormcloud Games\n2016-08-09 August 9, 2016\n2016-08-09August 9, 2016\n2016-08-09August 9, 2016\n2016-10-20October 20, 2016\n\n''Buff Knight Advanced''\nBuff Studio\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n\n2016-09-26September 26, 2016\n\n''Buildanauts''\nTouchtilt Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Bunker''\nSplendy\n2016-09-20 September 20, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n\n\n''Calvino Noir''\nCalvino Noir\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2015-08-26August 26, 2015\n\n\n''Candlelight''\nPixel Maverick Games\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n\n\n\n''Cannon Brawl''\nTurtle Sandbox\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n2016-08-03August 3, 2016\n\n\n''Capsule Force''\nklobit\n2015-08-25 August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n\n\n''Carmageddon: Max Damage''\nStainless Games\n2016-07-08 July 8, 2016\n2016-07-08July 8, 2016\n2016-07-08July 8, 2016\n\n\n''Casey Powell Lacrosse 16''\nBig Ant Studios\n2016-03-09March 9, 2016\n2016-03-09March 9, 2016\n2016-03-11March 11, 2016\n\n\n''Cast of the Seven Godsends - Redux''\nRaven Travel Studios\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2016-07-20July 20, 2016\n\n\n''Castle Invasion: Throne Out''\nCat Trap Studios\n2016-09-28September 28, 2016\n2016-09-28September 28, 2016\n2016-10-11October 11, 2016\n\n\n''Castles''\nWhootGames\n2016-06-28June 28, 2016\n2016-06-28June 28, 2016\n2016-06-29June 29, 2016\n\n\n''CastleStorm: Definitive Edition''\nZen Studios\n2014-09-23September 23, 2014\n2014-09-23September 23, 2014\n2014-09-24September 24, 2014\n2015-03-11March 11, 2015\n\n''Catlateral Damage''\nFire Hose Games\n2016-03-22March 22, 2016\n2016-03-22March 22, 2016\n2016-06-13June 13, 2016\n2016-10-13October 13, 2016\n\n''Cel Damage HD''\nFinish Line Games\n2014-04-22April 22, 2014\n2014-04-22April 22, 2014\n2014-05-14May 14, 2014\n\n\n''Celeste''\nMatt Makes Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Chambara''\nUSC Games\n2016-07-26 July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n\n\n''Chaos Code: New Sign of Catastrophe''\nFK Digital\n2016-11-09November 9, 2016\n\n\n2016-11-09November 9, 2016\n\n''Chariot''\nFrima Studio\n2014-09-30September 30, 2014\n2014-09-30September 30, 2014\n2014-10-29October 29, 2014\n2015-03-25March 25, 2015\n\n''Chasm''\nDiscord Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Child of Light''\nUbisoft Montreal\n2014-04-29April 29, 2014\n2014-04-29April 29, 2014\n2014-04-30April 30, 2014\n2014-05-01May 1, 2014\n\n''Children of Morta''\nDead Mage\n\n\n\n\n\n''Children of Zodiarcs''\nCardboard Utopia\n\n\n\n\n\n''Chivalry: Medieval Warfare''\nTorn Banner Studios\n2015-12-01December 1, 2015\n2015-12-01December 1, 2015\n2015-12-02December 2, 2015\n\n\n''Chroma Squad''\nBehold Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Chronicles of Teddy: Harmony of Exidus''\nLookAtMyGame\n2016-03-29 March 29, 2016\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n2016-12-14December 14, 2016\n\n''The Church in the Darkness''\nParanoid Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n''Circuit Breakers''\nTriverske\n\n\n\n\n\n''Citizens of Earth''\nEden Industries\n2015-01-20January 20, 2015\n2015-01-20January 20, 2015\n2015-01-21January 21, 2015\n2016-10-26October 26, 2016\n\n''Claire: Extended Cut''\nHailstorm Games\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-31August 31, 2016\n\n\n''Clockwork''\nGamesoft\n\n\n\n\n\n''Clockwork Tales: Of Glass and Ink''\nArtifex Mundi\n2016-11-29 November 29, 2016\n2016-11-29November 29, 2016\n2016-11-29November 29, 2016\n\n\n''Close Castles''\nSirvo\n\n\n\n\n\n''Clustertruck''\nLandfall Games\n2016-09-27September 27, 2016\n2016-09-27September 27, 2016\n\n\n\n''Coffin Dodgers''\nMilky Tea Studios\n2016-05-03 May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n\n\n''Cold Horizon''\nBig Cake Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Color Guardians''\nFair Play Labs\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-06-04June 4, 2015\n2017-01-27January 27, 2017\n\n''Color Zen''\nLarge Animal Games\n2016-08-12August 12, 2016\n2016-08-12August 12, 2016\n2016-11-01November 1, 2016\n\n\n''Commander Cherry's Puzzled Journey''\nGrand\u00e9 Games\n2015-08-11 August 11, 2015\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n\n\n''Conarium''\nZoetrope Interactive\n\n\n\n\n\n''Consortium: The Tower''\nInterdimensional Games Inc.\n\n\n\n\n\n''Constructor HD''\nSystem 3\n\n\n\n\n''Contrast''\nCompulsion Games\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Cook, Serve, Delicious! 2!!''\nVertigo Gaming Inc.\n\n\n\n\n\n''Corridor Z''\nMass Creation\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-04May 4, 2016\n\n\n''Cosmic Star Heroine''\nZeboyd Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Cosmochoria''\nNate Schmold\n\n\n\n\n\n''Cosmophony''\nMoving Player\n2015-05-05May 5, 2015\n2015-05-05May 5, 2015\n2015-05-06May 6, 2015\n\n\n''Costume Quest 2''\nDouble Fine Productions\n2014-10-28October 28, 2014\n2014-10-28October 28, 2014\n2015-04-15April 15, 2015\n\n\n''CounterSpy''\nDynamighty\n2014-08-19August 19, 2014\n2014-08-19August 19, 2014\n2014-08-20August 20, 2014\n2014-08-21August 21, 2014\n\n''Court of the Dead: Underworld Rising''\nSideshow\n\n\n\n\n\n''Crashnauts''\nFueled by Rockets\n\n\n\n\n\n''Crazy Strike Bowling EX''\nCorecell Technology\n2016-05-25May 25, 2016\n2016-05-25May 25, 2016\n2016-06-14June 14, 2016\n\n\n''Crimsonland''\n10tons\n2014-07-15July 15, 2014\n2014-07-15July 15, 2014\n2014-07-16July 16, 2014\n\n\n''Croixleur Sigma''\nsouvenir circ.\n2015-03-05March 5, 2015\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2015-03-05March 5, 2015\n\n''Crossing Souls''\nFourattic\n\n\n\n\n\n''Cryamore''\nNostalgico\n\n\n\n\n\n''Crypt of the NecroDancer''\nBrace Yourself Games\n2016-01-18January 18, 2016\n2016-02-02February 2, 2016\n2016-02-03February 3, 2016\n2016-01-18January 18, 2016\n\n''Cryptark''\nAlientrap\n\n\n\n\n\n''Cubikolor''\nFractal Box\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-20May 20, 2016\n\n\n''Curses 'N Chaos''\nTribute Games\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n2015-09-11September 11, 2015\n\n\n''D/Generation HD''\nWest Coast Software Limited\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n\n\n\n''Daisenryaku WEB''\nLionsfilm Limited\n2016-11-10November 10, 2016\n\n\n2016-11-10November 10, 2016\n\n''Dangerous Golf''\nThree Fields Entertainment\n2016-06-03 June 3, 2016\n2016-06-03June 3, 2016\n2016-06-03June 3, 2016\n\n\n''Dariusburst Chronicle Saviours''\nPyramid\n2015-12-01December 1, 2015\n2015-12-01December 1, 2015\n2015-12-08December 8, 2015\n2016-01-15January 15, 2016\n\n''Darkest Dungeon''\nRed Hook Studios\n2016-09-27 September 27, 2016\n2016-09-27September 27, 2016\n2016-09-27September 27, 2016\n\n\n''Day of the Tentacle Remastered''\nDouble Fine Productions\n2016-03-22 March 22, 2016\n2016-03-22March 22, 2016\n2016-03-22March 22, 2016\n\n\n''Daydreamer: Awakened Edition''\nRoland Studios\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-13July 13, 2016\n\n\n''Daylight''\nZombie Studios\n2014-04-29April 29, 2014\n2014-04-29April 29, 2014\n2014-04-30April 30, 2014\n2014-08-28August 28, 2014\n\n''DayZ''\nBohemia Interactive\n\n\n\n\n\n''DC Universe Online''\nDaybreak Game Company\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n\n\n''Dead Effect 2''\nBadFly Interactive\n\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n2017-01-18January 18, 2017\n\n\n''Dead Island: Retro Revenge''\nEmpty Clip Studios\n2016-08-01 August 1, 2016\n2016-08-01August 1, 2016\n2016-08-01August 1, 2016\n\n\n''Dead Island: Riptide Definitive Edition''\nTechland\n2016-05-31 May 31, 2016\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-09-29September 29, 2016\n\n''Dead Nation: Apocalypse Edition''\nHousemarque\n2014-03-04March 4, 2014\n2014-03-04March 4, 2014\n2014-03-05March 5, 2014\n2014-05-29May 29, 2014\n\n''Dead Rising 2: Off the Record''\nCapcom Vancouver\n2016-09-13  September 13, 2016\n2016-09-13September 13, 2016\n2016-09-13September 13, 2016\n2016-09-13September 13, 2016\n\n''Dead Secret''\nRobot Invader\n\n\n\n\n\n''Dead Star''\nArmature Studio\n2016-04-05 April 5, 2016\n2016-04-05April 5, 2016\n2016-04-05April 5, 2016\n2016-08-03August 3, 2016\n\n''Dead Synchronicity: Tomorrow Comes Today''\nFictiorama Studios\n2016-10-04 October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n\n\n''Deadlight: Director's Cut''\nTequila Works\n2016-06-21 June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n\n\n''Deadwood: The Forgotten Curse''\nSteamroller Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Dear Esther: Landmark Edition''\nThe Chinese Room\n2016-09-20 September 20, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n\n\n''Death's Gambit''\nWhite Rabbit\n\n\n\n\n\n''Death Squared''\nSMG Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Death Tales''\nNine Tales Digital\n\n\n\n\n\n''Deathtrap''\nNeocoreGames\n\n\n\n\n\n''Deep Down''\nCapcom\n\n\n\n\n\n''Defenders of Ekron''\nIn Vitro Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Defense Grid 2''\nHidden Path Entertainment\n2014-09-23September 23, 2014\n2014-09-23September 23, 2014\n2014-10-01October 1, 2014\n\n\n''Deformers''\nReady at Dawn\n\n\n\n\n\n''Demon's Crystals''\nByte4Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Demons Age''\nBigmoon Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Deponia''\nDaedalic Entertainment\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n2016-12-01December 1, 2016\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n\n\n''Deponia Doomsday''\nDaedalic Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Desert Ashes''\nNine Tales\n\n\n\n\n\n''Dex''\nDreadlocks Ltd\n2016-07-08July 8, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-08July 8, 2016\n\n\n''Dino Dini's Kick Off Revival''\nDino Dini\n2016-06-24June 24, 2016\n\n2016-06-24June 24, 2016\n\n\n''Disc Jam''\nHigh Horse Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Distance''\nRefract Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Divekick: Addition Edition +''\nIron Galaxy\n2014-10-07October 7, 2014\n2014-10-07October 7, 2014\n2014-10-08October 8, 2014\n\n\n''Divide''\nExploding Tuba Studios\n\n2017-01-31January 31, 2017\n\n\n\n''Dogchild''\nAnimatoon Studio\n2016-01-12January 12, 2016\n2016-01-12January 12, 2016\n2016-02-05February 5, 2016\n\n\n''DOGOS''\nOPQAM\n2016-09-06 September 6, 2016\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n2016-12-16December 16, 2016\n\n''Doki-Doki Universe''\nHumaNature Studios\n2013-12-10December 10, 2013\n2013-12-10December 10, 2013\n2013-12-11December 11, 2013\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Dollhouse''\nCreazn\n\n\n\n\n\n''Don't Die, Mr. Robot!''\nInfinite State Games\n2016-03-08 March 8, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n\n\n''Don't Knock Twice''\nWales Interactive\n\n\n\n\n\n''Don't Starve: Console Edition''\nKlei Entertainment\n2014-01-07January 7, 2014\n2014-01-07January 7, 2014\n2014-01-08January 8, 2014\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Doodle Devil''\nJoyBits\n2016-03-23March 23, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-03-23March 23, 2016\n\n\n''Doodle God''\nJoyBits\n2016-01-29January 29, 2016\n2016-07-05July 5, 2016\n2016-01-29January 29, 2016\n\n\n''Doodle Kingdom''\nJoyBits\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-09-19September 19, 2016\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n\n\n''Doryoku Way: Conflict''\nUchronic Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Double Dragon IV''\nArc System Works\n\n2017-01-30January 30, 2017\n2017-01-30January 30, 2017\n2017-01-30January 30, 2017\n\n''Downwell''\nMoppin\n2016-05-24 May 24, 2016\n2016-05-24May 24, 2016\n2016-05-24May 24, 2016\n2016-05-26May 26, 2016\n\n''Dragon Fantasy: The Black Tome of Ice''\nThe Muteki Corporation\n2016-03-22March 22, 2016\n2016-03-22March 22, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n\n\n''Dragon Fin Soup''\nGrimm Bros.\n2015-11-03 November 3, 2015\n2015-11-03November 3, 2015\n2015-11-03November 3, 2015\n2015-12-02December 2, 2015\n\n''Drawfighters''\nWildbit Studios\n2016-11-24November 24, 2016\n\n2016-11-24November 24, 2016\n\n\n''Drawful 2''\nJackbox Games\n2016-06-21 June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n\n\n''Drawn to Death''\nThe Bartlet Jones Supernatural Detective Agency\n\n\n\n\n\n''Dreadnought''\nYager Development\n\n\n\n\n\n''Dream C Club: Host Girls on Stage''\nD3 Publisher\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Dreamals''\nXiness Games\n2015-11-17November 17, 2015\n2015-11-17November 17, 2015\n2015-11-25November 25, 2015\n\n\n''Dreamals: Dream Quest''\nXiness Games\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-06-22June 22, 2016\n\n\n''Dreamfall Chapters: The Longest Journey''\nRed Thread Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Dreii''\nEtter Studio\n2016-03-09 March 9, 2016\n2016-03-09March 9, 2016\n2016-03-09March 9, 2016\n\n\n''Drift Stage''\nSuper System Softworks\n\n\n\n\n\n''Drifter''\nCelsius Game Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Drive!Drive!Drive!''\nDifferent Cloth\n2016-12-13 December 13, 2016\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n\n\n''Ducati: 90th Anniversary''\nMilestone S.r.l.\n2016-06-09 June 9, 2016\n2016-06-09June 9, 2016\n2016-06-09June 9, 2016\n\n\n''Duck Game''\nLandon Podbielski\n\n\n\n\n\n''Duelyst''\nCounterplay Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Duke Nukem 3D: 20th Anniversary World Tour''\nGearbox Software\n2016-10-11 October 11, 2016\n2016-10-11October 11, 2016\n2016-10-11October 11, 2016\n\n\n''Dungeon Defenders II''\nTrendy Entertainment\n2015-09-29September 29, 2015\n2015-09-29September 29, 2015\n2015-10-07October 7, 2015\n\n\n''Dungeon Punks''\nHyper Awesome Entertainment\n2016-07-26 July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n\n\n''Dust: An Elysian Tail''\nHumble Hearts\n2014-10-07October 7, 2014\n2014-10-07October 7, 2014\n2014-10-08October 8, 2014\n\n\n''Dynamite Fishing \u2013 World Games''\nHandyGames\n2015-08-26August 26, 2015\n2015-09-30September 30, 2015\n2015-08-26August 26, 2015\n\n\n''Earth's Dawn''\nOneoreight\n2015-09-18September 18, 2015\n2016-11-01November 1, 2016\n2016-11-01November 1, 2016\n2015-09-18September 18, 2015\n\n''Earthlock: Festival of Magic''\nSnowcastle Games\n\n2017-01-27January 27, 2017\n2017-01-27January 27, 2017\n\n\n''EarthNight''\nCleaversoft\n\n\n\n\n\n''Edge of Eternity''\nMidgar Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Eitr''\nEneme Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Electronic Super Joy''\nMichael Todd Games\n2016-06-21 June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n\n\n''Elite: Dangerous''\nFrontier Developments\n\n\n\n\n\n''Elliot Quest''\nAnsimuz Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Emily Wants to Play''\nSKH Apps\n2016-08-09August 9, 2016\n2016-08-09August 9, 2016\n2016-10-26October 26, 2016\n\n\n''Ender of Fire''\nXiness Games\n2015-06-23June 23, 2015\n2015-06-23June 23, 2015\n2015-07-08July 8, 2015\n\n\n''Energy Hook''\nHappion Laboratories\n2016-07-05 July 5, 2016\n2016-07-05July 5, 2016\n2016-07-05July 5, 2016\n\n\n''Enter the Gungeon''\nDodge Roll\n2016-04-05 April 5, 2016\n2016-04-05April 5, 2016\n2016-04-05April 5, 2016\n\n\n''Entwined''\nPixelopus\n2014-06-09June 9, 2014\n2014-06-09June 9, 2014\n2014-06-10June 10, 2014\n2014-06-19June 19, 2014\n\n''Escape Goat 2''\nMagicalTimeBean\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n2014-11-26November 26, 2014\n\n\n''Escape Plan''\nFun Bits Interactive\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n2013-12-03December 3, 2013\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Ether One''\nWhite Paper Games\n2015-05-05May 5, 2015\n2015-05-05May 5, 2015\n\n\n\n''Everybody's Gone to the Rapture''\nThe Chinese Room\n2015-08-11  August 11, 2015\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n\n''Everything''\nDavid OReilly\n\n\n\n\n\n''Exile's End''\nMagnetic Realms\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n2016-10-26October 26, 2016\n\n\n''Exodus of Sol''\nBit Planet Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Extreme Exorcism''\nGolden Ruby Games\n2015-09-23 September 23, 2015\n2015-09-23September 23, 2015\n2015-09-23September 23, 2015\n\n\n''Fabular: Once upon a Spacetime''\nSpiritus Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Fallen Legion''\nYummyYummyTummy\n\n\n\n\n\n''Fantasy Strike''\nSirlin Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Fat City''\nHeavy Iron Studios\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2015-11-26November 26, 2015\n\n\n''Fat Princess Adventures''\nFun Bits Interactive\n2015-12-05 December 5, 2015\n2015-12-05December 5, 2015\n2015-12-05December 5, 2015\n2015-12-09December 9, 2015\n\n''Fault Milestone One''\nAlice in Dissonance\n\n\n\n\n\n''Feist''\nBits & Beasts\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n\n\n\n''Fenix Furia''\nGreen Lava Studios\n2016-06-07 June 7, 2016\n2016-06-07June 7, 2016\n2016-06-07June 7, 2016\n2016-09-16September 16, 2016\n\n''Fez''\nPolytron Corporation\n2014-03-25March 25, 2014\n2014-03-25March 25, 2014\n2014-03-26March 26, 2014\n2014-08-20August 20, 2014\n\n''Fibbage: The Hilarious Bluffing Party Game''\nJackbox Games\n2014-09-16September 16, 2014\n2014-09-16September 16, 2014\n\n\n\n''Filthy Lucre''\nFabrik Games\n2016-09-07September 7, 2016\n2016-09-16September 16, 2016\n2016-09-07September 7, 2016\n\n\n''Final Fantasy VII''\nSquare Enix\n2015-12-05 December 5, 2015\n2015-12-05December 5, 2015\n2015-12-05December 5, 2015\n2015-12-06December 6, 2015\n\n''Final Horizon''\nEiconic Games\n2014-12-02December 2, 2014\n2014-12-02December 2, 2014\n2014-12-03December 3, 2014\n\n\n''Firefighters: The Simulation''\nVIS - Visual Imagination Software\n\n\n2017-01-20January 20, 2017\n\n\n''Firewatch''\nCampo Santo\n2016-02-09 February 9, 2016\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n\n\n''The Flame in the Flood: Complete Edition''\nThe Molasses Flood\n\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n\n\n''Flame Over''\nLaughing Jackal\n2015-09-15September 15, 2015\n2015-09-15September 15, 2015\n2015-09-16September 16, 2015\n\n\n''Flockers''\nTeam17\n2014-09-19September 19, 2014\n2014-09-23September 23, 2014\n2014-09-19September 19, 2014\n\n\n''flOw''\nthatgamecompany / SuperVillain Studios\n2013-12-04December 4, 2013\n2013-12-17December 17, 2013\n2013-12-04December 4, 2013\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Flower''\nthatgamecompany / Bluepoint Games\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Fluster Cluck''\nLoot Interactive\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n2014-10-22October 22, 2014\n\n\n''Flying Bunny''\nZepetto\n2016-12-09December 9, 2016\n2016-12-09December 9, 2016\n\n\n\n''Forestry 2017: The Simulation''\nJoindots\n2016-10-28 October 28, 2016\n2016-10-28October 28, 2016\n2016-10-28October 28, 2016\n\n\n''Forgotton Anne''\nThroughline Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Forced''\nBetaDwarf\n2015-10-20October 20, 2015\n2015-10-20October 20, 2015\n2015-10-21October 21, 2015\n\n\n''forma.8''\nMixedBag\n\n\n\n\n\n''Foul Play''\nMediatonic\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n\n\n''Four Sided Fantasy''\nLudo Land\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-31August 31, 2016\n\n\n''Fragments of Him''\nSassybot\n\n\n\n\n\n''FreezeME''\nRainy Night Creations\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n\n\n\n''Frozen Free Fall: Snowball Fight''\nSuperVillain Studios\n2015-09-15 September 15, 2015\n2015-09-15September 15, 2015\n2015-09-15September 15, 2015\n\n\n''Full Mojo Rampage''\nOver the Top Games\n2016-06-15June 15, 2016\n2016-06-28June 28, 2016\n2016-06-15June 15, 2016\n\n\n''Full Throttle Remastered''\nDouble Fine Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n''Funk of Titans''\nA Crowd of Monsters\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n\n\n\n''Furi''\nThe Game Bakers\n2016-07-05 July 5, 2016\n2016-07-05July 5, 2016\n2016-07-05July 5, 2016\n2016-08-03August 3, 2016\n\n''Furuki Yoki Jidai no Boukentan''\nDaidai Inc.\n2016-12-15December 15, 2016\n\n\n2016-12-15December 15, 2016\n\n''Fushigi no Gens\u014dky\u014d 3''\nMediascape\n\n\n\n\n\n''Future Unfolding''\nSpaces of Play\n\n\n\n\n\n''FutureGrind''\nMilkbag Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Futuridium EP Deluxe''\nMixedBag\n2014-09-30September 30, 2014\n2014-09-30September 30, 2014\n2014-10-01October 1, 2014\n\n\n''Gal Gunvolt''\nInti Creates\n2015-08-06August 6, 2015\n\n\n2015-08-06August 6, 2015\n\n''Galak-Z: The Dimensional''\n17-BIT\n2015-08-04August 4, 2015\n2015-08-04August 4, 2015\n2015-08-05August 5, 2015\n\n\n''Game of Thrones''\nTelltale Games\n2014-12-02December 2, 2014\n2014-12-02December 2, 2014\n2014-12-03December 3, 2014\n\n\n''Games of Glory''\nLightbulb Crew\n\n\n\n\n\n''Gang Beasts''\nBoneloaf Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Garou: Mark of the Wolves''\nSNK\n2016-12-03 December 3, 2016\n2016-12-03December 3, 2016\n2016-12-03December 3, 2016\n2016-12-07December 7, 2016\n\n''Gas Guzzlers Extreme''\nGamepires\n\n\n\n\n\n''Gauntlet: Slayer Edition''\nArrowhead Game Studios\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n2015-08-12August 12, 2015\n\n\n''Gemini: Heroes Reborn''\nPhosphor Games\n2016-01-26January 26, 2016\n2016-01-26January 26, 2016\n2016-03-09March 9, 2016\n\n\n''Gems of War''\nInfinite Interactive\n2015-11-13 November 13, 2015\n2015-11-13November 13, 2015\n2015-11-13November 13, 2015\n\n\n''Geometry Wars 3: Dimensions''\nLucid Games\n2014-11-25November 25, 2014\n2014-11-25November 25, 2014\n2014-11-26November 26, 2014\n\n\n''Get Even''\nThe Farm 51\n\n\n\n\n\n''Get Over Here''\nReload Game Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Giana Sisters: Dream Runners''\nBlack Forest Games\n2015-08-19 August 19, 2015\n2015-08-19August 19, 2015\n2015-08-19August 19, 2015\n\n\n''Giana Sisters: Twisted Dreams - Director's Cut''\nBlack Forest Games\n2014-12-09December 9, 2014\n2014-12-09December 9, 2014\n2014-12-10December 10, 2014\n\n\n''Ginger: Beyond the Crystal''\nDrakhar Studio\n2016-10-25 October 25, 2016\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n\n\n''Girl and Dragon: Illusion Beast Contract Cryptract''\nLionsfilm Limited\n2016-09-08September 8, 2016\n\n\n2016-09-08September 8, 2016\n\n''GlowTag''\nGreenfly Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''GNOG''\nKO OP\n\n\n\n\n\n''Goat Simulator''\nDouble Eleven\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n2015-08-12August 12, 2015\n2015-10-07October 7, 2015\n\n''Gone Home: Console Edition''\nFullbright\n2016-01-12January 12, 2016\n2016-01-12January 12, 2016\n2016-02-12February 12, 2016\n\n\n''Goosebumps: The Game''\nWayForward Technologies\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n\n\n\n''Grand Prix Rock 'N Racing''\nEnjoyUp Games\n2016-10-07October 7, 2016\n2016-11-04November 4, 2016\n2016-10-07October 7, 2016\n\n\n''Grave''\nBroken Window Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Gravity Ghost''\nIvy Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Grim Fandango Remastered''\nDouble Fine Productions\n2015-01-27January 27, 2015\n2015-01-27January 27, 2015\n2015-01-28January 28, 2015\n2016-11-02November 2, 2016\n\n''Grow Home''\nUbisoft Reflections\n2015-09-01 September 1, 2015\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2015-09-02September 2, 2015\n\n''Grow Up''\nUbisoft Reflections\n2016-08-16 August 16, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-17August 17, 2016\n\n''Gryphon Knight Epic''\nCyber Rhino Studios\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n\n\n\n''Guacamelee! Super Turbo Championship Edition''\nDrinkbox Studios\n2014-07-01July 1, 2014\n2014-07-01July 1, 2014\n2014-07-02July 2, 2014\n\n\n''Gundam Battle Operation NEXT''\nBandai Namco Entertainment\n2015-08-27August 27, 2015\n\n\n2015-08-27August 27, 2015\n\n''Guns of Icarus Online''\nMuse Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Guns Up!''\nValkyrie Entertainment\n2015-12-05December 5, 2015\n2015-12-05December 5, 2015\n2015-12-09December 9, 2015\n\n\n''Guns, Gore & Cannoli''\nCrazy Monkey Studios\n2015-12-08December 8, 2015\n2015-12-09December 9, 2015\n2015-12-08December 8, 2015\n2016-07-01July 1, 2016\n\n''Gunscape''\nBlowfish Studios\n2016-03-01 March 1, 2016\n2016-03-01March 1, 2016\n2016-03-01March 1, 2016\n\n\n''Gunship X''\nWell Formed Pixels\n\n\n\n\n\n''Gunsport''\nNecrosoft Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Gwent: The Witcher Card Game''\nCD Projekt RED\n\n\n\n\n\n''H-Hour: World's Elite''\nSOF Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''H1Z1: King of the Kill''\nDaybreak Game Company\n\n\n\n\n\n''Habitat''\n4gency\n\n\n\n\n\n''Hammerwatch''\nCrackshell\n\n\n\n\n\n''Hand of Fate''\nDefiant Development\n2015-02-17February 17, 2015\n2015-02-17February 17, 2015\n2015-02-18February 18, 2015\n\n\n''Hand of Fate 2''\nDefiant Development\n\n\n\n\n\n''Hard Reset Redux''\nFlying Wild Hog\n2016-06-03June 3, 2016\n2016-06-03June 3, 2016\n2016-06-08June 8, 2016\n\n\n''Hardware: Rivals''\nSCE Connected Content Group\n2016-01-05 January 5, 2016\n2016-01-05January 5, 2016\n2016-01-05January 5, 2016\n2016-02-03February 3, 2016\n\n''Has-Been Heroes''\nFrozenbyte\n\n\n\n\n\n''Hatoful Boyfriend''\nMediatonic\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n2015-07-22July 22, 2015\n2016-03-24March 24, 2016\n\n''Hatoful Boyfriend: Holiday Star''\nMediatonic\n2015-12-22 December 22, 2015\n2015-12-22December 22, 2015\n2015-12-22December 22, 2015\n2016-03-24March 24, 2016\n\n''Hatsune Miku: Project DIVA Future Tone''\nSega\n2016-06-23June 23, 2016\n2017-01-10January 10, 2017\n2017-01-10January 10, 2017\n2016-06-23June 23, 2016\n\n''Hawken''\nReloaded Games\n2016-07-08 July 8, 2016\n2016-07-08July 8, 2016\n2016-07-08July 8, 2016\n\n\n''Headlander''\nDouble Fine Productions\n2016-07-26 July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n\n\n''Heart Forth, Alicia''\nAlonso Martin\n\n\n\n\n\n''Heart&Slash''\naheartfulofgames\n2016-06-24June 24, 2016\n2016-06-28June 28, 2016\n2016-06-24June 24, 2016\n2016-10-31October 31, 2016\n\n''Helldivers''\nArrowhead Game Studios\n2015-03-03March 3, 2015\n2015-03-03March 3, 2015\n2015-03-04March 4, 2015\n2015-03-05March 5, 2015\n\n''Hellraid''\nTechland\n\n\n\n\n\n''Henka Twist Caper''\nOriGaminc\n\n\n\n\n\n''Her Majesty's SPIFFING''\nBilly Goat Entertainment\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n2016-12-14December 14, 2016\n\n\n''Hero Hearts Zero''\nBicore\n\n\n\n\n\n''Heroes of Fortune''\nDotomchi Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Hitman''\nIO Interactive\n2016-03-11 March 11, 2016\n2016-03-11March 11, 2016\n2016-03-11March 11, 2016\n\n\n''Hitman Go: Definitive Edition''\nSquare Enix Montreal\n2016-02-23 February 23, 2016\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n\n\n''Hob''\nRunic Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Hohokum''\nHoneyslug\n2014-08-12August 12, 2014\n2014-08-12August 12, 2014\n2014-08-13August 13, 2014\n2014-08-13August 13, 2014\n\n''Hollowpoint''\nRuffian Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Home''\nBenjamin Rivers\n2014-10-28October 28, 2014\n2014-10-28October 28, 2014\n2015-04-15April 15, 2015\n\n\n''Home Free''\nMakeroca\n\n\n\n\n\n''Home Improvisation''\nThe Stork Burnt Down\n\n\n\n\n\n''Honor and Duty: Arcade Edition''\nStrange Games Studios\n2016-11-01November 1, 2016\n2016-11-01November 1, 2016\n\n\n\n''HoPiKo''\nLaser Dog\n2016-10-18October 18, 2016\n2016-10-18October 18, 2016\n2016-10-19October 19, 2016\n\n\n''Horizon Chase''\nAquiris Game Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Hotline Miami''\nDennaton Games\n2014-08-19August 19, 2014\n2014-08-19August 19, 2014\n2014-08-20August 20, 2014\n2015-06-25June 25, 2015\n\n''Hotline Miami 2: Wrong Number''\nDennaton Games\n2015-03-10March 10, 2015\n2015-03-10March 10, 2015\n2015-03-11March 11, 2015\n2015-06-25June 25, 2015\n\n''Hover: Revolt of Gamers''\nMidgar Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''How to Survive: Storm Warning Edition''\nEKO Software\n2014-10-29October 29, 2014\n2014-11-04November 4, 2014\n2014-10-29October 29, 2014\n2015-04-08April 8, 2015\n\n''How to Survive 2''\nEKO Software\n\n\n\n\n\n''Hue''\nFiddlesticks\n2016-08-30 August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n\n\n''Human: Fall Flat''\nNo Brakes Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Hunter's Legacy''\nLienzo\n\n2017-01-24January 24, 2017\n\n\n\n''Hush: Into the Darkness''\nGS78\n\n\n\n\n\n''Hustle Kings''\nVooFoo Studios\n2015-03-18March 18, 2015\n2015-06-09June 9, 2015\n2015-03-18March 18, 2015\n\n\n''Hyper Light Drifter''\nHeart Machine\n2016-07-26 July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n\n\n''Hyper Void''\nINFramez Technology\n2015-09-08 September 8, 2015\n2015-09-08September 8, 2015\n2015-09-08September 8, 2015\n\n\n''Hyperdrive Massacre''\n34BigThings\n\n\n\n\n\n''I am Bread''\nBossa Studios\n2015-08-25 August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2015-12-25December 25, 2015\n\n''I, Zombie''\nAwesome Games Studio\n2016-11-22November 22, 2016\n2016-11-22November 22, 2016\n2016-11-24November 24, 2016\n\n\n''Iconoclasts''\nKonjak\n\n\n\n\n\n''Illusoria''\nUnder the Bridge\n\n\n\n\n\n''In Space We Brawl''\nForge Reply\n2014-10-14October 14, 2014\n2014-10-14October 14, 2014\n2014-10-15October 15, 2014\n2015-09-10September 10, 2015\n\n''In the Shadows''\nColorspace\n\n\n\n\n\n''Indivisible''\nLab Zero Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Industry Giant 2''\nUnited Independent Entertainment\n2016-12-20 December 20, 2016\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n\n\n''Infinifactory''\nZachtronics Industries\n2015-12-22December 22, 2015\n2015-12-22December 22, 2015\n2016-01-15January 15, 2016\n\n\n''Infinity Runner''\nWales Interactive\n2015-04-21April 21, 2015\n2015-04-21April 21, 2015\n2015-04-22April 22, 2015\n2015-12-25December 25, 2015\n\n''Insane Robots''\nPlayniac\n\n\n\n\n\n''Inside''\nPlaydead\n2016-08-23 August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-11-24November 24, 2016\n\n''Inside My Radio''\nSeaven Studio\n2016-01-19 January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n\n\n''Inversus''\nHypersect\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-17August 17, 2016\n2016-08-31August 31, 2016\n\n''Invisible, Inc. Console Edition''\nKlei Entertainment\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n\n\n''Invokers Tournament''\nStormBASIC Games\n2014-12-03December 3, 2014\n2015-06-09June 9, 2015\n2014-12-03December 3, 2014\n\n\n''Ironcast''\nDreadbit\n2016-03-01March 1, 2016\n2016-03-01March 1, 2016\n2016-03-02March 2, 2016\n\n\n''Ironclad Tactics''\nZachtronics Industries\n2015-01-20January 20, 2015\n2015-01-20January 20, 2015\n2015-01-21January 21, 2015\n\n\n''Ittle Dew 2''\nLudosity\n2016-11-15 November 15, 2016\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n\n\n''Izle''\nArea Effect\n\n\n\n\n\n''James's Legacy''\nNestoss\n\n\n\n\n\n''Jamestown+''\nFinal Form Games\n2015-03-17March 17, 2015\n2015-03-17March 17, 2015\n2015-03-18March 18, 2015\n\n\n''Jazzpunk: Director's Cut''\nNecrophone Games\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n2016-10-19October 19, 2016\n\n\n''Jenny LeClue''\nMografi\n\n\n\n\n\n''Jet Car Stunts''\nGrip Digital\n\n\n\n\n\n''Jetpack Joyride''\nHalfbrick Studios\n2016-04-26 April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n\n\n''Jikkyou Powerful Pro Yakyuu: Success Special''\nKonami\n2016-04-28April 28, 2016\n\n\n2016-04-28April 28, 2016\n\n''Joe Dever's Lone Wolf HD Remastered''\nForge Reply\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n2016-03-16March 16, 2016\n\n\n''Joe's Diner''\nVIS - Visual Imagination Software\n2016-09-07September 7, 2016\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n2016-09-07September 7, 2016\n\n\n''Jotun: Valhalla Edition''\nThunder Lotus Games\n2016-09-09  September 9, 2016\n2016-09-09September 9, 2016\n2016-09-09September 9, 2016\n2016-09-09September 9, 2016\n\n''Journey''\nthatgamecompany\n2015-07-21 July 21, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n2015-07-23July 23, 2015\n\n''Joysound Dive 2''\nXing Inc.\n\n\n\n\n\n''Jump Stars''\nPixel Blimp\n\n\n\n\n\n''Jurassic Encounter''\nSupermassive Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Just Shapes & Beats''\nBerzerk Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Kai-ri-Sei Million Arthur''\nSquare Enix\n2016-09-01September 1, 2016\n\n\n2016-09-01September 1, 2016\n\n''Kerbal Space Program''\nSquad\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n\n\n\n''Kholat''\nIMGN.PRO\n2016-03-08 March 8, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n2016-11-11November 11, 2016\n\n''Kick & Fennick''\nJaywalkers Interactive\n2016-06-02 June 2, 2016\n2016-06-02June 2, 2016\n2016-06-02June 2, 2016\n\n\n''KickBeat: Special Edition''\nZen Studios\n2014-09-16September 16, 2014\n2014-09-16September 16, 2014\n2014-09-17September 17, 2014\n\n\n''Kido: Ride on Time''\nNext Floor\n\n\n\n\n\n''Kill Strain''\nSCE San Diego Studio\n2016-07-12 July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n\n\n''Killing Floor 2''\nTripwire Interactive\n2016-11-18 November 18, 2016\n2016-11-18November 18, 2016\n2016-11-18November 18, 2016\n\n\n''King Oddball''\n10tons\n2014-04-02April 2, 2014\n2014-04-08April 8, 2014\n2014-04-02April 2, 2014\n\n\n''King of Wushu''\nSnail\n\n\n\n\n\n''King's Quest''\nThe Odd Gentlemen\n2015-07-28July 28, 2015\n2015-07-28July 28, 2015\n2015-07-29July 29, 2015\n\n\n''Kingdom Under Fire II''\nBlueside\n\n\n\n\n\n''Kitten Squad''\nNine Tales Digital\n2015-09-15September 15, 2015\n2015-09-15September 15, 2015\n2016-06-09June 9, 2016\n\n\n''Kitty Powers' Matchmaker''\nMagic Notion\n\n2017-02-07February 7, 2017\n2017-02-07February 7, 2017\n\n\n''Klaus''\nLa Cosa\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-25January 25, 2016\n\n\n''Knee Deep''\nPrologue Games\n\n2017-01-31January 31, 2017\n2017-01-31January 31, 2017\n\n\n''Knights and Bikes''\nFoam Sword\n\n\n\n\n\n''Knock-Knock!''\nIce-Pick Lodge\n2015-09-10 September 10, 2015\n2015-09-10September 10, 2015\n2015-09-10September 10, 2015\n\n\n''Knot''\nWarlock Arts\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2016-07-20July 20, 2016\n\n\n''Kodoku''\nCarnivore Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Koi''\nOasis Games\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n\n\n''Krinkle Krusher''\nIlusis Interactive Graphics\n2015-04-07April 7, 2015\n2015-04-07April 7, 2015\n2016-08-05August 5, 2016\n\n\n''Kung Fury: Street Rage''\nHello There\n2015-08-11 August 11, 2015\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n\n\n''Kursk''\nJujubee\n\n\n\n\n\n''Kyn''\nTangrin\n\n\n\n\n\n''Kyurinaga's Revenge''\nRecotechnology\n2016-10-25 October 25, 2016\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n2016-11-25November 25, 2016\n\n''LA Cops''\nModern Dream\n2015-04-21April 21, 2015\n2015-04-21April 21, 2015\n2015-04-22April 22, 2015\n\n\n''Lara Croft and the Temple of Osiris''\nCrystal Dynamics\n2014-12-09 December 9, 2014\n2014-12-09December 9, 2014\n2014-12-09December 9, 2014\n2014-12-25December 25, 2014\n\n''Lara Croft Go''\nSquare Enix Montreal\n2016-12-03 December 3, 2016\n2016-12-03December 3, 2016\n2016-12-03December 3, 2016\n\n\n''Laser Disco Defenders''\nOut of Bounds\n2016-11-22 November 22, 2016\n2016-11-22November 22, 2016\n2016-11-22November 22, 2016\n\n\n''Laserlife''\nChoice Provisions\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n2015-10-08October 8, 2015\n\n\n''The Last Blade 2''\nSNK\n2016-05-24May 24, 2016\n2016-05-24May 24, 2016\n2016-05-25May 25, 2016\n2016-05-25May 25, 2016\n\n''Last Stitch Goodnight''\nWell Bred Rhino\n\n\n\n\n\n''Last Wings''\nVertice Games\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-12-07December 7, 2016\n\n\n''LASTFIGHT''\nPiranaking\n2016-09-20 September 20, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n\n\n''Layers of Fear''\nBloober Team\n2016-02-16 February 16, 2016\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2016-10-13October 13, 2016\n\n''Legend of Raven''\nCircle Edge\n\n\n\n\n\n''Leo's Fortune''\n1337 & Senri\n2015-09-08September 8, 2015\n2015-09-08September 8, 2015\n2015-09-11September 11, 2015\n\n\n''Let It Die''\nGrasshopper Manufacture\n2016-12-03 December 3, 2016\n2016-12-03December 3, 2016\n2016-12-03December 3, 2016\n2017-02-02February 2, 2017\n\n''Letter Quest: Grimm's Journey Remastered''\nBacon Bandit Games\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-18May 18, 2016\n\n\n''Level 22''\nMoving Player\n2016-02-11 February 11, 2016\n2016-02-11February 11, 2016\n2016-02-11February 11, 2016\n\n\n''Lichtspeer''\nLichthund\n2016-09-27September 27, 2016\n2016-09-27September 27, 2016\n2016-09-29September 29, 2016\n\n\n''Liege''\nCoda Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Life Goes On: Done to Death''\nInfinite Monkeys Entertainment\n2016-05-17 May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-08-09August 9, 2016\n\n''Life Is Strange''\nDontnod Entertainment\n2015-01-30 January 30, 2015\n2015-01-30January 30, 2015\n2015-01-30January 30, 2015\n2016-03-03March 3, 2016\n\n''Life of Black Tiger''\n1Games\n\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n\n\n\n''Lifeless Planet Premier Edition''\nStage 2 Studios\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2016-08-17August 17, 2016\n\n\n''Lift Car''\nOkidoki Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Limbo''\nPlaydead\n2015-02-24February 24, 2015\n2015-02-24February 24, 2015\n2015-02-25February 25, 2015\n2015-12-02December 2, 2015\n\n''Linelight''\nMy Dog Zorro\n\n\n\n\n\n''Lithium: Inmate 39''\nCanuArts\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n\n\n\n''Little Devil Inside''\nNeostream\n\n\n\n\n\n''Little Nightmares''\nTarsier Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Livelock''\nTuque Games\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-31August 31, 2016\n\n\n''Loadout''\nEdge of Reality\n2014-12-16December 16, 2014\n2014-12-16December 16, 2014\n2014-12-17December 17, 2014\n\n\n''Lobodestroyo''\nLefthanded Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Lone Survivor: The Director\u2019s Cut''\nsuperflat games\n2014-10-14October 14, 2014\n2014-10-14October 14, 2014\n2014-10-15October 15, 2014\n\n\n''Loot Rascals''\nHollow Ponds\n\n\n\n\n\n''Lost Ember''\nMooneye Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Lost Orbit''\nPixelNAUTS\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-05-13May 13, 2015\n\n\n''Lost Sea''\nEastasiasoft\n2016-07-05July 5, 2016\n2016-07-05July 5, 2016\n2016-07-06July 6, 2016\n2016-07-07July 7, 2016\n\n''LOUD on Planet X''\nPop Sandbox\n2016-04-19 April 19, 2016\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n\n\n''Lovely Planet''\nQuickTequila\n2016-04-05 April 5, 2016\n2016-04-05April 5, 2016\n2016-04-05April 5, 2016\n\n\n''Lovers in a Dangerous Spacetime''\nAsteroid Base\n2016-02-09 February 9, 2016\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n2016-09-28September 28, 2016\n\n''Lumo''\nTriple Eh?\n2016-05-24 May 24, 2016\n2016-05-24May 24, 2016\n2016-05-24May 24, 2016\n2016-10-20October 20, 2016\n\n''M3 the dark metal /// Mission Memento Mori''\nBandai Namco Entertainment\n2014-11-20November 20, 2014\n\n\n2014-11-20November 20, 2014\n\n''Machinarium''\nAmanita Design\n2016-09-01September 1, 2016\n2016-09-21September 21, 2016\n2016-10-18October 18, 2016\n2016-09-01September 1, 2016\n\n''Maddening Overload''\nYoYo Games\n2015-04-29April 29, 2015\n\n2015-04-29April 29, 2015\n\n\n''Mages of Mystralia''\nBorealys Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Magic Duels: Origins''\nStainless Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Magicka 2''\nPieces Interactive\n2015-05-26May 26, 2015\n2015-05-26May 26, 2015\n2015-05-27May 27, 2015\n\n\n''Magnet Knights''\nCoconut Games\n2016-12-15 December 15, 2016\n2016-12-15December 15, 2016\n2016-12-15December 15, 2016\n\n\n''Magnetic: Cage Closed''\nGuru Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Maihana Soumakyou: Uniting Barrage Action''\nsouvenir circ.\n\n\n\n\n\n''Mahjong''\nBigben Interactive\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-09-13September 13, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n\n\n''Mahjong Deluxe 3''\nEnsenaSoft\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n\n\n\n''Majestic Nights''\nEpiphany Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Maldita Castilla EX: Cursed Castile''\nAbylight Studios\n2016-12-16 December 16, 2016\n2016-12-16December 16, 2016\n2017-01-11January 11, 2017\n2016-12-16December 16, 2016\n\n''Malicious Fallen''\nAlvion\n\n\n\n\n\n''Manifold Garden''\nWilliam Chyr Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Mantis Burn Racing''\nVooFoo Studios\n2016-10-12 October 12, 2016\n2016-10-12October 12, 2016\n2016-10-12October 12, 2016\n\n\n''Manual Samuel''\nPerfectly Paranormal\n2016-10-11 October 11, 2016\n2016-10-11October 11, 2016\n2016-10-11October 11, 2016\n\n\n''Marisa to Alice no Trap Tower''\nDesunoya\n2016-11-18November 18, 2016\n\n\n2016-11-18November 18, 2016\n\n''Marvel: Ultimate Alliance''\nRaven Software / Zo\u00eb Mode\n2016-07-26 July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n\n\n''Marvel: Ultimate Alliance 2''\nVicarious Visions / Zo\u00eb Mode\n2016-07-26 July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n\n\n''Marvel Puzzle Quest: Dark Reign''\nWayForward Technologies\n2015-10-16October 16, 2015\n2015-10-16October 16, 2015\n2015-10-26October 26, 2015\n\n\n''Masquerada: Songs and Shadows''\nWitching Hour Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Masquerade: The Baubles of Doom''\nBig Ant Studios\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n\n\n''MatterFall''\nHousemarque\n\n\n\n\n\n''Mayan Death Robots''\nSileni Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''McDroid''\nElefantopia\n2016-03-01 March 1, 2016\n2016-03-01March 1, 2016\n2016-03-01March 1, 2016\n\n\n''MechRunner''\nSpark Plug Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Mega Coin Squad''\nBig Pixel Studios\n2015-10-27October 27, 2015\n2015-10-27October 27, 2015\n2016-01-26January 26, 2016\n\n\n''Mega Man Legacy Collection (Mega Man, Mega Man 2, Mega Man 3, Mega Man 4, Mega Man 5, Mega Man 6)''\nCapcom\n2015-08-25 August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2016-05-26May 26, 2016\n\n''Megaton Rainfall''\nPentadimensional Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Mekazoo''\nThe Good Mood Creators\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n2016-12-14December 14, 2016\n\n\n''Mercenary Kings''\nTribute Games\n2014-04-01April 1, 2014\n2014-04-01April 1, 2014\n2014-04-02April 2, 2014\n2017-01-26January 26, 2017\n\n''Metal Slug 3''\nSNK\n2015-03-24March 24, 2015\n2015-03-24March 24, 2015\n2015-04-29April 29, 2015\n2015-05-14May 14, 2015\n\n''Metrico+''\nDigital Dreams\n2016-08-23 August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-08-24August 24, 2016\n\n''Miegakure''\nmtb design works, Inc.\n\n\n\n\n\n''Mighty Morphin Power Rangers: Mega Battle''\nBamtang\n\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n\n\n''Mike & Milkbox''\nSummergrass, Inc.\n\n\n\n\n\n''Miko Gakkou Monogatari: Kaede Episode''\nxinoro\n2016-10-20October 20, 2016\n\n\n2016-10-20October 20, 2016\n\n''Miko Mole''\nEnsenaSoft\n2015-11-24November 24, 2015\n2015-11-24November 24, 2015\n\n\n\n''MilitAnt''\nXibalba\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-13July 13, 2016\n\n\n''Minecraft: Story Mode''\nTelltale Games\n2015-10-13 October 13, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n\n\n''Minutes''\nRed Phantom Games\n2014-11-05November 5, 2014\n2015-02-10February 10, 2015\n2014-11-05November 5, 2014\n\n\n''Mitsurugi Kamui Hikae''\nActive Gaming Media Inc.\n2015-11-20November 20, 2015\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2015-11-20November 20, 2015\n\n''Momonga Pinball Adventures''\nPaladin Studios\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n2016-12-21December 21, 2016\n\n\n''Monochroma''\nNowhere Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Monochrono''\n4 Corner Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Monopoly Deal''\nAsobo Studio\n2014-12-02December 2, 2014\n2014-12-02December 2, 2014\n2014-12-03December 3, 2014\n\n\n''Monopoly Plus''\nAsobo Studio\n2014-12-02December 2, 2014\n2014-12-02December 2, 2014\n2014-12-03December 3, 2014\n\n\n''Monster Boy and the Cursed Kingdom''\nThe Game Atelier\n\n\n\n\n\n''Monsters & Monocles''\nRetro Dreamer\n\n\n\n\n\n''Moon Hunters''\nKitfox Games\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n\n\n''Moonlighter''\nDigital Sun Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''MOP: Operation Cleanup''\nEnsenaSoft\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n\n\n''Mordheim: City of the Damned''\nRogue Factor\n2016-10-18 October 18, 2016\n2016-10-18October 18, 2016\n2016-10-18October 18, 2016\n\n\n''Mosaic''\nKrillbite Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Mother Russia Bleeds''\nLe Cartel Studio\n2016-12-03 December 3, 2016\n2016-12-03December 3, 2016\n2016-12-03December 3, 2016\n\n\n''Motor Strike: Immortal Legends''\nFiveXGames\n2016-12-15December 15, 2016\n2016-12-16December 16, 2016\n2016-12-15December 15, 2016\n\n\n''Mount & Blade: Warband''\nTaleWorlds Entertainment\n2016-09-16 September 16, 2016\n2016-09-16September 16, 2016\n2016-09-16September 16, 2016\n\n\n''MouseCraft''\nCrunching Koalas\n2014-07-08July 8, 2014\n2014-07-08July 8, 2014\n2014-07-09July 9, 2014\n2016-02-03February 3, 2016\n\n''Move or Die''\nThose Awesome Guys\n\n\n\n\n\n''Mr. Pumpkin Adventure''\nCottonGame\n\n\n\n\n\n''Murasaki Mist''\nHollow Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Mutant Football League''\nDigital Dreams Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Mutant Mudds: Super Challenge''\nRenegade Kid\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-08-03August 3, 2016\n\n\n''MX Nitro''\nSaber Interactive\n\n2017-02-14February 14, 2017\n\n\n\n''My Name is Mayo''\nGreen Lava Studios\n2016-11-08November 8, 2016\n2016-11-08November 8, 2016\n\n\n\n''My Night Job''\nWebcore Games\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-18May 18, 2016\n\n\n''Myriad''\nBifrost Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Mystik Belle''\nLast Dimension\n\n\n\n\n\n''N.E.R.O.: Nothing Ever Remains Obscure''\nStorm in a Teacup\n2016-06-24 June 24, 2016\n2016-06-24June 24, 2016\n2016-06-24June 24, 2016\n\n\n''N++''\nMetanet\n2015-07-28 July 28, 2015\n2015-07-28July 28, 2015\n2015-07-28July 28, 2015\n\n\n''Nano Assault Neo-X''\nShin'en Multimedia\n2014-10-29October 29, 2014\n2014-11-11November 11, 2014\n2014-10-29October 29, 2014\n\n\n''Nebula Realms''\nXaloc Studios\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n\n\n\n''Nebulous''\nNamazu Studios\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n\n\n\n''Necropolis''\nHarebrained Schemes\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n\n\n\n''Neon Chrome''\n10tons\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-06-01June 1, 2016\n\n\n''Neopolis''\nOmni Systems\n\n\n\n\n\n''NeuroVoider''\nFlying Oak Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Never Alone''\nUpper One Games\n2014-11-18November 18, 2014\n2014-11-18November 18, 2014\n2014-11-26November 26, 2014\n2014-12-11December 11, 2014\n\n''Neverending Nightmares''\nInfinitap Games\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-04May 4, 2016\n2016-05-19May 19, 2016\n\n''Neverwinter''\nCryptic Studios\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n\n\n''Nex Machina''\nHousemarque\n\n\n\n\n\n''Nidhogg''\nMesshof\n2014-10-14October 14, 2014\n2014-10-14October 14, 2014\n2014-11-12November 12, 2014\n\n\n''Nidhogg 2''\nMesshof\n\n\n\n\n\n''Night in the Woods''\nInfinite Fall\n\n\n\n\n\n''Nightmare Boy''\nThe Vanir Project\n\n\n\n\n\n''Nightmares from the Deep: The Cursed Heart''\nArtifex Mundi\n2016-08-02 August 2, 2016\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n\n\n''Nikoli no Puzzle 4: Akari''\nHamster Corporation\n2014-10-30October 30, 2014\n\n\n2014-10-30October 30, 2014\n\n''Nikoli no Puzzle 4: Hashi o Kakero''\nHamster Corporation\n2015-03-26March 26, 2015\n\n\n2015-03-26March 26, 2015\n\n''Nikoli no Puzzle 4: Heyawake''\nHamster Corporation\n2014-09-11September 11, 2014\n\n\n2014-09-11September 11, 2014\n\n''Nikoli no Puzzle 4: Hitori ni Shitekure''\nHamster Corporation\n2016-05-13May 13, 2016\n\n\n2016-05-13May 13, 2016\n\n''Nikoli no Puzzle 4: Kakuro''\nHamster Corporation\n2014-07-17July 17, 2014\n\n\n2014-07-17July 17, 2014\n\n''Nikoli no Puzzle 4: Masya''\nHamster Corporation\n2014-11-06November 6, 2014\n\n\n2014-11-06November 6, 2014\n\n''Nikoli no Puzzle 4: Number Link''\nHamster Corporation\n2015-12-18December 18, 2015\n\n\n2015-12-18December 18, 2015\n\n''Nikoli no Puzzle 4: Nurikabe''\nHamster Corporation\n2014-08-21August 21, 2014\n\n\n2014-08-21August 21, 2014\n\n''Nikoli no Puzzle 4: Shikaku ni Kire''\nHamster Corporation\n2015-12-04December 4, 2015\n\n\n2015-12-04December 4, 2015\n\n''Nikoli no Puzzle 4: Slitherlink''\nHamster Corporation\n2014-07-31July 31, 2014\n\n\n2014-07-31July 31, 2014\n\n''Nikoli no Puzzle 4: Sudoku''\nHamster Corporation\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Nikoli no Puzzle 4: Yajilin''\nHamster Corporation\n2016-04-08April 8, 2016\n\n\n2016-04-08April 8, 2016\n\n''Nimble Birds''\nNimble Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Nine Parchments''\nFrozenbyte\n\n\n\n\n\n''Ninja Pizza Girl''\nDisparity Games\n2016-07-20 July 20, 2016\n2016-07-20July 20, 2016\n2016-07-20July 20, 2016\n2016-09-16September 16, 2016\n\n''Ninja Senki DX''\nTribute Games\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n2016-02-29February 29, 2016\n\n\n''Ninjin: Clash of Carrots''\nPocket Trap\n\n\n\n\n\n''No Time to Explain''\ntinyBuild Games\n2016-03-29 March 29, 2016\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n\n\n''Nobunaga no Yabou Online: Yuushi no Shou''\nKoei Tecmo\n2016-08-03August 3, 2016\n\n\n2016-08-03August 3, 2016\n\n''Nom Nom Galaxy''\nQ-Games\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-05-13May 13, 2015\n2015-07-02July 2, 2015\n\n''Not A Hero''\nRoll7\n2016-02-02 February 2, 2016\n2016-02-02February 2, 2016\n2016-02-02February 2, 2016\n\n\n''Nova-111''\nCurve Studios\n2015-08-25 August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n\n\n''Nubla''\nGammera Nest\n2015-11-19November 19, 2015\n2016-12-06December 6, 2016\n2015-11-19November 19, 2015\n\n\n''Nuclear Golf''\nTouchfight Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Nuclear Throne''\nVlambeer\n2015-12-05 December 5, 2015\n2015-12-05December 5, 2015\n2015-12-05December 5, 2015\n\n\n''Nutjitsu''\nNinjaBee\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n\n\n\n''Obduction''\nCyan Worlds\n\n\n\n\n\n''Obliteracers''\nSpace Dust Studios\n2016-07-20 July 20, 2016\n2016-07-20July 20, 2016\n2016-07-20July 20, 2016\n\n\n''Oceanhorn: Monster of Uncharted Seas''\nCornfox & Bros.\n2016-09-07 September 7, 2016\n2016-09-07September 7, 2016\n2016-09-07September 7, 2016\n\n\n''Octodad: Dadliest Catch''\nYoung Horses\n2014-04-22April 22, 2014\n2014-04-22April 22, 2014\n2014-04-23April 23, 2014\n2015-08-28August 28, 2015\n\n''Oddworld: New 'n' Tasty!''\nJust Add Water / Oddworld Inhabitants\n2014-07-22July 22, 2014\n2014-07-22July 22, 2014\n2014-07-23July 23, 2014\n2015-03-04March 4, 2015\n\n''Old Time Hockey''\nV7 Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''OlliOlli''\nRoll7\n2014-08-26August 26, 2014\n2014-08-26August 26, 2014\n2014-08-27August 27, 2014\n2014-09-24September 24, 2014\n\n''OlliOlli2: Welcome to Olliwood''\nRoll7\n2015-03-03March 3, 2015\n2015-03-03March 3, 2015\n2015-03-04March 4, 2015\n2015-04-01April 1, 2015\n\n''Omen of Sorrow''\nAOne Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''One Upon Light''\nSUTD Game Lab\n2015-02-24February 24, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n2015-02-24February 24, 2015\n\n''One Way Trip''\ntinypapershreds\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n\n\n\n''Onigiri''\nCyberstep\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n2015-10-06October 6, 2015\n\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Operation7: Revolution''\nPark ESM\n\n\n\n\n\n''Orc Slayer''\nCooply Solutions\n2016-07-19 July 19, 2016\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n\n\n''Orcs Must Die! Unchained''\nRobot Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Organ Trail: Complete Edition''\nThe Men Who Wear Many Hats\n2015-10-20October 20, 2015\n2015-10-20October 20, 2015\n2016-08-17August 17, 2016\n\n\n''Organic Panic''\nLast Limb\n2016-03-29 March 29, 2016\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n\n\n''Osiris: New Dawn''\nFenix Fire Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Outlast''\nRed Barrels\n2014-02-04February 4, 2014\n2014-02-04February 4, 2014\n2014-02-05February 5, 2014\n\n\n''Outlast 2''\nRed Barrels\n\n\n\n\n\n''Overcooked''\nGhost Town Games\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n2016-08-03August 3, 2016\n\n\n''Overlord: Fellowship of Evil''\nCodemasters\n2015-10-20 October 20, 2015\n2015-10-20October 20, 2015\n2015-10-20October 20, 2015\n\n\n''Overruled!''\nDlala Studios\n2015-09-15September 15, 2015\n2015-09-15September 15, 2015\n2015-09-18September 18, 2015\n\n\n''Oxenfree''\nNight School Studio\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-06-01June 1, 2016\n\n\n''Pac-Man 256''\nHipster Whale\n2016-06-21 June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-06-22June 22, 2016\n\n''Pac-Man Championship Edition 2''\nBandai Namco Entertainment\n2016-09-13  September 13, 2016\n2016-09-13September 13, 2016\n2016-09-13September 13, 2016\n2016-09-13September 13, 2016\n\n''Paladins''\nHi-Rez Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Pang Adventures''\nPastagames\n2016-04-19 April 19, 2016\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n\n\n''Pankapu''\nToo Kind Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Paparazzi''\nPringo Dingo Games\n2015-02-17February 17, 2015\n2015-02-17February 17, 2015\n\n\n\n''Paperbound''\nDissident Logic\n2015-03-31March 31, 2015\n2015-03-31March 31, 2015\n2015-04-29April 29, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n\n''Paragon''\nEpic Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Paranautical Activity''\nCode Avarice\n2016-05-26May 26, 2016\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-05-26May 26, 2016\n2016-12-21December 21, 2016\n\n''Party Golf''\nGiant Margarita\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-26October 26, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n\n\n''Party Hard''\nPinokl Games\n2016-04-26 April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n\n\n''Pavilion''\nVisiontrick Media\n\n\n\n\n\n''Peggle 2''\nPopCap Games\n2014-10-14October 14, 2014\n2014-10-14October 14, 2014\n2014-10-15October 15, 2014\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n\n''Penarium''\nSelf Made Miracle\n2015-09-22 September 22, 2015\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n\n\n''Perception''\nThe Deep End Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Perfect Universe''\nContact Sales\n2016-05-17 May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-11-09November 9, 2016\n\n''Phantom Breaker: Battle Grounds Overdrive''\n5pb. Division 2\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n2015-07-23July 23, 2015\n\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n\n''Pharaonic''\nMilkstone Studios\n2016-06-28 June 28, 2016\n2016-06-28June 28, 2016\n2016-06-28June 28, 2016\n\n\n''Picontier''\nSkipmore\n\n\n\n\n\n''PieceFall''\nSteel Minions\n2015-07-15July 15, 2015\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n2015-07-15July 15, 2015\n\n\n''Pier Solar HD''\nWaterMelon\n2014-09-30September 30, 2014\n2014-09-30September 30, 2014\n2014-11-12November 12, 2014\n\n\n''Pillar''\nMichaelArts\n2015-02-17February 17, 2015\n2015-02-17February 17, 2015\n2015-02-18February 18, 2015\n\n\n''Pirates: Treasure Hunters''\nVirtual Toys\n2016-06-21 June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n\n\n''Pix the Cat''\nPastagames\n2014-10-07October 7, 2014\n2014-10-07October 7, 2014\n2014-10-08October 8, 2014\n\n\n''Pixel Noir''\nSWDTech Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Pixel Piracy''\nQuadro Delta\n2016-02-16 February 16, 2016\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n\n\n''PixelJunk Shooter Ultimate (PixelJunk Shooter and PixelJunk Shooter 2)''\nDouble Eleven / Q-Games\n2014-06-03June 3, 2014\n2014-06-03June 3, 2014\n2014-06-04June 4, 2014\n\n\n''Plague Inc: Evolved''\nNdemic Creations\n2016-05-31 May 31, 2016\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n\n\n''Plague Road''\nArcade Distillery\n\n\n\n\n\n''Planet 2000''\nTriskelia Games\n\n2017-01-13January 13, 2017\n\n\n\n''PlanetSide 2''\nDaybreak Game Company\n2015-06-23June 23, 2015\n2015-06-23June 23, 2015\n2015-06-24June 24, 2015\n\n\n''Pneuma: Breath of Life''\nDeco Digital\n2015-07-07 July 7, 2015\n2015-07-07July 7, 2015\n2015-07-07July 7, 2015\n\n\n''Pocket God vs. Desert Ashes''\nDeath Tales\n2015-10-20October 20, 2015\n2015-10-20October 20, 2015\n\n\n\n''Poltergeist: A Pixelated Horror''\nGlitchy Pixel\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n\n\n\n''Poncho''\nDelve Interactive\n2015-11-03November 3, 2015\n2015-11-03November 3, 2015\n2015-11-05November 5, 2015\n\n\n''Pool Nation FX''\nCherry Pop Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''PoxNora''\nDesert Owl Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Prey for the Gods''\nNo Matter Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Primal Carnage: Extinction''\nCircle 5 Studios\n2015-10-20October 20, 2015\n2015-10-20October 20, 2015\n2015-11-24November 24, 2015\n\n\n''Primal Carnage: Genesis''\nLukewarm Media\n\n\n\n\n\n''Prismatic Solid''\nHeloli\n2015-02-19February 19, 2015\n2015-09-29September 29, 2015\n2015-10-14October 14, 2015\n2015-02-19February 19, 2015\n\n''Prison Architect''\nIntroversion Software\n2016-06-28 June 28, 2016\n2016-06-28June 28, 2016\n2016-06-28June 28, 2016\n\n\n''Project Phoenix''\nCreative Intelligence Arts\n\n\n\n\n\n''Project Root''\nOPQAM\n2015-04-28April 28, 2015\n2015-04-28April 28, 2015\n2015-04-29April 29, 2015\n2016-03-25March 25, 2016\n\n''Prominence Poker''\nPipeworks Studio\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-08-24August 24, 2016\n\n\n''Prototype''\nRadical Entertainment\n2015-07-14July 14, 2015\n2015-07-14July 14, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n\n\n''Prototype 2''\nRadical Entertainment\n2015-07-14July 14, 2015\n2015-07-14July 14, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n\n\n''Psychonauts 2''\nDouble Fine Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n''Puddle''\nNeko Entertainment\n2014-05-28May 28, 2014\n2014-07-01July 1, 2014\n2014-05-28May 28, 2014\n\n\n''Pumped BMX +''\nCurve Studios\n2015-09-22 September 22, 2015\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n\n\n''Pure Chess''\nVooFoo Studios\n2014-04-15April 15, 2014\n2014-04-15April 15, 2014\n2014-04-16April 16, 2014\n\n\n''Pure Hold'em''\nVooFoo Studios\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n2015-08-19August 19, 2015\n\n\n''Pure Pool''\nVooFoo Studios\n2014-07-29July 29, 2014\n2014-07-29July 29, 2014\n2014-07-30July 30, 2014\n\n\n''Push Me Pull You''\nHouse House Games\n2016-05-03 May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-07-14July 14, 2016\n\n''Pyre''\nSupergiant Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Q*bert Rebooted''\nLoot Interactive\n2015-02-17February 17, 2015\n2015-02-17February 17, 2015\n2015-02-18February 18, 2015\n\n\n''Q.U.B.E. Director's Cut''\nToxic Games\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n2015-07-22July 22, 2015\n\n\n''Q.U.B.E. \u00b2''\nToxic Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Quest of Dungeons''\nUpfall Studios\n\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n\n\n''QuickDraw''\nGreenfly Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Quiplash''\nJackbox Games\n2015-06-30June 30, 2015\n2015-06-30June 30, 2015\n2015-09-15September 15, 2015\n\n\n''Qurare: Magic Library''\nSmilegate\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n\n\n\n''R.B.I. Baseball 14''\nMLBAM\n2014-06-24June 24, 2014\n2014-06-24June 24, 2014\n\n\n\n''R.B.I. Baseball 15''\nMLBAM\n2015-03-31March 31, 2015\n2015-03-31March 31, 2015\n\n\n\n''R.B.I. Baseball 16''\nMLBAM\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n2016-04-06April 6, 2016\n\n\n''Rabi-Ribi''\nAnimen / CreSpirit\n\n\n\n\n\n''Race the Sun''\nFlippfly\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n2014-10-22October 22, 2014\n\n\n''Racers: Dirt''\n21c.Ducks\n\n\n\n\n\n''Rack N Ruin''\nLifeSpark Entertainment\n2015-03-31March 31, 2015\n2015-03-31March 31, 2015\n2015-04-29April 29, 2015\n\n\n''Raid: World War II''\nLion Game Lion\n\n\n\n\n\n''Raiders of the Broken Planet''\nMercurySteam\n\n\n\n\n\n''Rain World''\nVideocult\n\n\n\n\n\n''Rainbow Moon''\nSideQuest Studios\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2016-02-17February 17, 2016\n2016-06-30June 30, 2016\n\n''Rainbow Skies''\nSideQuest Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Rally Copters''\nDepth First Games\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n\n\n''Randal's Monday''\nNexus Game Studio\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2016-02-17February 17, 2016\n\n\n''Randall''\nWe The Force Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Ray's the Dead''\nRagtag Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Ready to Run''\nBeatshapers\n\n\n\n\n\n''Rebel Galaxy''\nDouble Damage Games\n2016-01-05January 5, 2016\n2016-01-05January 5, 2016\n2016-01-15January 15, 2016\n\n\n''Recruits''\nCommotion Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Red Ash: The Indelible Legend''\nComcept\n\n\n\n\n\n''Red Awakening''\nDomino Effect\n\n\n\n\n\n''Red Goddess: Inner World''\nYanim Studio\n2015-06-30June 30, 2015\n2015-06-30June 30, 2015\n2015-07-08July 8, 2015\n\n\n''Redout''\n34BigThings\n\n\n\n\n\n''Refactor''\nNextGen Pants\n\n\n\n\n\n''Regalia: Of Men and Monarchs''\nPixelated Milk\n\n\n\n\n\n''Renai Revenge''\nTGL\n2015-12-17December 17, 2015\n\n\n2015-12-17December 17, 2015\n\n''R\u00e9publique''\nCamouflaj\n2016-03-22March 22, 2016\n2016-03-22March 22, 2016\n2016-03-25March 25, 2016\n2016-04-14April 14, 2016\n\n''Replay: VHS is not dead''\nNeko Entertainment\n2016-02-23 February 23, 2016\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n\n\n''Resident Evil: Revelations 2''\nCapcom\n2015-02-24February 24, 2015\n2015-02-24February 24, 2015\n2015-02-25February 25, 2015\n2015-02-25February 25, 2015\n\n''Resogun''\nHousemarque\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Retro City Rampage: DX''\nVblank Entertainment\n2014-11-11November 11, 2014\n2014-11-11November 11, 2014\n2014-11-12November 12, 2014\n\n\n''Retro Vision''\nNnooo\n\n\n\n\n\n''Retsnom''\nSOMI Inc.\n2016-05-24May 24, 2016\n2016-05-24May 24, 2016\n2016-06-06June 6, 2016\n2016-06-15June 15, 2016\n\n''Reus''\nAbbey Games\n2016-10-11October 11, 2016\n2016-10-11October 11, 2016\n2016-10-14October 14, 2016\n\n\n''Revolver360 Re:Actor''\nCross Eaglet\n\n\n\n\n\n''Rez Infinite''\nEnhance Games\n2016-10-13  October 13, 2016\n2016-10-13October 13, 2016\n2016-10-13October 13, 2016\n2016-10-13October 13, 2016\n\n''Rime''\nTequila Works\n\n\n\n\n\n''Riptide GP2''\nVector Unit\n2015-05-29May 29, 2015\n2015-06-23June 23, 2015\n2015-05-29May 29, 2015\n\n\n''Riptide GP: Renegade''\nVector Unit\n2016-07-26 July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n\n\n''Risk''\nZo\u00eb Mode\n2014-12-17December 17, 2014\n2015-02-03February 3, 2015\n2014-12-17December 17, 2014\n\n\n''Risk: Urban Assault''\nZo\u00eb Mode\n2016-08-02 August 2, 2016\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n\n\n''Risk of Rain''\nHopoo Games\n2016-04-12 April 12, 2016\n2016-04-12April 12, 2016\n2016-04-12April 12, 2016\n\n\n''Rive''\nTwo Tribes\n2016-09-13 September 13, 2016\n2016-09-13September 13, 2016\n2016-09-13September 13, 2016\n2017-01-20January 20, 2017\n\n''Road Not Taken''\nSpry Fox\n2014-08-05August 5, 2014\n2014-08-05August 5, 2014\n2014-08-06August 6, 2014\n\n\n''Road Redemption''\nDarkSeas Games\n\n2017-01-15January 15, 2017\n\n\n\n''Robonauts''\nQubicGames\n\n\n\n\n\n''Rock 'N Racing Off Road DX''\nEnjoyUp Games\n2016-11-29 November 29, 2016\n2016-11-29November 29, 2016\n2016-11-29November 29, 2016\n\n\n''Rock Boshers DX: Director's Cut''\nTikipod\n2014-12-09December 9, 2014\n2014-12-09December 9, 2014\n2014-12-10December 10, 2014\n\n\n''Rock of Ages II: Bigger & Boulder''\nACE Team\n\n\n\n\n\n''Rocket League''\nPsyonix\n2015-07-07 July 7, 2015\n2015-07-07July 7, 2015\n2015-07-07July 7, 2015\n2015-11-04November 4, 2015\n\n''Rockets Rockets Rockets''\nRadial Games\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n\n\n''Rocketbirds 2: Evolution''\nRatloop\n2016-04-26  April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n\n''Rogue Aces''\nInfinite State Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Rogue Legacy''\nCellar Door Games\n2014-07-29July 29, 2014\n2014-07-29July 29, 2014\n2014-07-30July 30, 2014\n2015-04-08April 8, 2015\n\n''Rogue Singularity''\nConsiderable Content\n\n\n\n\n\n''Rogue Stormers''\nBlack Forest Games\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-05October 5, 2016\n\n\n''Rollercoaster Dreams''\nBimboosoft\n2016-12-20 December 20, 2016\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n2016-12-22December 22, 2016\n\n''Rollers of the Realm''\nPhantom Compass\n2014-11-18November 18, 2014\n2014-11-18November 18, 2014\n2014-11-26November 26, 2014\n2015-07-29July 29, 2015\n\n''Rolling Bob''\nMoon Factory\n2016-11-24November 24, 2016\n\n2016-11-24November 24, 2016\n\n\n''Ronin''\nTomasz Wac\u0142awek\n2016-11-01 November 1, 2016\n2016-11-01November 1, 2016\n2016-11-01November 1, 2016\n\n\n''Roundabout''\nNo Goblin\n2015-05-26May 26, 2015\n2015-05-26May 26, 2015\n2015-05-27May 27, 2015\n\n\n''Ruckus Rumble''\nPlaygroundSquad\n\n\n2017-01-18January 18, 2017\n\n\n''Rumble Academy''\nBig Paw Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Run''\nTorch Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Runner2: Future Legend of Rhythm Alien''\nChoice Provisions\n2016-02-26 February 26, 2016\n2016-02-26February 26, 2016\n2016-02-26February 26, 2016\n\n\n''Runemaster''\nParadox Interactive\n\n\n\n\n\n''RWBY: Grimm Eclipse''\nRooster Teeth Games\n\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n\n\n''Saints Row: Gat out of Hell''\nVolition\n2015-01-20January 20, 2015\n2015-01-20January 20, 2015\n2015-01-23January 23, 2015\n2015-04-16April 16, 2015\n\n''Salt and Sanctuary''\nSka Studios\n2016-03-15 March 15, 2016\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n2016-08-18August 18, 2016\n\n''Samurai Gunn''\nTeknopants\n\n\n\n\n\n''Sangokushi 12 Taisenban''\nKoei Tecmo\n2016-09-02September 2, 2016\n\n\n2016-09-02September 2, 2016\n\n''Saturday Morning RPG''\nMighty Rabbit Studios\n2016-01-26January 26, 2016\n2016-01-26January 26, 2016\n\n\n\n''Savant Ascent''\nD-Pad Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Schr\u00f6dinger\u2019s Cat and the Raiders of the Lost Quark''\nItalic Pig\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-05-13May 13, 2015\n\n\n''Score Rush Extended''\nXona Games\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-06-02June 2, 2016\n\n\n''Scrabble''\nUbisoft Chengdu\n2015-06-30June 30, 2015\n2015-06-30June 30, 2015\n\n\n\n''Scram Kitty DX''\nDakko Dakko\n2015-02-25February 25, 2015\n2015-03-10March 10, 2015\n2015-02-25February 25, 2015\n\n\n''Screencheat''\nSamurai Punk\n2016-03-01 March 1, 2016\n2016-03-01March 1, 2016\n2016-03-01March 1, 2016\n2016-09-29September 29, 2016\n\n''Seasons After Fall''\nSwing Swing Submarine\n\n\n\n\n\n''Second Chance Heroes''\nRocket City Studios\n2014-09-30September 30, 2014\n2014-09-30September 30, 2014\n\n\n\n''Secret Ponchos''\nSwitchblade Monkeys\n2014-12-02December 2, 2014\n2014-12-02December 2, 2014\n2014-12-03December 3, 2014\n2014-12-11December 11, 2014\n\n''Sengoku Shura SOUL''\nLionsfilm Limited\n2016-10-27October 27, 2016\n\n\n2016-10-27October 27, 2016\n\n''Sentris''\nTimbre Interactive\n\n\n\n\n\n''Seraph''\nDreadbit\n2016-11-01 November 1, 2016\n2016-11-01November 1, 2016\n2016-11-01November 1, 2016\n\n\n''Shadow Blade: Reload''\nDead Mage\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n\n\n\n''Shadow Complex Remastered''\nChair Entertainment\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-04May 4, 2016\n\n\n''Shadow of the Beast''\nHeavy Spectrum\n2016-05-17 May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-19May 19, 2016\n\n''Shadow Tactics: Blades of the Shogun''\nDaedalic Entertainment / Mimimi Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n''Shadow Warrior''\nFlying Wild Hog\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n2014-10-22October 22, 2014\n\n\n''Shadow Warrior 2''\nFlying Wild Hog\n\n\n\n\n\n''Shadwen''\nFrozenbyte\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n\n\n\n''Shakedown Hawaii''\nVblank Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Shantae and the Pirate's Curse''\nWayForward Technologies\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-04-19April 19, 2016\n2016-04-20April 20, 2016\n2016-09-07September 7, 2016\n\n''Shantae: Half-Genie Hero''\nWayForward Technologies\n2016-12-20 December 20, 2016\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n\n\n''Shantae: Risky's Revenge - Director's Cut''\nWayForward Technologies\n2015-06-23June 23, 2015\n2015-06-23June 23, 2015\n2015-12-08December 8, 2015\n2016-08-31August 31, 2016\n\n''She Wants Me Dead''\nHello There\n2016-05-13May 13, 2016\n\n2016-05-13May 13, 2016\n\n\n''Sheltered''\nUnicube\n2016-03-15 March 15, 2016\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n\n\n''Shenmue III''\nNeilo / Ys Net\n\n\n\n\n\n''Shift Happens''\nKlonk Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Shiftlings''\nRock Pocket Games\n2015-03-03March 3, 2015\n2015-03-03March 3, 2015\n2015-03-11March 11, 2015\n\n\n''Shiness: The Lightning Kingdom''\nEnigami\n\n\n\n\n\n''Shitsuji ga Aruji o Erabu Toki''\nTGL\n2016-02-25February 25, 2016\n\n\n2016-02-25February 25, 2016\n\n''Shoppe Keep''\nArvydas \u017demaitis\n\n\n\n\n\n''Shovel Knight''\nYacht Club Games\n2015-04-21April 21, 2015\n2015-04-21April 21, 2015\n2015-04-23April 23, 2015\n\n\n''Shu''\nCoatsink Software\n2016-10-04 October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n\n\n''Shutshimi''\nNeon Deity Games\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2016-04-05April 5, 2016\n\n\n''Siegecraft Commander''\nBlowfish Studios\n\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n2017-01-17January 17, 2017\n\n\n''Silence''\nDaedalic Entertainment\n2016-11-15 November 15, 2016\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n\n\n''Simple G4U Series Vol. 1: The Mahjong''\nD3 Publisher\n2014-11-27November 27, 2014\n\n\n2014-11-27November 27, 2014\n\n''Siralim''\nThylacine Studios\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n2016-03-02March 2, 2016\n\n\n''Skullgirls 2nd Encore''\nLab Zero Games\n2015-07-07July 7, 2015\n2015-07-07July 7, 2015\n2015-07-23July 23, 2015\n2016-04-14April 14, 2016\n\n''Skulls of the Shogun: Bone-a-Fide Edition''\n17-BIT\n2015-06-02June 2, 2015\n2015-06-02June 2, 2015\n2015-06-03June 3, 2015\n2016-04-06April 6, 2016\n\n''Sky Force Anniversary''\nInfinite Dreams Inc.\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n2016-09-07September 7, 2016\n\n\n''Sky Ride''\nMutan\n2016-09-08September 8, 2016\n\n\n2016-09-08September 8, 2016\n\n''SkyKeepers''\nSword Twin Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Skylar & Plux: Adventure on Clover Island''\nRight Nice Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Skylight Freerange 2: Gachduine''\nDragoon Entertainment\n\n2017-01-10January 10, 2017\n\n\n\n''SkyScrappers''\nGround Shatter\n2015-10-21October 21, 2015\n2015-11-10November 10, 2015\n2015-10-21October 21, 2015\n\n\n''Skytorn''\nSkytorn\n\n\n\n\n\n''Slain: Back from Hell''\nWolf Brew Games\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n2016-09-21September 21, 2016\n\n\n''Slender: The Arrival''\nBlue Isle Studios\n2015-03-24March 24, 2015\n2015-03-24March 24, 2015\n2015-03-25March 25, 2015\n\n\n''Small Radios Big Televisions''\nFire Face Corporation\n2016-11-08 November 8, 2016\n2016-11-08November 8, 2016\n2016-11-08November 8, 2016\n\n\n''Smash Derby''\nFenix Fire Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Smashing the Battle''\nStudio HG\n\n\n\n\n\n''Smite''\nHi-Rez Studios\n2016-05-31 May 31, 2016\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n\n\n''SmuggleCraft''\nHappy Badger Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Snake Pass''\nSumo Digital\n\n\n\n\n\n''Snow''\nPoppermost Productions\n\n\n\n\n\n''Soft Body''\nBodysoft\n2016-05-17 May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n\n\n''Solbrain: Knight of Darkness''\nLightning Game Studios\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n\n\n\n''Solitaire''\nBigben Interactive\n2016-10-11 October 11, 2016\n2016-10-11October 11, 2016\n2016-10-11October 11, 2016\n\n\n''SOMA''\nFrictional Games\n2015-09-22 September 22, 2015\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n2015-09-22September 22, 2015\n\n\n''Song of Horror''\nProtocol Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Song of the Deep''\nInsomniac Games\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n\n\n''Sonic Mania''\nHeadcannon / PagodaWest Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Soul Axiom''\nWales Interactive\n2016-06-07 June 7, 2016\n2016-06-07June 7, 2016\n2016-06-07June 7, 2016\n\n\n''Soul Saga: Episode 1''\nDisastercake\n\n\n\n\n\n''Sound Shapes''\nSCEI\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Source''\nFenix Fire Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Space Dave''\nChoice Provisions\n\n\n\n\n\n''Space Hulk''\nFull Control\n2016-08-26August 26, 2016\n2016-08-31August 31, 2016\n2016-08-26August 26, 2016\n\n\n''Space Hulk Ascension''\nFull Control\n2016-09-30September 30, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-09-30September 30, 2016\n\n\n''Space Overlords''\n12 Hit Combo!\n2016-12-06 December 6, 2016\n2016-12-06December 6, 2016\n2016-12-06December 6, 2016\n\n\n''Sparkle 2''\n10tons\n2014-05-20May 20, 2014\n2014-05-20May 20, 2014\n2014-05-21May 21, 2014\n\n\n''Sparkle Unleashed''\n10tons\n2015-06-02June 2, 2015\n2015-06-02June 2, 2015\n2015-06-03June 3, 2015\n\n\n''Speakeasy''\nGun Media / SuperSoul\n2014-11-25November 25, 2014\n2014-11-25November 25, 2014\n2014-11-26November 26, 2014\n\n\n''Spelunker World''\nTozai Games\n2015-03-19March 19, 2015\n2015-11-11November 11, 2015\n\n2015-03-19March 19, 2015\n\n''Spelunky''\nMossmouth\n2014-10-07October 7, 2014\n2014-10-07October 7, 2014\n2014-10-08October 8, 2014\n2014-10-23October 23, 2014\n\n''Spheroids''\nEclipse Games\n\n2017-01-10January 10, 2017\n2017-01-10January 10, 2017\n\n\n''Spider: Rite of the Shrouded Moon''\nTiger Style\n2016-10-25 October 25, 2016\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n2016-10-25October 25, 2016\n\n\n''Splice''\nCipher Prime\n2015-01-20January 20, 2015\n2015-01-20January 20, 2015\n\n\n\n''Sportsfriends''\nDie Gute Fabrik\n2014-05-06May 6, 2014\n2014-05-06May 6, 2014\n2014-05-07May 7, 2014\n2014-10-23October 23, 2014\n\n''Spy Chameleon''\nUnfinished Pixel\n2016-07-21 July 21, 2016\n2016-07-21July 21, 2016\n2016-07-21July 21, 2016\n\n\n''Square Heroes''\nGnomic Studios\n2016-03-01 March 1, 2016\n2016-03-01March 1, 2016\n2016-03-01March 1, 2016\n\n\n''Star Hammer: The Vanguard Prophecy''\nBlack Lab Games\n2016-09-01 September 1, 2016\n2016-09-01September 1, 2016\n2016-09-01September 1, 2016\n\n\n''Star Ocean: The Second Story''\ntri-Ace\n2015-10-28October 28, 2015\n\n\n2015-10-28October 28, 2015\n\n''Star Trek Online''\nPerpetual Entertainment\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n2016-09-09September 9, 2016\n\n\n''Starbound''\nChucklefish Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Stardew Valley''\nConcernedApe\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n2016-12-14December 14, 2016\n\n\n''Stardust Galaxy Warriors: Stellar Climax''\nDreamloop Games\n2016-09-09September 9, 2016\n2016-09-12September 12, 2016\n2016-09-09September 9, 2016\n\n\n''Stardust Vanguards''\nZanrai Interactive\n2016-01-19 January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n\n\n''Starlight Inception''\nEscape Hatch Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Starry Knights''\nCyberFront Korea\n\n\n\n\n\n''Starwhal''\nBreakfall\n2015-02-24February 24, 2015\n2015-02-24February 24, 2015\n2015-03-04March 4, 2015\n\n\n''Stash: No Loot Left Behind''\nFrogDice\n\n\n\n\n\n''Stealth Inc. Ultimate Edition''\nCurve Studios\n2014-03-18March 18, 2014\n2014-03-18March 18, 2014\n2014-03-19March 19, 2014\n2014-08-26August 26, 2014\n\n''Stealth Inc 2: A Game of Clones''\nCurve Studios\n2015-04-07April 7, 2015\n2015-04-07April 7, 2015\n2015-04-08April 8, 2015\n\n\n''SteamWorld Dig''\nImage & Form\n2014-03-18March 18, 2014\n2014-03-18March 18, 2014\n2014-03-19March 19, 2014\n2014-12-03December 3, 2014\n\n''SteamWorld Heist''\nImage & Form\n2016-06-06June 6, 2016\n2016-06-07June 7, 2016\n2016-06-06June 6, 2016\n\n\n''Steredenn''\nPixelnest Studio\n2016-06-28 June 28, 2016\n2016-06-28June 28, 2016\n2016-06-28June 28, 2016\n2016-10-28October 28, 2016\n\n''Stern Pinball Arcade''\nFarSight Studios\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n\n\n\n''Stick It to the Man!''\nZoink!\n2014-04-30April 30, 2014\n2014-05-06May 6, 2014\n2014-04-30April 30, 2014\n2014-07-16July 16, 2014\n\n''Stifled''\nGattai Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Stikbold! A Dodgeball Adventure''\nGame Swing\n2016-04-05 April 5, 2016\n2016-04-05April 5, 2016\n2016-04-05April 5, 2016\n\n\n''Stories: The Path of Destinies''\nSpearhead Games\n2016-04-12 April 12, 2016\n2016-04-12April 12, 2016\n2016-04-12April 12, 2016\n\n\n''Strafe''\nPixel Titans\n\n\n\n\n\n''Street Luge''\nSCE London Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Strider''\nDouble Helix Games\n2014-02-18February 18, 2014\n2014-02-18February 18, 2014\n2014-02-19February 19, 2014\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Strike Suit Zero: Director\u2019s Cut''\nBorn Ready Games\n2014-04-08April 8, 2014\n2014-04-08April 8, 2014\n2014-04-09April 9, 2014\n\n\n''Strike Vector EX''\nRagequit Corporation\n2016-08-30 August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n\n\n''Styx: Master of Shadows''\nCyanide\n2014-10-07October 7, 2014\n2014-10-07October 7, 2014\n2014-10-08October 8, 2014\n\n\n''Styx: Shards of Darkness''\nCyanide\n\n\n\n\n\n''Subject 13''\nMicro\u00efds\n2016-12-16December 16, 2016\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n2016-12-16December 16, 2016\n\n\n''Sublevel Zero Redux''\nSigtrap Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Submerged''\nUppercut Games\n2015-08-04August 4, 2015\n2015-08-04August 4, 2015\n2015-08-05August 5, 2015\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n\n''Subterrain''\nPixellore\n\n2017-01-24January 24, 2017\n2017-01-25January 25, 2017\n\n\n''Sundered''\nThunder Lotus Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Super Blackjack Battle II Turbo Edition''\nStage Clear Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Super Blast Deluxe''\nRaptus Games\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n\n\n\n''Super Comboman: Smash Edition''\nInterabang Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Super Exploding Zoo''\nHoneyslug\n2015-06-02June 2, 2015\n2015-06-02June 2, 2015\n2015-06-03June 3, 2015\n2015-08-05August 5, 2015\n\n''Super GunWorld 2''\nm07games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Super Impossible Road''\nWonderful Lasers\n\n\n\n\n\n''Super Meat Boy''\nTeam Meat\n2015-10-06 October 6, 2015\n2015-10-06October 6, 2015\n2015-10-06October 6, 2015\n\n\n''Super Mega Baseball''\nMetalhead Software\n2014-12-16December 16, 2014\n2014-12-16December 16, 2014\n2015-04-01April 1, 2015\n\n\n''Super Mega Baseball 2''\nMetalhead Software\n\n\n\n\n\n''Super Motherload''\nXGen Studios\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n\n\n''Super Mutant Alien Assault''\nCybernate\n2016-07-12 July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n\n\n''Super Night Riders''\nneko.works\n\n\n\n\n\n''Super Rude Bear Resurrection''\nAlex Rose Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Super Sky Arena''\nHammer Labs / Space Dust Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Super Star Wars''\nDisney Interactive\n2015-11-17November 17, 2015\n2015-11-17November 17, 2015\n2015-11-24November 24, 2015\n\n\n''Super Stardust Ultra''\nHousemarque\n2015-02-10February 10, 2015\n2015-02-10February 10, 2015\n2015-02-11February 11, 2015\n2015-03-12March 12, 2015\n\n''Super Time Force Ultra''\nCapybara Games\n2015-09-01 September 1, 2015\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2016-05-11May 11, 2016\n\n''Super Toy Cars''\nEclipse Games\n2016-01-05 January 5, 2016\n2016-01-05January 5, 2016\n2016-01-05January 5, 2016\n\n\n''Surf World Series''\nClimax Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Surgeon Simulator: Anniversary Edition''\nBossa Studios\n2014-08-12August 12, 2014\n2014-08-12August 12, 2014\n2014-08-13August 13, 2014\n\n\n''Switch Galaxy Ultra''\nAtomicom\n2014-12-17December 17, 2014\n2014-12-23December 23, 2014\n2014-12-17December 17, 2014\n\n\n''Sword Coast Legends''\nDigital Extremes / n-Space\n2016-07-19 July 19, 2016\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n2016-07-19July 19, 2016\n\n\n''Sylvio''\nStroboskop\n\n2017-01-13January 13, 2017\n\n\n\n''Syndrome''\nCamel 101\n\n\n\n\n\n''System Shock''\nNight Dive Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Table Top Racing: World Tour''\nPlayrise Digital\n2016-05-03 May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-07-06July 6, 2016\n\n''Tachyon Project''\nEclipse Games\n2016-01-19 January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n\n\n''Tales from the Borderlands''\nTelltale Games\n2014-11-25November 25, 2014\n2014-11-25November 25, 2014\n2014-12-03December 3, 2014\n\n\n''Talisman: Digital Edition''\nNomad Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Tembo the Badass Elephant''\nGame Freak\n2015-07-21 July 21, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n\n\n''Tennis in the Face''\n10tons\n2014-11-12November 12, 2014\n2014-12-09December 9, 2014\n2014-11-12November 12, 2014\n\n\n''Teslagrad''\nRain Games\n2014-12-03December 3, 2014\n2015-04-14April 14, 2015\n2014-12-03December 3, 2014\n2015-02-18February 18, 2015\n\n''Tetraminos''\nSanuk Games\n2016-03-08 March 8, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n2016-03-08March 8, 2016\n\n\n''Tetris Ultimate''\nSoMa Play\n2014-12-16December 16, 2014\n2014-12-16December 16, 2014\n2014-12-17December 17, 2014\n2015-06-10June 10, 2015\n\n''Tetrobot and Co.''\nSwing Swing Submarine\n2016-03-15 March 15, 2016\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n2016-03-15March 15, 2016\n\n\n''Tharsis''\nChoice Provisions\n2016-01-12January 12, 2016\n2016-01-12January 12, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n\n\n''That Trivia Game''\nThe Game Room\n2014-04-15April 15, 2014\n2014-04-15April 15, 2014\n2014-06-25June 25, 2014\n\n\n''The Assembly''\nnDreams\n2016-10-13 October 13, 2016\n2016-10-13October 13, 2016\n2016-10-13October 13, 2016\n\n\n''The Banner Saga''\nStoic\n2016-01-12 January 12, 2016\n2016-01-12January 12, 2016\n2016-01-12January 12, 2016\n2016-09-01September 1, 2016\n\n''The Banner Saga 2''\nStoic\n2016-07-05 July 5, 2016\n2016-07-05July 5, 2016\n2016-07-05July 5, 2016\n2016-11-17November 17, 2016\n\n''The Binding of Isaac: Rebirth''\nNicalis\n2014-11-04November 4, 2014\n2014-11-04November 4, 2014\n2014-11-05November 5, 2014\n2015-10-28October 28, 2015\n\n''The Bit.Trip''\nChoice Provisions\n2015-12-05December 5, 2015\n2015-12-05December 5, 2015\n\n\n\n''The Bread Pub Brawlers''\nNiKo MaKi\n2015-06-12June 12, 2015\n2015-06-12June 12, 2015\n\n\n\n''The Bridge''\nThe Quantum Astrophysicists Guild\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n\n\n''The Bug Butcher''\nAwfully Nice Studios\n2016-10-18 October 18, 2016\n2016-10-18October 18, 2016\n2016-10-18October 18, 2016\n\n\n''The Castle Game''\nNeptune Interactive\n2015-08-04August 4, 2015\n2015-08-04August 4, 2015\n2015-08-19August 19, 2015\n\n\n''The Deadly Tower of Monsters''\nACE Team\n2016-01-19 January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n\n\n''The Deer God''\nCrescent Moon Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Desperate Mile''\nNine Slice\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Escapists''\nTeam17\n2015-05-29May 29, 2015\n2015-06-02June 2, 2015\n2015-05-29May 29, 2015\n\n\n''The Escapists 2''\nTeam17\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Escapists: The Walking Dead''\nTeam17\n2016-02-16 February 16, 2016\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n\n\n''The Fall''\nOver the Moon\n2015-07-14 July 14, 2015\n2015-07-14July 14, 2015\n2015-07-14July 14, 2015\n\n\n''The Fall Part 2: Unbound''\nOver the Moon\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Final Station''\nDo My Best\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n\n\n''The Forest''\nEndnight Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Four Kings Casino and Slots''\nDigital Leisure\n2015-12-09December 9, 2015\n2015-12-09December 9, 2015\n\n\n\n''The Golf Club''\nHB Studios\n2014-08-26August 26, 2014\n2014-08-26August 26, 2014\n2014-09-03September 3, 2014\n\n\n''The Hole Story''\nGirls Make Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Huntsman: Winter\u2019s Curse''\nDesert Owl Games\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n\n\n''The Jackbox Party Pack (Drawful, Fibbage XL, Lie Swatter, Word Spud, You Don\u2019t Know Jack 2015)''\nJackbox Games\n2014-11-18November 18, 2014\n2014-11-18November 18, 2014\n2015-06-02June 2, 2015\n\n\n''The Jackbox Party Pack 2 (Bidiots, Bomb Corp., Earwax, Fibbage 2, Quiplash XL)''\nJackbox Games\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n2015-10-21October 21, 2015\n\n\n''The Jackbox Party Pack 3 (Fakin' It!, Guesspionage, Quiplash 2, Tee K.O., Trivia Murder Party)''\nJackbox Games\n2016-10-18October 18, 2016\n2016-10-18October 18, 2016\n2016-10-19October 19, 2016\n\n\n''The Journey Down''\nSkygoblin\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Keeper of 4 Elements''\nSmartphone Labs\n2016-12-01December 1, 2016\n2016-12-01December 1, 2016\n2016-12-02December 2, 2016\n\n\n''The Last Tinker: City of Colors''\nLoot Interactive\n2014-08-19August 19, 2014\n2014-08-19August 19, 2014\n2014-08-20August 20, 2014\n\n\n''The Legend of Korra''\nPlatinumGames\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n2014-10-22October 22, 2014\n\n\n''The Little Acre''\nPewter Games\n2016-12-13 December 13, 2016\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n2016-12-13December 13, 2016\n\n\n''The Magic Circle: Gold Edition''\nQuestion\n2016-04-26 April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n\n\n''The Mean Greens: Plastic Warfare''\nCode Headquarters\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Onion Knights''\nTHEM Corporation\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Park''\nFuncom\n2016-05-03 May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n2016-05-03May 3, 2016\n\n\n''The Pillars of the Earth''\nDaedalic Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Pinball Arcade''\nFarSight Studios\n2013-12-17December 17, 2013\n2013-12-17December 17, 2013\n2013-12-18December 18, 2013\n\n\n''The Playroom''\nSCEI\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''The Sexy Brutale''\nTequila Works\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Sun & Moon''\nDaniel Linssen\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2016-04-26April 26, 2016\n2016-04-27April 27, 2016\n\n\n''The Swapper''\nFacepalm Games\n2014-08-05August 5, 2014\n2014-08-05August 5, 2014\n2014-08-06August 6, 2014\n2015-11-04November 4, 2015\n\n''The Swindle''\nSize Five Games\n2015-07-28 July 28, 2015\n2015-07-28July 28, 2015\n2015-07-28July 28, 2015\n\n\n''The Talos Principle''\nCroteam\n2015-10-13 October 13, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n\n\n''The Tomorrow Children''\nQ-Games\n2016-09-06 September 6, 2016\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n2016-09-06September 6, 2016\n2016-09-07September 7, 2016\n\n''The Town of Light''\nLKA.it\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Treasures of Montezuma 4''\nSmartphone Labs\n2015-12-22 December 22, 2015\n2015-12-22December 22, 2015\n2015-12-22December 22, 2015\n\n\n''The Unfinished Swan''\nGiant Sparrow\n2014-10-23October 23, 2014\n2014-10-28October 28, 2014\n2014-10-29October 29, 2014\n2014-10-23October 23, 2014\n\n''The Vanishing of Ethan Carter''\nThe Astronauts\n2015-07-14July 14, 2015\n2015-07-14July 14, 2015\n2015-07-15July 15, 2015\n\n\n''The Walking Dead''\nTelltale Games\n2014-10-14October 14, 2014\n2014-10-14October 14, 2014\n2014-10-31October 31, 2014\n2016-06-23June 23, 2016\n\n''The Walking Dead: Michonne''\nTelltale Games\n2016-02-23 February 23, 2016\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n\n\n''The Walking Dead: Season Three''\nTelltale Games\n2016-12-20 December 20, 2016\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n2016-12-20December 20, 2016\n\n\n''The Walking Dead: Season Two''\nTelltale Games\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n2014-10-21October 21, 2014\n2014-10-31October 31, 2014\n2016-06-30June 30, 2016\n\n''The Wild Eight''\n8 Points\n\n\n\n\n\n''The Witness''\nThekla, Inc.\n2016-01-26 January 26, 2016\n2016-01-26January 26, 2016\n2016-01-26January 26, 2016\n2016-12-15December 15, 2016\n\n''The Wolf Among Us''\nTelltale Games\n2014-11-04November 4, 2014\n2014-11-04November 4, 2014\n2014-11-05November 5, 2014\n\n\n''There Came an Echo''\nIridium Studios\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-05-31May 31, 2016\n2016-06-01June 1, 2016\n\n\n''Thief Town''\nGlass Knuckle Games\n2015-09-29September 29, 2015\n2015-09-29September 29, 2015\n\n\n\n''This War of Mine: The Little Ones''\n11 bit studios\n2016-01-29 January 29, 2016\n2016-01-29January 29, 2016\n2016-01-29January 29, 2016\n\n\n''Thomas Was Alone''\nMike Bithell\n2014-11-25November 25, 2014\n2014-11-25November 25, 2014\n2014-11-26November 26, 2014\n\n\n''Three Fourths Home: Extended Edition''\nBracket Games\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n2015-10-13October 13, 2015\n2015-12-09December 9, 2015\n\n\n''Thumper''\nDrool\n2016-10-10October 10, 2016\n2016-10-10October 10, 2016\n2016-10-13October 13, 2016\n2016-10-13October 13, 2016\n\n''Timespinner''\nLunar Ray Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Timing Hero''\n21c.Ducks\n\n\n\n\n\n''Tina's Toy Factory''\nStrange Games Studios\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n\n\n\n''Tinertia''\nCandescent Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Tiny Brains''\nSpearhead Games\n2013-12-03December 3, 2013\n2013-12-03December 3, 2013\n2013-12-11December 11, 2013\n\n\n''Tiny Troopers: Joint Ops''\nWired Productions\n2014-11-18November 18, 2014\n2014-11-18November 18, 2014\n2014-11-19November 19, 2014\n2015-07-10July 10, 2015\n\n''Titan Attacks!''\nPuppy Games\n2014-05-06May 6, 2014\n2014-05-06May 6, 2014\n2014-05-07May 7, 2014\n\n\n''Titan Souls''\nAcid Nerve\n2015-04-14April 14, 2015\n2015-04-14April 14, 2015\n2015-04-15April 15, 2015\n\n\n''To Leave''\nFreaky Creations\n\n\n\n\n\n''Toki Tori 2+''\nTwo Tribes\n2016-02-23 February 23, 2016\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n\n\n''Tokyo 42''\nSMAC Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Tooth and Tail''\nPocketwatch Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Toren''\nSwordtales\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-05-13May 13, 2015\n\n\n''Torment: Tides of Numenera''\ninXile Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Toro''\nRecotechnology\n2015-05-15May 15, 2015\n2015-07-07July 7, 2015\n2015-05-15May 15, 2015\n2016-11-22November 22, 2016\n\n''TorqueL''\nFullPowerSideAttack.com\n2014-12-24December 24, 2014\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n2014-12-24December 24, 2014\n\n''Total Jigsaw''\nHooded Gaming\n2016-02-10February 10, 2016\n\n2016-02-10February 10, 2016\n\n\n''Toto Temple Deluxe''\nJuicy Beast\n2015-09-29September 29, 2015\n2015-09-29September 29, 2015\n2015-09-30September 30, 2015\n\n\n''Tottemo E Mahjong Plus''\nArc System Works\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Touhou Aogami Engi''\nMediascape\n\n\n\n\n\n''Touhou Genso Wanderer''\nAqua Style\n2016-12-22December 22, 2016\n\n\n2016-12-22December 22, 2016\n\n''Touhou Koubutou V''\nCubetype\n2016-11-02November 2, 2016\n\n\n2016-11-02November 2, 2016\n\n''Touhou Sky Arena: Gensoukyou Kuusenhime - Matsuri-Climax''\nMediascape\n2016-05-20May 20, 2016\n\n\n2016-05-20May 20, 2016\n\n''Touhou: Scarlet Curiosity''\nMediascape\n2016-02-10February 10, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n2016-11-15November 15, 2016\n2016-02-10February 10, 2016\n\n''Tower of Guns''\nTerrible Posture Games\n2015-04-07April 7, 2015\n2015-04-07April 7, 2015\n2015-04-08April 8, 2015\n2015-05-07May 7, 2015\n\n''TowerFall Ascension''\nMatt Makes Games\n2014-03-11March 11, 2014\n2014-03-11March 11, 2014\n2014-03-19March 19, 2014\n2014-07-16July 16, 2014\n\n''Toy Soldiers: War Chest''\nSignal Studios\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n2015-08-11August 11, 2015\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n\n\n''Trans-Galactic Tournament''\nKiz Studios\n2015-08-04August 4, 2015\n2015-08-04August 4, 2015\n\n\n\n''Transformers: Fall of Cybertron''\nHigh Moon Studios\n2016-08-09 August 9, 2016\n2016-08-09August 9, 2016\n2016-08-09August 9, 2016\n\n\n''Transistor''\nSupergiant Games\n2014-05-20May 20, 2014\n2014-05-20May 20, 2014\n2014-05-21May 21, 2014\n2015-01-08January 8, 2015\n\n''Trials Fusion''\nRedLynx\n2014-04-15April 15, 2014\n2014-04-15April 15, 2014\n2014-04-16April 16, 2014\n2014-05-29May 29, 2014\n\n''Trials of the Blood Dragon''\nRedLynx\n2016-06-13 June 13, 2016\n2016-06-13June 13, 2016\n2016-06-13June 13, 2016\n2016-06-14June 14, 2016\n\n''Tricky Towers''\nWeirdBeard\n2016-08-02 August 2, 2016\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n2016-08-02August 2, 2016\n\n\n''Trine: Enchanted Edition''\nFrozenbyte\n2014-12-17December 17, 2014\n2014-12-23December 23, 2014\n2014-12-17December 17, 2014\n\n\n''Trine 2: Complete Story''\nFrozenbyte\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n2015-07-08July 8, 2015\n\n''Trine 3: The Artifacts of Power''\nFrozenbyte\n2015-12-16December 16, 2015\n2015-12-22December 22, 2015\n2015-12-16December 16, 2015\n\n\n''Trivial Pursuit Live!''\nUbisoft Halifax\n2015-02-17February 17, 2015\n2015-02-17February 17, 2015\n\n\n\n''TRON Run/r''\nSanzaru Games\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2016-02-16February 16, 2016\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n\n\n''Trove''\nTrion Worlds\n\n\n\n\n\n''TumbleSeed''\nBenedict Fritz / Greg Wohlwend\n\n\n\n\n\n''Tumblestone''\nThe Quantum Astrophysicists Guild\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-07-26July 26, 2016\n2016-07-27July 27, 2016\n\n\n''Type:Rider''\nEx Nihilo\n2016-07-12 July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n\n\n''Ubusana''\nM2\n\n\n\n\n\n''Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3''\nCapcom\n2016-12-03December 3, 2016\n2016-12-03December 3, 2016\n2016-12-04December 4, 2016\n\n\n''Ultratron''\nPuppy Games\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-05-12May 12, 2015\n2015-05-13May 13, 2015\n\n\n''Umbrella Corps''\nCapcom\n2016-06-21 June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-06-21June 21, 2016\n2016-06-23June 23, 2016\n\n''Uncanny Valley''\nCowardly Creations\n\n2017-02-07February 7, 2017\n2017-02-08February 8, 2017\n\n\n''Unepic''\nEnjoyUp Games\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n2016-03-29March 29, 2016\n2016-03-30March 30, 2016\n\n\n''Unholy Heights''\nMebius\n2015-06-10June 10, 2015\n2016-09-13September 13, 2016\n\n2015-06-10June 10, 2015\n\n''Unmechanical: Extended Edition''\nTalawa Games\n2015-02-10February 10, 2015\n2015-02-10February 10, 2015\n2015-02-11February 11, 2015\n2015-10-21October 21, 2015\n\n''Uno''\nUbisoft Chengdu\n2016-08-16 August 16, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-16August 16, 2016\n2016-08-25August 25, 2016\n\n''Unravel''\nColdwood Interactive\n2016-02-09  February 9, 2016\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n2016-02-09February 9, 2016\n\n''Urban Legend in Limbo''\nTeam Shanghai Alice / Twilight Frontier\n2016-12-08December 8, 2016\n\n\n2016-12-08December 8, 2016\n\n''Vaccine''\nRainy Night Creations\n\n\n\n\n\n''Valiant Hearts: The Great War''\nUbisoft Montpellier\n2014-06-24June 24, 2014\n2014-06-24June 24, 2014\n2014-06-25June 25, 2014\n2014-07-31July 31, 2014\n\n''Valley''\nBlue Isle Studios\n2016-08-23 August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n\n\n''Vane''\nFriend & Foe Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Vector''\nHello There\n\n\n\n\n\n''Velocibox''\nShawn Beck Games\n2015-07-28 July 28, 2015\n2015-07-28July 28, 2015\n2015-07-28July 28, 2015\n\n\n''Velocity 2X''\nFuturLab\n2014-09-02September 2, 2014\n2014-09-02September 2, 2014\n2014-09-03September 3, 2014\n\n\n''Verdun''\nBlackmill Games / M2H\n2016-08-30 August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n2016-08-30August 30, 2016\n\n\n''VEV: Viva Ex Vivo''\nTruant Pixel\n2016-05-17 May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n2016-05-17May 17, 2016\n\n\n''Videoball''\nAction Button Entertainment\n2016-07-12 July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n2016-07-12July 12, 2016\n\n\n''Viking Squad''\nSlick Entertainment\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-05October 5, 2016\n\n\n''Virginia''\nVariable State\n2016-09-22 September 22, 2016\n2016-09-22September 22, 2016\n2016-09-22September 22, 2016\n\n\n''Visage''\nSadSquare Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''VizionEck''\nVizionEck\n\n\n\n\n\n''Volgarr the Viking''\nCrazy Viking Studios\n2016-11-16November 16, 2016\n2016-11-16November 16, 2016\n\n\n\n''Volume''\nMike Bithell\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n2015-08-19August 19, 2015\n2016-08-10August 10, 2016\n\n''Vostok Inc.''\nNosebleed Interactive\n\n\n\n\n\n''VVVVVV''\nNicalis\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2015-08-25August 25, 2015\n2015-08-26August 26, 2015\n\n\n''Wailing Heights''\nOutsider Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Wand Wars''\nMoonradish\n2016-09-28September 28, 2016\n2016-09-28September 28, 2016\n\n\n\n''Wander''\nWander\n2015-06-04 June 4, 2015\n2015-06-04June 4, 2015\n2015-06-04June 4, 2015\n\n\n''Wanderjahr''\nWorkyrie Game Studio\n2016-12-21December 21, 2016\n2016-12-21December 21, 2016\n\n\n\n''War Thunder''\nGaijin Entertainment\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n2014-06-03June 3, 2014\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n\n\n''Warframe''\nDigital Extremes\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-15November 15, 2013\n2013-11-29November 29, 2013\n2014-02-22February 22, 2014\n\n''Warhammer: End Times \u2013 Vermintide''\nFatshark\n2016-10-04 October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n\n\n''Warhedz''\nAtom Republic\n2016-03-22March 22, 2016\n2016-03-22March 22, 2016\n\n\n\n''Wasteland 3''\ninXile Entertainment\n\n\n\n\n\n''Wasteland Kings''\nVlambeer\n\n\n\n\n\n''Wattam''\nFunomena\n\n\n\n\n\n''Way of the Passive Fist''\nHousehold Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''We Are Doomed''\nVertex Pop\n2015-04-14April 14, 2015\n2015-04-14April 14, 2015\n2015-04-15April 15, 2015\n\n\n''Weapons of Mythology \uff5eNEW AGE\uff5e''\nGamemag Interactive / Lionsfilm Limited\n2016-03-25March 25, 2016\n\n\n2016-03-25March 25, 2016\n\n''What Remains of Edith Finch''\nGiant Sparrow\n\n\n\n\n\n''Wheels of Aurelia''\nSanta Ragione\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-04October 4, 2016\n2016-10-05October 5, 2016\n\n\n''Whispering Willows''\nNight Light Interactive\n2015-06-30 June 30, 2015\n2015-06-30June 30, 2015\n2015-06-30June 30, 2015\n\n\n''White Night''\nOsome Studio\n2015-03-03March 3, 2015\n2015-03-03March 3, 2015\n2015-03-04March 4, 2015\n\n\n''Wick''\nHellbent Games\n2016-11-01November 1, 2016\n2016-11-01November 1, 2016\n\n\n\n''Wild''\nWild Sheep Studio\n\n\n\n\n\n''Wild Season''\nQuickfire Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''Windjammers''\nDotEmu\n\n\n\n\n\n''WinKings''\nLemondo Entertainment\n2016-12-01December 1, 2016\n2016-12-01December 1, 2016\n\n\n\n''Woah Dave!''\nChoice Provisions\n2015-03-31March 31, 2015\n2015-03-31March 31, 2015\n2015-04-01April 1, 2015\n2015-11-04November 4, 2015\n\n''Wonder Boy: The Dragon's Trap''\nLizardcube\n\n\n\n\n\n''Wondershot''\nLeikir Studio\n2016-02-23 February 23, 2016\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n2016-02-23February 23, 2016\n\n\n''World of Tanks''\nWargaming\n2016-01-19 January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-19January 19, 2016\n2016-01-20January 20, 2016\n\n''World to the West''\nRain Games\n\n\n\n\n\n''World War Toons''\nStudio Roqovan\n\n\n\n\n\n''Worlds of Magic: Planar Conquest''\nWastelands Interactive\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n\n\n\n''Worms Battlegrounds''\nTeam17\n2014-05-30May 30, 2014\n2014-06-03June 3, 2014\n2014-05-30May 30, 2014\n\n\n''Worms W.M.D''\nTeam17\n2016-08-23 August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n2016-08-23August 23, 2016\n\n\n''Xenoraid''\n10tons\n2016-11-08November 8, 2016\n2016-11-08November 8, 2016\n2016-11-09November 9, 2016\n\n\n''Xeodrifter: Special Edition''\nRenegade Kid\n2015-09-01 September 1, 2015\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2016-01-06January 6, 2016\n\n''Xing: The Land Beyond''\nWhite Lotus Interactive\n\n\n\n\n\n''XPOSED''\nSomequest\n2016-12-14December 14, 2016\n\n2016-12-14December 14, 2016\n\n\n''YIIK: A Postmodern RPG''\nAckk Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Yasai Ninja''\nRecotechnology\n2015-07-21 July 21, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n2015-07-21July 21, 2015\n\n\n''Yesterday Origins''\nPendulo Studios\n2016-11-17November 17, 2016\n2016-11-17November 17, 2016\n2016-11-21November 21, 2016\n\n\n''Yonder: The Cloud Catcher Chronicles''\nPrideful Sloth\n\n\n\n\n\n''Yorbie - Episode One: Payback's a Bolt'' \nHappy Dance Games\n2015-03-24March 24, 2015\n2015-03-24March 24, 2015\n2015-03-25March 25, 2015\n\n\n''Yu-Gi-Oh! Legacy of the Duelist''\nKonami\n2015-07-31 July 31, 2015\n2015-07-31July 31, 2015\n2015-07-31July 31, 2015\n\n\n''Yummy Circus''\nPuzzl.com\n\n\n\n\n\n''Zen Pinball 2''\nZen Studios\n2013-12-18December 18, 2013\n2013-12-24December 24, 2013\n2013-12-18December 18, 2013\n\n\n''Zenith''\nInfinigon Games\n2016-09-20 September 20, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n2016-09-20September 20, 2016\n\n\n''ZHEROS''\nRimlight Studios\n\n\n\n\n\n''Ziggurat''\nMilkstone Studios\n2015-04-21April 21, 2015\n2015-04-21April 21, 2015\n2015-04-22April 22, 2015\n\n\n''Zodiac: Orcanon Odyssey''\nKobojo\n\n\n\n\n\n''Zombi''\nUbisoft Montpellier\n2015-08-18 August 18, 2015\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n2015-08-18August 18, 2015\n2015-08-19August 19, 2015\n\n''Zombie Army Trilogy''\nRebellion Developments\n2015-03-03March 3, 2015\n2015-03-03March 3, 2015\n2015-03-06March 6, 2015\n\n\n''Zombie Vikings''\nZoink!\n2015-09-01 September 1, 2015\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2015-09-01September 1, 2015\n2015-09-10September 10, 2015\n\n''Zotrix''\nRetroism\n2015-12-09December 9, 2015\n2015-12-09December 9, 2015\n2016-01-08January 8, 2016\n\n\n"	"PlayStation VR games"	"'''Downloadable PlayStation 4 games only playable with PlayStation VR.'''\n\n\n\nTitle\nDeveloper\nFirst released\nRelease date\n\nNorth America\nEurope\nJapan\n\n\n''Ace Banana''\nOasis Games\n2016-10-13NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Carnival Games VR''\nCat Daddy Games\n2016-10-28NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Crystal Rift''\nPsytec Games\n2016-11-29NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Eve: Gunjack''\nCCP Games\n2016-10-13NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Fly to KUMA''\nCOLOPL\n2016-10-13JP\n\n\n\n\n''Fruit Ninja VR''\nHalfbrick Studios\n2016-12-20NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Harmonix Music VR''\nHarmonix\n2016-10-10NA\n\n\n\n\n''Hatsune Miku: VR Future Live''\nCrypton Future Media\n2016-10-13WW\n\n\n\n\n''Headmaster''\nFrame Interactive\n2016-10-13NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Here They Lie''\nTangentlemen\n2016-10-13NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''HoloBall''\nTreeFortress Games\n2016-11-22NA\n\n\n\n\n''How We Soar''\nPenny Black Studios\n2016-11-29NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Hustle Kings VR''\nEPOS Game Studios\n2016-10-10NA\n\n\n\n\n''I Expect You to Die''\nSchell Games\n2016-12-13NA\n\n\n\n\n''The Idolmaster: Cinderella Girls Viewing Revolution''\nBandai Namco Entertainment\n2016-10-13JP\n\n\n\n\n''Job Simulator''\nOwlchemy Labs\n2016-10-13NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Keep Talking and Nobody Explodes''\nSteel Crate Games\n2016-10-13NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Lethal VR''\nThree Fields Entertainment\n2016-12-20NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''NBA 2KVR Experience''\n2K Games\n2016-11-22NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''O! My Genesis VR''\nXPEC Entertainment\n2016-11-04NA,JP\n\n\n\n\n''Perfect''\nnDreams\n2016-12-13NA\n\n\n\n\n''Pinball FX 2 VR''\nZen Studios\n2016-11-29NA\n\n\n\n\n''Pixel Gear''\nOasis Games\n2016-10-20NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Proton Pulse''\nZeroTransform\n2016-11-22NA\n\n\n\n\n''Space Rift''\nVibrant Core\n2016-11-15NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Sports Bar VR''\nCherry Pop Games\n2016-10-13EU\n\n\n\n\n''Starship Disco''\nSolus Games\n2016-12-15NA\n\n\n\n\n''Summer Lesson''\nBandai Namco Entertainment\n2016-10-13JP\n\n\n\n\n''Super Stardust Ultra VR''\nD3T\n2016-10-10NA\n\n\n\n\n''SuperHyperCube''\nKokoromi\n2016-10-10NA\n\n\n\n\n''Surgeon Simulator: Experience Reality''\nBossa Studios\n2016-12-03NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Tethered''\nSecret Sorcery\n2016-10-25NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''The Brookhaven Experiment''\nPhosphor Games\n2016-10-13NA\n\n\n\n\n''The Playroom VR''\nSCE Japan Studio\n2016-10-10NA\n\n\n\n\n''Time Machine VR''\nMinority Media\n2016-11-15NA\n\n\n\n\n''Tumble VR''\nSupermassive Games\n2016-10-10NA\n\n\n\n\n''VirZoom Arcade''\nVirZoom\n2016-11-22NA\n\n\n\n\n''Waddle Home''\nArchiact Interactive\n2016-10-13NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Wayward Sky''\nUber Entertainment\n2016-10-10NA\n\n\n\n\n''Weeping Doll''\nOasis Games\n2016-10-27NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n''Windlands''\nPsytec Games\n2016-10-25NA,EU\n\n\n\n\n"	"See also"	"* List of PlayStation 4 games\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of female comics creators"	"Introduction"	"\nThis is a list of women who have been involved with producing comic books and comic strips. Many notable female comics creators exist even though the field of comics creation is traditionally male-dominated.\n"	"Africa"	"\n===Ivory Coast===\n*Marguerite Abouet: writer of ''Aya of Yop City''\n"	"Americas"	"\n===Argentina===\n*Maitena Burundarena: ''Superadas''\n\n===Brazil=== \n* Adriana Melo, notable for her work on the Star Wars: Empire franchise\n*Erica Awano, mangaka\n*Laerte,  ''O Tamanho da Coisa''\n\n===Canada===\n*Kate Beaton\n*Sheree Bradford-Lea\n*Emily Carroll\n*Svetlana Chmakova: artist/writer, ''Dramacon'' (Tokyopop)\n*Julie Doucet\n*Leanne Franson\n*Lynn Johnston: creator of ''For Better or For Worse''\n*Sophie Labelle\n*Kate Leth: writer, ''Bravest Warriors'' (Boom! Comics), ''Edward Scissorhands'' (IDW), ''Adventure Time'' (Boom! Comics)\n*Fiona Staples: artist, \"Saga\"\n*Jillian Tamaki: graphic novels ''Skim'' and ''This One Summer''\n*Zviane\n\n===United States===\n\n====Platinum Age (1897\u20131937)====\n*Nell Brinkley: creator of the Brinkley Girl\n*Rose O'Neill: creator of Kewpie Cartoon and the Kewpie doll\n*Grace G. Drayton, also known as Grace Gebbie Wiederseim\n*Margaret G. Hays: sister of Grace Drayton, frequent collaborator and independent writer\n*Ethel Hays: artist on ''Flapper Fanny Says'', among other Flapper-themed newspaper and magazine features\n\n====Golden Age/Silver Age (1930s to approx. 1970)====\n*Nina Albright: artist for comics packager Bernard Baily Studio\n*Ruth Atkinson a.k.a. Ruth Atkinson Ford, R. Atkinson: artist, Fiction House, Timely Comics, Lev Gleason Publications\n*Violet Barclay: Timely/Atlas Comics inker\n*Toni Blum: writer, Eisner & Iger studio\n*Linda Fite: writer, ''The Cat'' (Marvel Comics)\n*Ramona Fradon: artist, Aquaman and Metamorpho (DC Comics); also, ''Brenda Starr'' comic strip (1980\u20131996)\n*Barbara Hall: artist, Black Cat, Girl Commandos, the Blonde Bomber\n*Ray Herman:  1940s editor at Holyoke Publishing and elsewhere.\n*Patricia Highsmith; Nedor/Standard/Better Comics and others\n*Virginia Hubbell: Charles Biro's ghost writer, Lev Gleason Publications' ''Crime Does Not Pay''\n*Lee Marrs: artist-writer for ''Star Reach'', elsewhere (1970s)\n*Alice Marble: associate editor on Wonder Woman from 1941-1945, creator/writer of \"Wonder Women of History\" feature from 1942-1946. \n*Elizabeth Holloway Marston:  involved in the creation of DC Comics character, Wonder Woman\n*Tarpe Mills, pseudonym of June Mills: Cat-Man (Holyoke Comics), Miss Fury\n*Lily Ren\u00e9e a.k.a. Reney (Lily Ren\u00e9e Wilhelms Peters and Lily Ren\u00e9e Phlllips): Fiction House and St. John Publications artist\n*Ruth Roche: generally credited writer of ''Phantom Lady'' (Fox Comics)\n*Marie Severin: Prolific EC and Marvel Comics artist\n*Marcia Snyder: Fiction House artist\n*Daisy Swayze: Fawcett Comics letterer; sister of artist Marc Swayze\n*Janice Valleau: Quality Comics artist\n*Tatjana Wood: Shazam Award-winning colorist\n*Dorothy Woolfolk a.k.a. Dorothy Roubicek: DC Comics' first woman editor\n\n====Bronze Age and Modern Age====\n*Laura Allred\n*Sana Amanat: editor, ''Ms. Marvel'' (Marvel)\n*Fiona Avery\n*Samm Barnes: Marvel Comics writer\n*Amber Benson: writer, ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer'' (Dark Horse Comics)\n*Karen Berger: editor, DC Comics' Vertigo imprint\n*Maddie Blaustein: writer, Milestone Comics' ''Hardware''\n*June Brigman: artist and co-creator, ''Power Pack'' (Marvel Comics); Artist ''Brenda Starr'' comic strip (1996-)\n*Sarah Byam: writer, Black Canary (DC Comics), ''Mode Extreme'' (Marvel/Razorline)\n*Roz Chast : ''New Yorker'' staff cartoonist ''The Party After You Left: Collected Cartoons 1995-2003''\n*Bobbie Chase: Marvel Comics editor\n*Jo Chen: cover artist, Dark Horse Comics's ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer Season Eight''\n*Joyce Chin: artist, ''Wynonna Earp'' (IDW),\n*Becky Cloonan: writer and artist.\n*Nancy A. Collins: writer, DC/Vertigo's ''Swamp Thing''\n*Amanda Conner: artist, ''The Pro'' (Image Comics), ''Disney's Gargoyles'' (Marvel Comics)\n*Colleen Coover: writer and artist.\n*Rosario Dawson: writer and co-creator, ''Occult Crimes Taskforce'' Image Comics\n*Kelly Sue DeConnick: writer, Captain Marvel (Marvel Comics), Avengers Assemble  (Marvel Comics)\n*Tania del Rio: artist/Writer, ''Sabrina the Teenage Witch'' (Archie Comics)\n*Rachel Dodson: inker, Marvel and DC\n*Colleen Doran: writer and artist, ''A Distant Soil'' (Image Comics)\n*Valerie D'Orazio: Assistant editor, DC Comics\n*Leigh Dragoon: artist, ''By the Wayside''\n*Jo Duffy a.k.a. Mary Jo Duffy: writer and Marvel Comics editor\n*Jan Duursema: artist, ''Star Wars: Legacy'' (Dark Horse Comics)\n*Mary Fleener: artist and writer, ''Slutburger''\n*Kaja Foglio: writer and co-creator, ''Girl Genius'' (Studio Foglio)\n*Robin Furth: plotter, ''The Dark Tower: The Gunslinger Born'' (Marvel Comics)\n*Shaenon K. Garrity: writer, Marvel Comics' ''Marvel Holiday Special''\n*Megan Rose Gedris: writer, artist and creator, ''YU+ME:dream'', ''I Was Kidnapped by Lesbian Pirates from Outer Space'' (Platinum Studios)\n*Devin Grayson: writer, ''Arsenal'', ''Batman: Gotham Knights'', ''Catwoman'', ''Nightwing'' (all DC Comics)\n*Pia Guerra: artist, Vertigo's ''Y The Last Man''\n*Judith Hunt: co-writer, co-creator, artist ''Evangeline'' (Comico)1984 and online comic Evangeline (August 2008)\n*Kathryn Immonen: writer, Journey into Mystery, Runaways (Marvel Comics)\n*Jenna Jameson: creator and plotter, ''Shadow Hunter'' (Virgin Comics)\n*Jenette Kahn: editor and executive, DC Comics\n*Carol Kalish: executive, Marvel Comics\n*Shawn Kerri: cartoonist, Cracked, CARtoons Magazine\n*Barbara Kesel a.k.a. Barbara Randall Kesel: writer, ''Rogue Angel: Teller of Tall Tales'' (IDW Publishing)\n*Caitlin R. Kiernan: writer, Vertigo's ''The Dreaming''\n*Kim Krizan: writer, BOOM! Studio comics\n*Elaine Lee: writer, ''Vamps'' (DC Comics), ''Saint Sinner'' (Marvel/Razorline)\n*Marjorie Liu: writer, ''X-23'', ''Black Widow'', ''Dark Wolverine'', ''NYX'', ''Astonishing X-Men'' (Marvel Comics)\n*Cynthia Martin, artist for (among others) Marvel Comics's ''Star Wars''\n*Laura Martin: Colorist, ''Planetary'' (DC Comics/WildStorm), ''Astonishing X-Men'' (Marvel Comics), ''Ruse'' (CrossGen)\n*Tara McPherson: Cover artist, Vertigo\n*Adriana Melo: artist, ''Ms. Marvel'' (Marvel Comics)\n*Denise Mina: writer, Vertigo's ''Hellblazer''\n*Leah Moore: writer, Wildstorm's ''Albion''\n*Mindy Newell: writer/editor, Marvel, DC, and First\n*Ann Nocenti: writer, ''Daredevil'' (Marvel Comics)\n*Sonia Oback: Colorist, \"Uncanny X-Men\", \"X-23: Target X\" (Marvel Comics)\n*Glynis Oliver: Colorist, ''X-Men'' (Marvel Comics)\n*Sara Pichelli: artist, Ultimate Comics: Spider-Man, Guardians of the Galaxy (Marvel Comics)\n*Jodi Picoult: writer, DC's ''Wonder Woman''\n*Tamora Pierce: writer, Marvel Comics' ''White Tiger''\n*Wendy Pini: artist and co-creator, ''Elfquest'' (WaRP Graphics), and ''Masque of the Red Death'' (Go! Comi)\n*Rachel Pollack: writer, ''Doom Patrol'' (DC Comics)\n*Janice Race: editor, DC Comics\n*Amy Reeder: artist and co-creator, ''Rocket Girl'' (Image Comics)\n*Emma Rios: artist, \"Pretty Deadly\"\n*Jessica Ruffner: writer, ''Anita Blake, Vampire Hunter: Guilty Pleasures'' (Marvel Comics/Dabel Brothers)\n*Sara Ryan: writer, ''Me and Edith Head''\n*Nicola Scott: artist, ''Birds of Prey'' (DC Comics)\n*Diana Schutz: editor, Dark Horse Comics\n*Erica Schultz: writer, \"Revenge: The Secret Origin of Emily Thorne\" (Marvel Comics)\n*Gail Simone: writer, ''Birds of Prey'', ''Wonder Woman'' (all DC Comics)\n*Louise Simonson a.k.a. Louise Jones: Marvel Comics editor; Writer and co-creator, ''Power Pack'' (Marvel Comics);\n*Mary Skrenes: writer and co-creator, ''Omega the Unknown'' (Marvel Comics)\n*Roxanne Starr: Letterer\n*Christina Strain: Colorist, ''Runaways and Spider-Man Loves Mary Jane'' (all Marvel Comics)\n*Laurie S. Sutton: writer and editor, DC Comics and Marvel Comics\n*Babs Tarr: artist, ''Batgirl'' (DC Comics)\n*Jill Thompson: artist and writer, ''Wonder Woman'', ''Sandman'', and her own ''Scary Godmother'' series\n*Maggie Thompson: editor, ''Comics Buyer's Guide'' magazine\n*Kathleen Webb: writer, ''Betty'' (Archie Comics)\n*Christina Weir: writer, Oni Press\n*G. Willow Wilson: writer, ''Cairo'' (Vertigo), ''Ms. Marvel'' (Marvel)\n*Kim Yale: writer/editor, DC Comics, Marvel Comics, First Comics, and Warp Graphics\n\n====OEL manga====\n*Tina Anderson Writer, ''Only Words'' (Iris Print), ''Games With Me'' (The Wild Side), ''Loud Snow'' (Gynocrat INK)\n*Jo Chen: artist, Digital Manga's ''In These Words''\n*Becky Cloonan: artist, AiT/Planet Lar's ''Demo''\n*Alex de Campi: writer, ''Kat & Mouse'' (Tokyopop)\n*Camilla D\u2019Errico: artist, ''Make 5 Wishes'' (Del Rey Manga), Nightmares & Fairy Tales (Slave Labour Graphics)\n*Joanna Estep: artist, ''Roadsong'' (Tokyopop)\n*Amy Kim Ganter Artist/Writer, ''Sorcerers & Secretaries'' (Tokyopop)\n*Holly Golightly a.k.a. Holly G!, Fauve: artist/Writer, ''School Bites'' (Broadsword Comics)\n*Priscilla Hamby: artist\n*Lea Hernandez: artist, Marvel Comics' ''Marvel Mangaverse: Punisher''\n*Gisele Lagace: artist, writer, Pixie Trix Comix, Archie Comics\n*Nina Matsumoto: artist/Writer, \"Y\u014dkaiden\" (Del Rey Manga)\n*Amy Reeder: artist/Writer, ''Fool's Gold'' (Tokyopop)\n*Rivkah: artist/Writer, ''Steady Beat'' (Tokyopop)\n\n====Alternative comics====\n*Jessica Abel: writer-artist, ''La Perdida'' (Fantagraphics)\n*Jennie Breeden: writer-artist, ''The Devil's Panties''\n*Donna Barr: creator ''Stinz'', ''The Desert Peach''\n*Alison Bechdel: creator ''Dykes to Watch Out For''\n*Gabrielle Bell: writer/artist, ''Lucky'' (Drawn and Quarterly)\n*Joyce Brabner: writer, ''Our Cancer Year''\n*Paige Braddock: creator ''Jane's World''\n*Vera Brosgol\n*M.K. Brown: creator ''Aunt Mary's Kitchen'' and ''Dr. N!Godatu''\n*Jennifer Camper\n*Genevi\u00e8ve Castr\u00e9e\n*Chynna Clugston: creator, Oni Press's ''Blue Monday''\n*Colleen Coover: creator ''Small Favors''\n*Danielle Corsetto: creator ''Girls With Slingshots'' \n*Sophie Crumb: writer/artist, ''Belly Button'' (Fantagraphics)\n*Dame Darcy: creator, Fantagraphics' ''Meatcake''\n*Vanessa Davis: creator, writer/artist, ''Spaniel Rage'', ''Make Me a Woman'' (Drawn and Quarterly)\n*Abby Denson: creator ''Tough Love: High School Confidential''\n*Diane DiMassa\n*Colleen Doran: creator ''A Distant Soil''\n*Julie Doucet: creator ''Dirty Plotte''\n*Sarah Dyer\n*Jess Fink: creator ''Chester 5000 XYV'' (Top Shelf)\n*Mary Fleener, Eisner Award winner for '' I Love Led Zeppelin''\n*Shary Flenniken: creator ''Trots and Bonnie''\n*Ellen Forney\n*Shaenon Garrity: creator, ''Narbonic'' webcomic\n*Melinda Gebbie: artist, ''Lost Girls'' (Top Shelf Productions)\n*Nicole Georges: writer/artist, ''Invincible Summer'' (Microcosm Publishing)\n*Phoebe Gloeckner: creator ''A Child's Life'' and ''The Diary of a Teenage Girl''\n*Roberta Gregory: creator  ''Naughty Bits'' (Fantagraphics)\n*G.B. Jones\n*Megan Kelso: writer/artist, ''Artichoke Tales'' (Fantagraphics)\n*Lucy Knisley: writer/artist, ''French Milk'' (Simon and Schuster), ''Relish'' (First Second Books), ''An Age of License'' and ''Displacement'' (Fantagraphics), ''Something New'' (First Second Books)\n*Aline Kominsky-Crumb: creator ''The Bunch''\n*Carol Lay\n*Hope Larson : ''Gray Horses'' and ''Salamander Dream''\n*Carla Speed McNeil: writer/artist, ''Finder''\n*Erika Moen: writer/artist, ''DAR!''; artist, ''Bucko'' (Dark Horse Comics)\n*Diane Noomin: creator ''DiDi Glitz''\n*Christine Norrie: artist, ''Hopeless Savages'' (Oni Press)\n*Liz Prince : ''Will You Still Love Me If I Wet the Bed''\n*Trina Robbins: writer-artist, ''Ms. Tree'' (Eclipse Comics)\n*Ariel Schrag: creator, ''Awkward'' (Slave Labor Graphics)\n*Dori Seda: 1980s underground satirist\n*Tara Seibel: co-creator/artist/writer, ''Rock City Terminally Ill '' (Newcity)\n*Raina Telgemeier: writer/artist, ''Smile (A Dental Drama)''\n*Carol Tyler: cartoonist; books include ''The Job Thing'' (Fantagraphics, 1993) ISBN 1-56097-111-8\n*Serena Valentino: writer, Slave Labor Graphics' ''Gloom Cookie''\n*Lauren Weinstein: writer/artist ''The Goddess of War''\n*Julia Wertz: writer/artist, ''Fart Party'', ''Drinking at the Movies''\n*Kate Worley: creator, ''Omaha the Cat Dancer''\n*Catherine Yronwode: editor-in-chief of Eclipse Comics\n*Joyce Farmer: writer/artist, \"Tits & Clits Comix\"\n*Marisa Acocella Marchetto: writer-artist, \"Cancer Vixen\"\n\n====Comic strips====\n*Lynda Barry: ''Ernie Pook's Comeek''; ''The Greatest of Marlys''; The New Yorker''\n*Sandra Bell-Lundy: creator ''Between Friends''\n*Marjorie Henderson Buell under pseudonym \"Marge\": ''Little Lulu''\n*Kate Carew, pseudonym of Mary Williams: ''Handy Andy'' strip in U.K. comic magazine ''Krazy''; ''The Angel Child''\n*Nellie Caroll: creator ''Lady Chatter'' (Los Angeles Times Syndicate, 1965\u201366)\n*Natalie d'Arbeloff:\u00a0 Creator ''Augustine'' (''Blaugustine'' webcomic)\n*Edwina Dumm under pseudonym \"Edwina\": ''The Meanderings of Minnie''; ''Cap Stubbs and Tippie''\n*Jan Eliot: creator ''Stone Soup''\n*Cathy Guisewite: creator ''Cathy''\n*Alex Hallatt: creator ''Arctic Circle''\n*Bunny Hoest: writer ''The Lockhorns'' (1971-)\n*Nicole Hollander: creator ''Sylvia''\n*Judith Hunt: artist, Timbertoes Published by Highlights for Children\n*Lynn Johnston: creator ''For Better or For Worse''\n*Terri Libenson: creator ''The Pajama Diaries''\n*Marty Links: creator ''Emmy Lou''\n*Dale Messick: creator ''Brenda Starr''\n*Gladys Parker: creator ''Mopsy''\n*Rina Piccolo: creator ''Tina's Groove''\n*Mary Schmich: writer ''Brenda Starr'' (1985-)\n*Margaret Shulock: ''Apartment 3-G'', ''Six Chix''\n*Hilda Terry: ''Teena''\n"	"Asia"	"\n===China===\n*Zhang Xiaobai: creator of ''Si loin et si proche''\n\n===Iran===\n*Marjane Satrapi: creator of ''Persepolis''\n\n===Japan===\n*Chako Abeno: illustrator of ''Sola'', ''My-Otome Zwei''\n*Akira Amano: creator of ''Reborn!''\n*Kozue Amano: creator of ''Aria''\n*Yuki Amemiya: creator of ''07-Ghost'' together with Yukino Ichihara\n*Yasuko Aoike\n*Kotomi Aoki: creator of ''Boku wa Im\u014dto ni Koi o Suru'', ''Kanojo wa Uso o Aishisugiteru''\n*Ume Aoki: creator of ''Hidamari Sketch''\n*Kiyoko Arai: creator: ''Angel Lip'', ''Ask Dr. Rin!''\n*Hiromu Arakawa: creator/artist/writer ''Fullmetal Alchemist''\n*Sakura Asagi\n*Y\u016b Asagiri: creator of ''Golden Cain'', ''Midnight Panther''\n*George Asakura: creator of ''A Perfect Day for Love Letters''\n*Hinako Ashihara: creator of ''Sand Chronicles'', ''Forbidden Dance'', ''Piece - Kanojo no Kioku''\n*Izumi Aso\n*Yuki Azuma: creator of ''Schoolmate''\n*Ippongi Bang\n*Toriko Chiya: creator of ''Clover'', ''Tokyo Alice'' \n*Nanae Chrono: creator of ''Peacemaker Kurogane'', ''Senki Senki Momotama'', ''Vassalord''\n*Clamp: creators ''RG Veda'', ''Magic Knight Rayearth'', ''Cardcaptor Sakura'', \t''Angelic Layer'', ''Chobits'', ''Tsubasa: Reservoir Chronicle'', ''xxxHolic''\n**Eiki Eiki: creator of ''Dear Myself'', ''Train Train'', ''Color''\n*: creator of ''Shinobi Life''\n*Nariko Enomoto\n*Mihona Fujii: creator of ''Gals!''\n*: creator of ''Ky\u014d wa Kaisha Yasumimasu.''\n*Kazuko Fujita: creator of ''Makoto Call!'', ''Four Steps to Romance''\n*Cocoa Fujiwara: creator of ''dear'', ''Inu x Boku SS''\n*Hiro Fujiwara: creator of ''Kaich\u014d wa Maid-sama!''\n*Moto Hagio\n* Machiko Hasegawa, creator of  ''Sazae-san''\n*Nanae Haruno\n*Bisco Hatori\n*Akiko Higashimura: creator ''Kisekae Yuka-chan'', ''Himawari - Kenichi Legend'', ''Mama ha Temparish''\n*Asa Higuchi: creator of ''Big Windup!''\n*Tachibana Higuchi: creator of ''Portrait of M and N'', ''Gakuen Alice''\n*Aoi Hiiragi: creator of ''Mimi wo Sumaseba''\n*Matsuri Hino: creator: ''Vampire Knight''\n*Katsura Hoshino: creator of ''D.Gray-man''\n*Chieko Hosokawa: creator of ''Attention Please'', ''Crest of the Royal Family''\n*Yumi Hotta: writer of ''Hikaru no Go''\n*Hozumi: Creator of ''Shiki no Zenjitsu'', ''Sayonara Sorcier''\n*Yukari Ichijo\n*Yumiko Igarashi\n*Riyoko Ikeda: creator of ''The Rose of Versailles''\n*Satomi Ikezawa: creator of ''Guru Guru Pon-chan'', ''Othello''\n*G\u014d Ikeyamada: creator of ''Uwasa no Midori-kun!!'', ''Suki Desu Suzuki-kun!!'', ''Kobayashi ga Kawai Sugite Tsurai!!''\n*Ryo Ikuemi: creator of ''Bara-Iro no Ashita'', ''Kiyoku Yawaku''\n*Sukune Inugami: creator of  ''Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl'', ''Renai Distortion'', ''Ashita mo Kotokoto''\n*Risa It\u014d: creator of ''Oi P\u012btan!!'', ''Oruchuban Ebichu''\n*Natsumi Itsuki\n*Mariko Iwadate\n*Kaneyoshi Izumi: creator: ''Sonnanja neyo''\n*Rei Izumi: illustrator of ''Hibiki's Magic'', ''.hack//Legend of the Twilight''\n*Yuna Kagesaki: creator of ''Chibi Vampire''\n*Narumi Kakinouchi: illustrator of ''Yakushiji Ry\u014dko no Kaiki Jikenbo'', ''Vampire Princess Miyu''\n*Yoko Kamio: creator of ''Boys Over Flowers'', Cat Street\n*Aya Kanno; creator of ''Soul Rescue'', ''Blank Slate'', ''Otomen''\n*Junko Karube\n*Kazune Kawahara: creator of ''High School Debut'', writer of ''My Love Story!!''\n*Yumiko Kawahara\n*Mizuki Kawashita: creator of ''Strawberry 100%'', ''First Love Limited'', ''Anedoki''\n*Kazumi Kazui: creator of ''D\u014dse M\u014d Nigerarenai''\n*Izumi Kazuto: creator of ''Binb\u014d Shimai Monogatari''\n*Toshie Kihara\n*Renj\u016br\u014d Kindaichi (\u91d1\u7530\u4e00\u84ee\u5341\u90ce): creator of ''Liar x Liar''\n*Yuki Kiriga\n*Miyuki Kobayashi\n*Momoko K\u014dda: creator of ''Heroine Shikkaku''\n*Yun K\u014dga\n*Fumiyo K\u014dno: creator of ''Town of Evening Calm, Country of Cherry Blossoms'', ''Kono Sekai no Katasumi ni''\n*: creator of ''Moteki'' and ''Again!''\n*: creator of ''Terrarium in Drawer'', ''Dungeon Meshi''\n*Erika Kurahashi: creator ''Seikimatsu no Angel'', ''Max Lovely!''\n*Fusako Kuramochi\n*Yuki Kure\n*Nao Maita (\u307e\u3044\u305f\u83dc\u7a42): creator of ''Age 12''\n*Miyako Maki\n*Sanami Matoh: creator of ''Fake'', ''By the Sword''\n*Naoko Matsuda (ja): creator of ''J\u016bhan Shuttai!''\n*Temari Matsumoto: Art, ''Kyo Kara Maoh!'' Creator of ''Just My Luck'', ''The Loudest Whisper: Uwasa No Futari'', ''Shinobu Kokoro: Hidden Heart'', ''Cause of My Teacher''\n*Akemi Matsunae\n*Hibari Meguro (\u76ee\u9ed2\u3072\u3070\u308a): writer of ''Seiy\u016b Mashimashi Club''\n*Mitsukazu Mihara: creator of ''IC in a Sunflower'', ''Beautiful People'', ''Doll'', ''Haunted House'', ''R.I.P.: Requiem in Phonybrian'', ''The Embalmer''\n*Rin Mikimoto (ja): creator of ''Kin Kyori Renai'', ''Ky\u014d no Kira-kun''\n*Kanan Minami: creator of ''Ky\u014d, Koi o Hajimemasu''\n*Kazuka Minami: creator of ''My Paranoid Next Door Neighbor''\n*T\u014dko Minami (ja): creator of ''ReRe Hello''\n*Ai Minase (ja): creator of ''Hachimitsu ni Hatsukoi''\n*Kazuya Minekura: creator of ''Saiyuki'', ''Wild Adapter'', ''Saiyuki Ibun'', ''Saiyuki Reload Blast''\n*Suzue Miuchi\n*Kyoko Mizuki: writer: ''Candy Candy''\n*Hideko Mizuno: creator of ''Fire!'', ''Honey Honey no Suteki na Bouken''\n*Junko Mizuno: creator/artist/writer \"Pure Trance\" among many other notable works\n*Setona Mizushiro: creator of ''X-Day'', ''After School Nightmare'' \n*Jun Mochizuki: creator of ''Pandora Hearts'' \n*: creator of ''Deka Wanko'', ''Gokusen'', ''K\u014ddai-ke no Hitobito''\n*Milk Morinaga: creator of ''Kuchibiru Tameiki Sakurairo'', ''Girl Friends''\n*Akiko Morishima: creator of ''Hanjuku-Joshi''\n*Suu Morishita (\u68ee\u4e0bsuu): creator of ''Hibi Ch\u014dch\u014d''\n*Milk Morizono\n*Maki Murakami\n*Mayu Murata (\u6751\u7530\u771f\u512a): creator of ''Nagareboshi Lens''\n*Mayumi Muroyama\n*Aya Nakahara: creator of ''Love Com'', ''Berry Dynamite''\n*Hisaya Nakajo: creator of ''Hana-Kimi'', ''Sugar Princess''\n*Hikaru Nakamura: creator of ''Arakawa Under the Bridge'', ''Saint Young Men''\n*Yoshiki Nakamura: creator of ''Skip Beat!'', ''Tokyo Crazy Paradise''\n*Junko Nakano (\u4e2d\u91ce\u7d14\u5b50): creator of ''B-Shock!'', ''Chisa \u00d7 Pon'', ''Hetakoi''\n*: creator of ''Parfait Tic!''\n*Kiriko Nananan: creator of ''blue'', ''strawberry shortcakes''\n*Atsuko Nanba (\u5357\u6ce2\u3042\u3064\u3053): creator of ''Senpai to Kanojo''\n*Minako Narita: creator of ''Cipher'', ''Alexandrite'', ''Hana Yori mo Hana no Gotoku''\n*Tomoko Ninomiya: creator of ''Nodame Cantabile''\n*Keiko Nishi: creator of ''Sanban-ch\u014d Hagiwara-ya no Bijin'', ''Love Song''\n*Yoshiko Nishitani\n*Miho Obana: creator ''Kodomo no Omocha''\n*Akane Ogura: creator ''Zettai Heiwa Daisakusen''\n*Saori Oguri: creator of ''Is He Turning Japanese?''\n*Shinobu Ohtaka: creator of ''Sumomomo Momomo'', ''Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic''\n*Reiko Okano: creator of ''Fancy Dance''\n*Hiromu Ono: creator ''Lady Love''\n*Natsume Ono: creator of ''Ristorante Paradiso'', ''House of Five Leaves''\n*Yumiko \u014cshima: creator of ''The Star of Cottonland''\n*Minami Ozaki\n*Mari Ozawa\n*Peach-Pit\n*Marimo Ragawa: creator ''Baby and Me''\n*Akizuki Risu\n*Rieko Saibara: creator of ''Bokunchi'', ''Mainichi Kaasan'', ''Onnanoko Monogatari'', ''J\u014dky\u014d Monogatari''\n*Fumi Saimon\n*Mayu Sakai: creator of ''Rockin' Heaven''\n*Io Sakisaka: creator of ''Strobe Edge''\n*Momoko Sakura: creator ''Chibi Maruko-chan''\n*Koharu Sakuraba: creator of ''Ky\u014d no Go no Ni'', ''Minami-ke''\n*Kanoko Sakurakoji: creator of ''Backstage Prince'', ''Black Bird''\n*Erica Sakurazawa\n*Machiko Satonaka\n*Karuho Shiina: creator of ''Kimi ni Todoke''\n*: Creator of ''37.5\u00b0C no Namida''\n*Reiko Shimizu\n*Takako Shimura: creator of ''Aoi Hana'', ''Wandering Son''\n*Chie Shinohara: creator of ''Ao no F\u016bin'', ''Romance of Darkness'', ''Red River'', ''Purple Eyes in the Dark''\n*Mayu Shinjo: creator of ''Sensual Phrase'', ''Akuma na Eros'', ''Haou Airen'', ''Love Celeb'', Ai Ore!\n*Aya Shouoto: creator of ''S.L.H Stray Love Hearts!'', ''Kiss of Rose Princess'', ''He's My Only Vampire''\n*Yuki Suetsugu: creator of ''Chihayafuru''\n*: creator of ''Boku Girl''\n*Miwako Sugiyama (\u6749\u5c71\u7f8e\u548c\u5b50): creator of ''True Love''\n*Fuyumi Soryo\n*Keiko Suenobu: creator of ''Life'', ''Limit''\n*Hinako Sugiura\n*Hiro Suzuhira: illustrator of ''Ginban Kaleidoscope''\n*Julietta Suzuki\n*Haruko Tachiiri\n*Megumi Tachikawa\n*Kaoru Tada\n*Rumiko Takahashi: creator ''Urusei Yatsura'', ''Ranma \u00bd'', ''InuYasha''\n*Hinako Takanaga: creator of ''Challengers'', ''Little Butterfly'', ''Liberty Liberty!'', ''The Tyrant Falls in Love''\n*Rica Takashima: creator of ''Rica 'tte Kanji!?''\n*Natsuki Takaya: creator of ''Phantom Dream'', ''Tsubasa: Those with Wings'', ''Songs to Make You Smile'', ''Fruits Basket'', ''Hoshi wa Utau'', ''Liselotte and Witch's Forest''\n*Yuyuko Takemiya: writer of ''Evergreen''\n*Naoko Takeuchi: creator ''Sailor Moon''\n*Keiko Tobe: creator of ''With the Light''\n*Yana Toboso: creator of ''Black Butler''\n*Asami Tojo (\u6771\u57ce\u9ebb\u7f8e): creator of ''Chimera'', ''X-Kai'', ''Thunderbolt Boys Excite'', ''Love Prism'', ''Only You''\n*Ichigo Takano (ja): creator of ''Yume Miru Taiy\u014d'', ''Orange''\n*Yumi Tamura: creator of ''Basara'', ''Chicago'', ''7 Seeds''\n*Yellow Tanabe: creator of ''Kekkaishi''\n*Meca Tanaka: creator of ''Meteor Prince''\n*Arina Tanemura; Creator of ''Full Moon o Sagashite'', ''Kamikaze Kaito Jeanne'', ''Sakura Hime: The Legend of Princess Sakura''\n*Ema T\u014dyama: creator ''Pixie Pop'', ''Koko ni iru yo!''\n*Masami Tsuda: creator of ''Kare Kano'', ''Eensy Weensy Monster'', ''Chotto Edo Made''\n*Mikiyo Tsuda: creator of ''The Day of Revolution'', ''Family Complex'', ''Princess Princess''\n*Shungicu Uchida: creator of ''Minami-kun no Koibito''\n*Miwa Ueda: creator ''Peach Girl''\n*Kimiko Uehara\n*Chica Umino: creator ''Honey and Clover'', ''March Comes in Like a Lion''\n*Tsunami Umino (ja): creator of ''Nigeru wa Haji da ga Yaku ni Tatsu''\n*Yuki Urushibara: creator of ''Mushishi''\n*Masako Watanabe\n*Taeko Watanabe: creator of ''Hajime-chan ga Ichiban!'', ''Kaze Hikaru''\n*Yuu Watase: creator of ''Fushigi Y\u016bgi'', ''Ceres, Celestial Legend'', ''Absolute Boyfriend''\n*Y\u016b Yab\u016bchi: Creator of ''Mizuiro Jidai'', ''Naisho no Tsubomi'', ''Hitohira no Koi ga Furu'', \n*Murasaki Yamada\n*Ryoko Yamagishi\n*Ebine Yamaji\n*Sumika Yamamoto\n*Kazumi Yamashita: creator of ''The Life of Genius Professor Yanagizawa''\n*Waki Yamato\n*Mari Yamazaki: creator of ''Thermae Romae''\n*Ai Yazawa\n*Akimi Yoshida\n*Miki Yoshikawa: creator of ''Yankee-kun to Megane-chan''\n*Fumi Yoshinaga: creator ''Antique Bakery'', ''\u014coku: The Inner Chambers''\n*Wataru Yoshizumi: creator of ''Handsome na Kanojo'', ''Marmalade Boy'', ''Ultra Maniac''\n*Kaori Yuki: creator of ''Earl Cain'', ''Angel Sanctuary''\n*Sumomo Yumeka\n*Yumi Unita (ja): creator of ''Sukimasuki'', ''Bunny Drop''\n\n===South Korea===\n*Lee So-young\n"	"Europe"	"\n===Austria===\n*Ulli Lust: Ignatz Award-winning '''Today is the Last Day of the Rest of Your Life''''\n\n===Belgium===\n* Ilah (''Cordelia'')\n\n===England===\n*Posy Simmonds (''Gemma Bovery'', ''Tamara Drewe'')\n*Mary Tourtel (''Rupert Bear'')\n\n===Finland===\n*Tove Jansson (''The Moomins'')\n*Minna Sundberg (''A Redtail's Dream'' and ''Stand Still. Stay Silent'')\n\n===France ===\n*Marguerite Abouet (''Aya of Yopougon'')\n*P\u00e9n\u00e9lope Bagieu\n*Claire Bret\u00e9cher (''Les Frustr\u00e9s'')\n*Florence Cestac (''Cestac pour les grands'')\n*Colonel Moutarde\n*Marie Duval (''Ally Sloper'')\n*Julie Maroh\n*Marion Montaigne (''Tu Mourras Moins B\u00eate'')\n*Fran\u00e7oise Mouly\n*Fran\u00e7oise Pichard (Chard, Pscharr) \n*Marjane Satrapi: creator of ''Persepolis''\n\n===Netherlands===\n* Margreet de Heer \n* Patty Klein (''Sjors en Sjimmie'', ''Claire'')\n* Barbara Stok (''Barbaraal'')\n\n===Norway===\n*Anna Fiske\n*Karine Haaland\n*Lise Myhre\n*Solveig Muren Sanden\n*Hanne Sigbj\u00f8rnsen\n*Inga S\u00e6tre\n\n===Russia===\n*Svetlana Chmakova: artist/Writer, ''Dramacon'' (Tokyopop)\n\n===Spain===\n*Cristina Dur\u00e1n Costell\n*Ana Miralles: ''Djinn''\n\n===Sweden===\n*Coco Moodysson\n*Cecilia Torudd (''Ensamma mamman'')\n"	"Oceania"	"\n===Australia===\n*Queenie Chan: artist/writer, ''The Dreaming'' (Tokyopop)\n*Madeleine Rosca: ''Hollow Fields''\n\n===New Zealand===\n*Titane Laurent: ''God's Stuff''\n"	"See also"	"*Friends of Lulu\n*List of 20th century women artists\n*List of feminist comic books\n*List of feminist literature\n*Portrayal of women in American comics\n*Women artists\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n"	"Further reading"	"*Horn, Maurice. ''Women in the Comics'' (Chelsea House; New York, London; 1977) ISBN 0-87754-056-X; (trade paperback) ISBN o-97754-205-8\n*Robbins, Trina. ''A Century of Women Cartoonists'' (Kitchen Sink, 1993) ISBN 0-87816-206-2\n*Robbins, Trina. ''From Girls to Grrrlz: A History of Women\u2019s Comics from Teens to Zines'' (Chronicle, 1999) ISBN 0-8118-2199-4\n*Robbins, Trina. ''The Great Women Cartoonists'' (Watson-Guptill, 2001) ISBN 0-8230-2170-X\n*Yronwode, Catherine and Robbins, Trina. ''Women and the Comics'' (Eclipse, 1983) ISBN 0-913035-01-7\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of French films of 1998"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nA list of films produced in France in 1998.\n\n\n\n Title !! Director !! Cast !! Genre !! Notes\n\n ''Alice et Martin'' \n Andr\u00e9 T\u00e9chin\u00e9 \n Juliette Binoche, Mathieu Amalric, Carmen Maura \n Drama \n\n\n ''Une chance sur deux''  \nPatrice Leconte \n Jean-Paul Belmondo, Alain Delon, Vanessa Paradis \n Action comedy \n \n\n ''Le D\u00eener de Cons'' \n Francis Veber \n Jacques Villeret \n Comedy \n Won 3 C\u00e9sar & 2 Lumiere Awards, +4 nom.\n\n ''The Dreamlife of Angels'' \n Erick Zonca \n \u00c9lodie Bouchez, Natacha R\u00e9gnier \n Drama \n Nomin. for Golden Palm, +14 wins, +9 nom.\n\n ''L'ennui'' \n C\u00e9dric Kahn \n Charles Berling, Sophie Guillemin \n Drama\n\n\n ''For Sale''  \nLaetitia Masson \n \n \n Screened at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival\n\n ''L'inconnu de Strasbourg''  \nValeria Sarmiento \n Ornella Muti, Charles Berling \n  Thriller \n \n\n ''I Stand Alone'' \n Gaspar No\u00e9 \n Philippe Nahon \n Thriller drama \n 5 wins & 5 nominations\n\n ''Killer'' \n Darezhan Omirbayev \n \n Crime drama \n\n\n ''Kirikou and the Sorceress'' \n Michel Ocelot \n Doudou Gueye Thiaw, Maimouna N'Diaye, Awa S\u00e8ne Sarr \n Animation \n 11 wins & 1 nomination\n\n ''Louise (Take 2)''  \nSiegfried \n \n \n Screened at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival\n\n ''The Perfect Guy''  \nOlivier Ducastel, Jacques Martineau \n \n \n Entered into the 48th Berlin International Film Festival\n\n ''Place Vend\u00f4me'' \n Nicole Garcia \n Catherine Deneuve \n Crime drama \n 1 win & 13 nominations\n\n ''Riches, belles, etc.''  \n Bunny Schpoliansky\n Lola Naymark, Claudia Cardinale, Marisa Berenson \n Comedy\n \n\n ''The School of Flesh''  \nBeno\u00eet Jacquot \nIsabelle Huppert \n \n Entered into the 1998 Cannes Film Festival\n\n ''Sitcom'' \n Fran\u00e7ois Ozon \n \n Dark Comedy \n 3 wins & 3 nominations\n\n ''Sombre'' \n Philippe Grandrieux \n Marc Barb\u00e9, Elina L\u00f6wensohn \n Drama \n 1 win & 1 nomination\n\n ''Taxi'' \n G\u00e9rard Pir\u00e8s \n Samy Naceri \n Action comedy \n 3 wins & 5 nominations\n\n ''Tell Me I'm Dreaming''  \nClaude Mouri\u00e9ras \n \n \n Screened at the 1998 Cannes Film Festival\n\n ''Those Who Love Me Can Take the Train''  \nPatrice Ch\u00e9reau \n \n \n Entered into the 1998 Cannes Film Festival\n\n ''Too Much (Little) Love''  \nJacques Doillon \n \n \n Entered into the 48th Berlin International Film Festival\n\n ''Train of Life'' \n Radu Mih\u0103ileanu \n \n Romance / War \n 9 wins & 4 nominations\n\n ''Les Visiteurs II'' \n Jean-Marie Poir\u00e9 \n Jean Reno, Christian Clavier \n Fantasy / Comedy \n\n\n\n\n\n"	"External links"	"*  French films of 1998 at the Internet Movie Database\n* French films of 1998 at Cinema-francais.fr\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of Japanese films of 2012"	"Introduction"	"\nA list of Japanese films that are released in the Japanese box office in 2012.\n\nThe film ''A Letter to Momo'' became the first anime film to be screened at the Warsaw International Film Festival. The 2012 films ''Ai to Makoto'' and  ''11.25 Jiketsu no Hi: Mishima Yukio to Wakamono-Tachi'' will be screened in the 2012 Cannes Film Festival.\n\n\n\n Cast !! Genre !! Notes !! Ref\n\n \n''Magic Tree House''\n Hiroshi Nishikiori \n Mana Ashida, Keiko Kitagawa \n Anime \n Based on a children fantasy series\n\n\n \n''Quartet!''\n Junichi Mimura \n Mahiro Takasugi, Ayame Gouriki \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Ry\u016bjin Mabuyer The Movie Nanatsu no Mabui''\n Tomoki Sano \n Shintaro Yamada \n Tokusatsu \n Based on a television series\n\n\n \n''Tibetan Dog''\n Masayuki Kojima \n Houko Kuwashima, Jiro Hiramiki \n Anime \n \n\n\n \n''Gekk\u014d no Kamen''\n Itsuji Itao \n Itsuji Itao, Tadanobu Asano, Satomi Ishihara \n Drama \n Inspired by the story ''Sokotsu Nagaya'' \n\n\n  \n''Hasami''\n Fujiro Mitsuishi \n Chitsuru Ikewaki \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Himizu''\n Sion Sono \n Shota Sometani Fumi Nikaid\u014d \n Drama \n Entered into the 68th Venice International Film Festival\n\n\n  \n''Robo-G''\n Yaguchi Shinobu \n Mickey Curtis, Yoshitaka Yuriko \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''.hack//The Movie'' \n Hiroshi Matsuyama \n Nanami Sakuraba\n Anime \n Based on a video game\n\n\n \n''Always Sanch\u014dme no Y\u016bhi '64'' \n Takashi Yamazaki \n Hidetaka Yoshioka, Koyuki, Shinichi Tsutsumi, Hiroko Yakushimaru \n Drama \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Kaizoku Sentai Gokaiger vs. Space Sheriff Gavan: The Movie'' \n Shojiro Nakazawa \n Ryota Ozawa, Yuki Yamada, Mao Ichimichi \n Tokusatsu \n \n\n\n \n''Documentary of AKB48: Show must go on'' \n Eiki Takahashi \n Members of the group ''AKB48'' \n Documentary \n Sequel to a 2011 documentary\n\n\n  \n''Inu no Kubiwa to Koroke to'' \n Seiki Nagahara \n Kenta Kamakari, Masaya Nakamura \n Drama \n \n\n\n  \n''Shiawase no Pan'' \n Yukiko Mishima \n Yo Oizumi, Tomoyo Harada \n Drama \n \n\n\n  \n''Tempest 3D'' \n Yoshiyuki Yoshimura \n Yukie Nakama, Shosuke Tanihara \n Drama \n Continuation of a television series \n\n\n \n''The Wings of the Kirin'' \n Nobuhiro Doi \n Hiroshi Abe, Yui Aragaki, Junpei Mizobata, Rena Tanaka \n  \n Based on a novel\n\n\n \n''Arakawa Under the Bridge'' \n Ken Iizuka \n Kento Hayashi, Mirei Kiritani \n Drama \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Berserk Golden Age Arc I: Egg of the Supreme Ruler'' \n Toshiyuki Kubooka \n Hiroaki Iwanaga, Takahiro Sakurai, Toa Yukinari\n Anime \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Mameshiba Ichir\u014d 3D'' \n Toru Kamei \n Jiro Sato \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Nihon Retto'' \n Keizo Ideta \n NA \n Documentary \n \n\n\n \n''Shinobido'' \n Toshiyuki Morioka \n Aimi Satsukawa, Hatsunori Hasegawa \n Drama \n Based on a theme park attraction\n\n\n \n''Tokyo Playboy Club''\n Yosuke Okuda \n Nao \u014cmori, Ken Mitsuishi, Asami Usuda \n  \n \n\n\n \n''51 (Wuyi): Sekai de Ichiban Ch\u012bsaku Umareta Panda''\n Shiohama Masayuki \n NA \n Documentary \n \n\n\n \n''Dragon Age: Dawn of the Seeker''\n Fumihiko Sori \n  \n AnimeFantasy \n Based on a video game\n\n\n \n''Gyakuten Saiban''\n Miike Takashi \n Hiroki Narimiya, Mirei Kiritani, Takumi Saito \n Legal drama \n Based on a video game\n\n\n \n''Kitsutsuki to Ame''\n Shuichi Okita \n Shun Oguri, Koji Yakusho \n Drama \n Screened at the 2011 Tokyo International Film Festival \n\n\n \n''Hayabusa: Harukanaru Kikan''\n Tomoyuki Takimoto \n Ken Watanabe \n Drama \n Based on the true story of the Hayabusa spacecraft \n\n\n  \n''Life Is Dead''\n K\u014dsuke Hishinuma \n Atsushi Arai, Higarino, Shintar\u014d Akutsu \n Supernatural \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Utahime''\n Yoshiko Hoshida \n Hitomi Kuroki, Tae Kimura, Shizuyo Yamazaki, Miki Maya \n Drama \n Based on a novel \n\n\n \n''Afro Tanaka''\n Daigo Matsui \n Shota Matsuda, Nozomi Sasaki \n  \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Ikiterumono wa Inainoka''\n Gakuryu Ishii \n Shota Sometani \n Doomsday \n \n\n\n \n''POV: Norowareta Film''\n Norio Tsuruta \n Mirai Shida, Haruna Kawaguchi \n Horror \n \n\n\n \n''Seiji: Riku no Sakana''\n Y\u016bsuke Iseya \n Hidetoshi Nishijima, Mirai Moriyama, Nae Y\u016bki, Masahiko Tsugawa \n Drama \n Based on a novel\n\n\n \n''Love Police''\n Yoshihiro Sakata \n Takashi Yoshimura, Yosuke Oochi \n Comedy \n \n\n\n \n''Zombie Ass''\n Noboru Iguchi \n Arisa Nakamura, Mayu Sugano \n Horror \n \n\n\n \n''Koun no Tsubo''\n Michihito Ogawa \n Keiko Toda, Hosshan \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Doraemon: Nobita to Kiseki no Shima ~Animal Adventure~''\n Kozo Kusuba \n  \n Anime \n 17th film in the Doraemon film series\n\n\n \n''Liar Game: Saisei''\n Hiroki Matsuyama \n Shota Matsuda, Mikako Tabe \n Drama \n Sequel to the film ''Liar Game: The Final Stage''\n\n\n \n''Fly: Heibon na Kiseki''\n Masahiro Kondo \n Kazutoyo Koyabu, Saki Aibu, Yoichi Nukumizu \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Henge''\n Ohata Hajime \n Kazunari Aizawa, Aki Morita \n Horror \n \n\n\n \n''Okaeri Hayabusa''\n Katsuhide Motoki \n Tatsuya Fujiwara, Anne Watanabe, Tomokazu Miura \n Drama \n Based on the true story of the Hayabusa spacecraft \n\n\n \n''River''\n Ry\u016bichi Hiroki \n Misako Renbutsu \n Drama \n Based on real events\n\n\n \n''Bokura ga Ita'' (Part 1)\n Solanin \n Toma Ikuta, Yuriko Yoshitaka \n Drama \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Ghostwriter Hotel''\n Hiroaki Ito \n Tsuyoshi Abe \n Horror \n \n\n\n \n''Ouran High School Host Club''\n  \n Haruna Kawaguchi, Yusuke Yamamoto, Mariko Shinoda \n Drama \n Based on a manga; similar to the 2011 television drama based on the same manga\n\n\n \n''Pretty Cure All Stars: NewStage Mirai no Tomodachi'' \n Jyunji Shimizu \n Misato Fukuen, Asami Tano  \n Anime \n Part of the Pretty Cure All Stars film series\n\n\n \n''Strike Witches'' \n Kazuhiro Takamura \n Misato Fukuen, Saori Eto \n Anime \n Based on a mixed-media project \n\n\n \n''Tanemaku Tabibito'' \n Toshi Shioya \n Takanori Jinnai, Rena Tanaka \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Bokutachi Kyukou: A Ressha de Ikou''\n Yoshimitsu Morita \n Kenichi Matsuyama, Eita \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Salvage Mice''\n Ryuta Tasaki \n Mitsuki Tanimura, Julia Nagano, Seiya Osada \n Action \n \n\n\n \n''Ultraman Saga''\n Hideki Oka \n DAIGO, Takeshi Tsuruno, Taiyo Sugiura \n Tokusatsu \n \n\n\n  \n''Ano Sora no Ao'' \n Tao Nashimoto \n Masei Nakayama, Mikie Hara, Maki Aizawa \n Drama \n \n\n\n  \n''Aoi Sora Shiroi Kumo'' \n Shusuke Kaneko \n Hikari Mori \n Drama \n \n\n\n  \n''Ashita ni Kakeru Ai'' \n Hideyuki Katsuki \n Alex Ru, Sayaka Ichii \n Drama \n Collaboration with China to commemorate the 40th anniversary of the Japan-China friendship\n\n\n \n''Atsuhime Number 1'' \n  \n Rika Ishikawa, Yuko Nakazawa \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Kotoko'' \n Shinya Tsukamoto \n Cocco, Shinya Tsukamoto \n Horror \n \n\n\n \n''Ramen Samurai'' \n Naoki Segi \n Dai Watanabe, Sayaka Yamaguchi, Yasuaki Kurata \n Drama \n Debuted at the 2011 Tokyo International Film Festival \n\n\n \n''Red Tears'' \n Takanori Tsujimoto \n Natsuki Kato, Yuma Ishigaki, Yasuaki Kurata \n Horror \n Debuted at the 2011 Tokyo International Film Festival \n\n\n \n''SPEC: Ten''\n Yukihiko Tsutsumi \n Erika Toda, Ryo Kase \n Drama \n Continuation of a television drama series \n\n\n \n''Totecheeta Chiquitita'' \n  \n Kosuke Toyohara, Chieko Matsubara, Shono Hayama, Jurina \n Drama \n Developed under the Fukushima Film Project \n\n\n \n''Watashi no Ojisan''\n Tatsuoki Hosono \n Katsunori Takahashi, Saki Terashima \n Romance \n Based on a novel \n\n\n \n''Crayon Shin-chan: Arashi o Yobu! Ora to Uch\u016b no Princess''\n Tsutomu Mizushima \n Keiji Fujiwara, Satomi Koorogi \n Anime \n Based on a manga \n\n\n \n''Detective Conan: 11 Hitome no Sutoraik\u0101''\n Kobun Shizuno \n Minami Takayama \n Anime \n Based on a manga \n\n\n \n''Donzumari Benki''\n Haruhi Oguri \n Nahana, Kuniaki Nakamura, Keiko Sugawara \n Drama \n  \n\n\n \n''A Letter to Momo''\n Hiroyuki Okiura \n Karen Miyama, Yuka, Toshiyuki Nishida, \n\n Anime \n Entered into the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival\n\n\n \n''Bokura ga Ita'' (Part 2)\n Solanin \n Toma Ikuta, Yuriko Yoshitaka \n Drama \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Kamen Rider \u00d7 Super Sentai: Super Hero Taisen''\n Osamu Kaneda \n Masahiro Inoue, Ryota Ozawa \n Tokusatsu\n \n\n\n \n''Monsters Club''\n Toshiaki Toyoda \n Eita, Y\u014dsuke Kubozuka \n Horror\n Screened at the 2011 Toronto International Film Festival\n\n \n''Sentimental Yasuko''\n Kei Horie \n Azusa Okamoto \n Drama\n Adapted from a stage play of the same name \n \n\n \n''X Game 2''\n Masashi Yamada \n Aika Ota, Natsumi Hirajima \n Horror\n sequel to the 2010 film X Game\n\n\n \n''Home: Itoshi no Zashiki Warashi''\n Seiji Izumi \n  Yutaka Mizutani \n Drama \n Based on a novel \n \n\n  \n''Thermae Romae''\n  \n Hiroshi Abe, Aya Ueto, Masachika Ichimura \n Comedy \n Based on a manga \n\n\n \n''Waga Haha no Ki'' \n Masato Harada \n Koji Yakusho, Aoi Miyazaki, Kirin Kiki \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Uch\u016b Ky\u014ddai''\n  \n  Shun Oguri, Masaki Okada \n  \n Based on a manga\n \n\n \n''Kono Sora no Hana''\n Nobuhiko Obayashi \n Yasuko Matsuyuki \n Drama \n Based on the Nagaoka Fireworks festival \n\n\n \n''Potechi''\n Yoshihiro Nakamura \n  Gaku Hamada, Fumino Kimura, Nao Omori \n Drama \n Based on a short story \n \n\n \n''Rent a Neko''\n Naoko Ogigami \n  Mikako Ichikawa \n Drama \n \n \n\n \n''Sadako 3D''\n Tsutomu Hanabusa \n  Satomi Ishihara, Koji Seto \n Horror \n Uses characters from the Ring Trilogy \n \n\n \n''Niji-Iro Hotaru: Eien no Natsu Yasumi''\n K\u014dnosuke Uda \n  Akashi Takei, Ayumi Kimura \n Anime \n Based on a novel \n\n\n \n''Girl''\n Yoshihiro Fukagawa \n  Karina, Kumiko Aso \n  \n Based on a novel\n \n\n \n''Kotsutsubo''\n Jiro Nagae \n  Natsumi Matsubara, Rurika Yokoyama, Ai Shinozaki, Yusuke Yamada \n Horror \n Based on a novel \n \n\n \n''Mada, Ningen''\n Jumpei Matsumoto \n  Masato Tsujioka, Manabu Ueyama \n Drama \n  \n \n\n \n''My House''\n Yukihiko Tsutsumi \n  Itou Takao, Eri Ishiida \n Drama \n Based on a novel\n \n\n \n''11:25 The Day He Chose His Own Fate''\n K\u014dji Wakamatsu  \n Arata Iura \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Blood-C: The Last Dark''\n Naoyoshi Shiotani \n Nana Mizuki, Kenji Nojima \n Anime \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Gaiji Keisatsu''\n Kentar\u014d Horikirizono  \n Atsuro Watabe, Kim Kang-woo, Y\u014dko Maki \n Mystery \n Based on a novel\n\n\n \n''The Final Judgement''\n Masaki Hamamoto  \n Kota Miura, Umali Thilakarathna \n Action \n Based on a novel\n\n\n \n''Hotaru no Hikari''\n Hiroshi Yoshino \n Haruka Ayase, Naohito Fujiki \n Drama \n Continuation of a television series of the same name\n\n\n \n''Michi: Hakuji no Hito''\n Banmei Takahashi \n Yu Yoshizawa, Bae Soo-Bin \n Drama \n Based on a true story \n\n\n \n''Signal: Getsuyobi no Ruka''\n Masaaki Taniguchi \n Azusa Mine \n Romance \n \n\n\n \n''Ai to Makoto'' \n Miike Takashi \n Tsumabuki Satoshi, Takei Emi \n Drama \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Library War: The Wings of Revolution'' \n Takayuki Hamana \n Marina Inoue, Tomoaki Maeno \n Anime \n Based on a light novel \n\n\n \n''Karappo''\n Shogo Kusano \n Naoya Shimizu, Airi Taira \n Drama \n Debuted at the 4th Okinawa International Movie Festival \n\n\n \n''Berserk Golden Age Arc II: The Battle for Doldrey'' \n Toshiyuki Kubooka \n Hiroaki Iwanaga, Takahiro Sakurai \n Anime \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Love: Masao Kun Ga Iku!'' \n Kentaro Otani \n Shingo Katori, Ryoko Hirosue, Riko Narumi \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Rinjo: Gekijoban'' \n Hajime Hashimoto \n Masaaki Uchino \n Mystery \n Continuation of the television series ''Rinjo'' \n\n\n \n''Gusukobudori no Denki''\n Gisaburo Sugii \n  \n Anime \n Based on a novel \n\n\n \n''Kono Sora no Hana''\n Nobuhiko Obayashi \n Yasuko Matsuyuki \n Drama \n Based on the Nagaoka Fireworks festival \n\n\n \n''Soreike! Anpanman Yomigaere Bananajima''\n Hiroyuki Yano \n Yoshino Kimura \n Anime \n Characters from the Anpanman series \n\n\n \n''Soup: Umarekawari no Monogatari''\n Yukichi Ootsuka \n Katsuhisa Namase \n Supernatural \n  \n\n\n \n''Umizaru 4: Brave Hearts''\n Eiichiro Hasumi \n Riisa Naka, Hideaki Ito \n Action \n Part of the ''Umizaru'' film series \n\n\n \n''Chihiro Iwasaki: 27-sai no Tabidachi'' \n Tomoko Kana \n Tetsuko Kuroyanagi \n Documentary \n A documentary about the illustrator Chihiro Iwasaki \n \n\n \n''Helter Skelter'' \n Mika Ninagawa \n Erika Sawajiri \n Drama \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Kueki Ressha'' \n Nobuhiro Yamashita \n Mirai Moriyama, Kengo Kora, Atsuko Maeda \n Romance \n Based on a novel \n\n\n \n''Kyurem vs. the Sacred Swordsman: Keldeo'' \n Kunihiko Yuyama \n Rica Matsumoto, Aoi Y\u016bki, Mamoru Miyano \n Anime \n \n\n\n \n''Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha The Movie 2nd A's'' \n Keizou Kusakawa \n Yukari Tamura, Nana Mizuki \n AnimeFantasy \n \n\n\n \n''Paikaji Nankai Sakusen'' \n Toru Hosokawa \n Sadao Abe \n Drama \n Based on a novel \n \n\n \n''The Wolf Children Ame and Yuki'' \n Mamoru Hosoda \n Aoi Miyazaki, Takao Osawa  \n Anime \n \n\n\n \n''Eight Ranger'' \n Yukihiko Tsutsumi \n members of the group Kanjani Eight \n Drama \n Based on popular skit by Kanjani Eight\n\n\n \n''Girigiri no Onnatachi'' \n Yukihiko Tsutsumi \n Miho Fujima, Yuko Nakamura, Makiko Watanabe \n Drama \n Screened at the 2011 Tokyo International Film Festival \n\n\n \n''Naruto the Movie: Road to Ninja'' \n  \n Junko Takeuchi \n Anime \n Commemoration of the 10th Anniversary of ''Naruto'' animation\n\n\n  \n''Kazoku no Kuni'' \n Yang Yong-Hi \n Arata, Sakura Ando, Yang Ik-june \n Drama \n Based on the director's own experience\n\n\n  \n''Another'' \n Takeshi Furusawa \n \n Horror \n Based on a novel\n\n\n  \n''Kikoeteru, Furi wo Sita Dake'' \n Kaori Imaizumi \n Hana Nonaka \n Drama \n Screened at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival  \n\n\n  \n''The Kirishima Thing'' \n Daihachi Yoshida \n Ryunosuke Kamiki, Masahiro Higashide \n Drama \n \n\n\n  \n''Jewelpet the Movie: Sweets Dance Princess'' \n Hiroaki Sakurai \n Ayaka Saito, Aya Hirano, Nozomi Sasaki \n Anime \n \n\n\n  \n''Fairy Tail the Movie: The Phoenix Priestess'' \n Masaya Fujimori \n Aya Hirano, Tetsuya Kakihara \n Anime \n Based on a manga\n\n\n  \n''Afterschool Midnighters'' \n Kyohitoshi Take \n Koichi Yamadera \n Anime \n \n\n\n  \n''Anata e'' \n Yasuo Furuhata \n Ken Takakura \n Drama \n Based on a draft left behind by the late producer Seichi Ichiko\n\n\n  \n''Ai Ore!'' \n Sakurako Fukuyama  \nKaram, Ito Ono, Y\u016bta Furukawa \n Romance \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Rurouni Kenshin'' \n Keishi Otomo \n Takeru Sato, Emi Takei \n Drama \n Based on a manga \n \n\n  \n''Ushijima the Loan Shark'' \n Masatoshi Yamaguchi \n Takayuki Yamada \n  \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''I'm Flash!''\n Toshiaki Toyoda \n Tatsuya Fujiwara, Ryuhei Matsuda \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Haizai: Kamisama No Iu Toori''\n Shuhei Fukunaga, Masahiro Izuo \n Motoki Ochiai, Rie Tomosaka \n Drama \n \n\n\n \n''Himitsu no Akko-chan''\n Yasuhiro Kawamura \n Haruka Ayase, Masaki Okada \n Romance \n Based on a manga \n\n\n \n''Hitori Kakurenbo''\n Yasutaka Miyuki \n Misato Nonaka, Taiyo Ayukawa \n Horror \n Based on an urban legend \n\n\n \n''Bayside Shakedown: The Final'' \n Katsuyuki Motohiro \n Yuji Oda, Eri Fukatsu, Toshiro Yanagiba, Yusuke Santamaria \n Drama \n Continuation of the ''Bayside Shakedown'' series \n\n\n \n''Bakugyaku Famiglia''\n Kazuyoshi Kumakiri \n Yoshimi Tokui, Kento Hayashi \n Drama \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Yume Uru Futari''\n Miwa Nishikawa \n Takako Matsu, Sadao Abe \n Drama \n \n\n\n  \n''Jinsei, Irodori''\n Osamu Minorikawa \n Kazuko Yoshiyuki \n  Drama  \n \n\n\n  \n''Kagi Dorobou no Method''\n Kenji Uchida \n Masato Sakai, Teruyuki Kagawa, Ryoko Hirosue \n Yakuza \n \n\n\n  \n''Tenchi Meisatsu''\n Yojiro Takita \n Junichi Okada \n Drama \n Based on the story of Shunkai Shibukawa \n\n\n \n''Bingo''\n Yopei Fukuda \n Kazuki Shimizu, Sakiko Matsui \n Drama \n Based on a novel\n\n\n \n''The Boy Inside''\n Tetsu Maeda \n Masaki Suda, Tori Matsuzaka \n Drama \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Gekij\u014d-ban Tiger & Bunny -The Beginning''\n Yonetani Yoshitomo \n Hirata Hiroaki, Morita Masakazu \n Anime \n Based on an anime series\n\n\n \n''Muse no Kagami''\n Yuichi Fukuda \n Rino Sashihara \n Drama \n Based on a NTV television series of the same name\n \n\n \n''Asura''\n Keiichi Sato \n Masako Nozawa, Megumi Hayashibara \n Anime \n Based on a manga\n\n\n  \n''Atarashii Kutsu wo Kawanakucha'' \n Eriko Kitagawa \n Miho Nakayama Osamu Mukai \n Romance \n Filmed in Paris \n\n\n  \n''Kuro Neko Rushi'' \n Toru Kamei \n Muga Tsukaji, Megumi Yasu \n Drama \n  \n\n\n  \n''Puella Magi Madoka Magica (Part 1)'' \n Akiyuki Shinbo \n Aoi Yuki, Chiwa Saito \n Anime \n  \n\n\n  \n''Beyond Outrage'' \n Takeshi Kitano \n Toshiyuki Nishida \n Yakuza \n Sequel to the 2010 film ''Outrage'' \n\n\n  \n''Tsunagu'' \n Yuichiro Hirakawa \n Tori Matsuzaka, Kirin Kiki \n Drama \n Based on a novel \n\n\n  \n''Hitotsu no Uta''\n  \n  \n  Romance  \n Screened at the 2012 Tokyo International Film Festival \n\n\n  \n''Koi ni Itaru Yamai''\n  \n  \n  Drama  \n Screened at the 62nd Berlin International Film Festival \n\n\n  \n''Puella Magi Madoka Magica (Part 2)'' \n Akiyuki Shinbo \n Aoi Yuki, Chiwa Saito \n Anime \n  \n\n\n  \n''Shiritsu Bakaleya Koko'' \n Kubota Takashi \n Members of AKB48 and Johnny's Jr. \n Drama \n Continuation of NTV television series of the same name \n\n\n  \n''Tabi no Okurimono'' \n Tetsu Maeda \n Yu Yamada, Kiyoshi Maekawa, Wakako Sakai \n Drama \n  \n\n\n  \n''Land of Hope'' \n Sion Sono \n Isao Natsuyagi, Naoko Otani, Jun Murakami \n Drama \n International film collaboration \n \n\n  \n''Fuse Tepp\u014d Musume no Torimonoch\u014d'' \n Masayuki Miyaji \n  \n Anime \n  \n\n\n  \n''Space Sheriff Gavan: The Movie'' \n  \n Yuma Ishigaki, Kenji Ohba \n Tokusatsu \n  \n\n\n  \n''009 Re:Cyborg'' \n Kenji Kamiyama \n Mamoru Miyano \n Anime \n Based on the manga ''Cyborg 009'' \n\n\n  \n''Tabi no Okurimono: Ashita e'' \n Tetsu Maeda \n Kiyoshi Maekawa, Wakako Sakai, Yu Yamada \n Drama \n  \n\n\n  \n''A Terminal Trust'' \n Masayuki Suo \n Tamiyo Kusakari, Koji Yakusho \n Drama \n Based on a novel \n\n\n  \n''Nobo no Shiro''\n Shinji Higuchi, Isshin Inudo \n K\u014dichi Sat\u014d, Hiroki Narimiya, Mana Ashida \n Period \n Based on a novel\n\n\n  \n''Kita no Kanariatachi''\n Junji Sakamoto \n Sayuri Yoshinaga \n Drama \n Based on the novel ''Oufuku Shokan''\n\n\n  \n''Ogon O Daite Tobe'' \n Kazuyuki Izutsu \n Satoshi Tsumabuki, Tadanobu Asano \n Thriller \n Based on a novel\n\n\n  \n''Lesson of the Evil'' \n Miike Takashi \n Hideaki Ito \n Mystery \n Based on a novel\n\n\n  \n''Neraware Gakuen'' \n Ryosuke Nakamura \n  \n Anime \n Based on a science fiction novel \n\n\n  \n''Yukuefumei'' \n Koji Kawano \n Riho Takagi \n Horror \n \n\n\n  \n''Evangelion 3.0'' \n Hideaki Anno \n \n Anime \n Third film in the Rebuild of Evangelion film series \n\n\n  \n''Sono Yoru no Samurai'' \n Masaaki Akahori \n Masato Sakai, Takayuki Yamada \n Drama \n Based on a 2007 stage play \n \n\n \n''Karasu no Oyayubi''\n Tadafumi It\u014d \n Hiroshi Abe, Shoji Murakami, Satomi Ishihara \n \n Based on a novel\n\n\n \n''Tsunahiichatta!'' \n Nobuo Mizuta \n Mao Inoue, Keiko Matsuzaka \n Drama \n Inspired by actual events \n\n\n  \n''Kyo, Koi wo Hajimemasu''\n Takeshi Furusawa \n Emi Takei, Tori Matsuzaka \n Romance \n Based on a manga\n\n\n  \n''Good Morning Everyone!''\n Toru Yamamoto \n Yo Oizumi, Kumiko Aso, Ayaka Miyoshi \n Drama \n \n\n\n  \n''One Piece: Film Z'' \n Tatsuya Nagamine \n Mayumi Tanaka, Kazuya Nakai, Akemi Okamura \n Anime \n Part of the One Piece film series\n\n\n  \n''Y\u014dkai Ningen Bem'' \n  \n Kazuya Kamenashi, Anne Watanabe \n Drama \n Based on a manga; continuation of a 2011 television drama\n\n\n  \n''Odayaka na Nichijo'' \n Nobuteru Uchida \n Kiki Sugino, Yukiko Shinohara \n Drama \n \n\n\n  \n''\u014coku: Emonnosuke Tsunayoshi Hen'' \n Fuminori Kaneko  \n Hideaki Ito \n Drama \n Based on a manga\n\n\n \n''Gothicmade''\n Mamoru Nagano \n Maria Kawamura, Nozomu Sasaki \n Anime \n \n\n\n \n''Graffreeter Toki''\n Kenichi Fujiwara \n Rie Kitahara \n Comedy \n Inspired by a manga\n\n\n \n''Kamihate Sh\u014dten''\n Tatsuya Yamamoto \n Reiko Takahashi \n  Drama  \n Screened at the 47th Karlovy Vary International Film Festival \n\n\n \n''Little Maestro'' \n Toshiro Saiga \n Kasumi Arimura, Yumiko Shaku \n Drama \n  \n \n\n \n''Tenjo no kaze'' \n Yann Kung \n Sachiko Fukumoto, Honoka, J.C. Chan, Tsuyoshi Hayashi \n Drama \n Okinawa and China collaboration \n\n\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of knots"	"Introduction"	"\n\nThis '''list of knots''' includes many alternate names for common knots and lashings. Knot names have evolved over time and there are many conflicting or confusing naming issues. The overhand knot, for example, is also known as the thumb knot.  The figure-eight knot is also known as the savoy knot or the Flemish knot.\n\n\n\n==A==\n\n\n*Adjustable bend \u2013 can be easily lengthened or shortened\n*Adjustable grip hitch \u2013 a simple hitch which may easily be shifted up and down the rope while slack\n*Albright special \u2013 used to tie two different diameters of line together, for instance to tie monofilament to braid\n*Alternate ring hitching \u2013 covering a ring in hitching can prevent damage\n*Anchor bend \u2013 attaching a rope to a ring or similar termination\n*Angler's loop \u2013 knot which forms a fixed loop. Useful for fine or slippery line, it is one of the few loop knots which holds well in bungee cord.\n*Arbor knot \u2013 attach fishing line to the arbor of a fishing reel\n*Artillery loop a.k.a. manharness knot \u2013 a knot with a loop on the bight for non-critical purposes\n*Ashley's bend \u2013 used to securely join the ends of two ropes together\n*Ashley's stopper knot \u2013 trefoil-faced stopper at the end of the rope\n*Axle hitch \u2013 used to tie a hitch in a hard-to-reach place\n\n\n==B==\n\n*Bachmann knot \u2013  friction hitch useful when the knot needs to be reset quickly/often\n*Bag knot (miller's knot) \u2013 binding knot used to secure the opening of a sack or bag\n*Bait loop (bumper knot) \u2013 secures soft or loose bait in fishing\n*Bale sling hitch \u2013 continuous loop of strap to form a cow hitch around an object\n*Barrel hitch (barrel sling) \u2013 suspends an object\n*Barrel knot (blood knot) \u2013 joins sections of monofilament nylon line while maintaining much of the line's inherent strength\n*Barrel sling (barrel hitch) \u2013 suspends an object\n*Basket weave knot \u2013  a family of bend and lanyard knots with a regular pattern\n*Becket hitch \u2013 any hitch made on an eye loop\n*Beer knot \u2013 bend used in tubular webbing as in slings used in rock climbing\n*Bimini twist \u2013 fishing knot used for offshore trolling and sportsfishing\n*Blackwall hitch \u2013 temporary means of attaching a rope to a hook\n*Blake's hitch \u2013 friction hitch commonly used by arborists and tree climbers as an ascending knot\n*Blood knot (barrel knot) \u2013 joins sections of monofilament nylon line while maintaining much of the line's inherent strength\n*Blood loop knot (dropper loop) \u2013 forms a loop which is off to the side of the line\n*Boa knot \u2013 binding knot\n*Boom hitch \u2013 attach a line to a fixed object like a pipe\n*Bottle sling (jug sling) \u2013 used to create a handle for a container with a narrow tapering neck\n*Bourchier knot \u2013 a variety of heraldic knot\n*Bowen knot (heraldic knot) \u2013 not a true knot (an unknot), a continuous loop of rope laid out as an upright square shape with loops at each of the four corners\n*Bowline \u2013 forms a fixed loop at the end of a rope\n*Boling knot (archaic term for the Bowline) \u2013 forms a fixed loop at the end of a rope\n*Bowline on a bight \u2013 makes a pair of fixed-size loops in the middle of a rope\n*Bumper knot \u2013 secures soft or loose bait in fishing\n*Bunny ears (double figure-eight loop)\n*Buntline hitch \u2013 attach a rope to an object\n*Butterfly bend \u2013 connects two ends of rope\n*Butterfly coil \u2013 a method for storing and transporting a climbing rope\n*Butterfly loop \u2013 forms a fixed loop in the middle of a rope\n\n\n==C==\n\n*Carrick bend \u2013 joins two lines of heavy rope or cable\n*Carrick bend loop \u2013 used to make a loop at the end of a rope\n*Carrick mat \u2013 flat woven decorative knot which can be used as a mat or pad\n*Cat's paw \u2013 connects a rope to an object\n*Catshank \u2013 variant of the sheepshank, clinched by two overhand knots with the bights passed through the twists\n*Celtic button knot \u2013 a spherical decorative knot \n*Chain sinnet \u2013 method of shortening a rope or other cable\n*Chain stitch \u2013 a sewing and embroidery technique in which a series of looped stitches form a chain-like pattern\n*Chair knot (Fireman's chair knot) \u2013 knot tied in the bight forming two adjustable, lockable loops\n*Chinese button knot \u2013 a decorative knot\n*Cleat hitch \n*Clove hitch \u2013 two successive half-hitches around an object\n*Common whipping \u2013 series of knots intended to stop a rope from unraveling\n*Constrictor knot \u2013 one of the most effective binding knots\n*Continuous ring hitching (Ringbolt hitching) \u2013 series of identical hitches made around a ring\n*Corned beef knot \u2013 binding knot often used for binding the meat of the same name while it is being cooked\n*Cow hitch \u2013 hitch knot used to attach a rope to an object\n*Cow hitch and bowline (bale sling hitch or strap hitch) \u2013 uses a continuous loop of strap to form a cow hitch around an object in order to hoist or lower it\n*Cross constrictor knot \u2013 a variant of the Constrictor knot\n*Cowboy bowline \u2013 variation of the bowline loop knot\n*Crown knot (Wall and crown knot) \u2013 a knot made in the strands of the end of a rope \u2013 the start of a back splice\n\n\n==D==\n\n*Diagonal lashing \u2013 lashing to bind spars or poles together to prevent racking\n*Diamond knot (knife lanyard knot) \u2013 for forming a decorative loop on the end of a cord\n*Directional figure eight (inline figure-eight loop) \u2013 loop knot that can be made on the bight\n*Distel hitch \u2013 secure friction hitch used for rope climbing\n*Dogshank \u2013 variant of the sheepshank where the eyes formed at each end have the ends of the rope passed through\n*Double anchorman knot \u2013 two or more pieces of rope joined together\n*Double bowline (round turn bowline) \u2013 loop knot that uses a round turn\n*Double carrick bend \u2013 join two lines together\n*Double constrictor knot \u2013 binding knot that can be difficult to untie once tightened\n*Double Englishman's knot (double fisherman's knot) \u2013 joins two lengths of rope\n*Double figure eight bend (Flemish bend) \u2013 joins two ropes of roughly similar size\n*Double figure-eight loop \u2013 forms two parallel loops\n*Double figure eight (stevedore knot) \u2013 bulky stopper knot often tied near the end of a rope that is secure-when-slack\n*Double fisherman's knot (grapevine knot) \u2013 joins two lengths of rope\n*Double loop (surgeon's loop) \u2013 for making loops at the end of lines similar to the Surgeon's knot, but with a double strand \n*Double overhand knot \u2013 extension of the regular overhand knot, made with one additional pass\n*Double overhand noose \u2013 hitch knot used to bind a rope to a carabiner\n*Double pile hitch \u2013 attaches a rope to a pole or other structure\n*Double sheet bend \u2013 doubles a sheet bend by making an additional round turn below the first and again bringing the working end back under itself\n*Double windsor (for use in neckties) \u2013 method of tying a necktie around one's neck and collar\n*Dropper loop \u2013 forms a loop which is off to the side of the line\n*Dutch marine bowline (cowboy bowline) \u2013 variation of the bowline loop knot\n\n\n==E==\n\n*Egg loop a.k.a. bumper knot \u2013 secures soft or loose bait in fishing applications\n*Englishman's knot (fisherman's knot) \u2013 a bend consisting of two overhand knots, each tied around the standing part of the other\n*Eskimo bowline \u2013 places a loop in the end of a rope\n*European death knot (one-sided overhand bend) \u2013 joins two ropes together\n*Eye splice \u2013 creates a permanent loop in the end of multi stranded rope by means of rope splicing\n\n\n==F==\n\n*Falconer's knot \u2013 used in falconry to tether a bird of prey to a perch\n*Farmer's loop \u2013 midline loop knot made with a bight\n*Farrimond friction hitch \u2013 quick release adjustable friction hitch for use on lines under tension\n*Fiador knot \u2013 decorative, symmetrical knot used in equine applications\n*Figure-eight follow through (Figure-eight loop) \u2013 type of knot created by a loop on the bight\n*Figure-eight knot a.k.a. savoy knot, Flemish knot \u2013 type of knot created by a loop on the bight\n*Figure-eight loop \u2013 type of knot created by a loop on the bight\n*Figure-of-nine loop \u2013 forms a fixed loop in a rope\n*Fireman's chair knot \u2013 knot tied in the bight forming two adjustable, lockable loops\n*Fisherman's bend (anchor bend) \u2013 used for attaching a rope to a ring or similar termination\n*Fisherman's knot \u2013 knot for joining two lines with a symmetrical structure consisting of two overhand knots, each tied around the standing part of the other\n*Flemish bend \u2013 knot for joining two ropes of roughly similar size\n*Flemish knot a.k.a. figure-eight knot, savoy knot \u2013 knot for joining two ropes of roughly similar size\n*French bowline \u2013 variant of the bowline with two loops\n*Friendship knot \u2013 decorative square knot used to tie a neckerchief and in Chinese knotting\n*Friendship knot loop \u2013 a knot to tie a loop at the end of a rope\n\n\n==G==\n\n*Garda hitch (alpine clutch) climbing knot that lets the rope move in only one direction\n*Girth hitch (cow hitch)\n*Gordian knot \u2013 (mythical knot) an inextricable/complicated knot, tied by King Gordius of Phrygia, that Alexander the Great cut with a sword\n*Grantchester knot \u2013 a method of tying a necktie\n*Granny knot \u2013 secures a rope or line around an object\n*Grief knot \u2013 (what knot) combines features of granny knot and thief knot\n*Gripping sailor's hitch \u2013 used to tie one rope to another, or a rope to a pole, when the pull is lengthwise along the object\n*Ground-line hitch \u2013 attaches a rope to an object\n\n\n==H==\n\n*Hackamore \u2013 type of animal headgear which does not have a bit\n*Half blood knot (clinch knot) \u2013 for securing a fishing line to a fishing lure, snap or swivel\n*Half hitch \u2013 simple overhand knot, where the working end of a line is brought over and under the standing part\n*Half-Windsor knot \u2013 knot used for tying neckties\n*Halter hitch \u2013 connects a rope to an object\n*Halyard bend \u2013 a way to attach the end of a rope at right angle to a cylindrical object\n*Handcuff knot \u2013 tied in the bight, having two adjustable loops in opposing directions\n*Hangman's noose (hangman's knot) \u2013 well-known knot most often associated with its use in hanging a person\n*Harness bend \u2013 used to join two ropes together\n*Harness hitch (artillery loop) \u2013 knot with a loop on the bight for non-critical purposes\n*Heaving line bend \u2013 used to attach playing strings to the thick silk eyes of the anchorage knot\n*Highpoint hitch \u2013 used to attach a rope to an object\n*Highwayman's hitch \u2013 insecure, quick-release, draw loop hitch for trivial use\n*Hitching tie \u2013 simple knot used to tie off drawstring bags that allows quick access\n*Honda knot a.k.a. lariat loop \u2013 loop knot commonly used in a lasso\n*Hoxton knot \u2013 a method of arranging a scarf about the neck\n*Hunter's bend a.k.a. rigger's bend \u2013 joins two lines\n\n\n==I==\n\n*Icicle hitch \u2013 excellent for connecting to a post when weight is applied to an end running parallel to the post in a specific direction\n*Improved clinch knot \u2013 used for securing a fishing line to the fishing lure\n*In-line figure-eight loop (directional figure eight) \u2013 loop knot that can be made on the bight\n*Italian hitch (Munter hitch) \u2013 simple knot commonly used by climbers and cavers as part of a life-lining or belay system\n\n\n==J==\n\n*Jack Ketch's knot (hangman's knot) \u2013 well-known knot most often associated with its use in hanging a person\n*Jamming knot \u2013 for constricting a bundle of objects\n*Jug sling a.k.a. bottle sling \u2013 used to create a handle for a glass or ceramic container with a slippery, narrow, tapering neck\n*Jury mast knot \u2013 for jury rigging a temporary mast on a sailboat or ship\n\n\n==K==\n\n*Karash double loop \u2013 A knot used to form leg loops as a makeshift harness\n*Killick hitch \u2013 hitch knot used to attach a rope to oddly shaped objects\n*Klemheist knot \u2013 friction hitch that grips a rope when weight is applied, and is free to move when the weight is released\n*Knot of isis \u2013 ancient Egyptian symbol of the goddess Isis; similar to a knot used to secure the garments that the Egyptian gods  wore\n*Knute hitch\n\n\n==L==\n\n*Lariat loop a.k.a. honda knot \u2013 loop knot commonly used in a lasso\n*Lark's foot (Lark's head, cow hitch) used to attach a rope to an object\n*Left-hand bowline (cowboy bowline) \u2013 variation of the bowline loop knot\n*Ligature knot a.k.a. surgeon's knot \u2013 simple modification to the reef knot that adds an extra twist when tying the first throw\n*Lighterman's hitch (tugboat hitch) \u2013 ideal for heavy towing, or making fast to a post, bollard, or winch\n*Lineman's loop (butterfly loop) \u2013 used to form a fixed loop in the middle of a rope\n*Lissajous knot \u2013 knot defined by parametric equations\n*Lobster buoy hitch \u2013 similar to the buntline hitch, but made with a cow hitch around the standing part rather than a clove hitch\n\n\n==M==\n\n*Magnus hitch (rolling hitch) \u2013 used to attach a rope to a rod, pole, or other rope\n*Manharness knot (artillery loop) \u2013 knot with a loop on the bight for non-critical purposes\n*Matthew Walker knot \u2013 decorative knot that is used to keep the end of a rope from fraying\n*Marlinespike hitch \u2013 temporary knot used to attach a rod to a rope in order to form a handle\n*Midshipman's hitch (taut-line hitch) \u2013 adjustable loop knot for use on lines under tension\n*Miller's knot \u2013 binding knot used to secure the opening of a sack or bag\n*Monkey's fist \u2013 looks somewhat like a small bunched fist/paw, most often used as the weight in a heaving line\n*Mountaineer's coil \u2013 method used by climbers for carrying a rope\n*Munter hitch \u2013 simple knot commonly used by climbers and cavers as part of a life-lining or belay system\n\n\n==N==\n\n*Nail knot \u2013 used in fly fishing to attach the leader to the fly line\n*Noose \u2013 loop at the end of a rope in which the knot slides to make the loop collapsible\n\n\n==O==\n\n*Offset figure-eight bend \u2013 a poor knot that has been implicated in the deaths of several rock climbers\n*One-sided overhand bend \u2013 used to join two ropes together\n*Ossel hitch \u2013 used to attach a rope or line to an object\n*Overhand bend \u2013 used to join two ropes together\n*Overhand knot a.k.a. thumb knot \u2013 fundamental knot that forms the basis of many others\n*Overhand knot with draw-loop \u2013 knot in which the weight of the load depresses the loop to keep it in place\n*Overhand loop \u2013 forms a fixed loop in a rope\n*Overhand noose\n*Oysterman's stopper knot (Ashley's stopper knot) \u2013  trefoil-faced stopper at the end of the rope\n\n==P==\n\n*Packer's knot \u2013 binding knot which is easily pulled taut and quickly locked in position\n*Palomar knot \u2013 used for securing a fishing line to a fishing lure, snap or swivel\n*Pile hitch \u2013 used for attaching rope to a pole or other structure\n*Pipe hitch \u2013 hitch-type knot used to secure pipes/poles\n*Poldo tackle \u2013 an instant tension-applying and tension-releasing mechanism in rope\n*Pratt knot \u2013 a method of tying a tie around one's neck and collar\n*Pretzel link knot \u2013 in knot theory, a branch of mathematics, a pretzel link is a special kind of link\n*Prusik knot \u2013 friction hitch or knot used to put a loop of cord around a rope\n*Portuguese bowline a.k.a. French bowline \u2013 variant of the bowline with two loops that are adjustable in size\n*Portuguese whipping \u2013 a type of whipping knot\n*Power cinch (trucker's hitch) \u2013 commonly used for securing loads on trucks or trailers\n\n\n==Q==\n\n*Quick-release knot (Highwayman's hitch) \u2013 insecure, quick-release, draw loop hitch for trivial use\n\n\n==R==\n\n*Racking bend \u2013 knot for joining two ropes of different diameter\n*Reef knot \u2013 simple binding knot used to secure a rope or line around an object\n*Rigger's bend a.k.a. hunter's bend \u2013 used to join two lines\n*Rigid double splayed loop in the bight \u2013 knot that contains two parallel loops\n*Ringbolt hitching\n*Ring bend (water knot) \u2013 for joining two ends of webbing together\n*Ring hitch (cow hitch) \u2013 used to attach a rope to an object\n*Ring knot (water knot) \u2013 for joining two ends of webbing together\n*Rolling hitch \u2013 knot used to attach a rope to a rod, pole, or other rope\n*Rosendahl bend (Zeppelin bend) \u2013 general purpose bend knot unique in the ease with which it is untied, even after heavy loading\n*Round lashing\n*Round turn and two half-hitches \u2013 hitch used to secure the end of a rope to a fixed object\n*Round turn\n*Running bowline\n*Running highwayman's hitch\n*Running knot (slip knot) \u2013 knots which attach a line to an object and tighten when tension is applied to the free end of the line\n\n\n==S==\n\n*Sailor's hitch \u2013 a secure, jam-proof hitch\n*Sailor's knot a.k.a. carrick bend \u2013 used for joining two lines\n*Savoy knot a.k.a. figure-eight knot, Flemish knot \u2013 decorative, heraldic knot \n*Shear lashing\n*Sheepshank \u2013 used to shorten or store rope\n*Sheet bend \u2013 joins two ropes together\n*Shoelace knot \u2013 commonly used for tying shoelaces and bow-ties\n*Shroud knot \u2013 a multi-strand bend knot used to join two ends of laid (or twisted) rope together\n*Siberian hitch \u2013 used to attach a rope to an object\n*Simple knot \u2013 (four-in-hand knot) a method of tying a necktie\n*Simple Simon under \u2013 used for joining two lines\n*Single carrick bend \u2013 refers to different knots similar to the Carrick bend\n*Single hitch \u2013 an overhand knot tied around or through an object\n*Slip knot \u2013 knots which attach a line to an object and tighten when tension is applied; a type of knot designed to bind one end of a rope to the middle of another\n*Slipped buntline hitch \u2013 used for attaching a rope to an object\n*Slipped half hitch \u2013 temporary attachment of rope to object\n*Slippery eight loop \u2013 adjustable loop knot\n*Slippery hitch \u2013 used to attach a line to a rod or bar\n*Snell knot \u2013 a hitch knot used to attach an eyed fishing hook to fishing line\n*Snuggle hitch \u2013 a modification of the clove hitch\n*Span loop \u2013 non-jamming loop that can be tied in the middle of a rope\n*Spanish bowline \u2013 double loop knot\n*Splice \u2013 the forming of a semi-permanent joint between two ropes\n*Square knot (American usage) or reef knot (British usage) \u2013 used to secure a rope or line around an object\n*Square lashing \u2013 used to bind poles together\n*Square Turk's head \u2013 decorative knot with a variable number of interwoven strands, forming a closed loop\n*Stein knot \u2013 variation of the Figure-eight knot\n*Stevedore knot \u2013 a stopper knot often tied near the end of a rope\n*Strangle knot \u2013 a simple binding knot\n*Strap hitch (bale sling hitch) \u2013 uses a continuous loop of strap to form a cow hitch around an object\n*Surgeon's knot a.k.a. ligature knot \u2013 modification to the reef knot\n*Surgeon's loop \u2013 similar to the surgeon's knot but with a double strand\n\n\n==T==\n\n*Tape knot (water knot) \u2013 frequently used in climbing for joining two ends of webbing together \n*Tarbuck knot \u2013 used by climbers and was primarily used with stranded nylon rope\n*Taut-line hitch \u2013 adjustable loop knot for use on lines under tension\n*Tensionless hitch \u2013 an anchor knot used for rappelling or rope rescue. \n*Tent hitch (taut-line hitch) \u2013 adjustable loop knot for use on lines under tension\n*Thief knot \u2013 resembles the reef knot except that the free, or working, ends are on opposite sides\n*Threefoil knot \u2013 another term for a trefoil knot\n*Thumb knot a.k.a. overhand knot \u2013 one of the most fundamental knots and forms the basis of many others\n*Timber hitch \u2013 used to attach a single length of rope to a cylindrical object\n*Tom fool's knot \u2013 good knot with which to commence a slightly fancy sheepshank\n*Transom knot \u2013 to secure two linear objects, such as spars, at right angles to each other\n*Trefoil knot \u2013 simplest example of a nontrivial knot in mathematics\n*Trident loop \u2013 fixed loop knot\n*Trilene knot \u2013 a multi purpose fishing knot\n*Triple bowline \u2013 variation of the bowline knot that is used to create three loops on one knot simultaneously\n*Triple crown knot \u2013 double loop knot\n*Triple fisherman's knot \u2013 a bend knot used to join two ends of rope together\n*Trucker's hitch \u2013 used for securing loads on trucks or trailers\n*True lover's knot \u2013 a name which has been used for many distinct knots\n*Tugboat hitch \u2013 ideal for heavy towing, or making fast to a post, bollard, or winch\n*Turle knot \u2013 used while fishing for tying a hook or fly to a leader\n*Twined Turk's head \u2013 decorative knot with a variable number of interwoven strands forming a closed loop\n*Two half-hitches \u2013 an overhand knot tied around a post, followed by a half-hitch\n*Two strand overhand knot (one-sided overhand bend) \u2013 used to join two ropes together\n\n\n==U==\n\n*Underhand knot \u2013 another name for a trefoil knot\n*Underwriter's knot \n*Uni knot \u2013 fishing knot used to attach fishing line to the arbor of a reel\n\n\n==V==\n\n*Versatackle knot \u2013 simulates a block and tackle without actual pulleys or deadeyes\n*Vibration-proof hitch \u2013 used for fastening a line or rope to a solid object\n\n\n==W==\n\n*Wagoner's hitch \u2013 compound knot commonly used for securing loads on trucks or trailers\n*Wall and crown knot \u2013 used at the end of the ropes on either side of a gangway leading onto a ship\n*Water bowline \u2013 type of knot designed for use in wet conditions where other knots may slip or jam\n*Water knot \u2013 frequently used in climbing for joining two ends of webbing together\n*Waterman's knot \u2013 a bend with a symmetrical structure consisting of two overhand knots, each tied around the standing part of the other\n*West Country whipping \u2013 uses twine to secure the end of a rope to prevent it fraying\n*Windsor knot \u2013 a method of tying a necktie around one's neck and collar\n\n\n==Y==\n*Yosemite bowline \u2013 a medium security loop knot\n\n==Z==\n*Zeppelin bend \u2013 a secure, easily tied, and a jam-proof way to connect two ropes\n*Zeppelin loop \u2013 (Rosendahl Loop) a secure,\n"	"Sub-lists, by type"	"*List of bend knots\n*List of binding knots\n*List of coil knots\n*List of decorative knots\n*List of hitch knots\n*List of friction hitch knots\n*List of loop knots\n*List of slip knots\n*List of splices\n*List of stopper knots\n*List of trick knots\n"	" See also "	"*List of knot terminology\n*List of mathematical knots and links\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of newspaper comic strips P\u2013Z"	"Introduction"	"''Parent article:'' List of comic strips; ''Siblings:'' A\u2013F \u2022 G\u2013O \u2022 P\u2013Z\n\n"	" P "	"* ''P\u00e4\u00e4kaupunki'' (1997\u2013 ) by Tarmo Koivisto (Finland)\n* ''The Pajama Diaries'' (2006\u2013 ) by Terri Libenson (US)\n* ''Pam'' (1929\u20131942) by A. W. Brewerton and later S. L. Huntley\n* ''Panda'' (1946\u20131991) by Marten Toonder (NL).\n* ''Pardon Our Planet'' (1996\u2013 ), first titled ''I Need Help'', then ''Pardon My Planet'', by Vic Lee (US)\n* ''Pa's Son-in-Law'' (1924\u20131941) by Charles H. Wellington\n* ''Patrick'' (1965\u20131969) by Malcolm Hancock (US)\n* ''Pauline McPeril'' (1966\u20131969) by Jack Rickard and Mell Lazarus (US)\n* ''Paul Temple'' (1951\u20131971) by Francis Durbridge, Alfred Sindall, Bill Bailey and John McNamara (UK)\n* ''Pavlov'' (1979\u2013 ) by Ted Martin\n* ''PC & Pixel'' (1998\u2013 ) by Tak Bui (CAN)\n* ''Peaches, Queen of the Universe'', see ''Eyebeam''\n* ''Peanuts'' (1950\u20132000) by Charles M. Schulz (US)\n* ''Pearls Before Swine'' (1999\u2013 ) by Stephan Pastis (US)\n* ''Pee Wee'' (1938\u20131986) nominally by Jerry Iger\n* ''Pee Wee Harris'' (1952\u2013 ) from Percy Keese Fitzhugh's 1915 series, drawn by Alfred B. Stenzel, then Mike Adair\n* ''Peggy'' (1946\u20131960) by Chuck Thurston, and later Art Sansom, Marilyn Troyer, and Elmarine Howard\n* ''Penmen'' (1996\u2013 ) by Gary Blehm (US) \u2013 ''webcomic'' since 2001\n* ''Penny'' (1943\u20131970) by Harry Haenigsen (US)\n* ''Pep'' (2008\u20132009) by Curtis Kilfoy\n* '''' (1953\u20131986), original title ''Alfredo'', by  (Denmark)\n* ''Percy and Ferdie'' (1906\u20131924), first titled ''The Hall-Room Boys'', by H. A. MacGill\n* ''The Perishers'' (1958\u20132006) originally by Dennis Collins and Maurice Dodd (UK)\n* ''The Perils of Submarine Boating'' by C. W. Kahles\n* ''Perkins'' (1969\u20131980) by John Miles\n* ''Perky & Beanz'' (1985\u20131987) by Russell Myers (US)\n* ''Perry Mason'' (1950\u20131952) by Mel Keefer and Charles Lofgren (US)\n* ''The Pet Set'' (1977\u20131978) by Doug Borgstedt and Jean Borgstedt\n* ''Peter Panic'' (1973\u2013 ) by Lo Linkert\n* ''Peter Piltdown'' (1935\u20131946) by Mel Eaton\n* ''Peter Rabbit'' (1924\u20131955) by Harrison Cady, and others later, including Vincent Fago\n* ''Peter Scratch'' (1965\u20131967) by Lou Fine (US)\n* ''Pete the Tramp'' (1933\u20131963) by Clarence D. Russell\n* ''Petey Dink'', first named ''Gink and Dink'' (1908\u20131930) by Charles Voight\n* ''Petting Patty'' (1929\u20131930) by Jefferson Machamer\n* ''The Phantom'' (1936\u2013 ) originally by Lee Falk and Ray Moore, currently by Tony DePaul (US)\n* ''Phillip's Flock'' (1968\u20131985) by Doc Goodwin\n* ''Phoebe and Her Unicorn'' (2012-) by Dana Simpson (originally a webcomic called ''Heavenly Nostrils'' before moving to the newspapers in 2015)\n* ''Phoebe's Place'' (1990\u20131991) by Bill Schorr (US)\n* ''Pickles'' (1990\u2013 ) by Brian Crane (US)\n* ''Pic-Trix'' by (1947\u20131958) by Morrie Brickman\n* ''Pier-Oddities'' (1953\u20131962) by Johnny Pierotti\n* ''Pigeon Culture'' (2011\u2013 ) unattributed (US)\n* ''Pip, Squeak and Wilfred'' (1919\u20131955) by Bertram Lamb and Austin Payne (UK)\n* ''The Piranha Club'' (1987\u2013 ), first titled ''Ernie'', by Bud Grace (US)\n* ''PIXies'' (1966\u20131987) by Jack Wohl\n* ''Play-Funnies'' (1963\u20131973) not attributed initially, later by Becky\n* ''Pluggers'' (1993\u2013 ) by Gary Brookins; originally by Jeff MacNelly (US)\n* ''Pocket Cartoons'' (1946\u20131957) by Ajay, Cull, Churchill, Phillips, and later Bert Lancaster\n* '''' (1950\u20132004) by  (Denmark)\n* ''Pogo (comics)'' (1948\u20131975, 1989\u20131993) originally by Walt Kelly (US)\n* ''Pokey the Penguin'' (1998\u2013 ) by Steve Havelka \u2013 ''webcomic''\n* ''The Politician'' by David Fletcher\n* ''Polly and Her Pals'' (1912\u20131958), first titled ''Positive Polly'', by Cliff Sterrett (US)\n* ''Pondus'' (1996\u2013 ) by Frode \u00d8verli (Norway)\n* ''Ponytail'' (1961\u20131988) by Lee Holley\n* ''Pooch Caf\u00e9'' (2001\u2013 ) by Paul Gilligan (Canada)\n* ''Poor Arnold's Almanac'' (1959\u201361, 1989\u201390) by Arnold Roth (US)\n* ''Poor Pa'' (1927\u20131955) by Claude Callan and later Robert Quillen\n* ''Pop'' (1921\u20131960) originally by John Millar Watt (UK)\n* ''Popeye'' (''Thimble Theatre'') (1929\u2013 ) originally by E.C. Segar (US)\n* ''Pops'' (1962\u20131978) by George Wolfe\n* ''Pop's Place'' (1986\u20132001) by Sam C. Rawls\n* ''Pot-Shots'' (1975\u2013 ) by Ashleigh Brilliant\n* ''The Potts'' (1920\u2013 ), first titled ''You and Me'', originally by Stan Cross (Australia)\n* ''Pottsy'' (1958\u20131972) by Jay Irving\n* ''PreTeena'' (2001\u20132008), by Allison Barrows (US)\n* ''Prickly City'' (2004\u2013 ) by Scott Stantis (US)\n* ''Prince of the Palace'' (1980s\u20132000s) by Mike Atkinson (UK \u2013 Daily Record (Scotland) newspaper)\n* ''Prince Valiant'' (1937\u2013 ) originally by Hal Foster (US)\n* ''Priscilla's Pop'' (1946\u20131983) by Al Vermeer, and later Edmund R. \"Ed\" Sullivan (US)\n* ''Professor Doodle's'' (1987\u2013 ) by Steve Sack and Craig MacIntosh\n* '''' (1934\u20131991) originally by  (France)\n* ''Professor Phumble'' (1960\u20131978) by Bill Yates\n* ''Professor Pi'' (1959\u20131972) by V. T. Born and later George O. Swanson\n* ''Pssst'' (1977\u2013 ) by J. Maddox\n* ''Pud'' (1984\u2013 ) by Steve Nease (Canada)\n* ''Pugad Baboy'' (1988\u2013 ) by Apolonio Medina Jr. (Philippines)\n* ''Punaniska'' (1990s) by Harri Vaalio (Finland)\n* ''Pussycat Princess'' (1935\u20131946) by Grace Drayton and Ed Anthony, and later Ruth Carroll\n* ''PvP'' (1998\u2013 ) by Scott Kurtz \u2013 ''webcomic''\n"	" Q "	"* ''Queen of the Universe'', see ''Eyebeam''\n* ''Queen of Wands'' (2002\u20132005) by Aeire \u2013 webcomic\n* ''Queenie'' (1966\u20131985) by Phil Interlandi\n* ''Queens Counsel'' (1993\u2013 ) by Graham Francis Defries and Alexander Williams (UK)\n* ''The Quigmans'' (1986\u2013 ) by Buddy Hickerson (US)\n* ''Quincy'' (1970\u20131986) by Ted Shearer (US)\n* ''Quirksmith'' (2006\u2013 ) by Grant Woolard \u2013 webcomic\n"	" R "	"* ''Radio Patrol'' (1934\u20131950) by Charlie Schmidt and Ed Sullivan\n* ''Radio Raymond'' (1924) by V. R. Shoemaker\n* ''Raising Duncan'' (2000\u20132005) by Chris Browne (US)\n* ''Rasmus Klump'' (1951\u20131992) in English entitled ''Bruin'' and ''Barnaby Bear'', by C. & V. Hansen (Denmark)\n* ''Real Life'' (1999\u2013 ) by Greg Dean (US) \u2013 ''webcomic''\n* ''Real Life Adventures'' (1991\u2013 ) by Lance Aldrich and Gary Wise (US)\n* ''Reality Check'' (1995\u2013 ) by Dave Whamond (US)\n* ''Red and Rover'' (2000\u2013 ) by Brian Basset (US)\n* ''Red Barry'' (1934\u20131939) by Will Gould\n* ''Red Knight'' (1940\u20131943) by John Welch and Jack McGuire (US)\n* ''Red Meat'' (1989\u2013 ) by Max Cannon (US)\n* ''Red Oasis'' (2007\u2013 ) by multiple authors (US)\n* ''Red Ryder'' (1938\u20131964) by Fred Harman (US)\n* ''Redeye'' (1967\u20132008) by Gordon Bess, and later Bill Yates and Mel Casson (US)\n* ''Reg'lar Fellers'' (1917\u20131949) by Gene Byrnes (US)\n* ''Retail'' (2006\u2013 ) by Norm Feuti (US)\n* ''Retro Geek'' (2008) by Steve Dickenson and Todd Clark (US)\n* ''Rex Morgan, M.D.'' (1948\u2013 ) created by Nicholas P. Dallis (US)\n* ''Reynolds Unwrapped'' (1989\u2013 ) created by Dan Reynolds (US)\n* ''Rhymes With Orange'' (1994\u2013 ) by Hilary Price (US)\n* ''Ribbons and Haywire'' (1982\u20131985) by Steve Carpenter and Ed Wallerstein (US)\n* ''Rick Kane, Space Marshal'' (1951) by Walter Gibson and Elmer Stoner (US)\n* ''Rick O'Shay'' (1958\u20131981) originally by Stan Lynde (US)\n* ''Right Around Home'' (1938\u20131964), later entitled ''Right Around Home with Myrtle'', by Dudley Fisher, and later Bob Vittur\n* ''Rip Kirby'' (1946\u20131999) originally by Alex Raymond (US)\n* ''Ripley's Believe It or Not'' (1918\u2013 ) originally by Robert Ripley (US)\n* ''The Ripples'' (see ''The Neighbors'')\n* ''Rip Tide'' (1959\u20131970) by Grandetti and Ed Herron\n* ''Rivets'' (1953\u20131988) by George Sixta\n* ''Robin Malone'' (1967\u20131970) by Bob Lubbers\n* ''Robotman'' (see ''Monty'')\n* ''Rocky'' (1998\u2013 ) by Martin Kellerman (Sweden)\n* ''Rocky the Stone-Age Kid'' (1940\u20131943) by Frank Engli (US)\n* ''De Rode Ridder'' (1959\u2013 ) by Willy Vandersteen (Belgium)\n* ''Romeo Brown'' (1954\u20131963) by Alfred Mazure, Peter O'Donnell and Jim Holdaway (UK)\n* ''Romulus of Rome'' (1961\u20131963) by Mike Wong and J. P. Cahn (US)\n* ''Ronaldinho Gaucho'' (2006\u2013 ) by Mauricio de Sousa (Brazil)\n* ''Rooftop O'Toole'' (1976\u20131980) by Jerry Fearing and Bill Farmer (US)\n* ''Room and Board'' (1936\u20131958) by Gene Ahern (US)\n* ''Rose Is Rose'' (1983\u2013 ) by Pat Brady (US)\n* ''Rosie's Beau'' (1930\u20131943) by George McManus\n* ''Roy Rogers'' (1949\u20131961) by Charles McKimson (US)\n* ''Rubes'' (1986\u2013 ) by Leigh Rubin\n* ''Rudy'' (1983\u20131985) by William Overgard (US)\n* ''Rudy Park'' (2001\u2013 ) by Darrin Bell and Theron Heir (US)\n* ''Ruggles'' (1935\u20131957) by Steve Dowling (UK)\n* ''Rugrats'' (2000\u20132005) nominally by Nickelodeon (US)\n* ''Running on Empty'' (2003\u2013 ) by Dan Beadle (US)\n* ''Rupert Bear'' (1920\u2013 ) originally by Mary Tourtel (UK)\n* ''Rural Delivery'' (1951\u2013 ) by Paul Gringle, and later Al Smith\n* ''Rural Route'' (1959\u20131967, 1979) by Walter Neil Ball\n* ''Rusty Riley'' (1948\u20131959) by Frank Godwin and later Rod Reed\n* ''The Ryatts'' (1955\u20131994) by Cal Alley and later Jack Elrod (US)\n* ''Rymy-Eetu'' (1930\u20131970s) by Erkki Tanttu (Finland)\n"	" S "	"* ''Sabrina Online'' (1996\u20132016 ) by Eric W. Schwartz \u2013 ''webcomic''\n* ''Sad Sack'' (1946\u20131958) by George Baker\n* ''Safe Havens'' (1988\u2013 ) by Bill Holbrook (US)\n* ''The Saint'' (1948\u20131962) originally by Leslie Charteris and Mike Roy (US)\n* ''Salesman Sam'' (1925\u20131936) by George O. Swanson, and later Charles D. Small and Gladys Parker\n* ''Sally Bananas'' (1969\u20131973) by Charles Barsotti (US)\n* ''Sally Forth'' (1968\u20131974) by Wally Wood (US)\n* ''Sally Forth'' (1982\u2013 ) by Francesco Marciuliano and Jim Keefe; originally by Greg Howard (US)\n* ''Sally's Sallies'' (1927\u20131966) by R. J. Scott\n* ''Salt Chuck'' (1988\u2013 ) by Chuck Sharman\n* ''Sam and Fuzzy'' (2002\u2013 ) by Sam Logan \u2013 ''webcomic''\n* ''Sam and Silo'' (1977\u2013 ) by Jerry Dumas and Mort Walker (US)\n* ''Sam's Strip'' (1961\u20131963) by Jerry Dumas and Mort Walker (US)\n* ''Sandy'' (1962\u20131989) by June Unwin, and later George W. Crane and Jim Unwin\n* ''Sandy Highflyer, the Airship Man'' by C. W. Kahles\n* ''Sappo'' (1924\u20131945) by E. C. Segar, and later Tom Sims and Bill Zaboly\n* ''Savvie and Lacey'' \u2013 ''webcomic''\n* ''Sazae-san'' (1946\u20131974) by Machiko Hasegawa (Japan)\n* ''Scamp'' (1955\u20131988) nominally by Walt Disney (US)\n* ''Scarth A.D. 2195'' (1969\u2013circa 1974) by Luis Roca and Jo Addams (UK)\n* ''Scary Gary'' (2008\u2013 ) by Mark Buford\n* ''Scary Go Round'' (2002\u2013 ) by John Allison (UK) \u2013 ''webcomic''\n* ''School Days'' (1917\u20131932) by Clare Victor Dwiggins (US)\n* ''Scorchy Smith'' (1930\u20131961) originally by John Terry (US)\n* ''Scorer'' (1989\u20132011) by Barrie Tomlinson, David Sque and David Pugh (UK)\n* ''Screen Girl'' (1945\u20131948) by Jim Pabian\n* ''Scroll of Fame'' (1951\u20131961) by Arthur S. Curtis\n* ''Scroogie'' (1975\u20131976) by Tug McGraw and Mike Witte (US)\n* ''Sea Rations'' (1974) by Jim Estes\n* ''Second Chances'' (1997\u20132000) by Jeff Millar and Bill Hinds (US)\n* ''Secret Agent X-9'' (1934\u20131996), also titled ''Secret Agent Corrigan'', originally by Dashiell Hammett and Alex Raymond (US)\n* ''Secret Asian Man'' (2007\u2013 ) by Tak Toyoshima (US)\n* ''The Seekers'' (1966\u20131971) by John M. Burns, Les Lilley, Phillip Douglas and Dick O\u2019Neil (UK)\n* ''Seems Like Yesterday'' (1939\u20131947), also titled ''Home Town Echoes'', by Camillus Kesler\n* ''Selling Short'' (1975\u20131987) by Don Raden and Ken Ross\n* ''Senator Caucus'' (1959\u20131968) by George Levine, and later Pete Wyma\n* ''Sennin Buraku'' (1956\u2013 ) by K\u014d Kojima (Japan)\n* ''Sentinel Louie'' (1934\u20131943) by Otto Soglow\n* ''Service Smiles'' (1956\u20131958) by Art Gates (US)\n* ''Seven-O-Heaven'' (2009\u2013 ) by Andrew Goff and Will Startare\n* ''Seventeen'' (1956\u20131973) by Arthur Erenberg and Bernie Lansky\n* ''Sherlock Holmes'' (1954\u20131955) by Edith Meiser and Frank Giacoia (US)\n* ''Sherman on the Mount'' (1986\u20131988) by Walt Lee and Michael Fruchey (US)\n* ''Sherman's Alley'' (1992\u20131996) by Toby Gibbs and Jerry Voigt (US)\n* ''Sherman's Lagoon'' (1991\u2013 ) by Jim Toomey (US)\n* ''Shirley and Son'' (2000\u20132003) by Jerry Bittle (US)\n* ''Shoe'' (1977\u2013 ) originally by Jeff MacNelly (US)\n* ''Shopping Around'' (1960\u20131963) by Rolfe Mason\n* ''Short Ribs'' (1958\u20131982) by Frank O'Neal, and later Frank Hill (US)\n* ''Shuggie and Duggie (1990s\u2013 ) by Bullimore and Anderson (Daily Record (Scotland)) (UK)\n* ''Sibling Revelry'' (1989\u20131995) by Man Martin (US)\n* ''Side Glances'' (1930\u20131985) by George Clark, and later Gill Fox (US)\n* ''Sidewalk Bubblegum'' (1993\u20132002) by Clay Butler\n* ''Sign-O-Rama'' (1970\u20131979) by M. W. Martin\n* ''Sigmund'' (1994-...) by Peter de Wit (Netherlands). \n* ''Silent Sam'' (1920\u20131945) originally ''Adamson'', by Oscar Jacobsson (Sweden)\n* ''Silly Milly'' (1938\u20131951) by Stan MacGovern\n* ''Silly Philly'' (1947\u20131960) by Bil Keane (US)\n* ''Silly Symphonies'' (1932\u20131942) originally by Earl Duvall (US)\n* ''Simon's Cat'' (2011\u20132013) by Simon Tofield (UK)\n* ''Simpkins'' (1971\u20131980) originally by George Crenshaw (US)\n* ''Sinfest'' (2000\u2013 ) by Tatsuya Ishida \u2013 ''webcomic''\n* ''S1NGLE'' (2001\u2013 ) by Hanco Kolk and Peter de Wit (Netherlands)\n* ''Single and Looking'', formerly ''Out of the Gene Pool'' (2002\u20132008) by Matt Janz (US)\n* ''Single Slices'' (1987\u20132001) by Peter Kohlsaat (US)\n* ''Sir Bagby'' (1959\u20131965) by Rick Hackney and Bill Hackney (US)\n* ''Six Chix'' (2000\u2013 ) by Isabella Bannerman, Margaret Shulock, Rina Piccolo, Anne Gibbons, Kathryn LeMieux, and Stephanie Piro (US)\n* ''Skeets'' (1932\u20131951) by Dow O. Walling\n* ''Skippy'' (1923\u20131945) by Percy Crosby (US)\n* ''Sky Masters'' (1958\u20131961) by Jack Kirby, Wally Wood, Dick and Dave Wood (US)\n* ''Skyroads'' (1930\u20131943) by Lester J. Maitland, and later Dick Calkins, Russell Keaton, and William Winston\n* ''Slim Jim'' (1924\u20131942) by Stanley E. Armstrong and others later\n* ''Slow Wave'' (1995\u2013 ) by Jesse Reklaw (US)\n* ''Slowpoke'' (1998\u2013 ) by Jen Sorensen (US)\n* ''Sluggy Freelance'' (1997\u2013 ) by Pete Abrams \u2013 ''webcomic''\n* ''Slylock Fox'' (1987\u2013 ) by Bob Weber Jr. (US)\n* ''Small Fry Diary'' (1961\u20131975) by Nonnee Coan\n* ''Small Saves'' (2000\u2013 ) by J. DeMarco (US)\n* ''the small society'' (1966\u20131999) by Morrie Brickman and later Bill Yates\n* ''Small Talk'' (1955\u20131964) by Samuel R. Gornbein; (1972) by Becky; (1983\u2013 ) by Allen H. Kelly, Jr.\n* ''Smart Alex'' (1995\u20131996) by Charlie Podrebarac (US)\n* ''Smart Chart'' (1970\u20131983) by Herb Stansbury\n* ''S'Matter Pop?'' (1910\u20131940) by C. M. Payne (US)\n* ''Smidgens'' (1962\u20131974) by Bob Cordray (US)\n* ''Smiles'' (1924\u20131939) by Frank Chapman and various others later\n* ''The Smith Family'' (1951\u20131994) by Virginia Smith, George Smith, and later Robert Baldwin\n* ''Smitty'' (1922\u20131973) by Walter Berndt (US)\n* ''Smokey Stover'' (1935\u20131973) by Bill Holman (US)\n* ''The Smythes'' (1930\u20131936) by Rea Irvin (US)\n* ''SNAFU'' (see ''Beattie Blvd.'')\n* ''Snake Tales'' (1974\u2013 ) by Sols (Allan Salisbury) (Australia)\n* ''Sniffy'' (1964\u20131973) by George Fett\n* ''Snoodles'' (1913\u20131925) by Cy Hungerford\n* ''Snoopy'' (see ''Peanuts'')\n* ''Snuffy Smith'' (see ''Barney Google and Snuffy Smith'')\n* ''Somebody's Stenog'' (1918\u20131941) by A. E. Hayward, and later Ray Thompson, various others, and Sam Nichols\n* ''Something Positive'' (2001\u2013 ) by R. K. Milholland \u2013 ''webcomic''\n* ''Sonny Boy'' (1982\u2013 ) by Bill Murray\n* ''Sonny Pew'' (1984) by Jim Estes\n* ''Sonny South'' (1953\u20131972) by Court Alderson\n* ''Sonnysayings'' (1926\u20131939) by Fanny Cory\n* ''The Sons of Liberty'' (1975\u2013 ) by Richard Lynn\n* ''Soup to Nutz'' (2000\u2013 ) by Rick Stromoski (US)\n* ''Sovereign State of Affairs'' (1976\u2013 ) by Wood and R. David Boyd\n* ''Space Moose'' (1989\u20131999) by Adam Thrasher (Canada)\n* ''The Spacers'' (1978\u20131992) by Emil V. Abrahamian\n* ''Sparks'' (1952\u20131967) by Willis Forbes\n* ''Sparky'' (1953\u20131966) by Mel Casson\n* ''Speed Bump'' (1994\u2013 ) by Dave Coverly (US)\n* ''Speed Walker, Private Eye'' (1972?\u2013?) by Cris Hammond (US)\n* ''Spider-Man'' (''The Amazing Spider-man'') (1977\u2013 ) by Stan Lee and Larry Lieber (US)\n* ''The Spirit'' (1940\u20131952) by Will Eisner (US)\n* ''Spooky'' (1935\u20131971) by Bill Holman\n* ''Spooner'' (2000\u20132002) by Ted Dawson (US)\n* ''Sports Cartoon'' (1940\u20131967) by Tom Paprocki\n* ''The Sports File'' (1978\u2013 ) by Emil V. Abrahamian\n* ''Spot the Frog'' (2004\u20132008) by Mark Heath (US)\n* ''Squeegee'' (1980\u2013 ) by Ken Muse\n* ''Stacy'' (1981\u2013 ) by Randy Bisson\n* ''Stampede'' (1974\u2013 ) by Jerry Palen\n* ''Starbirds'' (1995\u20131996) by Graham Hey (UK)\n* ''Star Hawks'' (1977\u20131981) originally by Gil Kane and Ron Goulart (US)\n* ''Star Trek'' (1979\u20131982) originally by Thomas Warkentin (US)\n* ''Star Wars'' (1979\u20131984) originally by Russ Manning (US)\n* ''Stark Impressions'' by Bruce Stark (US)\n* '''' (1982\u2013 ) by Carsten Graabaek (Denmark)\n* ''Stees Sees'' (1958\u20131969) by John Stees\n* ''Steve Canyon'' (1947\u20131988) by Milton Caniff (US)\n* ''Steve Roper and Mike Nomad'' (1936\u20132004), first titled ''Big Chief Wahoo'', originally by Allen Saunders and Elmer Woggon (US)\n* ''Still Life'' by Jerry Robinson (US)\n* ''Stoker the Broker'' (1960\u20131985) by Henry Boltinoff (US)\n* ''Stone Soup'' (1995\u2013 ) by Jan Eliot (US)\n* ''The Story of Martha Wayne'' (1953\u20131962) by Wilson Scruggs\n* ''Strange As It Seems'' (1928\u20131970) by John Hix, and later Ernest Hix, Elsie Hix, Ernest Hix Jr., and Phyllis Hix\n* ''Strange Brew'' by John Deering\n* ''The Strange World of Mr. Mum'' (1958\u20131970) by Irving Phillips\n* ''Streaky'' (1933\u20131935) by Gus Edson (US)\n* ''Streamer Kelly'' (1940\u20131943, 1946\u20131950) by Jack Ryan (US)\n* ''Strictly Business'' (1941\u20131984) by Dale McFeatters (US)\n* ''Strictly Private'', later ''Peter Plink'' (1940\u20131948) by Quin Hall\n* ''Strictly Richter'' (1945\u20131963) by Mischa Richter\n* ''Striker 3D'' (''The Sun'') by Pete Nash (1985\u2013 ) (UK)\n* ''Striptease'' (2000\u2013 ) by Chris Daily\n* '''' (2002\u20132010) by  (Germany)\n* ''Student Ghetto'' (1996\u20132000) by Adam Miller (US)\n* ''Stumpy Stumbler'' (1983\u2013 ) by Emil V. Abrahamian\n* ''Sturmtruppen'' (1969\u20131995) originally by Bonvi (Franco Bonvicini) (Italy)\n* ''Suburbia'' (1976\u20131985) by Don Raden\n* ''Such Is Life'' (1928\u20131939) by Walt Munson, and later Charles Sughroe, Bo Brown and Kemp Starrett\n* ''Sue to Lou'' (1928\u20131938) by Clarence R. Gettier\n* ''Sugar'' (1949\u20131961) by Jack Fitch; (1975\u2013 ) by Robert L. Gill\n* ''Sunday Laughs Male Cartoons'' (1980\u20131993) by Paul Swede\n* ''Sunflower Street'' (1935\u20131949) by Tom Little and Tom Sims\n* ''Sunny Sue'' (1950\u20131961) by Edna Markham and later Jack Fitch\n* ''The Sunshine Club'' (2003\u2013 ) by Howie Schneider (US)\n* ''Superandom'' (2009\u2013 ) by Nathan Bowler (Canada)\n* ''Superman'' (1939\u20131966) originally by Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster (US)\n* ''Supermegatopia'' by Brian Burke and Stuart Burke \u2013 ''webcomic''\n* ''Supernatural Law'' (1979\u2013 ), originally ''Wolff and Byrd, Counselors of the Macabre'', by Batton Lash.\n* ''Susie Q. Smith'' (1945\u20131959) by Linda Walter and Jerry Walter\n* ''Suske en Wiske'' (1945\u2013 ), titled ''Spike and Suzy'' or ''Willy and Wanda'' in English, originally by Willy Vandersteen (Belgium)\n* ''Suzie View'' (2004\u2013 ) by Tauhid Bondia and Erik McCurdy \u2013 ''webcomic''\n\n* ''Swamp'' (1981\u2013 ) by Gary Clark (Australia)\n* ''Swamp Brats'' (1981\u2013 ) by Warren Sattler\n* ''Sweeney & Son'' (1934\u20131960) by Al Posen\n* ''Sweetie Pie'' (1954\u20131967) by Nadine Seltzer\n* ''Sydney'' (1985\u20131986) by Scott Stantis (US)\n* ''Sykes\u2019 Cartoons'' (1925\u20131941) by Bill Sykes\n* ''Sylvia'' (1978\u2013 ) by Nicole Hollander (US)\n* ''Flightoons'' (1996\u20132016 ) by Shujaat Ali ( Aviation Cartoonist)  \u2013 ''Flight Safety Newsletter P.A.F.'' , ( Pakistan )\n"	" T "	"* ''Tailspin Tommy'' (1928\u20131942) by Glen Chaffin and Hal Forrest (US)\n* ''Tales from the Great Book'' (1954\u20131971) by John Lehti\n* ''Tales of the Green Beret'' (1965\u20131968) originally by Robin Moore, Joe Kubert and Howard Liss (US)\n* ''Tank McNamara'' (1974\u2013 ) by Jeff Millar and Bill Hinds (US)\n* ''Tar Pit'' (1993\u20131994) by Steve Dickenson (US)\n* ''Tarzan'' (1929\u20132002) originally by Hal Foster, later by Burne Hogarth, Russ Manning, and others (US)\n* ''Tee Vee Laughs'' (1975\u20131985), also known as ''TV Laffs'', by Cliff Rogerson and others\n* ''Teech'' (1983\u2013 ) by Aaron Bacall\n* ''Teena'' (1945\u20131963) by Hilda Terry\n* ''Teenage Mum'' (1994\u20131996) by Graham Hey (UK)\n* ''Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles'' (1990\u20131997) (US)\n* ''The Teenie Weenies'' (1924, 1934, 1941\u20131970) by William Donahey\n* ''Tell It Like It Is'' (see ''Dunagin's People'')\n* ''The Tenderloiner'' (1947\u20131961) by Jack Fitch\n* ''The Terrors of the Tiny Tads'' (1905\u20131914) by Gustave Verbeek (US)\n* ''The Umbrella Man'' by John \"DOK\" Hager\n* ''Terry and the Pirates'' (1934\u20131973) originally by Milton Caniff (US); (1995) by Michael Uslan and the Brothers Hildebrandt\n* ''Tex Benson'' (1980\u20131989) originally by Chuck Roblin\n* ''Texas Slim and Dirty Dalton'' (1925\u20131958) by Ferd Johnson (US)\n* ''Thatch'' (1994\u20131998) by Jeff Shesol (US)\n* ''That Little Game'' (1917\u20131927) by Bert Link\n* ''That\u2019ll Be the Day'' (1951\u20131962) by Fritz Wilkinson\n* ''That's Jake'' (1986\u2013ended) by Jake Vest\n* ''That's Life'' (1999\u20132005) by Mark Twohy (US)\n* ''Then \u2013 Now'' (1952\u20131971) by Fred Fox\n* ''Theophilus'' (1966\u20132002) by Bob West (US)\n* ''There Oughta Be a Law'' (1944\u20131984) by Al Fagaly and Harry Shorten, and later Frank Booth, Warren Whipple and Mort Goldberg (US)\n* ''These Women'' (1946\u20131963) by Gregory D\u2019Alessio\n* ''They'll Do It Every Time'' (1929\u20132008) originally by Jimmy Hatlo (US)\n* ''Thimble Theatre'' (1919\u20131966), also titled ''Thimble Theatre starring Popeye '', by E. C. Segar (US)\n* ''Things to Come'' (1942\u20131954) by Hank Barrow and later Jim Bresnan\n* ''This and That'' (1945\u20131958) by various, including Henry Boltinoff\n* ''This Curious World'' (1931\u20131951) by William Ferguson and later George Clark\n* ''This Funny World'' (1944\u20131985), gag cartoons by Henry Boltinoff, Ted Key, Don Orehek, Mort Walker and others\n* ''This Is Sport?'' (1958\u20131978) by Court Alderson\n* ''This Modern World'' (1990\u2013 ) by Tom Tomorrow (US)\n* ''Thorn McBride'' (1960\u20131962) by Frank Giacoia and later Mel Keefer\n* ''Those Browns'' (1976\u2013 ) by Bill Murray (www.billmurrays.com)\n* ''Those Were the Days'' (1951\u20131983) by Art Beeman\n* ''Tickle Box'' (1974\u20131994) by Ted Trogdon\n* ''Ticklers'' (1945\u20131960) by George Scarbo\n* ''Tiffany Jones'' (1964\u20131972) by Pat Tourret and Jenny Butterworth (UK)\n* ''Tiger'' (1965\u20132003) by Bud Blake (US)\n* ''The Tillers'' (1945\u20131960) by Les Carroll\n* ''Tillie the Toiler'' (1921\u20131959) by Russ Westover and later Bob Gustafson (US)\n* ''Timbertoes'' (1946\u2013 ) by John Gee (cartoonist) by Marileta Robinson and Judith Hunt (1992\u20132002)\n* ''Time Out!'' (1936\u20131984) by Chet Smith and later Jeff Keate\n* ''The Timid Soul'' (1924\u20131953) by H. T. Webster (US)\n* ''Timmy'' (1948\u20131960) by Howard Sparber\n* ''Tim Tyler's Luck'' (1928\u20131996) by Lyman Young (US)\n* ''Tina'' (1983\u20131994) by D. Lucas\n* ''Tina's Groove'' (2002\u2013 ) by Rina Piccolo (Canada-USA)\n* ''Tintin'' (''The Adventures of Tintin'') (1929\u20131944) by Herg\u00e9 (Georges Remi) (Belgium)\n* ''Tiny Sepuku'' (1997\u2013 ) by Ken Cursoe (US)\n* ''Tiny Tim'' (1932\u20131958) by Stanley Link\n* ''Tippie'' (see ''Cap Stubbs and Tippie'')\n* ''Tizzy'' (1957\u20131970) by Kate Osann (US)\n* ''Toadstools'' (1983\u20131992) by Leonard Bruce and Charles Durck\n* ''Tobias Seicherl'' (1930\u20131940) by \n* ''TOBY, Robot Satan'' (2008\u2013 ) by Corey Pandolph\n* ''Today's Laugh'' (1948\u20131973) by Tom Henderson and William King, and later Jeff Machamer, Frank Owen, Rodney de Sarro, Reamer Keller, Jeff Keate, Cathy Joachim, Bill Yates, Joe Zeis and Betty Swords\n* ''Today's World'' (1932\u20131957) by David Brown\n* ''Todd the Dinosaur'' (2001\u2013 ) by Patrick Roberts\n* ''Tom Corbett \u2014 Space Cadet'' (1951\u20131953) by Ray Bailey (US)\n* ''Tom Puss'' (Dutch original ''Tom Poes'') (1941\u20131986) by Marten Toonder (Netherlands)\n* ''Tom the Dancing Bug'' (1990\u2013 ) by Ruben Bolling (US)\n* ''Tom Trick'' (1951\u20131969) by Dale Goss, and later Stan Maays and Mary Goss\n* ''Too Much Coffee Man'' by Shannon Wheeler (US)\n* ''The Toodles'' (1945\u20131961) by Betsy Baer and Stanley F. Baer\n* ''Toonerville Folks'' (1908\u20131955) by Fontaine Fox (sometimes called ''Toonerville Trolley'') (US)\n* ''Toots and Casper'' (1918\u20131956) by Jimmy Murphy (US)\n* ''Top of the World'' (1998\u20132000) by Mark Tonra (US)\n* '''' (1991\u2013 ) by  (Germany)\n* ''Traveling Light'' (1959\u20131968) by Bob Sloane, Jim Weakley, and Shirley Sloane, and later Ron Butler and Peter Porges\n* ''Travels with Farley'' (see ''Farley'')\n* ''The Trendy's'' (1983\u2013 ) by Jim Horan\n* ''Trevor!'' by Piper and Lee (Australia)\n* ''Triangle and Robert'' (1999\u20132007) by Patrick Shaughnessy \u2013 ''webcomic''\n* ''The Tricky Ones'' (1983\u20131993) by Magila\n* ''Trim's Arena'' (1973\u20131983) by Hal Trim and later Wayne Stayskal\n* ''Triple Take'' (2005\u20132007) by Todd Clark and Scott Nickel\n* ''Troubletown'' (1988\u2013 ) by Lloyd Dangle (US)\n* ''Trudy'' (1963\u20132005) by Jerry Marcus (US)\n* ''True Life Adventures'' (1955\u20131971) nominally by Walt Disney\n* ''Tuffy'' (1932\u20131957) by Syd Hoff\n* ''Tug Transom'' (1954\u20131968) by Peter O'Donnell and Alfred Sindall (UK)\n* ''Tumbleweeds'' (1965\u20132007) by Tom K. Ryan (US)\n* ''Tundra'' (1992\u2013 ) by Chad Carpenter\n* ''The Turners'' (2004\u2013 ) by Eric Turner (US)\n* ''Turning Back the Times'' (1947\u20131961) by Jack Winter\n* ''TV Tee-Hees'' (1957\u20131975) by Henry Scarpelli\n* ''Twin Earths'' (1952\u20131962) by Alden McWilliams and Oskar Lebeck\n* ''Twitch'' (1973\u2013 ) by Howard Rands\n* ''The World's Greatest Superheroes'' (1978\u20131985) originally by Martin Pasko (US)\n"	" U "	"* ''Uncle Art's Funland'' (1980\u2013 ) by Art Nugent, Jr.\n* ''Uncle Charlie'' (1959\u20131978) by Peter Laing\n* ''Uncle Remus'' (1945\u20131972) nominally by Walt Disney\n* ''Unshelved'' (2002\u2013 ) by Bill Barnes and Gene Ambaum \u2013 ''webcomic''\n* ''Up Anchor'' (1968\u20131972) by Kreigh Collins (US)\n* ''The Upside-Downs of Little Lady Lovekins and Old Man Muffaroo'' (1903\u20131905) by Gustave Verbeek (US)\n* ''U.S. Acres'' (1986\u20131989) by Jim Davis (US)\n* ''User Friendly'' (1997\u2013 ) by J. D. Frazer \u2013 ''webcomic''\n"	" V "	"* ''The Van Swaggers'' (1930\u20131943) by Russ Westover\n* ''Vanhat herrat'' (1982\u20132002) by Pauli Heikkil\u00e4 and Markku Paretskoi\n* ''Varoomshka'' (1969\u20131979) by John Kent\n* ''Vater und Sohn'' (1934\u20131937) by E. O. Plauen (Erich Ohser) (Germany)\n* ''Vic Flint'' (1945\u20131964) by Ralph Lane and Michael O\u2019Malley, and later Dean Miller, Jay Heavilin, Art Sansom, and Russ Winterbotham\n* ''Video Cartoons'' (1983\u2013 ) by various\n* ''Viewpoint'' (1949\u20131953) by Dave Gerard\n* ''Vignettes of Life'' (1925\u20131960) by Frank Godwin, and later J. Norman Lynd, Leonard Starr and Harry Weinart\n* ''Viivi & Wagner'' (1996\u2013 ) by Jussi Tuomola (Finland)\n* ''Village Square'' (1966\u2013 ) by Chuck Stiles\n* ''Virgil'' (1943\u20131960) by Leonard Kleis\n"	" W "	"* ''Wallace and Gromit'' (2010\u2013 ) by Mychailo Kazybrid (UK)\n* ''Walnut Cove'' (1991\u20131999) by Mark Cullum (US)\n* ''Walt Disney's Donald Duck'' (1983\u2013 ) nominally by Walt Disney\n* ''Walt Disney's Mickey Mouse'' (1983\u2013 ) nominally by Walt Disney\n* ''Walt Disney's Treasury of Classic Tales'' (1952\u20131987) by various artists, including Jesse Marsh and Jack Kirby (US)\n* ''Wapsi Square'' (2001\u2013 ) by Paul \"Pablo\" Taylor\n* ''Wash Tubbs'' (1924\u20131988) by Roy Crane, merged with ''Captain Easy'' in 1949 (US)\n* ''Watch Your Head'' (2006\u2013 ) by Cory Thomas (US)\n* ''Wayout'' (1964\u20131970) by Ken Muse (US)\n* ''Weather Comics'' (1946\u20131970) by George Scarbo\n* ''Webster Classics'' (1954\u20131980) by H. T. Webster\n* ''Wee Pals'' (1965\u20132014) by Morrie Turner (US)\n* ''Wee Willie Winkie's World'' (1906\u20131907) by Lyonel Feininger (US)\n* ''Wee Women'' (1957\u20131994) by Mell Lazarus and later Jim Whiting (US)\n* ''Welcome To The Jungle'' (2007\u2013 ) by Michael Pohrer (US)\n* ''Werebears and Only Children'' (2007\u20132010) by Jennifer Barrett (CA)\n* ''Wes Slade'' (1960\u20131982) by George Stokes (UK)\n* ''What a Guy!'' (1987\u20131996) by Bill Hoest and later Bunny Hoest (US)\n* ''When I Was Short'' (1989\u20131992) by Michael Fry and Guy Vasilovich (US)\n* ''Where I'm Coming From'' (1989\u20132004) by Barbara Brandon-Croft\n* ''White Boy'' (1933\u20131936) by Garrett Price (US)\n* ''Wildwood'' (1999\u20132002) by Dan Wright and Tom Spurgeon (US)\n* ''Williams Cartoons'' (1928\u20131942) by Gluyas Williams\n* ''Willie'' (1948\u20131963) by Leonard Sansone (US)\n* ''Willie and Joe'' (1940\u20131945, special reappearance in 1988 Steve Canyon farewell) by Bill Mauldin (US)\n* ''Willie Dee'' by Vic Green\n* ''Willie Lumpkin'' (1959\u20131961) by Stan Lee and Dan DeCarlo (US)\n* ''Willie Willis'' (1925\u20131948) by Robert Quillen\n* ''Willy 'n Ethel'' (1981\u2013 ) by Joe Martin (US)\n* ''Will-Yum'' (1953\u20131966) by Dave Gerard\n* ''Win, Lose & Draw'' (1985\u2013 ) by Drew Litton\n* ''Windy Riley'' (1927\u20131932) by Ken Kling\n* ''Winky Ryatt'' (1962\u20131973) by Gene Fawcette, and later Cal Alley and Jack Elrod\n* ''Winnie the Pooh'' (1978\u20131988) nominally by Walt Disney\n* ''Winnie Winkle'' (1920\u20131996) by Martin Branner, and later Max VanBibber, Henry Raduta, J.K.S., and Frank Bolle (US)\n* ''Winthrop'', first titled ''Morty Meekle'' (1956\u20131993) by Dick Cavalli\n* ''Witty Kitty'' (1929\u20131946) by Nina Wilcox Putnam, and later Walt Spouse, L. Frank, and Carl Kuhn\n* ''The Wizard of Id'' (1964\u2013 ) by Johnny Hart and Brant Parker (US)\n* ''Wonder Woman'' (1945) by Charles Moulton and H.G. Peter (US)\n* ''Woody's World'' (1963\u20131979) by John Holm, and later Bill Potter\n* ''Word-a-Day'' (1946\u20131979) by Mickey Bach\n* ''Wordsmith'' (1976\u20131978) by Tim Menees\n* ''Working Daze'' (2001\u2013 ) by John Zakour; illustrated originally by Andre Noel, later by Kyle Miller, and currently by Scott Roberts\n* ''Working It Out'' (2001\u2013 ) by Charlos Gary (US)\n* ''The World Museum'' (1937) by Holling C. Holling (US)\n* ''The World of Lily Wong'' (1986\u20132001) by Larry Feign (Hong Kong)\n* ''The World of the Bible'' (1983\u2013 ) by C. Cassel and Fred Cassel\n* ''The World's Greatest Superheroes'' (1978\u20131985) originally by George Tuska, Vince Colletta and Marty Pasko (US)\n* ''Wright Angles'' (1977\u20131990) by Larry Wright (US)\n* ''Wulffmorgenthaler'' by Mikael Wulff and Anders Morgenthaler (2000\u2013 ) (Denmark)\n"	" X "	"\n"	" Y "	"* ''The Yellow Kid'' (see ''Hogan's Alley'')\n* ''Yenny'' (1988\u2013 ) by David Alvarez (Puerto Rico)\n* ''Yo, Mat\u00edas'' (1993\u2013 ) by Fernando Sendra (Argentina)\n* ''Yogi Bear'' (1961\u20131980) by Hanna-Barbera Productions\n* ''You Know Me Al'' (1922\u20131925) by Ring Lardner (US)\n* ''Young Hobby Club'' by Cappy Dick\n"	" Z "	"* ''Zack Hill'' (2003\u2013 ) by John Deering and John Newcombe (US)\n* ''Zanies'' (1977\u2013 ) by J. Maddox\n* ''Ze General'' (1945\u20131955) by Bob Leffingwell\n* ''Zeus!'' (1979) by Corky Trinidad (US)\n* ''Ziggy'' (1971\u2013 ) by Tom Wilson (US)\n* ''Zimmie'' (1912\u20131913)\n* ''Zippy'' (1976\u2013 ) by Bill Griffith (US)\n* ''Zits'' (1997\u2013 ) by Jerry Scott and Jim Borgman (US)\n"	" References "	"\n"	"Sources"	"* \n\n\n\n"
"List of NME covers"	"Introduction"	"\nThe full list of ''New Musical Express'' ('''''NME''''') cover images and featured artists.\n"	"1955"	"*23/12/55 Jerry Colonna, Ronnie Aldrich, Harry Roy\n"	"1958"	"*31/10/58 Seph Acre\n"	"1959"	"*30/01/59 Lonnie Donegan\n*04/12/59 Lorie Mann\n"	"1962"	"*04/05/62 Elvis Presley, Cliff Richard\n*15/06/62 Winnie\n*29/06/62 Frank Ifield, Danny Williams\n*06/07/62 Cliff Richard, Kenny Ball, Brenda Lee, Danny Storm\n*20/07/62 Lena Martell\n*03/08/62 Bobby Vinton\n*24/08/62 Big Four 4\n*31/08/62 Petula Clark, Joe Brown\n*07/09/62 Shirley Bassey\n*14/09/62 Eden Kane\n*12/10/62 Frank Sinatra\n*02/11/62 Peter Jay and the Jaywalkers\n*09/11/62 Matt Monro\n*23/11/62 Russ Conway\n*14/12/62 Cliff Richard\n"	"1965"	"*21/05/65 The Beatles, The Walker Brothers\n*28/05/65 Chad & Jeremy\n*11/06/65 The Moody Blues\n*09/07/65 P. J. Proby, The Animals\n*20/08/65 Advert for various Warner Brothers/Reprise Records albums including Frank Sinatra's ''September of my years''\n*27/08/65 Unit 4 Plus 2\n*17/09/65 Sonny and Cher, Sandie Shaw\n*24/09/65 Star Scene 65 featuring Cilla Black and The Everly Brothers\n*26/11/65 Advert for various albums including ''Kontroversy'' by The Kinks\n*17/12/65 Wayne Fontana\n*31/12/65 Final top 10 of 1965 with The Beatles, Fontella Bass, Ken Dodd etc\n"	"1968"	"*06/01/68 P.P. Arnold\n*03/02/68 Status Quo, Marty Wilde\n*10/02/68 The Nerve\n*24/02/68 Dave Clark Five\n*09/03/68 Barry Noble\n*16/03/68 The Beatles\n*06/04/68 Scott Walker\n*30/04/68 Gene Pitney\n*13/04/68 Johnny Cash\n*27/04/68 The Small Faces\n*04/05/68 Scott Walker\n*01/06/68 The Beatles, The Monkees\n*15/06/68 Esther & Abi Ofarim\n*22/06/68 Seth Martin\n*29/06/68 Anan\n*27/07/68 The Beatles, Micky Dolenz gets married\n*10/08/68 The Marbles\n*24/08/68 Tom Jones\n*07/09/68 The Weight\n*14/09/68 Jackie Lomax\n*26/10/68 Jimi Hendrix, The Hollies, The Who\n*02/11/68 Jimi Hendrix advert for ''Electric Ladyland''\n*09/11/68 Advert for Atlantic Records albums\n*30/11/68 Petula Clark\n"	"1969"	"*04/01/69 Cartoone\n*11/01/69 Dusty Springfield, and Marmalade\n*18/01/69 The Troggs\n*25/01/69 Amen Corner's \"(If Paradise Is) Half as Nice\"\n*01/02/69 The Doors' \"Touch Me\"\n*08/02/69 Cilla Black\n*15/02/69 Buddah Records' singles\n*22/02/69 Dave Dee, Dozy, Beaky, Mick & Tich's \"Don Juan\"\n*01/03/69 The Marbles\n*08/03/69 The Small Faces\n*15/03/69 John Rowles, Peter Gordeno, and Troy Dante\n*22/03/69 Scott Walker\n*29/03/69 Colosseum\n*05/04/69 advert for Fleetwood Mac's \"Man of the World\"\n*12/04/69 Atlantic Records competition\n*19/04/69 Taste\n*26/04/69 Humble Pie\n*03/05/69 Sandie Shaw, and Heathmore\n*10/05/69 Nana Mouskouri\n*17/05/69 ''1969 NME Poll Winner's Concert''\n*24/05/69 Thunderclap Newman\n*31/05/69 Mike d'Abo, and Tom Jones\n*07/06/69 Mike Kennedy, and David McWilliams\n*14/06/69 Amen Corner\n*21/06/69 Scott Walker\n*28/06/69 Robin Gibb\n*05/07/69 The Plastic Ono Band's \"Give Peace a Chance\"\n*12/07/69 Yes's \"Sweetness\"\n*19/07/69 The Rolling Stones, relating to the death of Brian Jones, and advert for Herb Alpert's ''Warm''\n*26/07/69 Engelbert Humperdinck\n*02/08/69 Humble Pie (advert for ''As Safe as Yesterday is'')\n*09/08/69 Humble Pie\n*16/08/69 The Nice\n*30/08/69 Amen Corner\n*06/09/69 Fat Mattress\n*13/09/69 Jonathan Kelly\n*20/09/69 Dusty Springfield (advert for \"Am I the Same Girl\"), and Barry Ryan (advert for \"The Hunt\")\n*27/09/69 advert for The Beatles' ''Abbey Road''\n*04/10/69 Changes '69 Tour headlining Humble Pie, Love Sculpture, and David Bowie\n*11/10/69 The Family Dogg\n*18/10/69 Amen Corner\n*25/10/69 Humble Pie\n*01/11/69 John Mayall\n*08/11/69 Lulu\n*15/11/69 Amen Corner\n*22/11/69 Engelbert Humperdinck\n*29/11/69 Robin Gibb\n*06/12/69 Clodagh Rodgers\n*13/12/69 Scott Walker\n*20/12/69 ''Seasons greetings from RAK Records'' (Peter Grant and Mickie Most)\n*27/12/69 Tom Jones, Mick Jagger, and Scott Walker\n"	"1970"	"*03/01/70 Love Affair, King Crimson, and Bonzo Dog Band\n*10/01/70 Rolf Harris, and Glen Campbell\n*17/01/70 Elvis Presley, Tom Jones, and Led Zeppelin\n*24/01/70 Fleetwood Mac\n*31/01/70 Barry Ryan\n*07/02/70 Judith Durham\n*14/02/70 Judas Jump\n*21/02/70 Fleetwood Mac, Ringo Starr, Chicago, and Shocking Blue\n*28/02/70 Viv Stanshall, Booker T. & the M.G.'s, Gene Pitney, and the Cuff Links\n*07/03/70 The Beatles\n*14/03/70 Russ Conway\n*21/03/70 James Wilson, Jackie Trent, and Tony Hatch and the Cherry Children\n*28/03/70 Buck Owens' Country Music Caravan tour\n*04/04/70 Ringo Starr's ''Sentimental Journey''\n*11/04/70 Tom Jones\n*18/04/70 Maurice Gibb\n*25/04/70 Paul McCartney\n*02/05/70 Simon & Garfunkel\n*09/05/70 Bill Martin and Phil Coulter\n*16/05/70 Traffic, Mick Jagger, Christie, The Who, and Frank Sinatra\n*23/05/70 The Who\n*30/05/70 Les Reed\n*06/06/70 Barry Gibb\n*13/06/70 Deep Purple\n*20/06/70 Raymond Froggatt\n*27/06/70 Led Zeppelin\n*04/07/70 Dusty Springfield\n*11/07/70 Jack Wild\n*18/07/70 Emerson, Lake & Palmer\n*25/07/70 Hyde Park Festival\n*01/08/70 The Kinks, Mungo Jerry, Free, and Hotlegs\n*08/08/70 Isle of Wight Festival\n*15/08/70 The Moody Blues' ''A Question of Balance''\n*22/08/70 Elvis Presley, Tom Jones, and Free\n*29/08/70 Bobby Bloom's \"Montego Bay\"\n*05/09/70 Isle of Wight Festival review\n*12/09/70 Humble Pie\n*19/09/70 Eric Burdon & War, and the Rolling Stones\n*03/10/70 Jethro Tull, Pentangle, and The Who\n*10/10/70 T.Rex's \"Ride A White Swan\", and The Move's \"When Alice Comes Back to the Farm\"\n*24/10/70 Advertisement for James Brown's \"Get Up (I Feel Like Being A Sex Machine)\"\n*31/10/70 Tom Jones\n*07/11/70 Matthews Southern Comfort\n*14/11/70 Don Fardon, the Hollies, Roger Cook & Kenny Everett\n*28/11/70 Elvis Presley, and Jimi Hendrix\n*05/12/70 George Harrison, Bob Dylan, and Brian Wilson\n*12/12/70 Dave Edmunds, McGuinness Flint, and Neil Diamond\n*19/12/70 ''Seasonal greetings'' (Christmas issue)\n*26/12/70 The Who, and Canned Heat\n"	"1971"	"*02/01/71 Frankie Valli and the Four Seasons\n*09/01/71 Paul McCartney\n*16/01/71 Dave Edmunds, Andy Williams, and Clive Dunn\n*23/01/71 Jethro Tull, and The Mixtures\n*30/01/71 Cliff Richard\n*06/02/71 George Harrison, and Eric Burdon\n*13/02/71 Elvis Presley\n*20/02/71 Paul McCartney & Linda McCartney\n*27/02/71 Mick Jagger, and Mungo Jerry\n*06/03/71 Elton John, and Atomic Rooster\n*20/03/71 Tom Jones\n*27/03/71 Marc Bolan\n*03/04/71 John Lennon\n*10/04/71 Neil Diamond\n*24/04/71 Ringo Starr\n*01/05/71 The Beatles\n*08/05/71 Carlos Santana\n*15/05/71 Eric Clapton, and Jimi Hendrix\n*22/05/71 Keith Emerson, and Mick Jagger\n*29/05/71 Ringo Starr\n*12/06/71 Free\n*19/06/71 Steve Winwood\n*26/06/71 The Rolling Stones\n*03/07/71 James Taylor\n*10/07/71 Creedence Clearwater Revival\n*17/07/71 Sweet\n*24/07/71 The Who\n*31/07/71 John Lennon & Yoko Ono\n*07/08/71 Marc Bolan\n*14/08/71 Jethro Tull, and Marmalade\n*28/08/71 Mick Jagger\n*04/09/71 Faces\n*11/09/71 John Fogerty of Creedence Clearwater Revival\n*18/09/71 Ten Years After\n*25/09/71 Led Zeppelin\n*02/10/71 Neil Diamond\n*09/10/71 Rod Stewart\n*16/10/71 The Who\n*23/10/71 Crosby & Nash\n*30/10/71 Redbone, and The Hollies\n*06/11/71 Elton John\n*20/11/71 Paul McCartney & Linda McCartney\n*27/11/71 The Rolling Stones\n*04/12/71 Emerson, Lake & Palmer\n*11/12/71 George Harrison\n*18/12/71 Free\n*25/12/71 Alvin Lee of Ten Years After\n"	"1972"	"*01/01/72 T.Rex\n*08/01/72 Family, Curved Air, Fleetwood Mac\n*15/01/72 Cat Stevens\n*22/01/72 T.Rex\n*29/01/72 The Rolling Stones\n*05/02/72 Marc Bolan (the first issue of the NME's transformation into a more contemporary rock weekly)\n*12/02/72 Chuck Berry\n*19/02/72 Joe Cocker\n*26/02/72 Humble Pie, and Viv Stanshall\n*04/03/72 Neil Young\n*11/03/72 Marc Bolan\n*18/03/72 Steve Marriott of Humble Pie\n*25/03/72 T.Rex\n*01/04/72 Stephen Stills, and Manassas\n*08/04/72 Joe Cocker\n*15/04/72 The Beach Boys\n*22/04/72 The Rolling Stones\n*29/04/72 T.Rex\n*06/05/72 T.Rex\n*13/05/72 Rod Stewart of The Faces\n*20/05/72 Mick Jagger, and Wishbone Ash\n*27/05/72 Janis Joplin, and The Beach Boys\n*03/06/72 Joe Cocker\n*10/06/72 Maggie Bell\n*17/06/72 The Rolling Stones\n*24/06/72 T.Rex\n*01/07/72 Jethro Tull\n*08/07/72 Paul McCartney\u2013Wings\n*15/07/72 David Bowie\n*22/07/72 Hawkwind\n*29/07/72 Ten Years After\n*05/08/72 Rod Stewart\n*12/08/72 Stephen Stills\n*19/08/72 Alice Cooper\n*26/08/72 Marc Bolan\n*02/09/72 Slade\n*09/09/72\n*16/09/72 Elvis Presley, and Mott the Hoople\n*23/09/72 Free\n*30/09/72 John Lennon\n*07/10/72 Ten Years After\n*14/10/72 Hawkwind, and Alice Cooper\n*21/10/72 Curved Air\n*28/10/72 David Cassidy\n*04/11/72 T.Rex\n*11/11/72 Led Zeppelin\n*18/11/72 Faces\n*25/11/72 Family\n*02/12/72 Chuck Berry\n*09/12/72 Slade\n*16/12/72 The Who\n*23/12/72 The Rolling Stones\n*30/12/72 Jimi Hendrix\n"	"1973"	"*06/01/73 Steeleye Span\n*13/01/73 Neil Young\n*20/01/73 Eric Clapton\n*27/01/73 Maggie Bell\n*03/02/73 Alice Cooper\n*10/02/73 Joan Baez, and Alice Cooper\n*17/02/73 T.Rex\n*24/02/73 Slade\n*03/03/73 Paul Simon, and Neil Young and Crazy Horse\n*10/03/73 Faces\n*17/03/73 David Bowie\n*24/03/73 Neil Young\n*31/03/73 Lindisfarne\n*07/04/73 Faces\n*14/04/73 David Bowie\n*21/04/73 Led Zeppelin\n*28/04/73 Slade, The Rolling Stones, and Joan Baez\n*05/05/73 Paul Simon\n*12/05/73 Maggie Bell\n*19/05/73 David Bowie\n*26/05/73 Faces\n*02/06/73 Frank Zappa, and Jimmy McCulloch\n*09/06/73 Edgar Winter\n*16/06/73 Wings\n*23/06/73 Van Morrison\n*30/06/73 Carole King\n*07/07/73 David Bowie\n*14/07/73 David Bowie\n*21/07/73 The Rolling Stones\n*28/07/73 Roxy Music\n*04/08/73 Faces\n*11/08/73 Lou Reed\n*18/08/73 Faces\n*25/08/73 Jethro Tull\n*01/09/73 Roxy Music\n*08/09/73 Ten Years After\n*15/09/73 George Harrison\n*22/09/73 The Rolling Stones\n*29/09/73 The Osmonds\n*06/10/73 Faces\n*13/10/73 Emerson, Lake & Palmer\n*20/10/73 James Dean, and Family\n*27/10/73 David Bowie, and Mick Jagger\n*03/11/73 Pink Floyd\n*10/11/73 Greg Lake of Emerson, Lake & Palmer\n** ''All issues suspended for a period of nine weeks due to a printers' strike''\n"	"1974"	"*19/01/74 Bryan Ferry\n*26/01/74 Rick Wakeman\n*02/02/74 Brian Eno\n*09/02/74 Mott the Hoople\n*16/02/74 Art Garfunkel\n*23/02/74 David Bowie\n*02/03/74 Roy Wood\n*09/03/74 Lou Reed\n*16/03/74 Gene Simmons of Kiss\n*23/03/74 Gary Glitter\n*30/03/74 Elton John\n*06/04/74 Joni Mitchell\n*13/04/74 Syd Barrett\n*20/04/74 Eric Clapton\n*27/04/74 The Who\n*04/05/74 Rod Stewart\n*11/05/74 David Bowie\n*18/05/74 Sparks\n*25/05/74 Monty Python\n*01/06/74 Van Morrison\n*08/06/74 Rick Wakeman\n*15/06/74 Keith Richards\n*22/06/74 Robin Nash (then producer of ''Top of the Pops'')\n*29/06/74 Eric Clapton\n*06/07/74 Elton John\n*13/07/74 Roxy Music\n*20/07/74 \"Was school ever like this? NME reports the schoolkids' Tommy\"\n*27/07/74 John McLaughlin\n*03/08/74 Rod Stewart\n*10/08/74 The Rolling Stones\n*17/08/74 Roxy Music\n*24/08/74 Mike Oldfield, and Robert Wyatt\n*31/08/74 Kevin Ayers\n*07/09/74 Black Oak Arkansas\n*14/09/74 Mike Oldfield\n*21/09/74 The Who\n*28/09/74 Mott the Hoople\n*05/10/74 Frank Zappa\n*12/10/74 Led Zeppelin\n*19/10/74 Alex Harvey\n*26/10/74 Faces\n*02/11/74 Virgin label tour bus\n*09/11/74 Rory Gallagher\n*16/11/74 David Bowie\n*23/11/74 Hawkwind\n*30/11/74 Yes, Faces, and The Beatles\n*07/12/74 Bad Company\n*14/12/74 Status Quo and Eric Clapton\n*21/12/74 Bryan Ferry\n*28/12/74 The Mahavishnu Orchestra, Santana, and Bachman-Turner Overdrive\n"	"1975"	"*04/01/75 The Rolling Stones\n*11/01/75 Pink Floyd\n*18/01/75 Lee Brilleaux, Average White Band, and Gregg Allman\n*25/01/75 Suzi Quatro\n*01/02/75 Little Feat\n*08/02/75 Robert Plant and Paul Rodgers\n*15/02/75 Paul Kossoff\n*22/02/75 Elton John\n*01/03/75 Ian Anderson\n*08/03/75 John Lennon\n*15/03/75 David Bowie and Art Garfunkel\n*22/03/75 Bad Company\n*29/03/75 The Who\n*05/04/75 Rick Wakeman\n*12/04/75 Ringo Starr\n*19/04/75 Japanese rock\n*26/04/75 Frank Zappa\n*03/05/75 Man\n*10/05/75 Bay City Rollers\n*17/05/75 Maria Muldaur\n*24/05/75 Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin\n*31/05/75 Wings\n*07/06/75 Billy Connolly\n*14/06/75 Dr. Feelgood\n*21/06/75 Brian Wilson\n*28/06/75 Neil Young\n*05/07/75 10cc\n*12/07/75 Eric Clapton\n*19/07/75 Bob Marley\n*26/07/75 Paul McCartney\n*02/08/75 Rod Stewart\n*09/08/75 The Who\n*16/08/75 Steve Marriott\n*23/08/75 David Bowie\n*30/08/75 Roxy Music\n*06/09/75 Alice Cooper\n*13/09/75 Genesis\n*20/09/75 Alex Harvey\n*27/09/75 Jim Morrison\n*04/10/75 Johnny Cash\n*11/10/75 Bruce Springsteen\n*18/10/75 The Who\n*25/10/75 Ozzy Osbourne of Black Sabbath\n*01/11/75 Tina Turner\n*08/11/75 ''Remember Those Fabulous 60s: The Beat Boom Revisited''\n*15/11/75 Bob Dylan and Bruce Springsteen\n*22/11/75 The Rolling Stones\n*29/11/75 Freddie Mercury\n*06/12/75 Lowell George\n*13/12/75 Rockpile 75: Bob Dylan, Lowell George, and David Bowie\n*20/12/75 Steeleye Span\n*27/12/75 Peter Gabriel\n"	"1976"	"*03/01/76 Is rock 'n' roll ready for 1976?\n*10/01/76 The Great British Music Festival audience at Olympia\n*17/01/76 Bad Company\n*24/01/76 Is rock 'n' roll an old man's game?\n*31/01/76 The Small Faces\n*07/02/76 10cc\n*14/02/76 Robert Plant of Led Zeppelin\n*21/02/76 Patti Smith\n*28/02/76 Top 100 NME singles of all time\n*06/03/76 David Bowie (\"Bowie's Back\" issue)\n*13/03/76\n*20/03/76 Phil Spector\n*27/03/76 Bobby Womack\n*03/04/76 Neil Young\n*10/04/76 Rock 'n' roll/Teddy Boy revival\n*17/04/76 Sweet\n*24/04/76 Charlie Watts\n*01/05/76 Buffy Sainte-Marie\n*08/05/76 ''How to bluff your way thru rock n roll''\n*15/05/76 David Bowie\n*22/05/76 Nils Lofgren\n*29/05/76 The Rolling Stones\n*05/06/76 Roger Daltrey\n*12/06/76 Helen Mirren\n*19/06/76 Bob Marley\n*26/06/76 Bryan Ferry\n*03/07/76 Eric Clapton\n*10/07/76 Zen and the art of cool maintenance\n*17/07/76 The Who\n*24/07/76 The Runaways\n*31/07/76 Fleetwood Mac\n*07/08/76 Eric Clapton\n*14/08/76 Ted Nugent\n*21/08/76 Blue \u00d6yster Cult\n*28/08/76\n*04/09/76\n*11/09/76 Queen\n*18/09/76 Eddie and the Hot Rods\n*25/09/76 Bob Dylan\n*02/10/76 Dr. Feelgood/Sex Pistols\n*09/10/76 Marvin Gaye\n*16/10/76 Bunny Wailer\n*23/10/76 Patti Smith\n*30/10/76 Rod Stewart\n*06/11/76 Independent record labels\n*13/11/76 Graham Parker\n*20/11/76 Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin\n*27/11/76 Brian Eno\n*04/12/76 The Kursaal Flyers\n*11/12/76 Sex Pistols and the fallout from the Bill Grundy interview on Thames Television's ''Today'' show\n*18/12/76 Jackson Browne\n*25/12/76 ''The Best albums of the year ... 1966''\n"	"1977"	"*01/01/77 Genesis\n*08/01/77 Joe Cocker\n*15/01/77 Ry Cooder\n*22/01/77 The Rolling Stones\n*29/01/77 Joan Armatrading\n*05/02/77 Television\n*12/02/77 Pink Floyd's ''Animals''\n*19/02/77 Eddie and the Hot Rods and 1977 Reader's Honours List\n*26/02/77 Led Zeppelin\n*05/03/77 Iggy Pop\n*12/03/77 Iggy Pop and David Bowie\n*19/03/77 The Damned\n*26/03/77 Bruce Springsteen\n*02/04/77 The Clash\n*09/04/77 Thin Lizzy\n*16/04/77 The Kinks\n*23/04/77 Bob Marley\n*30/04/77 Muddy Waters\n*07/05/77 The Jam\n*14/05/77 Ian Hunter\n*21/05/77 Ramones\n*28/05/77 Sex Pistols\n*04/06/77 Gene Simmons, and Dolly Parton\n*11/06/77 Britain's Nuclear power stations\n*18/06/77 The Stranglers\n*25/06/77 Van Morrison\n*02/07/77 Murder at a punk festival\n*09/07/77 Anti-Punk violence\n*16/07/77 Frankie Miller\n*23/07/77 Steve Harley\n*30/07/77 Nick Lowe\n*06/08/77 Sex Pistols\n*13/08/77 Willy DeVille of Mink DeVille\n*20/08/77 Wayne Kramer of the MC5\n*27/08/77 Elvis Presley (following his death)\n*03/09/77 Record collecting\n*10/09/77 Thin Lizzy\n*17/09/77 Iggy Pop\n*24/09/77 The Adverts\n*01/10/77 Rob Tyner of the MC5\n*08/10/77 Jean-Jacques Burnel of The Stranglers\n*15/10/77 Ian Dury\n*22/10/77 Tom Robinson\n*29/10/77 The Tubes\n*05/11/77 The Who\n*12/11/77 David Bowie\n*19/11/77 Wilko Johnson\n*26/11/77 Brian Eno\n*03/12/77 Buzzcocks\n*10/12/77 The Clash\n*17/12/77 Wire\n*24/12/77 Ian Dury and Dave Vanian\n"	"1978"	"*07/01/78 Ramones\n*14/01/78 John Lennon\n*21/01/78 Power Pop\n*28/01/78 Bob Geldof of The Boomtown Rats\n*04/02/78 Blondie, Talking Heads, Sid Vicious and Nancy Spungen\n*11/02/78 Tom Robinson Band\n*18/02/78 Bob Marley\n*25/02/78 Howard Devoto\n*04/03/78 Bryan Ferry\n*11/03/78 Sham 69\n*18/03/78 Nick Lowe\n*25/03/78 Elvis Costello\n*01/04/78 The Jam\n*08/04/78 Generation X\n*15/04/78 Ian Dury\n*22/04/78 Bob Dylan\n*29/04/78 Kraftwerk\n*06/05/78 Anti-Nazi League demonstration in London\n*13/05/78 X-Ray Spex\n*20/05/78 Jonathan Richman\n*27/05/78 Public Image Limited\n*03/06/78 Wilko Johnson\n*10/06/78 Peter Gabriel\n*17/06/78 Pete Shelley of Buzzcocks\n*24/06/78 Bob Dylan\n*01/07/78 Stonehenge\n*08/07/78 Devo\n*15/07/78 Mick Jones of The Clash\n*22/07/78 Record and Tape Piracy\n*29/07/78 Culture (band)\n*05/08/78 Keith Richards of The Rolling Stones\n*12/08/78 The Who\n*19/08/78 Paul Cook & Steve Jones of Sex Pistols\n*26/08/78 Siouxsie and the Banshees\n*02/09/78 David Bowie\n*09/09/78 Hugh Cornwell of The Stranglers\n*16/09/78 Patti Smith\n*23/09/78 Dave Edmunds\n*30/09/78 The Pop Group\n*07/10/78 The Slits\n*14/10/78 Bruce Springsteen\n*21/10/78 Andy Partridge of XTC\n*28/10/78 Elton John\n*04/11/78 The Jam\n*11/11/78 Pauline Murray of Penetration\n*18/11/78 Pere Ubu\n*25/11/78 Roxy Music\n*02/12/78 The Clash (the first issue of NME to feature the original version of the current logo, designed by Barney Bubbles)\n*09/12/78 Giorgio Moroder\n*16/12/78 Bob Geldof of The Boomtown Rats\n*23/12/78 John Lydon\n"	"1979"	"*06/01/79 French rock music\n*13/01/79 Ian Curtis of Joy Division/Bob Last of Fast Product/Here & Now (\"Nationwide Ethnic Credibility Special '79\")\n*20/01/79 Gang of Four (band)\n*27/01/79 Elvis Costello\n*03/02/79 Kevin Coyne\n*10/02/79 Jean-Jacques Burnel (of The Stranglers)\n*17/02/79 Village People\n*24/02/79 Dennis Brown\n*03/03/79 Graham Parker\n*10/03/79 Van Morrison\n*17/03/79 The Only Ones\n*24/03/79 Iggy Pop\n*31/03/79 The Human League\n*07/04/79 Nicky Tesco of The Members\n*14/04/79 The Mod revival\n*21/04/79 Linton Kwesi Johnson\n*28/04/79 Pete Shelley of Buzzcocks\n*05/05/79 Ted Nugent\n*12/05/79 British football\n*19/05/79 Bryan Ferry (then of Roxy Music)\n*26/05/79 The New Barbarians\n*02/06/79 Ian Dury\n*09/06/79 Dire Straits\n*16/06/79 Public Image Ltd\n*23/06/79 The Cramps\n*30/06/79 Steel Pulse\n*07/07/79 John Cooper Clarke\n*14/07/79 Devo\n*21/07/79 Squeeze\n*28/07/79 Talking Heads\n*04/08/79 Jimmy Page of Led Zeppelin\n*11/08/79 Joy Division\n*18/08/79 John Peel\n*25/08/79 The Specials\n*01/09/79 The Police\n*08/09/79 The Slits\n*15/09/79 Feargal Sharkey of The Undertones\n*22/09/79 Stiff Little Fingers\n*29/09/79 Debbie Harry of Blondie\n*06/10/79 Ray Davies of The Kinks\n*13/10/79 The Clash\n*20/10/79 Bob Geldof of The Boomtown Rats\n*27/10/79 Jimmy Pursey of Sham 69\n*03/11/79 Paul Weller\n*10/11/79 Bob Marley\n*17/11/79 Secret Affair\n*24/11/79 John Lydon\n*01/12/79 Richard Jobson\n*08/12/79 Nick Lowe (although this issue was officially dated to Friday 7 December, not Saturday 8th)\n*15/12/79 Marlon Brando\n*22/12/79 Review of the year\n"	"1980"	"*05/01/80 Preview of 1980 (though the date on the cover actually states 05/01/79)\n*12/01/80 Pink Military\n*19/01/80 The Jam\n*26/01/80 The Pretenders\n*02/02/80 Iggy Pop\n*09/02/80 The Specials\n*16/02/80 Rockabilly\n*23/02/80 The Selecter\n*01/03/80 Joe Ely\n*08/03/80 The Beat\n*15/03/80 Tom Petty\n*22/03/80 Paul Weller of The Jam\n*29/03/80 Women in Rock\n*05/04/80 The Teardrop Explodes\n*12/04/80 The Police\n*19/04/80 Pete Townshend of The Who\n*26/04/80 Feargal Sharkey of The Undertones\n*no NME issues for six weeks due to an NUJ strike\n*14/06/80 Ian Curtis of Joy Division (following his death)\n*21/06/80 Gang of Four\n*28/06/80 Mick Jagger of The Rolling Stones\n*05/07/80 Keith Levene of Public Image Ltd.\n*12/07/80 The Human League\n*19/07/80 Ian Dury and Wilko Johnson\n*26/07/80 Impressions of Japan (the country, not the band), with lead story on the Yellow Magic Orchestra\n*02/08/80 The Selecter\n*09/08/80 Malcolm McLaren\n*16/08/80 The Beat\n*23/08/80 NME Consumers Guide 1984\n*30/08/80 Stray Cats\n*06/09/80 A Certain Ratio\n*13/09/80 David Bowie\n*20/09/80 XTC\n*27/09/80 The Specials\n*04/10/80 Madness\n*11/10/80 Au Pairs\n*18/10/80 The Pretenders\n*25/10/80 Toyah Willcox\n*01/11/80 Captain Beefheart\n*08/11/80 Talking Heads\n*15/11/80 Brit funk\n*22/11/80 Echo & the Bunnymen\n*29/11/80 Cabaret Voltaire\n*06/12/80 UB40\n*13/12/80 John Lennon (following his death)\n*20/12/80 Christmas issue\n"	"1981"	"*03/01/81 Joe Strummer (then of The Clash)\n*10/01/81 Trans Europe Express cover (music in Eastern Europe)\n*17/01/81 Wah! Heat\n*24/01/81 NME 1980 Poll Winners\n*31/01/81 C81 tape offer\n*07/02/81 The Police\n*14/02/81 Bono of U2\n*21/02/81 Roots reggae\n*28/02/81 Marvin Gaye\n*07/03/81 Richard Jobson\n*14/03/81 John Lydon\n*21/03/81 Jap Payback - issue on Japanese music\n*28/03/81 Madness\n*04/04/81 Michael Jackson\n*11/04/81 ''Popeye''\n*18/04/81 The Scars\n*25/04/81 The Polecats\n*02/05/81 Girlschool\n*09/05/81 Clare Grogan of Altered Images and Edwyn Collins of Orange Juice\n*16/05/81 Bob Marley memorial issue\n*23/05/81 The Beat\n*30/05/81 The Treacherous Three (Rap issue)\n*06/06/81 Prince\n*13/06/81 Julian Cope of The Teardrop Explodes\n*20/06/81 James Chance\n*27/06/81 Defunkt\n*04/07/81 Kid Creole\n*11/07/81 Southall riots\n*18/07/81 ABC\n*25/07/81 Grace Jones\n*01/08/81 Spandau Ballet\n*08/08/81 The Specials\n*15/08/81 Bob Dylan\n*22/08/81 Depeche Mode\n*29/08/81 Blue Rondo a la Turk\n*05/09/81 Madness\n*12/09/81 Soft Cell\n*19/09/81 Kim Wilde\n*26/09/81 Sting\n*03/10/81 Annabella Lwin of Bow Wow Wow\n*10/10/81 The Clash\n*17/10/81 Jello Biafra of The Dead Kennedys\n*24/10/81 British youth\n*31/10/81 Scritti Politti\n*07/11/81 Rik Mayall\n*14/11/81 Mark E. Smith of The Fall\n*21/11/81 Maurice White of Earth, Wind & Fire\n*28/11/81 Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft\n*05/12/81 Elvis Presley\n*12/12/81 Coronation Street\n*19/12/81 Review of 1981\n"	"1982"	"*02/01/82 David Sylvian (then of Japan)\n*09/01/82 Vic Godard\n*16/01/82 Adam Ant\n*23/01/82 James Brown\n*30/01/82 NME Readers Poll\n*06/02/82 Kirk Brandon (then of Theatre of Hate)\n*13/02/82 Fun Boy Three\n*20/02/82 Ian McCulloch of Echo & the Bunnymen\n*27/02/82 U2\n*06/03/82 ABC\n*13/03/82 Haircut One Hundred\n*20/03/82 Peter Murphy of Bauhaus\n*27/03/82 British Electric Foundation\n*03/04/82 Norman Giscombe\n*10/04/82 The Beat\n*17/04/82 Siouxsie and the Banshees\n*24/04/82 The Associates\n*01/05/82 Boy George (then of Culture Club)\n*08/05/82 Eddie the Head of Iron Maiden\n*15/05/82 Kid Creole and the Coconuts\n*22/05/82 The Honeymoon Killers\n*29/05/82 Joe Strummer\n*05/06/82 The Human League\n*12/06/82 Rip Rig + Panic\n*19/06/82 Bryan Ferry\n*26/06/82 Laurie Anderson\n*03/07/82 Kevin Rowland of Dexys Midnight Runners\n*10/07/82 Bananarama\n*17/07/82 Talking Heads\n*24/07/82 Vince Clarke of Yazoo\n*31/07/82 Torch songs (themed issue)\n*07/08/82 John Lydon\n*14/08/82 Alfred Hitchcock\n*21/08/82 Grandmaster Flash\n*28/08/82 King Sunny Ad\u00e9\n*04/09/82 Scritti Politti\n*11/09/82 Africa (themed issue)\n*18/09/82 Gary Kendall bodybuilder\n*25/09/82 Bow Wow Wow\n*02/10/82 Southern Death Cult\n*09/10/82 Musical Youth\n*16/10/82 The Damned\n*23/10/82 Ziggy Stardust\n*30/10/82 Elvis Costello\n*06/11/82 David Sylvian\n*13/11/82 NME TV Special\n*20/11/82 Eddy Grant\n*27/11/82 Wham!\n*04/12/82 Simple Minds\n*11/12/82 Marvin Gaye\n*18/12/82 Set The Tone\n*25/12/82 Paul Weller\n"	"1983"	"*08/01/83 The Specials\n*15/01/83 The Fall\n*22/01/83 Imagination\n*29/01/83 JoBoxers\n*05/02/83 Einstuerzende Neubaten\n*12/02/83 Richard Hell\n*19/02/83 Blood and Roses and Brigandage\n*26/02/83 U2\n*05/03/83 Fun Boy Three\n*12/03/83 Stray Cats\n*19/03/83 Echo & the Bunnymen\n*26/03/83 Nick Cave\n*02/04/83 Madness\n*09/04/83 Tracie Young\n*16/04/83 David Bowie\n*23/04/83 Orange Juice\n*30/04/83 Boy George (then of Culture Club)\n*07/05/83 Jeffrey Lee Pierce of Gun Club\n*14/05/83 Siouxsie Sioux\n*21/05/83 Pete Murphy of Bauhaus\n*28/05/83 Alison Moyet (then of Yazoo)\n*04/06/83 Death Cult\n*11/06/83 Roddy Frame of Aztec Camera\n*18/06/83 Wham!\n*25/06/83 Grace Jones\n*02/07/83 Eddie and Sunshine\n*09/07/83 Curtis Mayfield\n*16/07/83 Cabaret Voltaire\n*23/07/83 New Order\n*30/07/83 Mary Jane Girls\n*06/08/83 Video game arcades\n*13/08/83 Test Dept\n*20/08/83 Ryuichi Sakamoto\n*27/08/83 General Public\n*03/09/83 Frank Bruno with the JoBoxers\n*10/09/83 Virginia Astley\n*17/09/83 Depeche Mode\n*24/09/83 Big Country\n*01/10/83 Tom Waits\n*08/10/83 Elvis Costello\n*15/10/83 Delinquents! The outsiders guide to life inside\n*22/10/83 SPK\n*29/10/83 The Assembly (Feargal Sharkey and Vince Clarke)\n*05/11/83 Frankie Goes to Hollywood\n*12/11/83 The Immaculate Consumptive\n*19/11/83 Debbie Harry\n*26/11/83 Chrissie Hynde of The Pretenders\n*03/12/83 The Police\n*10/12/83 Cocteau Twins\n*17/12/83 Animal liberation movement\n*24/12/83 Christmas issue\n"	"1984"	"\n*07/01/84 Roddy Frame of Aztec Camera\n*14/01/84 Billy Bragg\n*21/01/84 Madness\n*28/01/84 Aswad\n*04/02/84 The Smiths\n*11/02/84 Yoko Ono\n*18/02/84 NMEdia issue\n*25/02/84 The Clash\n*03/03/84 Mad axemen and guitar heroes (Heavy Metal issue)\n*10/03/84 The Style Council\n*17/03/84 Foetus\n*24/03/84 Culture Club\n*31/03/84 Hugh Masekela\n*07/04/84 Marvin Gaye (following his death)\n*14/04/84 Soul issue\n*21/04/84 The Three Johns\n*28/04/84 Bananarama\n*05/05/84 Nena\n*12/05/84 Nick Cave\n*19/05/84 Bronski Beat\n*26/05/84 Pete Burns of Dead or Alive\n\nNME was not published in June and July this year due to a NUJ strike.\n\n*04/08/84 Rik Mayall\n*11/08/84 Mike Scott of The Waterboys\n*18/08/84 Heaven 17\n*25/08/84 Sade\n*01/09/84 Afrika Bambaataa and James Brown\n*08/09/84 War on Pop issue (a polemical piece by Ian Penman)\n*15/09/84 Henry Rollins\n*22/09/84 Boy George\n*29/09/84 David Bowie\n*06/10/84 Robert De Niro\n*13/10/84 ZTT & The Art of Noise\n*20/10/84 Paul Weller\n*27/10/84 U2\n*03/11/84 The Redskins\n*10/11/84 Annie Lennox\n*17/11/84 ZZ Top\n*24/11/84 Charlie Nicholas (footballer then at Arsenal F.C.)\n*01/12/84 Chaka Khan\n*08/12/84 Cocteau Twins\n*15/12/84 Siouxsie Sioux of Siouxsie and the Banshees\n*22/12/84 Frankie Goes to Hollywood\n"	"1985"	"*05/01/85 The Triffids\n*12/01/85 Frank Sinatra\n*19/01/85 John Blake\n*26/01/85 ''Spitting Image''\n*02/02/85 Smiley Culture\n*09/02/85 Eddie Murphy\n*16/02/85 No cover artist as such (but main articles were about The Jesus and Mary Chain and The Ramones)\n*23/02/85 Morrissey\n*02/03/85 Shelagh O'Hara Brookside soap\n*09/03/85 Run-D.M.C.\n*16/03/85 James\n*23/03/85 Los Lobos\n*30/03/85 Alison Moyet\n*06/04/85 The Long Ryders\n*13/04/85 Lloyd Cole\n*20/04/85 ABC\n*27/04/85 Neil Kinnock\n*04/05/85 Can music survive in the video age?\n*11/05/85  Philip Chevron, Agnes Bernelle and Elvis Costello\n*18/05/85 \"Watching the Detectives\" themed issue\n*25/05/85 Free EP (no cover star as such, but lead story about Jimmy Somerville)\n*01/06/85 Paul Weller (then of The Style Council)\n*08/06/85 Morrissey\n*15/06/85 Sting\n*22/06/85 Bono\n*29/06/85 Jimmy White\n*06/07/85 R.E.M.\n*13/07/85 Miles Davis\n*20/07/85 Live Aid\n*27/07/85 Theresa Russell\n*03/08/85 Paddy McAloon of Prefab Sprout\n*10/08/85 Madness\n*17/08/85 The Pogues\n*24/08/85 Propaganda\n*31/08/85 Everything But The Girl\n*07/09/85 The June Brides\n*14/09/85 The Jesus and Mary Chain\n*21/09/85 J.G.Thirlwell\n*28/09/85 Bobby Womack\n*05/10/85 Boxing and soul (article by Stuart Cosgrove)\n*12/10/85 Fanzines\n*19/10/85 Tom Waits\n*26/10/85 Matt Dillon\n*02/11/85 Fine Young Cannibals\n*09/11/85 South Africa\n*16/11/85 New Order\n*23/11/85 Computer crimes\n*30/11/85 ''The 100 Greatest albums ever made''\n*07/12/85 Cameo\n*14/12/85 Robert Wyatt\n*21/12/85 Del Boy and Rodney from Only Fools and Horses\n"	"1986"	"*04/01/86 The Cramps\n*11/01/86 Andy Warhol and Debbie Harry\n*18/01/86 Billy Bragg and Junior (Red Wedge issue)\n*25/01/86 Easterhouse\n*01/02/86 Punk - Ten Years On\n*08/02/86 John Lydon\n*15/02/86 Big Audio Dynamite\n*22/02/86 Keith Richards\n*01/03/86 Comics\n*08/03/86 Sigue Sigue Sputnik\n*15/03/86 Mantronix\n*22/03/86 ''Absolute Beginners''\n*29/03/86 The Shop Assistants\n*05/04/86 Hipsway\n*12/04/86 Samantha Fox\n*19/04/86 Test Dept\n*26/04/86 Prince (blurred image)\n*03/05/86 Sade\n*10/05/86 Barry McGuigan\n*17/05/86 Boy George\n*24/05/86 Janet Jackson\n*31/05/86 The Mighty Lemon Drops\n*07/06/86 Morrissey\n*14/06/86 Why British black music has no chance - polemical piece by Paolo Hewitt\n*21/06/86 Sonic Youth\n*28/06/86 George Michael\n*05/07/86 The Jesus and Mary Chain\n*12/07/86 Matt Johnson of The The\n*19/07/86 Run-D.M.C.\n*26/07/86 Zodiac Mindwarp\n*02/08/86 Jam and Lewis\n*09/08/86 Chicago house\n*16/08/86 Mick Hucknall of Simply Red\n*23/08/86 David Sylvian\n*30/08/86 Daley Thompson\n*06/09/86 Dwight Yoakam\n*13/09/86 The Yo Boys (article about hip hop by Paolo Hewitt)\n*20/09/86 Sex (themed issue), also a free EP - Phil Oakey of The Human League\n*27/09/86 Trouble Funk\n*04/10/86 Blackie Lawless of W.A.S.P.\n*11/10/86 Big Audio Dynamite\n*18/10/86 Courtney Pine\n*25/10/86 Voting (themed issue)\n*01/11/86 Shinehead\n*08/11/86 Youth suicide (themed issue)\n*15/11/86 Cilla Black\n*22/11/86 Swing Out Sister\n*29/11/86 Sly and Robbie\n*06/12/86 Elvis Presley (though the cover story in this issue, written by Stuart Cosgrove, was actually a criticism of the US military presence in Britain using Presley's image as symbolic, not an article about Presley himself)\n*13/12/86 Madonna\n*20/12/86 Pet Shop Boys\n"	"1987"	"*03/01/87 Robbie Coltrane\n*10/01/87 The Style Council\n*17/01/87 Beastie Boys\n*24/01/87 Julian Cope\n*31/01/87 Hot House\n*07/02/87 Free EP given away - no cover star\n*14/02/87 The Smiths\n*21/02/87 The Bhundu Boys\n*28/02/87 Terence Trent D'Arby\n*07/03/87 Paula Yates\n*14/03/87 U2\n*21/03/87 Speed metal issue\n*28/03/87 The Weather Prophets\n*04/04/87 Salt-n-Pepa\n*11/04/87 Baby Amphetamine\n*18/04/87 Rhythm Kingdom issue\n*25/04/87 Deacon Blue\n*02/05/87 Shane MacGowan\n*09/05/87 Def Jam\n*16/05/87 Suzanne Vega\n*23/05/87 The Housemartins\n*30/05/87 The Blow Monkeys and Curtis Mayfield\n*06/06/87 U2\n*13/06/87 Neil Kinnock\n*20/06/87 George Michael\n*27/06/87 Trouble Funk\n*04/07/87 Terence Trent D'Arby\n*11/07/87 Steal It - The Pop Theft Epidemic\n*18/07/87 Bruce Springsteen\n*25/07/87 Grebo \n*01/08/87 Hue and Cry\n*08/08/87 The Jesus and Mary Chain\n*15/08/87 The Primitives\n*22/08/87 The Stupids\n*29/08/87 Summer special\n*05/09/87 Michelle Shocked\n*12/09/87 That Petrol Emotion\n*19/09/87 The Motorcycle Boy (an infamous issue in which this little-known indie band were elevated to the cover after a themed issue on censorship was itself censored, and Stuart Cosgrove sacked)\n*26/09/87 Lloyd Cole\n*03/10/87 Pop Will Eat Itself\n*10/10/87 Chuck D and Eric B\n*17/10/87 Los Lobos\n*24/10/87 The Sugarcubes\n*31/10/87 The Fall\n*07/11/87 Eurythmics\n*14/11/87 Coldcut\n*21/11/87 Yargo\n*28/11/87 Peter Gabriel\n*05/12/87 The Cult\n*12/12/87 Krush\n*19/12/87 New Order\n"	"1988"	"*02/01/88 The Pogues\n*09/01/88 Renegade Soundwave\n*16/01/88 Red Hot Chili Peppers\n*23/01/88 Sweet Tee\n*30/01/88 70s special\n*06/02/88 The Wedding Present\n*13/02/88 Morrissey\n*20/02/88 Sting\n*27/02/88 Bomb the Bass\n*05/03/88 The Madness\n*12/03/88 Iron Maiden\n*19/03/88 T'Pau\n*26/03/88 James Brown\n*02/04/88 R.E.M.\n*09/04/88 The Wonder Stuff\n*16/04/88 Harry Enfield (as Loadsamoney)\n*23/04/88 Terence Trent D'Arby\n*30/04/88 Nasty Rox Inc\n*07/05/88 Derek B\n*14/05/88 Liverpool F.C.\n*21/05/88 The Housemartins\n*28/05/88 Billy Bragg\n*04/06/88 UB40\n*11/06/88 Pop Will Eat Itself\n*18/06/88 Roddy Frame and Joe Strummer for Amnesty International\n*25/06/88 Gary Glitter and The Justified Ancients of Mu Mu\n*02/07/88 The Pogues\n*09/07/88 Pink Floyd\n*16/07/88 Acid house\n*23/07/88 Hothouse Flowers\n*30/07/88 The House of Love\n*06/08/88 The Psychedelic Furs\n*13/08/88 Nick Cave\n*20/08/88 The Proclaimers\n*27/08/88 The Primitives\n*03/09/88 Bj\u00f6rk of The Sugarcubes\n*10/09/88 That Petrol Emotion\n*17/09/88 Mark E. Smith\n*24/09/88 The Mission\n*01/10/88 Bananarama\n*08/10/88 Public Enemy\n*15/10/88 Pet Shop Boys\n*22/10/88 U2\n*29/10/88 Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor\n*05/11/88 Todd Terry\n*12/11/88 Zeke Manyika\n*19/11/88 Acid House crackdown\n*26/11/88 Napalm Death\n*03/12/88 Neneh Cherry\n*10/12/88 Various artists (\"''Work Is A Four Letter Word - the dodgy pasts of your favourite artists''\")\n*17/12/88 Bros\n*24/12/88 Harry Enfield\n"	"1989"	"*07/01/89 Miles Hunt of The Wonder Stuff, Andrea of The Darling Buds and Guy Chadwick of The House of Love\n*14/01/89 The Wedding Present\n*21/01/89 Def Leppard\n*28/01/89 New Order\n*04/02/89 Jim Kerr of Simple Minds\n*11/02/89 Morrissey\n*18/02/89 Elvis Costello\n*25/02/89 Mark E. Smith, Shane MacGowan and Nick Cave\n*04/03/89 The Adult Net\n*11/03/89 Sonic Youth\n*18/03/89 Michael Hutchence of INXS\n*25/03/89 Matt Johnson of The The\n*01/04/89 Fine Young Cannibals\n*08/04/89 Robert Smith of The Cure\n*15/04/89 The Triffids\n*22/04/89 Stevie Wonder\n*29/04/89 Pop Will Eat Itself\n*06/05/89 The Wonder Stuff\n*13/05/89 Natalie Merchant of 10,000 Maniacs\n*20/05/89 The Football/Rock connection\n*27/05/89 Tanita Tikaram\n*03/06/89 Peter Gabriel and Youssou N'Dour\n*10/06/89 Lou Reed\n*17/06/89 Danny Wilson (band)\n*24/06/89 Tone Loc\n*01/07/89 The Pogues\n*08/07/89 Simple Minds\n*15/07/89 Beastie Boys\n*22/07/89 Birdland\n*29/07/89 Fuzzbox\n*05/08/89 Michael Stipe\n*12/08/89 Eurythmics\n*19/08/89 Pet Shop Boys and Liza Minnelli\n*26/08/89 Ian McCulloch\n*02/09/89 The Sugarcubes\n*09/09/89 John Peel's 50th birthday\n*16/09/89 Morrissey\n*23/09/89 The Cult\n*30/09/89 Jesus and Mary Chain\n*07/10/89 Kate Bush\n*14/10/89 Terence Trent D'Arby\n*21/10/89 De La Soul\n*28/10/89 Debbie Harry\n*04/11/89 Wendy James\n*11/11/89 Revenge\n*18/11/89 The Stone Roses\n*25/11/89 The Beautiful South\n*02/12/89 Shaun Ryder and Tony Wilson\n*09/12/89 Neneh Cherry\n*16/12/89 U2\n*23/12/89 The Stone Roses\n"	"1990"	"*06/01/90 The Sundays\n*13/01/90 Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor\n*20/01/90 Mark E Smith of The Fall\n*27/01/90 Lloyd Cole\n*03/02/90 Guy Chadwick of The House of Love\n*10/02/90 Birdland\n*17/02/90 Depeche Mode\n*24/02/90 Lemmy of Mot\u00f6rhead and Fuzzbox\n*03/03/90 Inspiral Carpets\n*10/03/90 'Travel Broadens The Mind' special, main feature Midnight Oil\n*17/03/90 The Stone Roses\n*24/03/90 Jazzie B of Soul II Soul\n*31/03/90 Shaun Ryder of Happy Mondays\n*07/04/90 Beats International\n*14/04/90 Lenny Kravitz, and Slash\n*21/04/90 My Bloody Valentine\n*28/04/90 Billy Idol\n*05/05/90 The Wonderstuff\n*12/05/90 The Beautiful South\n*19/05/90 John Barnes and Bernard Sumner of New Order\n*26/05/90 Vic Reeves\n*02/06/90 The Hothouse Flowers\n*09/06/90 They Might Be Giants\n*16/06/90 Northside\n*23/06/90 Happy Mondays\n*30/06/90 The Beloved\n*07/07/90 Tim Booth of James\n*14/07/90 Flowered Up\n*21/07/90 Frank Black of The Pixies\n*28/07/90 Bobby Gillespie of Primal Scream\n*04/08/90 New Order\n*11/08/90 Paddy McAloon of Prefab Sprout\n*18/08/90 Electronic\n*25/08/90 The Farm\n*01/09/90 World Party\n*08/09/90 Adamski\n*15/09/90 Tim Burgess of The Charlatans\n*22/09/90 Pet Shop Boys\n*29/09/90 Mike Scott of The Waterboys\n*06/10/90 Happy Mondays\n*13/10/90 The Soup Dragons\n*20/10/90 Lush\n*27/10/90 Robert Smith of The Cure\n*03/11/90 Public Enemy\n*10/11/90 The Inspiral Carpets\n*17/11/90 Betty Boo\n*24/11/90 Donovan and Trevor and Simon\n*01/12/90 Julee Cruise\n*08/12/90 The Mission\n*15/12/90 The Beautiful South\n*22/12/90 Shaun Ryder and Bez\n"	"1991"	"*05/01/91 EMF\n*12/01/91 KLF\n*19/01/91 PWEI\n*26/01/91 Jesus Jones\n*02/02/91 The Charlatans\n*09/02/91 Dee Lite\n*16/02/91 Happy Mondays\n*23/02/91 R.E.M.\n*02/03/91 Carter USM\n*09/03/91 The Clash\n*16/03/91 Inspiral Carpets\n*23/03/91 R.E.M.\n*30/03/91 Ned's Atomic Dustbin\n*06/04/91 James\n*13/04/91 The Wonder Stuff\n*20/04/91 Johnny Marr\n*27/04/91 Gary Clail\n*04/05/91 Neil Young\n*11/05/91 James\n*18/05/91 Morrissey\n*25/05/91 Pet Shop Boys\n*01/06/91 Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor\n*08/06/91 The Shamen\n*15/06/91 Erasure\n*22/06/91 Anthrax\n*29/06/91 Billy Bragg\n*06/07/91 The Wedding Present\n*13/07/91 Ice-T\n*20/07/91 Blur\n*27/07/91 Metallica\n*03/08/91 The Farm\n*10/08/91 Teenage Fan Club\n*17/08/91 The Wonderstuff\n*24/08/91 Neds Atomic Dustbin\n*31/08/91 The Cult\n*07/09/91 EMF\n*14/09/91 David Bowie\n*21/09/91 Carter USM\n*28/09/91 Primal Scream\n*05/10/91 Frank Black\n*12/10/91 Chapterhouse\n*19/10/91 Morrissey\n*26/10/91 The Other Two (Stephen Morris and Gillian Gilbert from New Order)\n*02/11/91 The Charlatans\n*09/11/91 My Bloody Valentine\n*16/11/91 Happy Mondays\n*23/11/91 Nirvana\n*30/11/91 Tony Wilson\n*07/12/91 Vic & Bob\n*14/12/91 The Wonderstuff\n*21/12/91 EMF and Carter USM\n"	"1992"	"*04/01/92 Teenage Fanclub\n*11/01/92 Kingmaker\n*18/01/92 LFO\n*25/01/92 James\n*01/02/92 Teenage Fanclub\n*08/02/92 Ride\n*15/02/92 Manic Street Preachers\n*22/02/92 Curve\n*29/02/92 The KLF\n*07/03/92 Beautiful South\n*14/03/92 The Senseless Things\n*21/03/92 U2\n*28/03/92 Blur\n*04/04/92 PJ Harvey\n*11/04/92 Carter USM\n*18/04/92 The Cure & The Sisters Of Mercy\n*25/04/92 Mega City Four\n*02/05/92 Superchunk\n*09/05/92 Morrissey (NME's 40th birthday issue)\n*16/05/92 The Levellers\n*23/05/92 The Fatima Mansions\n*30/05/92 Manic Street Preachers\n*06/06/92 The Disposable Heroes of Hiphoprisy\n*13/06/92 U2\n*20/06/92 Faith No More\n*27/06/92 Carter USM\n*04/07/92 Sonic Youth\n*11/07/92 Cud\n*18/07/92 Spiritualized\n*25/07/92 Indie special, and ''The 100 Greatest Independent Records''\n*01/08/92 Lollapalooza\n*08/08/92 Ice-T\n*15/08/92 Babes In Toyland\n*22/08/92 Morrissey\n*29/08/92 Nirvana\n*05/09/92 Suede\n*12/09/92 The Frank and Walters\n*19/09/92 The Sundays\n*26/09/92 Madonna\n*03/10/92 Manic Street Preachers\n*10/10/92 The Orb\n*17/10/92 Bob Mould\n*24/10/92 Kingmaker\n*31/10/92 Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor\n*07/11/92 Therapy?\n*14/11/92 Carter USM\n*21/11/92 Rob Newman & David Baddiel\n*28/11/92 Nick Cave & Shane McGowan\n*05/12/92 Ice Cube\n*12/12/92 The Wedding Present\n*19/12/92 Suede\n"	"1993"	"*02/01/93 Michael Stipe of R.E.M.\n*09/01/93 Back to the Planet\n*16/01/93 Tanya Donelly\n*23/01/93 Faith No More\n*30/01/93 Julian Cope\n*06/02/93 Saint Etienne\n*13/02/93 Frank Black\n*20/02/93 Brett Anderson of Suede\n*27/02/93 The Shamen\n*06/03/93 The Charlatans\n*13/03/93 Ice-T\n*20/03/93 David Bowie and Brett Anderson of Suede\n*27/03/93 Evan Dando of The Lemonheads\n*03/04/93 Bob Mould\n*10/04/93 New Order\n*17/04/93 Courtney Love\n*24/04/93 PJ Harvey\n*01/05/93 Rage Against the Machine\n*08/05/93 ''Convoy Clampdown - an anti-Criminal Justice Bill special''\n*15/05/93 Stereo MC's\n*22/05/93 U2\n*29/05/93 The Stone Roses\n*05/06/93 The Velvet Underground\n*12/06/93 The Cure\n*19/06/93 Teenage Fanclub\n*26/06/93 Suede\n*03/07/93 Glastonbury Festival\n*10/07/93 Richey Edwards of Manic Street Preachers, MC Fusion of Credit to the Nation and Matty Blagg of Blaggers ITA\n*17/07/93 The Black Crowes\n*24/07/93 Nirvana\n*31/07/93 Orbital\n*07/08/93 The Breeders\n*14/08/93 Bj\u00f6rk\n*21/08/93 New Order\n*28/08/93 Carter USM\n*04/09/93 Billy Corgan of The Smashing Pumpkins\n*11/09/93 The Wonderstuff\n*18/09/93 Vic & Bob\n*25/09/93 Evan Dando of The Lemonheads\n*02/10/93 Michael Jackson\n*09/10/93 The Levellers\n*16/10/93 Jamiroquai\n*23/10/93 Senser\n*30/10/93 The Orb\n*06/11/93 Suede\n*13/11/93 Rob Newman & David Baddiel\n*20/11/93 Morrissey and Johnny Marr of The Smiths (to mark their tenth anniversary)\n*27/11/93 John Lydon and Leftfield\n*04/12/93 James\n*11/12/93 Ice-T\n*18/12/93 The Boo Radleys\n*25/12/93 Bj\u00f6rk and Evan Dando\n"	"1994"	"*08/01/94 Elastica\n*15/01/94 Therapy?\n*22/01/94 Primal Scream\n*29/01/94 The Smashing Pumpkins\n*05/02/94 Justine Frischmann, Thom Yorke and Brett Anderson\n*12/02/94 The 10th anniversary of Creation Records\n*19/02/94 Cypress Hill\n*26/02/94 Elvis Costello\n*05/03/94 Blur\n*12/03/94 Kurt Cobain (in a coma following a drug overdose)\n*19/03/94 Paul Weller\n*26/03/94 Morrissey\n*02/04/94 Nick Cave\n*09/04/94 Jarvis Cocker of Pulp and Jo Brand\n*16/04/94 Kurt Cobain (following his death)\n*23/04/94 Courtney Love\n*30/04/94 The Levellers\n*07/05/94 Evan Dando\n*14/05/94 Snoop Doggy Dogg\n*21/05/94 Pet Shop Boys with Joanna Lumley and Jennifer Saunders (promoting ''Absolutely Fabulous'' single).\n*28/05/94 Manic Street Preachers\n*04/06/94 Oasis\n*11/06/94 Crowded House\n*18/06/94 Rage Against the Machine\n*25/06/94 Blur\n*02/07/94 Glastonbury Festival\n*09/07/94 Brian Jones\n*16/07/94 The Wonderstuff\n*23/07/94 S*M*A*S*H\n*30/07/94 Lollapalooza\n*06/08/94 Oasis\n*13/08/94 Bob Mould\n*20/08/94 Red Hot Chili Peppers\n*27/08/94 Primal Scream\n*03/09/94 Suede\n*10/09/94 Paul Weller\n*17/09/94 R.E.M.\n*24/09/94 The Cranberries\n*01/10/94 Richey Edwards of Manic Street Preachers\n*08/10/94 Blur\n*15/10/94 The Prodigy\n*22/10/94 Neil Young\n*29/10/94 Suede\n*05/11/94 Green Day\n*12/11/94 The Black Crowes\n*19/11/94 The Stone Roses\n*26/11/94 Therapy?\n*03/12/94 Chuck D and Ice Cube\n*10/12/94 Beastie Boys\n*17/12/94 Noel Gallagher and Justine Frischmann\n*24/12/94 Michael Stipe of R.E.M.\n"	"1995"	"*07/01/95 Gene\n*14/01/95 Suede\n*21/01/95 Belly\n*28/01/95 PJ Harvey\n*04/02/95 Blur\n*11/02/95 Elastica\n*18/02/95 Faith No More\n*25/02/95 Elton John\n*04/03/95 The Stone Roses\n*11/03/95 Prince\n*18/03/95 The Boo Radleys\n*25/03/95 East 17\n*01/04/95 Tricky\n*08/04/95 Nirvana\n*15/04/95 Supergrass\n*22/04/95 Bj\u00f6rk\n*29/04/95 Hole\n*06/05/95 The Prodigy\n*13/05/95 Paul Weller\n*20/05/95 Therapy?\n*27/05/95 Dodgy\n*03/06/95 Rod Stewart\n*10/06/95 Elastica\n*17/06/95 Blur\n*24/06/95 Robert Smith of The Cure\n*01/07/95 Glastonbury Festival\n*08/07/95 Keith Richards\n*15/07/95 Neil Young\n*22/07/95 R.E.M.\n*29/07/95 The Cranberries\n*05/08/95 Black Grape\n*12/08/95 Blur and Oasis\n*19/08/95 Foo Fighters\n*26/08/95 Blur\n*02/09/95 Green Day\n*09/09/95 The Stone Roses, Oasis & The Boo Radleys\n*16/09/95 Blur\n*23/09/95 Pulp\n*30/09/95 Oasis\n*07/10/95 Kylie Minogue and Nick Cave\n*14/10/95 Ash\n*21/10/05 Bono\n*28/10/95 Tricky\n*04/11/95 Tim Burgess of The Charlatans\n*11/11/95 The Beautiful South\n*18/11/95 Jarvis Cocker\n*25/11/95 David Bowie\n*02/12/95 Madonna\n*09/12/95 Radiohead\n*16/12/95 Black Grape\n*23/12/95 Oasis/Blur/Pulp\n"	"1996"	"*06/01/96 Ash\n*13/01/96 The Bluetones\n*20/01/96 Cast\n*27/01/96 Nick Cave\n*03/02/96 Noel Gallagher of Oasis\n*10/02/96 Rocket From The Crypt\n*17/02/96 Oasis\n*24/02/96 Pulp\n*02/03/96 Pulp\n*09/03/96 Bruce Springsteen\n*16/03/96 Garbage\n*23/03/96 The Prodigy\n*30/03/96 Black Grape\n*06/04/96 The Stone Roses\n*13/04/96 The Bluetones\n*20/04/96 The Stone Roses\n*27/04/96 Blur\n*04/05/96 Liam Gallagher of Oasis\n*11/05/96 Manic Street Preachers\n*18/05/96 Baddiel & Skinner and The Lightning Seeds\n*25/05/96 Dodgy\n*01/06/96 Bis\n*08/06/96 Ocean Colour Scene\n*15/06/96 Sex Pistols\n*22/06/96 Electronic\n*29/06/96 Ash\n*06/07/96 Dave Grohl of the Foo Fighters\n*13/07/96 Underworld\n*20/07/96 Bj\u00f6rk\n*27/07/96 Suede\n*03/08/96 Robbie Williams\n*10/08/96 Oasis\n*17/08/96 Pulp\n*24/08/96 R.E.M.\n*31/08/96 The Stone Roses\n*07/09/96 Oasis\n*14/09/96 Metallica\n*21/09/96 Oasis\n*28/09/96 The Bluetones\n*05/10/96 Chemical Brothers\n*12/10/96 Manic Street Preachers\n*19/10/96 Suede\n*26/10/96 Garbage\n*02/11/96 Baby Bird\n*09/11/96 Kula Shaker\n*16/11/96 Fugees\n*23/11/96 Spice Girls\n*30/11/96 Snoop Doggy Dogg\n*07/12/96 Louise Wener of Sleeper\n*14/12/96 Prince\n*21/12/96 Noel and Liam Gallagher as part of a special wrapping paper style design for Christmas issue. Actual cover featured Dermot Morgan of ''Father Ted''.\n"	"1997"	"*04/01/97 Elastica\n*11/01/97 Blur\n*18/01/97 Depeche Mode\n*25/01/97 Reef\n*01/02/97 Oasis\n*08/02/97 Noel Gallagher of Oasis\n*15/02/97 The Drugs Issue\n*22/02/97 Space\n*01/03/97 Kula Shaker\n*08/03/97 U2\n*15/03/97 The Divine Comedy\n*22/03/97 The Charlatans\n*29/03/97 Supergrass\n*05/04/97 Cast\n*12/04/97 Daft Punk\n*19/04/97 Orbital\n*26/04/97 The Seahorses\n*03/05/97 Primal Scream\n*10/05/97 Mansun\n*17/05/97 Placebo\n*24/05/97 Spiritualized\n*31/05/97 The Charlatans\n*07/06/97 The Verve\n*14/06/97 Ocean Colour Scene\n*21/06/97 Radiohead\n*28/06/97 The Prodigy\n*05/07/97 Glastonbury Festival\n*12/07/97 Oasis\n*19/07/97 Shaun Ryder\n*26/07/97 Paul Weller\n*02/08/97 The Prodigy\n*09/08/97 Dave Grohl of Foo Fighters\n*16/08/97 Blur\n*23/08/97 The Verve\n*30/08/97 Reading Festival\n*06/09/97 Primal Scream\n*13/09/97 Mark Morrison\n*20/09/97 Oasis\n*27/09/97 Mansun\n*04/10/97 Oasis\n*11/10/97 U2\n*18/10/97 Ash\n*25/10/97 Embrace\n*01/11/97 Goldie\n*08/11/97 Pulp\n*15/11/97 Metallica\n*22/11/97 The Charlatans & The Verve\n*29/11/97 Blur\n*06/12/97 The Fast Show\n*13/12/97 Radiohead\n*20/12/97 Oasis\n*27/12/97 Oasis\n"	"1998"	"*03/01/98 Ian Brown\n*10/01/98 Bernard Butler\n*17/01/98 The Verve\n*24/01/98 Stereophonics\n*31/01/98 The Bluetones\n*07/02/98 The Verve\n*14/02/98 Cornershop\n*21/02/98 Primal Scream\n*28/02/98 Space\n*07/03/98 Madonna\n*14/03/98 Tony Blair (an attack on New Labour policy using the slogan \"Rock and Roll takes on the Government\")\n*21/03/98 Aphex Twin\n*28/03/98 Pulp\n*04/04/98 Lo Fidelity Allstars\n*11/04/98 Massive Attack\n*18/04/98 Vic Reeves, Neil Tennant and Brett Anderson\n*25/04/98 Fatboy Slim\n*02/05/98 Jeff Buckley\n*09/05/98 Nick Cave\n*16/05/98 Super Furry Animals\n*23/05/08 Embrace\n*30/05/98 The Verve\n*06/06/98 Ultrasound\n*13/06/98 Image of a burning guitar with a Union Jack design in the style of Noel Gallagher's, headline 'Why British music is going up in smoke'\n*20/06/98 Mansun\n*27/06/98 Damon Albarn\n*04/07/98 Glastonbury Festival\n*11/07/98 Beastie Boys\n*18/07/98 The Verve\n*25/07/98 The Beta Band\n*01/08/98 Manic Street Preachers\n*08/08/98 Placebo\n*15/08/98 Embrace\n*22/08/98 All Saints\n*29/08/98 Robbie Williams (V Festival review)\n*05/09/98 Reading and Leeds Festivals\n*12/09/98 Marilyn Manson\n*19/09/98 Manic Street Preachers\n*26/09/98 Hole\n*03/10/98 PJ Harvey\n*10/10/98 Stereophonics\n*17/10/98 Alanis Morissette\n*24/10/98 R.E.M.\n*31/10/98 Oasis\n*07/11/98 Robbie Williams\n*14/11/98 Beck\n*21/11/98 Mercury Rev\n*28/11/98 Fat Les\n*05/12/98 Massive Attack\n*14/11/98 Beck\n*21/12/98 Manic Street Preachers\n"	"1999"	"*02/01/99 Gomez\n*09/01/99 Idlewild\n*16/01/99 Placebo\n*23/01/99 Courtney Love and Michael Stipe\n*30/01/99 ''South Park''\n*06/02/99 Ian Brown\n*13/02/99 Blur\n*20/02/99 Happy Mondays\n*27/02/99 Blur\n*06/03/99 Oasis\n*13/03/99 Brett Anderson\n*20/03/99 Aphex Twin\n*27/03/99 Cerys Matthews of Catatonia\n*03/04/99 Mogwai\n*10/04/99 Stereophonics\n*17/04/99 Armand Van Helden and Fatboy Slim\n*24/04/99 Cast\n*01/05/99 Marilyn Manson\n*08/05/99 The Verve\n*15/05/99 Supergrass\n*22/05/99 Super Furry Animals\n*29/05/99 Gay Dad\n*05/06/99 The Chemical Brothers\n*12/06/99 Liam Gallagher of Oasis\n*19/06/99 Beta Band\n*26/06/99 Glastonbury Festival\n*03/07/99 Courtney Love\n*10/07/99 Eminem\n*17/07/99 Marilyn Manson\n*24/07/99 Godspeed You! Black Emperor\n*31/07/99 Travis\n*07/08/99 The Charlatans\n*14/08/99 Oasis\n*21/08/99 Mel C\n*28/08/99 Manic Street Preachers\n*04/09/99 Blur\n*11/09/99 Leftfield\n*18/09/99 Death In Vegas\n*25/09/99 Manic Street Preachers\n*02/10/99 Campag Velocet\n*09/10/99 Manic Street Preachers\n*16/10/99 Beck\n*23/10/99 Mick Head of Shack\n*30/10/99 ''The Halloween Project'' (\"\u2026in search of rock's worst nightmares\")\n*06/11/99 Embrace\n*13/11/99 Primal Scream\n*20/11/99 Beastie Boys\n*27/11/99 Korn\n*04/12/99 Fun Lovin' Criminals\n*11/12/99 Oasis\n*18/12/99 Oasis\n*25/12/99 Richard Ashcroft\n"	"2000"	"*08/01/00 Slipknot\n*15/01/00 Terris\n*22/01/00 Asian Dub Foundation\n*29/01/00 Rage Against the Machine\n*05/02/00 NME Awards Preview\n*12/02/00 Paul McCartney and Shaun Ryder\n*19/02/00 Oasis\n*26/02/00 Kelis\n*04/03/00 AC/DC\n*11/03/00 Embrace\n*18/03/00 Cannabis\n*25/03/00 Coldplay\n*01/04/00 Cypress Hill\n*08/04/00 Stereophonics\n*15/04/00 Ken Livingstone\n*22/04/00 Eminem\n*29/04/00 Ali G\n*06/05/00 The Charlatans\n*13/05/00 Anarchy in the UK (after the May Day violence in Trafalgar Square)\n*20/05/00 Stuart Murdoch of Belle & Sebastian\n*27/05/00 Doves\n*03/06/00 Travis\n*10/06/00 Napster\n*17/06/00 Richard Ashcroft\n*24/06/00 Radiohead\n*01/07/00 Glastonbury Festival\n*08/07/00 Coldplay\n*15/07/00 Oasis\n*22/07/00 Craig David\n*29/07/00 Queens of the Stone Age\n*05/08/00 Bloodhound Gang\n*12/08/00 Eminem\n*19/08/00 Richard Ashcroft\n*26/08/00 Oasis\n*02/09/00 Limp Bizkit\n*09/09/00 Marilyn Manson\n*16/09/00 Slipknot\n*23/09/00 At the Drive-In\n*30/09/00 Muse\n*07/10/00 Moby & Kelis\n*14/10/00 U2\n*21/10/00 Fatboy Slim\n*28/10/00 The Live Issue\n*04/11/00 Damon Albarn\n*11/11/00 Wu-Tang Clan\n*18/11/00 Amen\n*25/11/00 Kelly Jones\n*02/12/00 David Bowie\n*09/12/00 \"''The Pictures They Didn't Want You To See''\"\n*16/12/00 Badly Drawn Boy\n*23/12/00 Christmas issue\n"	"2001"	"*06/01/01 32 New Stars For 2001\n*13/01/01 Manic Street Preachers\n*20/01/01 JJ72\n*27/01/01 \"Sex, Drugs & Rock Journalism\n*03/02/01 Amen, Starsailor, JJ72 & Alfie (NME Tour)\n*10/02/01 Hip hop Special\n*17/02/01 NME Awards special - Bono, Noel and Liam Gallagher\n*24/02/01 Popstars\n*03/03/01 Manic Street Preachers\n*10/03/01 Stereophonics\n*17/03/01 Gorillaz & Daft Punk\n*24/03/01 Britain's Youth\n*31/03/01 Missy Elliott\n*07/04/01 Miami Dance Conference\n*14/04/01 Starsailor\n*21/04/01 \"We Love NY\"\n*28/04/01 Destiny's Child\n*05/05/01 Mogwai\n*12/05/01 Basement Jaxx\n*19/05/01 Radiohead\n*26/05/01 Air\n*02/06/01 Pulp\n*09/06/01 The Strokes\n*16/06/01 Outkast\n*23/06/01 Travis\n*30/06/01 Super Furry Animals\n*07/07/01 Aaliyah\n*14/07/01 Roger Sanchez\n*21/07/01 Spiritualized\n*28/07/01 Summer 2001 Riots\n*04/08/01 Mercury Rev\n*11/08/01 The White Stripes\n*18/08/01 The Charlatans\n*25/08/01 The Strokes\n*01/09/01 Eminem (Reading and Leeds Festivals review)\n*08/09/01 Slipknot\n*15/09/01 Courtney Love\n*22/09/01 Starsailor\n*29/09/01 Oasis\n*06/10/01 Aphex Twin\n*13/10/01 Gorillaz\n*20/10/01 Andrew WK\n*27/10/01 \"Guitar Britain\"\n*03/11/01 The White Stripes\n*10/11/01 Muse\n*17/11/01 Cannabis (New Laws)\n*24/11/01 So Solid Crew\n*01/12/01 Courtney Love\n*08/12/01 ''Top 50 Albums of the Year''\n*15/12/01 NME Review of the Year\n"	"2002"	"*05/01/02 Black Rebel Motorcycle Club\n*12/01/02 Jay-Z\n*19/01/02 Travis, Ryan Adams & Starsailor\n*26/01/02 Jimmy Eat World (emo special)\n*02/02/02 The Hives\n*09/02/02 Richard Ashcroft & The Chemical Brothers\n*16/02/02 Oasis\n*23/02/02 Kylie Minogue\n*02/03/02 The Strokes\n*09/03/02 The Strokes & Kylie Minogue\n*16/03/02 The Streets\n*23/03/02 System of a Down\n*30/03/02 The Lostprophets\n*06/04/02 Oasis\n*13/04/02 Doves\n*20/04/02 Oasis (50th Birthday issue)\n*27/04/02 Hundred Reasons\n*04/05/02 The Hives\n*11/05/02 Eminem\n*18/05/02 Black Rebel Motorcycle Club\n*25/05/02 ''The Osbournes''\n*08/06/02 The Libertines\n*15/06/02 Oasis\n*22/06/02 The Prodigy\n*29/06/02 Coldplay\n*06/07/02 Glastonbury Festival\n*13/07/02 Oasis\n*20/07/02 The Vines\n*27/07/02 The Coral\n*03/08/02 Radiohead\n*10/08/02 Queens of the Stone Age\n*17/08/02 The Music\n*24/08/02 The Strokes\n*31/08/02 The White Stripes\n*07/09/02 Coldplay\n*14/09/02 Black Rebel Motorcycle Club\n*21/09/02 Oasis\n*28/09/02 The Cooper Temple Clause\n*05/10/02 The Datsuns\n*12/10/02 The Vines\n*19/10/02 The Libertines\n*26/10/02 Queens of the Stone Age\n*02/11/02 The White Stripes\n*09/11/02 Nirvana\n*16/11/02 The Strokes\n*23/11/02 Foo Fighters\n*30/11/02 Black Rebel Motorcycle Club\n*07/12/02 The Streets\n*14/12/02 Oasis\n*21 & 28/12/02 Coldplay\n"	"2003"	"*04/01/03 Radiohead\n*11/01/03 Joe Strummer\n*18/01/03 Eminem\n*25/01/03 The Datsuns\n*01/02/03 Kelly Osbourne\n*08/02/03 The Vines\n*15/02/03 Courtney Love\n*22/02/03 Coldplay & Oasis\n*01/03/03 The White Stripes\n*08/03/03 Yeah Yeah Yeahs\n*15/03/03 Oasis\n*22/03/03 Avril Lavigne\n*29/03/03 Interpol\n*05/04/03 The White Stripes\n*12/04/03 Yeah Yeah Yeahs\n*19/04/03 Hot Hot Heat\n*26/04/03 Coldplay\n*03/05/03 Radiohead\n*10/05/03 The Music\n*17/05/03 Blur\n*24/05/03 Radiohead\n*31/05/03 The Strokes\n*07/06/03 AFI\n*14/06/03 Black Rebel Motorcycle Club\n*21/06/03 Eminem, 50 Cent & Dr. Dre\n*28/06/03 The Polyphonic Spree\n*05/07/03 Glastonbury 2003/Radiohead\n*12/07/03 Kings of Leon\n*19/07/03 The Flaming Lips\n*26/07/03 The Coral\n*02/08/03 The Darkness\n*09/08/03 Keith Richards\n*16/08/03 The Strokes\n*23/08/03 Jet/Reading & Leeds Festival (Preview)\n*30/08/03 The Darkness/Reading & Leeds Festival (Review)\n*06/09/03 The Cooper Temple Clause\n*13/09/03 Muse\n*20/09/03 The Strokes\n*27/09/03 The White Stripes\n*04/10/03 The Darkness\n*11/10/03 Kings of Leon\n*18/10/03 The Libertines\n*25/10/03 The Strokes\n*01/11/03 The Distillers\n*08/11/03 Kylie Minogue\n*15/11/03 The Beatles\n*22/11/03 \"Rock N Roll Riot\"\n*29/11/03 Cool List 2003\n*06/12/03 Radiohead\n*13/12/03 Nirvana\n*20/12/03 The Libertines\n"	"2004"	"*03/01/04 Oasis\n*10/01/04 Franz Ferdinand\n*17/01/04 Sid Vicious\n*24/01/04 Funeral for a Friend\n*31/01/04 The Coral\n*07/02/04 Courtney Love\n*14/02/04 Outkast\n*21/02/04 The Distillers, Franz Ferdinand & Radiohead\n*28/02/04 The Vines\n*06/03/04 Jet\n*13/03/04 The Libertines\n*20/03/04 The Strokes\n*27/03/04 Franz Ferdinand\n*03/04/04 Scissor Sisters\n*10/04/04 Kurt Cobain\n*17/04/04 Morrissey\n*24/04/04 The Vines\n*01/05/04 Franz Ferdinand\n*08/05/04 Muse\n*15/05/04 Radiohead\n*22/05/04 Franz Ferdinand & Morrissey\n*29/05/04 Pixies\n*05/06/04 The Hives\n*12/06/04 Razorlight\n*19/06/04 Morrissey\n*26/06/04 Glastonbury Festival preview\n*03/07/04 Paul McCartney (Glastonbury Festival review)\n*10/07/04 Liam Gallagher\n*17/07/04 Muse\n*24/07/04 The Libertines\n*31/07/04 The Hives\n*07/08/04 The Streets\n*14/08/04 Franz Ferdinand\n*28/08/04 The White Stripes\n*04/09/04 Carl Barat\n*11/09/04 The White Stripes\n*18/09/04 ''1001 Rock Facts''\n*25/09/04 Marilyn Manson\n*02/10/04 The White Stripes\n*09/10/04 Goldie Lookin Chain\n*16/10/04 Babyshambles\n*23/10/04 Kings of Leon\n*30/10/04 Scissor Sisters\n*06/11/04 John Peel (after his death)\n*13/11/04 The Strokes\n*20/11/04 Green Day\n*27/11/04 Pete Doherty (Cool List 2004)\n*04/12/04 Kasabian\n*11/12/04 ''The Best of 2004'' (Albums, Tracks and DVDs)\n*18/12/04 Muse\n*25/12/04 U2\n"	"2005"	"*08/01/05 Franz Ferdinand\n*15/01/05 Bloc Party\n*22/01/05 The Killers\n*29/01/05 Richey Edwards of Manic Street Preachers (10th Anniversary of his disappearance)\n*05/02/05 Razorlight\n*12/02/05 The Others\n*19/02/05 Green Day\n*26/02/05 Shockwaves NME Awards 2005\n*05/03/05 New Order\n*12/03/05 The Bravery\n*19/03/05 Kaiser Chiefs\n*26/03/05 Gwen Stefani\n*09/04/05 Kasabian\n*16/04/05 Bloc Party\n*23/04/05 Coldplay\n*30/04/05 Oasis\n*07/05/05 Foo Fighters\n*14/05/05 The Killers\n*21/05/05 Foo Fighters\n*28/05/05 The White Stripes\n*04/06/05 Oasis\n*11/06/05 Pete Doherty\n*18/06/05 Green Day\n*25/06/05 Glastonbury Festival (Preview)\n*02/07/05 Glastonbury Festival (Review)\n*09/07/05 Live 8 Souvenir issue\n*16/07/05 Kaiser Chiefs & Foo Fighters\n*23/07/05 Babyshambles\n*30/07/05 Franz Ferdinand\n*06/08/05 Kaiser Chiefs\n*13/08/05 The Magic Numbers\n*20/08/05 Oasis\n*27/08/05 Pixies\n*03/09/05 Carling Weekend\n*10/09/05 Ian Brown\n*17/09/05 Bloc Party\n*24/09/05 The Killers\n*01/10/05 The Strokes\n*08/10/05 Babyshambles\n*15/10/05 John Peel\n*22/10/05 Kaiser Chiefs\n*29/10/05 Arctic Monkeys\n*05/11/05 Little Britain\n*12/11/05 The White Stripes\n*19/11/05 Green Day for 'Gigs of the Year'\n*26/11/05 Cool List 2005\n*03/12/05 Albums of the Year: 2005\n*10/12/05 Oasis\n*17/12/05 The Strokes\n*24/12/05 Morrissey\n"	"2006"	"*04/01/06 Richard Ashcroft\n*11/01/06 Dirty Pretty Things\n*18/01/06 Arctic Monkeys\n*25/01/06 ''100 Greatest British Albums Ever''\n*01/02/06 Arctic Monkeys\n*08/02/06 The Ordinary Boys\n*15/02/06 Max\u00efmo Park and Arctic Monkeys\n*22/02/06 Morrissey\n*01/03/06 NME Awards Special - Ian Brown and Arctic Monkeys\n*08/03/06 The Strokes\n*15/03/06 The Streets\n*22/03/06 Yeah Yeah Yeahs\n*29/03/06 Kasabian\n*05/04/06 Radiohead\n*12/04/06 Primal Scream\n*19/04/06 Fall Out Boy\n*26/04/06 Arctic Monkeys\n*03/05/06 The Raconteurs\n*10/05/06 Heroes\n*17/05/06 Razorlight\n*24/05/06 Radiohead\n*31/05/06 Foo Fighters\n*07/06/06 The Smiths\n*14/06/06 Soundtrack of the Summer\n*21/06/06 The Kooks\n*28/06/06 The Killers\n*05/07/06 Kasabian\n*12/07/06 Lily Allen\n*19/07/06 Syd Barrett\n*26/07/06 Pete Doherty\n*02/08/06 Oasis\n*09/08/06 The Horrors\n*16/08/06 Radiohead\n*23/08/06 Arctic Monkeys\n*30/08/06 Reading and Leeds Festival\n*06/09/06 Kasabian\n*13/09/06 War on Emo\n*20/09/06 Nirvana\n*27/09/06 Jarvis Cocker\n*04/10/06 Klaxons\n*11/10/06 The Automatic\n*18/10/06 Panic! at the Disco\n*25/10/06 My Chemical Romance\n*01/11/06 Mike Skinner and Pete Doherty\n*08/11/06 Oasis\n*15/11/06 U2 and Green Day\n*22/11/06 Muse\n*29/11/06 Carl Barat\n*06/12/06 ''Albums of the Year: 2006''\n*13/12/06 The Killers\n*20/12/06 The Good, the Bad and the Queen\n"	"2007"	"*03/01/07 Arctic Monkeys\n*10/01/07 The View\n*17/01/07 James Brown (after his death)\n*24/01/07 My Chemical Romance\n*31/01/07 Bloc Party\n*07/02/07 Kaiser Chiefs\n*14/02/07 Oasis (3 Special Edition Covers Available)\n*21/02/07 Arcade Fire\n*28/02/07 The Gossip\n*07/03/07 NME Awards\n*14/03/07 NME Awards (With Free DVD)\n*21/03/07 Arctic Monkeys (Issue Came With Free Stickers)\n*28/03/07 The Twang\n*07/04/07 My Chemical Romance\n*14/04/07 Noel Gallagher\n*21/04/07 The Libertines\n*25/04/07 Arctic Monkeys\n*02/05/07 ''The Greatest Indie Anthems Ever''\n*09/05/07 The White Stripes\n*16/05/07 The Clash\n*23/05/07 Festival Special (Lovefoxxx & Klaxons)\n*30/05/07 Beth Ditto\n*06/06/07 The White Stripes (Issue came with free 7-inch vinyl of The White Stripes single Rag and Bone)\n*13/06/07 Muse (Issue came with free compilation CD of some of Muse's favourite bands)\n*20/06/07 Glastonbury 2007 (Tom Meighan of Kasabian, Nicky Wire of Manic Street Preachers and Tom Clarke of The Enemy)\n*27/06/07 Glastonbury 2007 Lindsey Inman (Includes free posters of the Glastonbury Festival weekend)\n*04/07/07 Johnny Borrell, lead singer of band Razorlight\n*11/07/07 The View\n*18/07/07 The Enemy\n*25/07/07 Kate Nash & Jack Pe\u00f1ate\n*01/08/07 Arctic Monkeys\n*08/08/07 Pete Doherty\n*18/08/07 Tony Wilson (after his death)\n*25/08/07 Carling Weekend Preview\n*01/09/07 Carling Weekend Review, features image of the The Enemy and Festival crowds\n*08/09/07 Kate Nash\n*15/09/07 Babyshambles (Issue came with free 7-inch vinyl of Babyshambles demo of the single Delivery)\n*22/09/07 Ian Brown\n*29/09/07 Klaxons\n*06/10/07 The Verve\n*13/10/07 Radiohead\n*20/10/07 Various bands and artists promoting the free Love Music Hate Racism CD that came free with the issue.\n*27/10/07 Oasis\n*03/11/07 Foo Fighters (Halloween issue)\n*10/11/07 Frank Carter (Cool List 2007)\n*17/11/07 Bloc Party  (Issue came free with CD of remixes of their single Flux)\n*24/11/07 The Mighty Boosh\n*01/12/07 Morrissey\n*08/12/07 Radiohead\n*15/12/07 ''The Top 100 Albums and Tracks of the Year 2007''\n*22 - 29/12/07 Arctic Monkeys (Christmas Issue)\n"	"2008"	"*05/01/08 Matt Bellamy, of the band Muse: The Guitar Issue (Free chords and lyrics)\n*12/01/08 Foals (New Noise 2008)\n*19/01/08 Pete Doherty (New Albums of 2008)\n*26/01/08 The Cribs\n*02/02/08 Lightspeed Champion\n*09/02/08 Manic Street Preachers\n*16/02/08 The Wombats\n*23/02/08 Beth Ditto and Jarvis Cocker\n*01/03/08 Manic Street Preachers: 'Godlike Geniuses' 2008\n*08/03/08 Muse, Arctic Monkeys, Klaxons and The Mighty Boosh (NME Awards 2008)\n*15/03/08 Muse\n*22/03/08 Panic! at the Disco\n*29/03/08 The Last Shadow Puppets\n*05/04/08 Brandon Flowers, of the band The Killers\n*12/04/08 The Courteeners\n*19/04/08 The Enemy\n*26/04/08 Crystal Castles (The Future 50)\n*03/05/08 Green Day\n*10/05/08 Coldplay (Issue came with free 7-inch vinyl of Coldplay's Single 'Violet Hill' and a B-Side of 'A Spell A Rebel Yell')\n*17/05/08 Pete Doherty\n*24/05/08 Scarlett Johansson\n*31/05/08 Kaiser Chiefs (Free posters)\n*07/06/08 MGMT (Festival Guide 2008)\n*14/06/08 The Mighty Boosh\n*21/06/08 Glasvegas\n*28/06/08 Kings of Leon: Glastonbury 2008 Preview\n*05/07/08 Jay-Z: Glastonbury 2008 Review\n*12/07/08 CSS\n*19/07/08 The Verve: T in the Park and Oxegen 2008 Review\n*26/07/08 Primal Scream\n*02/07/08 Vampire Weekend: Top 25 American bands\n*09/08/08 Noel Gallagher\n*16/08/08 Muse\n*23/08/08 Brandon Flowers of the band The Killers (Reading And Leeds Festival 2008 preview)\n*30/08/08 Rage Against the Machine( Reading And Leeds Festival 2008 review)\n*06/09/08 Kings of Leon\n*13/09/08 Late of the Pier\n*20/09/08 Oasis (included a free Oasis CD-ROM to accompany the album ''Dig Out Your Soul'')\n*27/09/08 Fucked Up\n*04/10/08 Glasvegas\n*11/10/08 Crystal Castles\n*18/10/08 The Cribs\n*25/10/08 The Last Shadow Puppets\n*01/11/08 The Cure\n*08/11/08 Oasis\n*15/11/08 The Mighty Boosh\n*22/11/08 The Strokes\n*29/11/08 The Killers\n*06/12/08 MGMT\n*13/12/08 Blur and the Top 50 Albums & Tracks of 2008\n*20/12/08 to 27/12/08 The Mighty Boosh and Kings of Leon. 100 page Christmas Special with four free posters.\n"	"2009"	"*03/01/09 Photo Yearbook Special, with cover featuring James Allan of Glasvegas, Scarlett Johansson, Caleb Followill of Kings of Leon, Liam Gallagher of Oasis, Katie White of The Ting Tings, Brandon Flowers of The Killers and Alex Turner of The Last Shadow Puppets (and Arctic Monkeys).\n*10/01/09 Florence + the Machine (''NME'''s \"10 Tips for 2009\" Feature)\n*17/01/09 Kasabian (Albums of 2009: In The Studio Part 1)\n*24/01/09 Lily Allen (Albums of 2009: In The Studio Part 2)\n*31/01/09 Franz Ferdinand (Albums of 2009: In The Studio Part 3)\n*07/02/09 Effy Stonem, James Cook and Freddie McClair of Skins.\n*14/02/09 Pete Doherty\n*21/02/09 Gerard Way\n*28/02/09 White Lies\n*07/03/09 NME Awards Special, with cover featuring Brandon Flowers of The Killers, Robert Smith of The Cure, Noel Fielding of The Mighty Boosh, Pete Doherty and Andrew VanWyngarden of MGMT.\n*14/03/09 Yeah Yeah Yeahs\n*21/03/09 The Prodigy\n*28/03/09 The Enemy\n*04/04/09 Kings of Leon\n*11/04/09 The Horrors\n*18/04/09 The Stone Roses\n*25/04/09 Green Day\n*02/05/09 Brandon Flowers of the band The Killers\n*09/05/09 Lily Allen\n*16/05/09 Richey Edwards of Manic Street Preachers\n*23/05/09 Arctic Monkeys\n*30/05/09 Kasabian\n*06/06/09 Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day\n*13/06/09 Oasis\n*20/06/09 Ian Curtis\n*27/06/09 Blur\n*04/07/09 Michael Jackson\n*11/07/09 Simon Neil of Biffy Clyro\n*18/07/09 Kings of Leon\n*25/07/09 Muse\n*01/08/09 The Cribs\n*08/08/09 The Future 50, featuring La Roux\n*15/08/09 Julian Casablancas\n*22/08/09 Liam Gallagher\n*29/08/09 Arctic Monkeys\n*05/09/09 Oasis\n*12/09/09 The Beatles - 13 special covers\n*19/09/09 Muse\n*26/09/09 Dizzee Rascal\n*03/10/09 Ian Brown and Jay-Z\n*10/10/09 Kurt Cobain\n*17/10/09 Jamie T\n*24/10/09 Paramore\n*31/10/09 Kasabian\n*07/11/09 Arctic Monkeys\n*14/11/09 Them Crooked Vultures\n*21/11/09 Ten Years In Music end of decade special\n*28/11/09 Florence + the Machine\n*05/12/09 Babyshambles\n*12/12/09 ''50 Best Albums Of 2009, featuring Faris Badwan''\n*19/12/09 & 26/12/09 Simon Cowell\n"	"2010"	"*02/01/10 Oasis\n*09/01/10 The Drums\n*16/01/10 Albums Of 2010 special\n*23/01/10 Gerard Way\n*30/01/10 The xx\n*06/02/10 The Specials\n*13/02/10 The Courteeners\n*20/02/10 Vampire Weekend\n*27/02/10 The Maccabees\n*06/03/10 NME Awards\n*13/03/10 Gorillaz\n*20/03/10 MGMT\n*27/03/10 Mumford & Sons\n*03/04/10 The Libertines\n*10/04/10 Ten different covers - Jack White, Florence and the Machine, LCD Soundsystem, Rihanna, Kasabian, Laura Marling, Foals, M.I.A., Biffy Clyro, Magnetic Man\n*17/04/10 Malcolm McLaren\n*24/04/10 Courtney Love\n*01/05/10 The Dead Weather\n*08/05/10 Foals\n*15/05/10 M.I.A.\n*22/05/10 Ian Curtis\n*29/05/10 The Drums\n*05/06/10 Sergio Pizzorno of Kasabian and Russell Brand\n*12/06/10 The 50 most fearless people in music, featuring Kele Okereke\n*19/06/10 The Strokes\n*26/06/10 Glastonbury Festival 2010 Preview (Glastonbury 40th year anniversary special)\n*03/07/10 Glastonbury Festival 2010 Review, featuring Muse\n*10/07/10 Kings of Leon\n*17/07/10 Eminem\n*24/07/10 Klaxons\n*31/07/10 Arcade Fire\n*06/08/10 Mark Ronson\n*13/08/10 Jimi Hendrix\n*17/08/10 Kings of Leon\n*24/08/10 The Libertines (Reading and Leeds preview)\n*01/09/10 The Libertines (Reading and Leeds review)\n*08/09/10 Oasis\n*15/09/10 The xx\n*22/09/10 Carl Bar\u00e2t\n*29/09/10 David Bowie\n*06/10/10 Mumford and Sons\n*13/10/10 The Inbetweeners\n*20/10/10 Cool List 2010\n*27/10/10 Elliott Smith\n*04/11/10 Warpaint\n*11/11/10 My Chemical Romance\n*18/11/10 Pulp\n*25/11/10 Paul Weller\n*02/12/10 ''The 50 Best albums of 2010''\n*09/12/10 John Lennon\n*16/12/10 Beady Eye (Christmas Double Issue)\n*30/12/10 ''The 50 Best Albums You've Never Heard'' (chosen by Dave Grohl, Kasabian and Paul Weller)\n"	"2011"	"*06/01/11 New Music 2011 Special - Two different covers - The Vaccines and Viva Brother\n*13/01/11 Albums of 2011 Special\n*20/01/11 White Lies\n*29/01/11 Glasvegas\n*01/02/11 Screamadelica - Primal Scream - The 50 Druggiest Albums Ever\n*07/02/11 The White Stripes\n*15/02/11 The Strokes\n*21/02/11 Liam Gallagher\n*28/02/11 NME Awards 2011\n*08/03/11 Sex Pistols - 100 Gigs You Should Have Been At\n*15/03/11 The Vaccines\n*22/03/11 Muse (Reading and Leeds festival line-up announcement)\n*29/03/11 Beady Eye\n*06/04/11 Arctic Monkeys\n*13/04/11 Foo Fighters\n*18/04/11 Lady Gaga\n*26/04/11 Tyler The Creator\n*03/05/11 Friendly Fires\n*10/05/11 The Libertines\n*17/05/11 Creation Records\n*24/05/11 Syd Barrett\n*31/05/11 Kasabian\n*08/06/11 Arctic Monkeys\n*14/06/11 The Smiths\n*21/06/11 Bono\n*29/06/11 Glastonbury 2011\n*09/07/11 Jim Morrison\n*16/07/11 Foo Fighters\n*23/07/11 Noel Gallagher\n*26/07/11 Amy Winehouse\n*02/08/11 The Horrors\n*09/08/11 The Clash\n*16/08 11 UK Riots Special Report\n*23/08/11 Muse (Reading and Leeds preview)\n*30/08/11 Jarvis Cocker (from Pulp) and Julian Casablancas (from The Strokes) - Reading and Leeds review\n*06/09/11 Nirvana (Nevermind 20th Anniversary Special)\n*13/09/11 Bombay Bicycle Club\n*20/09/11 Kasabian\n*27/09/11 Noel Gallagher\n*04/10/11 Manic Street Preachers\n*11/10/11 Florence + the Machine\n*18/10/11 The Stone Roses\n*25/10/11 The Stone Roses\n*02/11/11 Arctic Monkeys\n*09/11/11 Liam Gallagher\n*16/11/11 The Vaccines\n*23/11/11 Cool List 2011\n*30/11/11 Amy Winehouse\n*07/12/11 ''The Best Albums and Tracks of 2011''\n*14/12/11 - 21/12/11 Noel Fielding & Kasabian (Double Christmas Issue)\n*28/12/11 The Beatles\n"	"2012"	"*04/01/12 100 New Bands You Have To Hear\n*11/01/12 The Maccabees\n*18/01/12 Albums of 2012, featuring The Stone Roses, Biffy Clyro, Pete Doherty, The Killers and Lana Del Rey\n*25/01/12 Lana Del Rey\n*01/02/12 Noel Fielding\n*08/02/12 100 Great Albums You've Never Heard\n*15/02/12 Noel Gallagher\n*22/02/12 Blur\n*29/02/12 Sex Pistols\n*07/03/12 NME Awards 2012 featuring 'Godlike Genius' Noel Gallagher, Kasabian, Florence and the Machine and Jarvis Cocker\n*14/03/12 The Cure (Reading and Leeds line-up announcement)\n*21/03/12 Jack White\n*28/03/12 Plan B\n*04/04/12 Pete Doherty\n*11/04/12 Paul Weller and Miles Kane (Heroes Edition)\n*18/04/12 Arctic Monkeys\n*25/04/12 John Lydon\n*01/05/12 2012 Summer Festivals Preview\n*08/05/12 Alabama Shakes\n*15/05/12 The Ramones\n*22/05/12 The Hot List\n*29/05/12 The Stone Roses\n*05/06/12 David Bowie\n*12/06/12 Mumford and Sons\n*19/06/12 ''100 Greatest Songs of NME's Lifetime''\n*26/06/12 The Stone Roses\n*03/07/12 The Stone Roses\n*10/07/12 Florence + the Machine\n*17/07/12 The Rolling Stones\n*24/07/12 Muse\n*31/07/12 Two Door Cinema Club\n*07/08/12 Joe Strummer\n*14/08/12 The Killers\n*21/08/12 The Vaccines (Reading and Leeds 2012 preview)\n*28/08/12 Foo Fighters and Green Day (Reading and Leeds 2012 review)\n*04/09/12 Kurt Cobain\n*11/09/12 Joy Division\n*18/09/12 John Lennon\n*25/09/12 NME 60th Anniversary Special - 8 covers available: Liam Gallagher, Paul Weller, Arctic Monkeys, Noel Gallagher, Patti Smith, The Killers, Manic Street Preachers and John Lydon\n*01/10/12 Palma Violets\n*09/10/12 The Libertines\n*16/10/12 Muse\n*23/10/12 Mike Skinner\n*30/10/12 Crystal Castles\n*06/11/12 ''The Ultimate Band''\n*13/11/12 Jake Bugg\n*20/11/12 Alt-J\n*27/11/12 ''The Best 50 Tracks and Albums of 2012''\n*04/12/12 ''The 75 Moments That Defined 2012''\n*11/12/12 & 18/12/12 Keith Richards (Christmas Double Issue)\n*25/12/12 ''The Greatest No. 1 Records in History''\n"	"2013"	"*02/01/13 Palma Violets and Haim (New Music Special)\n*08/01/13 Liam Gallagher\n*15/01/13 David Bowie\n*22/01/13 Foals\n*29/01/13 Biffy Clyro\n*05/02/13 Hurts\n*12/02/13 Johnny Marr\n*19/02/13 The Cribs\n*26/02/13 David Bowie\n*05/03/13 NME Awards 2013, featuring 'Godlike Genius' Johnny Marr\n*12/03/13 Reading Festival 2013 Preview, featuring Green Day, Biffy Clyro and Eminem\n*19/03/13 Dave Grohl\n*26/03/13 Peace\n*02/04/13 The Stone Roses and Shane Meadows\n*09/04/13 Karen O\n*16/04/13 The Soundtrack of Our Lives, featuring Frank Turner\n*23/04/13 Vampire Weekend\n*30/04/13 The Vaccines\n*07/05/13 The 100 Greatest Britpop Songs\n*14/05/13 Daft Punk\n*21/05/13 Josh Homme\n*28/05/13 Miles Kane\n*04/06/13 Liam Gallagher\n*11/06/13 The Who\n*18/06/13 The Killers\n*25/06/13 Glastonbury Festival 2013 (Preview)\n*02/07/13 Arctic Monkeys (Glastonbury Festival 2013 Review)\n*09/07/13 Bobby Gillespie\n*16/07/13 Jay-Z\n*23/07/13 Babyshambles\n*30/07/13 Arctic Monkeys\n*06/08/13 40 Years of Hip-Hop\n*13/08/13 Disclosure\n*20/08/13 Nine Inch Nails (Reading and Leeds Festival preview)\n*27/08/13 Reading and Leeds Festival 2013 review\n*03/09/13 Arctic Monkeys\n*10/09/13 Nirvana\n*17/09/13 Franz Ferdinand\n*24/09/13 Haim\n*01/10/13 Paul McCartney\n*08/10/13 David Bowie\n*15/10/13 Young Britannia\n*22/10/13 The 500 Greatest Albums of All-Time\n*29/10/13 Arcade Fire\n*05/11/13 Lou Reed\n*12/11/13 M.I.A.\n*19/11/13 Pixies\n*26/11/13 Arctic Monkeys\n*03/12/13 The 50 Best Albums and Tracks of 2013\n*10/12/13 The Images That Defined 2013\n*17/12/13 Ozzy Osbourne (Christmas Double Issue)\n*31/12/13 The Issue They Didn't Want You To See\n"	"2014"	"*07/01/14 Chance The Rapper\n*14/01/14 Kasabian\n*21/01/14 John Lennon\n*28/01/14 1994: The Year That Changed Music\n*04/02/14 The 500 Greatest Songs of All-Time\n*11/02/14 Metronomy\n*18/02/14 The Smiths\n*25/02/14 Alex Turner\n*04/03/14 NME Awards 2014 featuring Damon Albarn, John Cooper Clarke, Paul McCartney and Alex Turner\n*11/03/14 Reading Festival 2014 preview featuring Peace, Wolf Alice and Temples\n*18/03/14 The Horrors\n*25/03/14 Julian Casablancas and Cerebral Ballzy (Heroes Edition)\n*01/04/14 Kurt Cobain\n*08/04/14 Damon Albarn\n*15/04/14 Foals\n*22/04/14 The Stone Roses\n*29/04/14 The Libertines\n*06/05/14 Skrillex\n*13/05/14 101 Albums To Hear Before You Die\n*20/05/14 Arctic Monkeys\n*27/05/14 Led Zeppelin\n*03/06/14 Pulp\n*10/06/14 Jack White\n*17/06/14 Kasabian\n*24/06/14 Glastonbury Festival 2014 (Preview)\n*01/07/14 Arcade Fire (Glastonbury Festival 2014 Review)\n*08/07/14 The Libertines\n*15/07/14 Morrissey\n*22/07/14 Manic Street Preachers\n*29/07/14 Jake Bugg\n*05/08/14 The 100 Most Influential Artists Ever\n*12/08/14 Manic Street Preachers\n*19/08/14 Oasis\n*26/08/14 Palma Violets (Reading and Leeds Festival 2014 Review)\n*03/09/14 Interpol\n*10/09/14 Nick Cave\n*17/09/14 Royal Blood\n*24/09/14 Jamie T\n*01/10/14 Johnny Marr\n*08/10/14 Ian Curtis\n*15/10/14 David Bowie\n*22/10/14 Noel Gallagher\n*29/10/14 Liam Gallagher\n*05/11/14 Foo Fighters\n*12/11/14 Carl Barat\n*19/11/14 Julian Casablancas\n*26/11/14 The 50 Best Albums of 2014\n*03/12/14 St. Vincent\n*10/12/14 Kasabian\n*17/12/14 The Killers (Christmas Double Issue)\n"	"2015"	"\n*03/01/15 50 Best Albums of the Decade so Far\n*10/01/15 New Bands Special, featuring Fat White Family\n*17/01/15 Noel Gallagher\n*24/01/15 50 Albums You Must Hear in 2015\n*31/01/15 50 MORE Albums You Must Hear in 2015\n*07/02/15 Peace\n*14/02/15 Richey Edwards\n*21/02/15 Palma Violets\n*28/02/15 Royal Blood\n*07/03/15 Noel Gallagher\n*14/03/15 Pete Doherty\n*21/03/15 100 Greatest The Beatles songs\n*28/03/15 Blur\n*07/04/15 The Cribs\n*14/04/15 Kurt Cobain and Courtney Love\n*21/04/15 Mumford & Sons\n*28/04/15 The Rolling Stones\n*05/05/15 The Prodigy\n*12/05/15 Brandon Flowers\n*19/05/15 Catfish and the Bottlemen\n*26/05/15 Muse\n*02/06/15 The Vaccines\n*09/06/15 Florence + the Machine\n*16/06/15 Wolf Alice\n*23/06/15 The Libertines\n*30/06/15 Kanye West\n*07/07/15 The Libertines\n*14/07/15 Amy Winehouse\n*21/07/15 Kendrick Lamar\n*28/07/15 Slaves\n*04/08/15 The Best of NME\n\n===Free title===\n*18/09/15 Rihanna\n*25/09/15 Robert Pattinson\n*02/10/15 Chris Moyles\n*09/10/15 Taylor Swift\n*16/10/15 Foals\n*23/10/15 Sam Smith\n*30/10/15 Nicholas Hoult\n*06/11/15 Bloc Party\n*13/11/15 Justin Bieber\n*20/11/15 The Maccabees\n*27/11/15 Daniel Radcliffe \n*04/12/15 Grimes \n*11/12/15 Lana Del Rey \n*18/12/15 NME's People Of The Year\n"	"2016"	"\n*15/01/16 David Bowie (tribute)\n*22/01/16 The Last Shadow Puppets\n*29/01/16 The 1975 \n*05/02/16 James Bay\n*12/02/16 Kanye West\n*19/02/16 Coldplay\n*26/02/16 Richard Ashcroft\n*04/03/16 Jake Bugg\n*11/03/16 Chvrches\n*18/03/16 Nomad Hacks NME (special issue with Tej Adenuga, Connie Constance and Reese Cooper)\n*25/03/16 Zayn Malik \n*01/04/16 Alex Turner \n*08/04/16 Years & Years \n*15/04/16 Idris Elba\n*22/04/16 Biffy Clyro \n*29/04/16 Prince (tribute)\n*06/05/16 Drake\n*13/05/16 50 Albums You Must Hear Before You Die\n*20/05/16 The Stone Roses new single review\n*27/05/16 Kasabian\n*03/06/16 Pete Doherty\n*10/06/16 100 Things To Do This Summer\n*17/06/16 Wiz Khalifa\n*24/06/16 Glastonbury preview (with Adele cartoon)\n*01/07/16 Glastonbury Festival review\n*08/07/16 Bastille\n*15/07/16 Bring Me The Horizon\n*22/07/16 Anarchy In The UK\n*29/07/16 Viola Beach \n*05/08/16 Blossoms\n*12/08/16 Ricky Gervais\n*19/08/16 Jamie T\n*26/08/16 Lady Leshurr\n*02/09/16 Major Lazer\n*09/09/16 Kings Of Leon\n*16/09/16 Britney Spears\n*23/09/16 Zara Larsson\n*30/09/16 M.I.A.\n*07/10/16 Kano\n*14/10/16 Slaves\n*21/10/16 Lady Gaga\n*28/10/16 Jamal Edwards\n*04/11/16 Billie Joe Armstrong of Green Day\n*11/11/16 Christine and the Queens\n*18/11/16 Bruno Mars\n*25/11/16 The 1975\n*02/12/16 Deadmau5\n*09/12/16 People Of The Year 2016\n*16/12/16 Preview Of 2017\n"	"2017"	"\n*13/01/17 Wiley\n*20/01/17 Run The Jewels\n*27/01/17 ''Trainspotting 2''\n*03/02/17 Rag'n'Bone Man\n*10/02/17 Brit Marling\n*17/02/17 Pet Shop Boys\n"	"References & footnotes"	"\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of non-Disney comics by Carl Barks"	"Introduction"	"Carl Barks\n\n\n\nCarl Barks (1901\u20132000) was an American illustrator and comic book creator. The quality of his scripts and drawings earned him the nicknames The Duck Man and The Good Duck Artist.\n\nHe is mainly known for his work with Disney characters. But during his time with Western Publishing he also wrote and/or drew 36 stories with characters, that didn't belong to Disney.\n"	" List of stories "	"Only the Porky Pig story had a title in the original publication. Stories 1-7 & 9-33 have been reprinted in ''Barks Bear Book'' with the shown titles. All titles can be found on Barksbase.de. Different titles can be found on Grand Comics Database. The numbers in the reprint column are from the reprint list.\n\n\n\n #\n Original publication\n Main character(s)\n Other key character(s)\n Title\n Pages\n Writer(s) / Artist(s)\n Reprints\n\n\u00a01\nNF #76, Jun 1943\nAndy Panda\n \nThe Widow's Doughnuts\n\u00a0 10\nE. Packer / CB & J. Pabian\n4, 8, 10\n\n\u00a02\nOGC #8, Nov-Dec 1943\nBenny Burro\n \nWith a Little Help to my Friends\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 10\n\n\u00a03\nOGC #9, Jan-Feb 1944\nHappy Hound\n3B909664780\nA Hard Day's Day Off\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 10\n\n\u00a04\nOGC #9, Jan-Feb 1944\nBenny Burro\nLightning\nThe Playful Mountain Goat\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 10\n\n\u00a05\nOGC #10, Mar-Apr 1944\nBenny Burro\nEl Macaw; Pablo\nA Bird of Beauty is a Pest Forever\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 10\n\n\u00a06\nOGC #11, May-Jun 1944\nBarney Bear &Benny Burro\nWilliam Tell\nThe Sound of his Horn\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n\u00a07\nOGC #11, May-Jun 1944\nHappy Hound\nButch; Cholmondeley;Fotheringham; Montmorency\nMother is a Wolf's Best Friend\n\u00a0 \u00a06\nCB\n4, 7, 10\n\n\u00a08\nFCC #48, Jul 1944\nPorky Pig\nPetunia Pig; Bugs Bunny; Lulu Belle Bunny;Dauntless; Ham; Kidd; Pierre; van Pooch \nPorky of the Mounties\n\u00a0 24\nC. Craig / CB & Unknown\n4, 5, 9, 10\n\n\u00a09\nOGC #12, Jul-Aug 1944\nB. Bear & B. Burro\n \nThe Merry Moose Hunters\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n10\nOGC #13, Sep-Oct 1944\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nSatan; Sawbuck; Shears\nBarney Rides Again\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n11\nOGC #14, Nov-Dec 1944\nB. Bear & B. Burro\n \nThe Intrepid Wolf Trappers\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n12\nOGC #15, Jan-Feb 1945\nB. Bear & B. Burro\n \nHow to Be a Matador\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n13\nOGC #16, Mar-Apr 1945\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nChristopher Columbia\nCougar, Cougar Shining Bright\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n14\nOGC #17, May-Jun 1945\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nCactus Bruin; Figsniggle;Flogworthy; J.P. Foxysnozz\nCool, Clear Water\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n15\nOGC #18, Jul-Aug 1945\nB. Bear & B. Burro\n \nSerenade for a Senorita\n\u00a0 \u00a06\nCB\n4, 6, 10\n\n16\nOGC #19, Sep-Oct 1945\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nWeasel\nSnap, Goes the Turtle\n\u00a0 \u00a06\nCB\n4, 6\n\n17\nOGC #20, Nov-Dec 1945\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nBones; Cinnamon Bruin\nThe Doctor and his Patient\n\u00a0 \u00a06\nCB\n4, 6\n\n18\nOGC #21, Jan-Feb 1946\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nRip van Winkle\nTo Ski or not to Ski\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6, 8, 10\n\n19\nOGC #22, Mar-Apr 1946\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nBrownie Bear; Caesar; Kodiak\nCousin Kodiak\n\u00a0 \u00a06\nCB\n4, 6\n\n20\nOGC #23, May-Jun 1946\nB. Bear & B. Burro\n \nThe Sounds of Silence\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n21\nOGC #24, Jul 1946\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nDaniel Boone\nMother Nature's Children\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n22\nOGC #25, Aug 1946\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nWilliam Tell \nThe Master of Archery\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n23\nOGC #26, Sep 1946\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nEsther Williams\nThe Compleat Anglers\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n24\nOGC #27, Oct 1946\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nSmittle\nThe Dauntless Dogcatchers\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n25\nOGC #28, Nov 1946\nB. Bear & B. Burro\n \nModern Art, and all That\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n26\nOGC #29, Dec 1946\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nOso\nSomewhere under the Rainbow\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n27\nOGC #30, Jan 1947\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nMcDuff; Scrooge\nA Hole in None\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n28\nOGC #31, Feb 1947\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nMooseface McElk; King Bango\nOl' McElk He Had a Farm\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nG. Turner & CB / CB \n4, 6\n\n29\nOGC #32, Mar 1947\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nJones; Klepto Klippo\nKlipto Kleppo Strikes Again\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n30\nOGC #33, Apr 1947\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nGrizzly; Spike\nUncle Grizzly\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n31\nOGC #34, May 1947\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nMooseface McElk; I. Buildem\nHome, Sweet Home no More\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n32\nOGC #35, Jun 1947\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nMooseface McElk; Old Man Cougar\nRiches, Riches in the Wall\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n33\nOGC #36, Jul 1947\nB. Bear & B. Burro\nMooseface McElk\nThe Thieving Magpie\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB\n4, 6\n\n34\nT&JWC #1, Dec 1952\nDroopy\nVandergilt\nKing of the Hounds\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB / H. Eisenberg\n3, 10\n\n35\nT&JWC #2, Dec 1953\nDroopy\nValorous Derring-Do\nThe Hero Hound\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB / H. Eisenberg\n2, 10\n\n36\nT&JSF #1, Jul 1954\nDroopy\nBluebeard\nThe Bone\n\u00a0 \u00a08\nCB / H. Eisenberg\n1, 10\n\n"	" Sources "	"\n=== Original publication ===\n* NF: New Funnies #76, June 1943\n* OGC: Our Gang Comics #8, Nov.-Dec. 1943 \u2014 #36, July 1947\n* FCC: Four Color Comics #48, July 1944\n* T&JWC: Tom & Jerry Winter carnival #1, Dec. 1952 \u2014 #2, Dec. 1953\n* T&JSF: Tom & Jerry Summer Fun #1, July 1954\n\n=== Reprints in English ===\nReprints in chronological order:\n# Tom & Jerry Summer Fun, 1967: Gold Key\n# Golden Comics Digest #22, Mar 1972: Gold Key\n# Golden Comics Digest #41, Jan 1975: Gold Key\n# Barks Bear Book, 1979: Editions Enfin\n# Bugs Bunny and friends - A comic celebration, 1998: DC Comics, ISBN 978 1 56389 458 9\n# The Carl Barks' Big Book of Barney Bear. 2011: IDW Publishing, ISBN 978 1 60010 929 4\n# The Carl Barks Fan Club Pictorial Volume Four, 2014: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, ISBN 978 1 5024 3790 7\n# The Carl Barks Fan Club Pictorial Volume Five, 2015: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, ISBN 978 1 5078 9599 3\n# The Carl Barks Fan Club Pictorial Volume Six, 2015: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, ISBN 978 1 5123 3674 0\n# The Unavailable Carl Barks (in color), 2016: CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, ISBN 978 1 5347 1814 2\n\n=== Other sources ===\n* Carl Barks and the Art of the Comic Books, 1982: M Lilien, ISBN 0-9607652-0-4\n*  Four Color Comics #48 on Grand Comics Database\n*  New Funnies #76 on Grand Comics Database\n*  New Funnies #76 on Barksbase.de\n*  Our Gang Comics #8-36 on Barksbase.de\n*  Tom and Jerry Winter Carnival #1-2 on Barksbase.de\n*  Tom and Jerry Summer Fun #1 on Barksbase.de\n"	" Further information "	"*  Barks' non-Disney stories on Cbarks.dk\n*  Barks Bear Book on Seriesam.com\n*  Our Gang Comics on Grand Comics Database\n*  Tom & Jerry Winter Carnival on Grand Comics Database\n*  Tom & Jerry Summer Fun on Grand Comics Database\n*  Tom & Jerry Summer Fun (1967 reprint) on Grand Comics Database\n*  Golden Comics Digest (1971 & 1975 reprint) on Grand Comics Database\n\n"
"List of people from Wisconsin"	"Introduction"	"\n\nState flag of Wisconsin\nLocation of Wisconsin in the U.S. map\n150px\nThis is a list of prominent people from the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The person's hometown is in parentheses.\n\n"	"Art and literature"	";A\u2013G\nAlter Esselin\nE. Gary Gygax\n\n* Frank Ackerman (born 1946), economist, author, co-founder and editor of ''Dollars & Sense'' magazine (Madison)\n* David Adler (1882\u20131949), architect (Milwaukee)\n* Kevin J. Anderson (born 1962), writer (Racine)\n* Rasmus B. Anderson (1846\u20131936), author, professor, and historian (Albion)\n* Walter Annenberg (1908\u20132002), creator of ''TV Guide'' and ''Seventeen'' magazines (Milwaukee)\n* Antler (born 1946), poet (Wauwatosa)\n* Ruth Ball (1879\u20131960), sculptor (Madison)\n* Lynda Barry (born 1956), author and cartoonist (Richland Center)\n* Gary Beecham (born 1955), glass artist (Ladysmith)\n* George Bergstrom (1876\u20131955), architect, designer of The Pentagon (Neenah)\n* Norbert Blei (born 1935), writer (Ellison Bay)\n* Carrie Jacobs Bond (1862\u20131946), songwriter (Janesville)\n* Esther Bubley (1921\u20131998), photojournalist (Phillips)\n* Nancy Ekholm Burkert (born 1933), artist and illustrator, recipient of the Caldecott Medal (Milwaukee)\n* Ole Amundsen Buslett (1855\u20131924), author, newspaperman, and politician (Town of Iola, Northland, La Crosse, Stoughton)\n* Kathryn Casey, writer and journalist\n* Jessie Kalmbach Chase (1879-1970), painter (Door County and Madison)\n* Connie Clausen (1923\u20131997), literary agent (Menasha)\n* Chester Commodore (1914\u20132004), cartoonist (Racine)\n* Jeremiah Curtin (1835\u20131906), translator (Milwaukee County)\n* Tyler Dennett (1883\u20131949), biographer, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize (Spencer)\n* August Derleth (1909\u20131971), writer (Sauk City)\n* Gene DeWeese (born 1934), writer (Milwaukee)\n* Donn F. Draeger (1922\u20131982), writer and martial artist (Milwaukee)\n* Bill Dwyre (born 1944), columnist and editor (Sheboygan)\n* Alter Esselin (1889\u20131974), poet (Milwaukee)\n* Edna Ferber (1885\u20131968), writer (Appleton)\n* Jack Finney (1911\u20131995), writer (Milwaukee)\n* Daniel R. Fitzpatrick (1891\u20131969), cartoonist (Superior)\n* Lewis R. Freeman (1878\u20131960), journalist (Genoa Junction)\n* Zona Gale (1874\u20131938), writer, playwright, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize (Portage, Beaver Dam, Milwaukee)\n* Hamlin Garland (1860\u20131940), novelist, biographer, short story writer and poet (West Salem)\n* Elmer Grey (1872\u20131963), architect and painter (Milwaukee)\n* E. Gary Gygax (1938\u20132008), novelist and co-creator of ''Dungeons & Dragons'' (Lake Geneva)\n\n\n;H\u2013O\nRon Kovic\nGeorgia O'Keeffe\n\n* Jane Hamilton (born 1957), writer (Rochester)\n* Stephen Hayes, senior writer for ''The Weekly Standard'', Fox News contributor, author (Wauwatosa)\n* Kevin Henkes (born 1960), author and illustrator, recipient of the Caldecott Medal (Racine, Madison)\n* Eastman Johnson (1824\u20131906), co-founder of the Metropolitan Museum of Art (Superior)\n* Russell Klika, photojournalist and combat photographer (Appleton)\n* Jim Knipfel (born 1965), writer (Green Bay)\n* Ron Kovic (born 1946), writer, ''Born on the Fourth of July'' (Ladysmith)\n* David Lenz (born 1962), painter (Milwaukee)\n* Gerda Lerner (born 1920), Women's Studies, founder of women's history (Madison)\n* Paul Linebarger (1913\u20131966), writer (Milwaukee)\n* Ben Logan (1920-2014), writer (The Land Remembers)\n* Per Lysne (1880\u20131947), folk artist who popularized rosemaling in the United States (Stoughton)\n* Karl E. Meyer, journalist for ''The New York Times''; editor of ''World Policy Journal'' (Madison)\n* Jacquelyn Mitchard (born 1957), writer (Milwaukee, Madison)\n* John Nichols, political correspondent for ''The Nation'' (Union Grove)\n* Lorine Niedecker (1903\u20131970), poet (Fort Atkinson)\n* Lucius W. Nieman (1857\u20131935), founder of the ''Milwaukee Journal''; the Nieman Foundation for Journalism was dedicated to him (Sauk County)\n* Jessica Nelson North (1891\u20131988), writer (Madison, Edgerton)\n* Sterling North (1906\u20131974), writer (Edgerton)\n* Georgia O'Keeffe (1887\u20131986), artist (Sun Prairie)\n\n\n;P\u2013Z\nLaura Ingalls Wilder\nFrank Lloyd Wright\n\n* George Wilbur Peck (1840\u20131916), writer, newspaper editor, and politician (Cold Spring, Ripon, La Crosse, Milwaukee)\n* George Pollard (1920\u20132008), artist (Waldo, Kenosha)\n* Richard Quinney (born 1934), sociologist and writer (Madison)\n* Ellen Raskin (1928\u20131984), writer and illustrator (Milwaukee)\n* Vinnie Ream (1847\u20131914), sculptor (Madison)\n* John Ridley (born 1965), novelist (Milwaukee)\n* David Robbins (born 1957), artist, writer (Whitefish Bay)\n* Patrick Rothfuss (born 1973), writer (Madison)\n* Joe Schoenmann, journalist and author\n* Ruth Shalit (born 1971), freelance writer and former journalist (Milwaukee)\n* Clifford D. Simak (1904\u20131988), writer (Millville)\n* Mona Simpson (born 1957), author (Green Bay)\n* Peter Straub (born 1943), writer (Milwaukee)\n* John Toland (1912\u20132004), Pulitzer Prize\u2013winning writer (La Crosse)\n* Arthur Thrall (born 1926), artist (Milwaukee)\n* Neal Ulevich (born 1946), photographer, recipient of the Pulitzer Prize (Milwaukee)\n* Dave Umhoefer (born 1961), Pulitzer Prize recipient (La Crosse)\n* Jim VandeHei (born 1971), executive editor and co-founder of ''Politico'' (Oshkosh)\n* Ignatiy Vishnevetsky (born 1986), film critic and essayist (Wauwatosa)\n* Viola S. Wendt (1907\u20131986), poet (West Bend)\n* Ella Wheeler Wilcox (1850\u20131919), writer and poet (Johnstown)\n* John Wilde (1919\u20132006), artist (Milwaukee, Evansville)\n* Laura Ingalls Wilder (1867\u20131957), writer (Pepin)\n* Thornton Wilder (1897\u20131975), writer (Madison)\n* Frank Lloyd Wright (1867\u20131959), architect (Richland Center)\n* David Zurawik, journalist, author (Milwaukee)\n\n"	"Business"	"Carol Bartz\nEdward L. Doheny\nKing C. Gillette\nWilliam S. Harley\n\n* George Addes (1911\u20131990), founder of United Auto Workers (La Crosse)\n* Edward P. Allis (1824\u20131899), co-founder of Allis-Chalmers Manufacturing Company (Two Rivers, Milwaukee)\n* J. Ogden Armour (1863\u20131927), meatpacking magnate, owner of Armour and Company (Milwaukee)\n* Carol Bartz (born 1948), president and chief executive officer of Yahoo! (Alma)\n* Ernest J. Briskey (1930\u20132006), Vice President, Technical and Administration of Campbell Soup Company (Waunakee)\n* William W. Cargill (1844\u20131909), business executive, founder of Cargill (Janesville)\n* Jerome Case (1819\u20131891), founder of an agricultural and construction equipment company (Racine)\n* Leo Crowley (1889\u20131972), banker and FDIC director (Milton)\n* John Cudahy (1887\u20131943), industrialist (Milwaukee)\n* Michael Cudahy (born 1924), entrepreneur (Milwaukee)\n* Alexander M. Cutler, chief executive officer of the Eaton Corporation (Milwaukee)\n* Arthur Davidson (1881\u20131950), co-founder of Harley-Davidson (Milwaukee)\n* Edward L. Doheny (1856\u20131935), oil tycoon (Fond du Lac)\n* Ole Evinrude (1877\u20131924), inventor and entrepreneur (Cambridge, Madison, Milwaukee)\n* Bob Galvin (1922\u20132011), chief executive officer of Motorola (Marshfield)\n* Chris Gardner (born 1954), entrepreneur, subject of movie ''The Pursuit of Happyness'' (Milwaukee)\n* King C. Gillette (1855\u20131932), industrialist (Fond du Lac)\n* Donald Goerke (1926\u20132010), Campbell Soup Company executive, inventor of SpaghettiOs (Waukesha)\n* William S. Harley (1880\u20131943), co-founder of Harley-Davidson (Milwaukee)\n* Randolph E. Haugan (1902\u20131985), editor and publisher (Martell)\n* Ken Hendricks (1941\u20132007), billionaire (Janesville, Beloit, Afton)\n* Jay L. Johnson, chief executive officer of General Dynamics (West Salem)\n* Samuel Curtis Johnson, Sr. (1833\u20131919), founder of consumer products company (Racine)\n* Phil Katz (1962\u20132000), computer programmer (Glendale)\n* Carl Kiekhaefer (1906\u20131983), owner of Mercury Marine (Mequon)\n* Alan Klapmeier (born 1958), aircraft designer and aviation entrepreneur (Baraboo)\n* Dale Klapmeier (born 1961), aircraft designer and aviation entrepreneur (Baraboo)\n* Herbert Kohler (born 1939), business executive (Kohler)\n* John H. MacMillan, Sr. (1869\u20131944), businessman (La Crosse)\n* Marissa Mayer (born 1975), chief executive officer of Yahoo (Wausau)\n* Oscar Mayer (1859\u20131955), founder of meat packing company (Milwaukee, Fitchburg)\n* John Menard (born 1940), business executive (Eau Claire)\n* George Safford Parker (1863\u20131937), pen inventor and entrepreneur (Shullsburg, Janesville)\n* Paul Poberezny (1921\u20132013), aircraft designer, aviator and founder of the Experimental Aircraft Association (Oshkosh)\n* Herbert A. Simon (1916\u20132001), economist and computer scientist (Milwaukee)\n* James Trane (1857\u20131936), founder of heating and air conditioning company (La Crosse)\n* Reuben Trane (1886\u20131954), co-founder of Trane (La Crosse)\n* Elmer Winter (1912\u20132009), co-founder of Manpower Inc. (Milwaukee)\n* Dean Witter (1887\u20131969), founder of Dean Witter & Co. investment house (Wausau)\n* Walter Wriston (1919\u20132005), chairman and chief executive officer of Citicorp (Appleton)\n\n\n===Brewing===\n\n* Valentin Blatz (Milwaukee)\n* Harry G. John (Milwaukee)\n* Frederick Miller (Milwaukee)\n* Frederick Pabst (Milwaukee, Whitefish Bay)\n* Joseph Schlitz (Milwaukee)\n\n"	"Education"	"\nA. Starker Leopold\nLuna Leopold\nMargarethe Schurz\n\n* Florence Eliza Allen (1876\u20131960), mathematician and assistant professor at University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison (Horicon)\n* Thomas Barnett (born 1962), Professor of Warfare Analysis & Research Development at the Naval War College (Chilton, Boscobel)\n* Theodore Brameld (1904\u20131987), professor at Long Island University, Adelphi College, University of Minnesota, New York University, and Boston University (Neillsville)\n* Arthur Louis Breslich (1873\u20131924), President of German Wallace College and Baldwin-Wallace College  (Madison, Milwaukee)\n* Ernest J. Briskey (1930\u20132006), Dean of Agricultural Science of Oregon State University (Waunakee)\n* Albin C. Bro (1893\u20131956), President of Shimer College (Prentice)\n* Carlos Castillo-Chavez, Professor of Mathematical Biology at Arizona State University\n* Edwin Copeland, noted botanist and founder of the University of the Philippines Los Banos College of Agriculture\n* Joanne V. Creighton, President of Mount Holyoke College (Marinette)\n* Tyler Dennett (1883\u20131949), Professor of American History at Johns Hopkins University and Columbia University, Professor of International Relations at Princeton University, President of Williams College (Spencer)\n* Katharine Elizabeth Dopp (1863\u20131944), Dean of Chicago Normal School (Dopp)\n* Lars Paul Esbj\u00f6rn (1808\u20131870), Professor of Theology at Illinois State Normal University (Clinton)\n* Ernst Guillemin (1898\u20131970), electrical engineer and computer scientist at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (Milwaukee)\n* Harlan Hanson (1925\u20131996), Director of the Advanced Placement program from 1965 to 1989 (Madison)\n* Frederick Hemke (born 1935), Professor of Saxophone at Northwestern University (Milwaukee)\n* Bruno E. Jacob (1899\u20131979), Founder of the National Forensic League (Valders)\n* Peter Laurentius Larsen (1833\u20131915), Founding President of Luther College\n* John Leonora (1928\u20132006), Professor of Physiology and Pharmacology at Loma Linda University (Milwaukee)\n* A. Carl Leopold (1919\u20132009), Graduate Dean of the University of Nebraska-Lincoln (Madison)\n* A. Starker Leopold (1913\u20131983), Professor of Zoology and Conservation at the University of California, Berkeley (Madison)\n* Luna Leopold (1915\u20132006), Professor of Geology and Geophysics and of Landscape Architecture at the University of California, Berkeley (Madison)\n* Charles McCarthy, librarian and political scientist (Madison)\n* Thorbjorn N. Mohn (1844\u20131899), Founding President of St. Olaf College (Columbia County)\n* Christian Keyser Preus (1852\u20131921), President of Luther College (Spring Prairie)\n* Margarethe Schurz (1851\u20131876), opened first kindergarten in the United States (Watertown)\n* Philip Stieg (born 1952), Chairman of the Department of Neurosurgery at Weill Cornell Medical College of Cornell University and New York-Presbyterian Medical Center (Milwaukee)\n* David F. Swensen, Chief Investment Officer at Yale University since 1985 (River Falls)\n* Rose Thering (1920\u20132006), Professor of Catholic-Jewish Dialogue at Seton Hall University (Plain, Racine)\n* Norman Wengert (1916\u20132001), member of the faculty at the City College of New York, North Dakota State University, University of Maryland, College Park, Wayne State University, Pennsylvania State University, and the University of Sarajevo (Milwaukee)\n* James Wright (born 1939), President of Dartmouth College (Madison)\n* Nicholas S. Zeppos (born 1954), Chancellor of Vanderbilt University (Milwaukee)\n\n"	"Entertainment"	"\n===Film and theatre===\nDon Ameche\n\nWillem Dafoe\nHeather Graham\nHarry Houdini\nFrederic March\nPat O'Brien\nMark Ruffalo\nSpencer Tracy\nOrson Welles\n;A\u2013M\n\n* Jim Abrahams (born 1944), director (Shorewood, Eagle River)\n* Marc Alaimo (born 1942), actor (Milwaukee)\n* Don Ameche (1908\u20131993), actor (Kenosha)\n* William Bast (born 1931), screenwriter (Milwaukee, Kenosha)\n* Abner Biberman (1909\u20131977), actor and director (Milwaukee)\n* Mark Borchardt (born 1966), director (Menomonee Falls)\n* Joyce Carlson (1923\u20132008), Disney animator (Racine)\n* Jack Carson (1910\u20131963), actor (Milwaukee)\n* Ellen Corby (1911\u20131999), actress (Racine)\n* Anthony Crivello (born 1955), Tony Award-winning actor, singer (Milwaukee)\n* Dan Davies (born 1965), actor and screenwriter (Milwaukee)\n* Willem Dafoe (born 1955), actor (Appleton)\n* Brian Donlevy (1901\u20131972), actor (Racine)\n* Robert Easton (1930\u20132011), actor, voice actor, dialogue coach (Milwaukee)\n* Chris Farley (1964\u20131997), actor (Madison, Minocqua)\n* John P. Farley (born 1968), actor (Madison)\n* Kevin Farley (born 1965), actor (Madison)\n* Don Fellows (1922\u20132007), actor (Madison)\n* Lynn Fontanne (1887\u20131983), Emmy Award- and Tony Award-winning actress (Genesee Depot)\n* Gloria Foster (1933\u20132001), actress (Janesville)\n* Heather Graham (born 1970), actress (Milwaukee)\n* Uta Hagen, actress (Madison)\n* Theodore Hardeen (1876\u20131945), magician and escape artist, founder of the Magicians Guild of America (Appleton)\n* Howard Hawks (1896\u20131977), director (Neenah)\n* Harry Houdini (1874\u20131926), magician (Appleton)\n* Tom Hulce (born 1953), actor (Whitewater)\n* Jeana Keough (born 1955), actress, ''Playboy'' Playmate (Milwaukee)\n* Imran Khan (born 1983), actor (Madison)\n* David Koepp (born 1963), writer/director (Pewaukee, Wales)\n* Carole Landis (1919\u20131948), actor (Fairchild)\n* Tom Laughlin (born 1931), actor (Milwaukee)\n* Joseph Losey (1909\u20131984), director (La Crosse)\n* Alfred Lunt (1892\u20131977), actor (Milwaukee, Genesee Depot)\n* Fred MacMurray (1908\u20131991), actor (Beaver Dam)\n* Michael Maize (born 1974), actor (Milwaukee)\n* Fredric March (1897\u20131975), actor (Racine)\n* Rob Marshall (born 1960), director (Madison)\n* Kerwin Mathews (1926\u20132007), actor (Janesville)\n* John Matuszak (1950\u20131989), actor and football player (Milwaukee, Oak Creek)\n* Hattie McDaniel (1895\u20131952), actress, first African-American to win an Academy Award (Milwaukee)\n* Niels Mueller (born 1961), writer/director (Milwaukee)\n\n\n;N\u2013Z\n\n* Cyrus Nowrasteh (born 1956), writer/director (Madison)\n* Pat O'Brien (1899\u20131983), actor (Milwaukee)\n* Robert Emmett O'Connor (1885\u20131962), actor (Milwaukee)\n* Nancy Olson (born 1928), actress (Milwaukee)\n* Manilla Powers, actress (Janesville)\n* Nicholas Ray (1911\u20131979), director (Galesville)\n* John Ridley (born 1965), screenwriter, director (Milwaukee)\n* Richard Riehle (born 1948), actor (Menomonee Falls)\n* Michael Ritchie (1938\u20132001), director (Waukesha)\n* Gena Rowlands (born 1930), actor (Madison, Cambria, Milwaukee)\n* Mark Ruffalo (born 1967), actor (Kenosha)\n* Richard Schickel (born 1933), critic (Milwaukee)\n* Greg Dean Schmitz (born 1970), online film journalist (Westfield, Middleton)\n* Paul Shenar (1936\u20131989), actor (Milwaukee)\n* Tony Shalhoub (born 1953), actor (Green Bay)\n* Oliver Smith (1918\u20131994), theatrical scenic designer (Waupun)\n* Zack Snyder (born 1966), director (Green Bay)\n* Ford Sterling (1882\u20131939), actor (La Crosse)\n* Eric Szmanda (born 1975), actor (Milwaukee)\n* George Tillman, Jr., director (Milwaukee)\n* Spencer Tracy (1900\u20131967), actor (Milwaukee, Lake Geneva)\n* Judy Tyler (1932\u20131957), actress (Milwaukee)\n* Bob Uecker (born 1935), actor and sports commentator (Milwaukee)\n* James Valcq (born 1963), theatre composer (Milwaukee)\n* Marc Webb (born 1974), director (Madison)\n* Peter Weller (born 1947), actor (Stevens Point)\n* Orson Welles (1915\u20131985), director (Kenosha)\n* Shannon Whirry (born 1964), actress (Green Lake)\n* Gene Wilder (born 1933), actor (Milwaukee)\n* David Zucker (born 1947), director (Milwaukee)\n* Jerry Zucker (born 1950), director (Milwaukee)\n* Terry Zwigoff (born 1949), director (Appleton)\n\n\n===Television===\nKristin Bauer van Straten\nGary Burghoff\nTyne Daly\nKurtwood Smith\nBradley Whitford\n;A\u2013M\n\n* Andrea Anders (born 1975), actress, ''Joey'', ''Better Off Ted'' (Madison, DeForest)\n* Bonnie Bartlett (born 1929), Emmy Award-winning actress (Wisconsin Rapids)\n* Kristin Bauer van Straten (born 1966), actress (Racine)\n* Lamont Bentley (1973\u20132005), actor, ''Moesha'' (Milwaukee)\n* Brad Beyer (born 1973), actor, Stanley Richmond on ''Jericho'' (Waukesha)\n* Peter Bonerz (born 1938), actor and director (Milwaukee)\n* Gary Burghoff (born 1943), actor, Radar O'Reilly on ''M*A*S*H'' (Delavan)\n* Annie Burgstede (born 1983), actress (Waupaca)\n* Ellen Corby (1911\u20131999), actress (Racine)\n* Rich Dahm, Emmy Award-winning writer and producer\n* James Daly (1918\u20131978), actor (Wisconsin Rapids)\n* Tyne Daly (born 1946), actress (Madison)\n* Nancy Dickerson (1927\u20131997), NBC News correspondent (Wauwatosa)\n* Sean Duffy (born 1971), reality television star, ESPN commentator (Hayward)\n* Jerry Dunphy (1920\u20132002), television newscaster (Milwaukee)\n* Greg Eagles (born 1970), voice actor, ''Grim & Evil'' (Milwaukee)\n* Kathryn Edwards (born 1964), model, reality television star, ''The Real Housewives of Beverly Hills'' (Milwaukee)\n* John Fiedler (1925\u20132005), actor, voice of Piglet (Platteville, Shorewood)\n* Paul Gigot (born 1955), host and commentator on ''Journal Editorial Report'' (Green Bay, DePere)\n* David Giuntoli (born 1980), actor, ''Grimm'' (Milwaukee)\n* Andrea Hall (born 1947), actress (Milwaukee)\n* Deidre Hall (born 1947), actress (Milwaukee)\n* Joel Hodgson (born 1960), actor, comedian, creator of ''Mystery Science Theater 3000'' (Stevens Point, Green Bay)\n* Isabella Hofmann (born 1958), actress, Lt. Megan Russert on ''Homicide: Life on the Street'' (East Troy)\n* Gregory Itzin (born 1948), actor, President Charles Logan on ''24'' (Burlington)\n* Ernie Johnson, Jr. (born 1956), sportscaster for Turner Sports and CBS Sports (Milwaukee)\n* Jane Kaczmarek (born 1955), actress (Greendale)\n* Laura Kaeppeler (born 1988), Miss America 2012 (Kenosha)\n* Kathy Kinney (born 1954), actress (Stevens Point)\n* Trenni Kusnierek (born 1977), reporter and studio host for MLB Network (Muskego)\n* Allen Ludden (1917\u20131981), game show host (Mineral Point)\n* Terry Meeuwsen (born 1949), Miss America 1973; co-host of ''The 700 Club'' (DePere)\n* Carol Merrill (born 1941), prize presenter, ''Let's Make a Deal'' (Frederic)\n* Chris Mulkey (born 1948), actor, ''Bakersfield P.D.'', ''Twin Peaks'' (Viroqua)\n\n\n;N\u2013Z\n\n* Chris Noth (born 1954), actor, Det. Mike Logan on ''Law & Order'' and Mr. Big on ''Sex and the City'' (Madison)\n* Caitlin O'Heaney (born 1953), actress, ''Tales of the Gold Monkey'' (Whitefish Bay)\n* Sam Page (born 1976), actor, ''Shark'', ''Point Pleasant'' (Whitefish Bay)\n* Vic Perrin (1916\u20131989), actor (Menomonee Falls)\n* Michael Phillips (born 1961), film critic and co-host of ''At the Movies'' (Kenosha, Racine)\n* Amy Pietz (born 1969), actor (Milwaukee)\n* Charlotte Rae (born 1926), actress (Milwaukee, Shorewood)\n* Brad Rowe (born 1970), actor, ''Wasteland'' (Milwaukee)\n* Tony Shalhoub (born 1953), actor (Green Bay)\n* Kurtwood Smith (born 1943), actor, best known for his role of Red Forman on ''That '70s Show'' (New Lisbon)\n* Tom Snyder (1936\u20132007), talk show host (Milwaukee)\n* Melinda Stolp, ''The Real World: Austin'' cast member (Germantown)\n* Eric Szmanda (born 1975), actor (Milwaukee)\n* Jessica Szohr (born 1985), actress (Menomonee Falls)\n* Daniel J. Travanti (born 1940), Emmy Award-winning actor (Kenosha)\n* Steve True (born 1954), Emmy Award-winning sportscaster (Milwaukee)\n* Greta Van Susteren (born 1954), television commentator (Appleton)\n* J. D. Walsh (born 1974), actor, ''Smart Guy'' (Madison)\n* Tom Welling (born 1977), actor (Janesville)\n* Bradley Whitford (born 1959), actor (Madison)\n* Tom Wopat (born 1951), actor (Lodi)\n* Linda Young (born 1953), anime dubbing voice actress with FUNimation (Milwaukee)\n* Chip Zien (born 1947), actor (Milwaukee)\n\n\n===Comedy===\n\n* Frank Caliendo (born 1974), comedian (Waukesha)\n* Randy Chestnut (born 1971), comedian (Baraboo, Madison)\n* Chris Farley (1964\u20131997), comedian (Madison)\n* Jackie Kashian, stand-up comedian (South Milwaukee)\n* Jackie Mason (born 1931), comedian and actor (Sheboygan)\n* Nick Mortensen (born 1977), comedian (Green Bay)\n* John McGivern, comedian (Milwaukee)\n\n\n===Music===\nLiberace\nSteve Miller\nLes Paul\n\nJosh Thompson\n;A\u2013M\n\n* Naima Adedapo (born 1984), finalist on season 10 of ''American Idol'' (Milwaukee)\n* Carl Allen (born 1961), drummer\n* John Altenburgh (born 1960), musician, composer, producer (Wausau)\n* Durrell Babbs (born 1976), singer/songwriter, stage name is Tank, member of R&B group TGT (Milwaukee)\n* Eric Ben\u00e9t (born 1966), singer (Milwaukee)\n* Bunny Berigan (1908\u20131942), musician (Hilbert, Fox Lake)\n* Erin Boheme, jazz singer (Oshkosh)\n* Skylar Grey (born 1986), singer-songwriter (Mazomanie)\n* Felice Bryant (1925\u20132003), songwriter (Milwaukee)\n* Victor DeLorenzo (born 1954), musician, drummer for Violent Femmes (1981\u20131993, 2002\u20132006) (Racine, Milwaukee)\n* Dave Dudley (1928\u20132003), country singer (Spencer)\n* Howie Epstein (1955\u20132003), bassist for Tom Petty and the Heartbreakers (Milwaukee)\n* Betty Everett (1939\u20132001), R&B musician (Beloit)\n* Gordon Gano (born 1963), musician, singer for Violent Femmes (Milwaukee)\n* Danny Gokey (born 1980), a finalist on season 8 of ''American Idol'' (Milwaukee)\n* Greg Graffin (born 1964), singer (Racine)\n* Jerry Harrison (born 1949), keyboardist and guitarist for Talking Heads (Milwaukee)\n* Woody Herman (1913\u20131987), musician (Milwaukee)\n* Bobby Hatfield (born 1940), member of The Righteous Brothers (Beaver Dam)\n* Hildegarde (1906\u20132005), cabaret singer (Adell, New Holstein)\n* Guy Hoffman (born 1954), musician, drummer for Violent Femmes (1993\u20132002, 2006) (Milwaukee)\n* Andy Hurley (born 1980), drummer for Fall Out Boy (Menomonee Falls)\n* Al Jarreau (born 1940), singer (Milwaukee)\n* Pee Wee King (1914\u20132000), musician (Milwaukee, Abrams)\n* Liberace (1919\u20131987), musician (West Allis)\n* Jeff Loomis (born 1971), guitarist for Nevermore (Appleton)\n* Rico Love (born 1982), rapper (Milwaukee)\n* Steve Miller (born 1943), musician (Milwaukee)\n\n\n;N\u2013Z\n\n* Les Paul (1915\u20132009), musician, inventor (Waukesha)\n* Jim Pekol (born 1961), musician (Wausau)\n* Jeff Pilson, musician\n* Stevie Rachelle (born 1966), singer for Tuff (Oshkosh)\n* Bruce Robb (born 1954), music producer for film/television, former member of 1960s folk rock group The Robbs (Oconomowoc)\n* Art Paul Schlosser (born 1960), musician, songwriter, busker (Madison)\n* Ben Sidran (born 1943), jazz pianist (Racine)\n* Clyde Stubblefield (born 1943), drummer (Madison)\n* Daryl Stuermer (born 1952), guitarist (Milwaukee)\n* Josh Thompson (born 1978), country singer-songwriter (Cedarburg)\n* Justin Vernon (born 1981), singer-songwriter of Bon Iver (Eau Claire)\n* Butch Vig (born 1957), drummer for Garbage; musician and producer for Nirvana, Smashing Pumpkins, and Garbage (Viroqua, Madison)\n* Davey von Bohlen (born 1975), singer/guitarist for Cap'n Jazz, The Promise Ring, Vermont, and Maritime (Milwaukee)\n* Joseph Philbrick Webster (1819\u20131875), songwriter and composer (Racine, Elkhorn)\n* Jane Wiedlin (born 1958), rhythm guitarist of The Go-Go's (Oconomowoc, Madison)\n* Robin Zander (born 1953), lead singer and guitarist of Cheap Trick (Beloit)\n\n"	"History"	"George Mosse\n\n* Stephen Ambrose (1936\u20132002), historian (Whitewater)\n* William Cronon (born 1954), environmental historian (Madison)\n* Lyman Draper (1815\u20131891), historian and librarian (Madison)\n* Harvey Goldberg (1922\u20131987), historian (Madison)\n* George Mosse (1918\u20131999), social and cultural historian (Madison)\n* Gerhard Brandt Naeseth (1913\u20131994), founder of the Norwegian-American Genealogical Center & Naeseth Library (Madison)\n* James Breck Perkins (1847\u20131910), historian and U.S. Congressman (St. Croix Falls)\n* David Schoenbaum (born 1935), historian and social scientist (Milwaukee)\n* Kenneth M. Stampp (1912\u20132009), historian (Milwaukee)\n* John Toland (1912\u20132004), Pulitzer Prize-winning historian and author (La Crosse)\n* Frederick Jackson Turner (1861\u20131932), historian, known for his Frontier Thesis (Portage)\n* T. Harry Williams (1909\u20131979), Pulitzer Prize-winning historian (Hazel Green)\n\n"	"Military"	"Fred Ascani\n;A\u2013B\n\n* Harold C. Agerholm (1925\u20131944), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Racine)\n* Frank L. Anders (1875\u20131966), Philippine\u2013American War Medal of Honor recipient (Ripon)\n* James Roy Andersen (1904\u20131945), U.S. Army general (Racine)\n* Beauford T. Anderson (1922\u20131996), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Eagle, Soldiers Grove)\n* Mark E. Anderson, U.S. National Guard general (Wisconsin Rapids)\n* Peter Anderson (1847\u20131907), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Lafayette County)\n* Fred Ascani (1917\u20132010), U.S. Air Force Major General (Beloit)\n* Margaret H. Bair, U.S. Air National Guard general (Lake Geneva)\n* Merton W. Baker (1924\u20132000), U.S. Air Force Major General (Tomahawk)\n* George Barnett (1859\u20131930), Commandant of the United States Marine Corps (Lancaster, Boscobel)\n* Stuart E. Barstad (1929\u20132009), Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Air Force (Colfax)\n* William A. Barstow (1813\u20131865), Union Army general (Waukesha, Janesville)\n* Frank E. Beatty (1853\u20131926), U.S. Navy admiral (Aztalan)\n* Harry Bell (1860\u20131938), Philippine\u2013American War Medal of Honor recipient (Milwaukee)\n* Leslie Allen Bellrichard (1941\u20131967), Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient (Janesville)\n* Harold Medberry Bemis (1884\u20131970), U.S. Navy admiral (Oshkosh)\n* Paul M. Blayney, U.S. Coast Guard admiral (Milwaukee, Jefferson)\n* Orville Emil Bloch (1915\u20131983), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Big Falls)\n* Robert D. Bohn, U.S. Marine Corps Major General (Neenah)\n* Richard Bong (1920\u20131945), World War II pilot (Superior)\n* Frank Matteson Bostwick (1857\u20131945), U.S. Navy Commodore (Janesville)\n* Peter J. Boylan, U.S. Army Major General (Portage)\n* John Bradley (1923\u20131994), Iwo Jima flag-raiser (Antigo)\n* Edward S. Bragg (1827\u20131912), Union Army general (Fond du Lac)\n* Oscar Brookin, Spanish\u2013American War Medal of Honor recipient (Byron)\n* Deming Bronson (1894\u20131957), World War I Medal of Honor recipient (Rhinelander)\n* Clarence John Brown (1895\u20131973), U.S. Navy Vice Admiral (Plum City)\n* F. Taylor Brown (1925\u20132011), U.S. Navy admiral (Ashland)\n* Robert Whitney Burns (1908\u20131964), U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General (Stanley)\n* Elmer J. Burr (1908\u20131942), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Neenah, Menasha)\n\n\n;C\u2013E\n\n* Joseph Cable (1848\u20131877), American Indian Wars Medal of Honor recipient (Madison)\n* James J. Carey, U.S. Navy admiral (Green Lake County, Aurora)\n* Irving J. Carr (1875\u20131963), U.S. Army Major General (Chippewa Falls)\n* Guy W.S. Castle (1879\u20131919), Medal of Honor recipient\n* Arthur S. Champeny (1893\u20131979), U.S. Army general (Briggsville)\n* Stanley R. Christianson (1925\u20131950), Korean War Medal of Honor recipient (Mindoro)\n* Paul Clemens, U.S. Army general (Superior)\n* Gerald W. Clusen, U.S. Navy admiral (Manitowoc)\n* Jefferson Coates (1843\u20131880), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Boscobel)\n* James Kelsey Cogswell (1847\u20131908), U.S. Navy admiral (Milwaukee)\n* Robert Grimes Coman (1887\u20131963), U.S. Navy Commodore (Trempealeau)\n* Richard H. Cosgriff (1845\u20131910), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Hudson, Chippewa Falls)\n* James E. Croft (1833\u20131914), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Janesville)\n* Winfield S. Cunningham (1900\u20131986), U.S. Navy admiral (Rockbridge)\n* James B. Currie (1925\u20132009), U.S. Air Force Major General (Milwaukee)\n* William B. Cushing (1842\u20131874), Navy officer who sank the CSS ''Albemarle''; namesake of the USS ''Cushing'' (Delafield)\n* Marshall E. Cusic Jr., U.S. Navy admiral (Marshfield)\n* Lysander Cutler (1807\u20131866), Union Army general (Milwaukee)\n* Clinton W. Davies (1899\u20131989), U.S. Air Force general (Racine)\n* Frederick Curtice Davis (1915\u20131941), highly decorated Navy officer; namesake of the USS ''Frederick C. Davis'' (Rock County)\n* Leighton I. Davis (1910\u20131995), U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General (Sparta)\n* Charles G. Dawes (1865\u20131951), U.S. Army general (La Crosse)\n* Dirk J. Debbink, U.S. Navy Vice Admiral; Chief of Navy Reserve (Oconomowoc)\n* Abraham DeSomer (1884\u20131974), Medal of Honor recipient (Milwaukee)\n* John Durham (1843\u20131918), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Malone)\n* Herbert W. Ehrgott (1910\u20131982), U.S. Air Force general (Milwaukee)\n* Clarence Ekstrom, U.S. Navy Vice Admiral (Waupaca)\n* Horace Ellis (1843\u20131867), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Chippewa Falls)\n* William Ellis (1834\u20131875), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Watertown)\n* Gerald L. Endl (1915\u20131944), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Fort Atkinson, Janesville)\n\n\n;F\u2013I\nJames H. Flatley\nAmos Fries\nAlbert W. Grant\n\n\n* Lucius Fairchild (1831\u20131896), Union Army general (Madison)\n* Peter Fanta, U.S. Navy admiral (Manitowoc)\n* Jack K. Farris (born 1934), U.S. Air Force Major General (Fennimore)\n* Richard W. Fellows (1914\u20131998), U.S. Air Force general (Algoma)\n* Art Fiala (1899\u20132005), World War I (Kewaunee)\n* James H. Flatley (1906\u20131958), U.S. Navy Vice Admiral (Green Bay)\n* Lawrence J. Fleming (1922\u20132006), U.S. Air Force Major General (Green Bay)\n* James F. Flock, U.S. Marine Corps Major General (Milwaukee)\n* Amos Fries (1873\u20131963), U.S. Army Major General, Chief of the Chemical Warfare Service (Viroqua)\n* Harold A. Fritz (born 1944), Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient (Milwaukee)\n* Julius A. Furer (1880\u20131963), U.S. Navy admiral (Mosel)\n* Augustus F. Gearhard (1893\u20131975), Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Air Force (Milwaukee)\n* Theodore W. Goldin (1858\u20131935), American Indian Wars Medal of Honor recipient (Avon, Brodhead, Janesville, King)\n* Albert W. Grant (1856\u20131930), U.S. Navy Vice Admiral (Stevens Point)\n* Sandra A. Gregory, U.S. Air Force general (Loyal)\n* Kenneth E. Gruennert (1922\u20131942), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Helenville)\n* Charles Smith Hamilton (1822\u20131891), Union Army Major General (Milwaukee)\n* Melvin O. Handrich (1919\u20131950), Korean War Medal of Honor recipient (Manawa)\n* Rodney R. Hannula, U.S. National Guard Major General (Saxon)\n* William Frederick Hase (1874\u20131935), U.S. Army Major General (Milwaukee)\n* J. Michael Hayes, U.S. Marine Corps general (Milwaukee)\n* Philip Hayes (1887\u20131949), U.S. Army Major General (Portage)\n* John Higgins (1899\u20131973), U.S. Navy admiral (Madison)\n* Frank E. Hill (1850\u20131906), American Indian Wars Medal of Honor recipient (Mayfield)\n* Benjamin Hilliker, American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Town of Waupaca)\n* Harrison Carroll Hobart (1815\u20131902), Union Army general (Sheboygan, Chilton, Milwaukee)\n* Roy Hoffmann, U.S. Navy admiral (Milwaukee)\n* Lucius Roy Holbrook (1875\u20131952), U.S. Army Major General (Arkansaw)\n* Willard Ames Holbrook (1860\u20131932), U.S. Army Major General (Arkansaw)\n* David William Hutchison (1908\u20131982), U.S. Air Force Major General (Mineral Point)\n* Einar H. Ingman, Jr. (born 1929), Korean War Medal of Honor recipient (Milwaukee, Tomahawk)\n\n\n;J\u2013L\nJay L. Johnson\nJames Benjamin Lampert\n\nWilliam D. Leahy\n\n\n* Frank B. James (1912\u20132004), U.S. Air Force general (Delavan)\n* Marvin John Jensen (1908\u20131993), U.S. Navy admiral (Sheboygan)\n* John L. Jerstad (1918\u20131943), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Racine, Milwaukee)\n* Jay L. Johnson, Chief of Naval Operations (West Salem)\n* John Johnson (1842\u20131907), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Janesville)\n* Stephen E. Johnson, U.S. Navy admiral (Wisconsin Rapids)\n* Donald S. Jones (1928\u20132004), U.S. Navy Vice Admiral (Madison)\n* Harley Sanford Jones (1902\u20131997), U.S. Air Force general (Fox Lake)\n* Emil C. Kiel (1895\u20131977), U.S. Air Force general\n* Charles King (1844\u20131933), U.S. Army general (Milwaukee)\n* Rufus King (1814\u20131876), Union Army general (Milwaukee)\n* John Baxter Kinne (1877\u20131954), Philippine\u2013American War Medal of Honor recipient (Beloit)\n* Louis Joseph Kirn (1908\u20131995), U.S. Navy admiral (Milwaukee)\n* Russell Klika, combat photographer (Appleton)\n* Richard A. Knobloch (1918\u20132001), U.S. Air Force general (West Allis, Milwaukee)\n* Oscar Koch (1897\u20131970), U.S. Army general, member of the Military Intelligence Hall of Fame (Milwaukee)\n* Edmond Konrad, U.S. Navy admiral (Oshkosh)\n* James Benjamin Lampert (1914\u20131978), U.S. Army Lieutenant General\n* Thomas B. Larkin (1890\u20131968), Quartermaster General of the U.S. Army (Louisburg)\n* Daniel P. Leaf, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General, Commander of the United States Pacific Command (Shawano)\n* William D. Leahy (1875\u20131959), U.S. Navy Fleet Admiral, first military officer to reach of five-star rank (Ashland)\n* James J. LeCleir (born 1941), U.S. Air Force Major General (Chippewa Falls)\n* Scott D. Legwold, U.S. National Guard general (Eau Claire)\n* James J. Lindsay (born 1932), U.S. Army General, first Commander of the United States Special Operations Command (Portage)\n* Nathan J. Lindsay (born 1936), U.S. Air Force Major General (Monroe)\n* Arno H. Luehman (1911\u20131989), U.S. Air Force Major General (Milwaukee)\n* Edward E. Lyon (1871\u20131931), Philippine\u2013American War Medal of Honor recipient (Hixton)\n\n\n;M\u2013O\nArthur MacArthur, Jr.\nDouglas MacArthur\nCharles C. McDonald\nBilly Mitchell\nMarc Mitscher\n\n\n* Arthur MacArthur, Jr. (1845\u20131912), Medal of Honor Civil War, \"On Wisconsin\", father of General Douglas MacArthur (Milwaukee)\n* Douglas MacArthur (1880\u20131964), General of the U.S. Army, U.S. Army Chief of Staff, Medal of Honor recipient (Milwaukee)\n* Alexander Mackenzie (1844\u20131921), U.S. Army Chief of Engineers (Postosi)\n* Lester J. Maitland (1899\u20131990), U.S. Army Air Service general (Milwaukee)\n* Francis Marshall, U.S. Army general (Darlington)\n* Michael A. McAuliffe (born 1941), U.S. Air Force general (Ashland)\n* Michael J. McCarthy, U.S. Air Force Major General (Niagara)\n* John E. McCoy, U.S. Air National Guard general (Janesville, Stoughton)\n* Robert Bruce McCoy (1867\u20131926), U.S. National Guard Major General (Kenosha, Lafayette, Sparta)\n* Arthur L. McCullough, U.S. Air Force general (Milwaukee)\n* Charles C. McDonald (born 1933), U.S. Air Force General (Barron)\n* Edward McGlachlin, Jr., U.S. Army Major General (Fond du Lac, Stevens Point)\n* Hugh J. McGrath (1858\u20131899), Philippine\u2013American War Medal of Honor recipient (Fond du Lac)\n* John S. Mills (1906\u20131996), U.S. Air Force Major General (Appleton)\n* Andrew Miller (1916\u20131944), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Manitowoc, Two Rivers)\n* Billy Mitchell (1879\u20131936), U.S. general, aviation (raised in West Allis)\n* Marc Mitscher (1887\u20131947), World War II admiral (Hillsboro)\n* Robert J. Modrzejewski (born 1934), Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient (Milwaukee)\n* Daniel B. Moore (1838\u20131914), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Mifflin)\n* Charles E. Mower (1924\u20131944), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Chippewa Falls)\n* Dennis Murphy (1830\u20131901), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Green Bay)\n* Beryl Newman (1911\u20131998), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Baraboo)\n* Richard J. Nolan (1848\u20131905), American Indian Wars Medal of Honor recipient (Milwaukee)\n* William Nordeen (1936\u20131988), U.S. Navy officer, killed in terrorist attack (Amery, Centuria)\n* Albert O'Connor, American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Lodi)\n* Tad J. Oelstrom, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General (Milwaukee)\n* Ralph A. Ofstie (1897\u20131956), U.S. Navy Vice Admiral (Eau Claire)\n* Truman O. Olson (1917\u20131944), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Christiana, Cambridge)\n* Andrew P. O'Meara (1907\u20132005), U.S. Army General, Commander-in-Chief of United States Southern Command and United States Army Europe (West Bend)\n* John Birdsell Oren (1909\u20132006), U.S. Coast Guard admiral (Madison)\n\n\n;P\u2013S\n\n* Halbert E. Paine (1826\u20131905), Union Army general (Milwaukee)\n* John Patterson (1838\u20131922), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Summit, Mauston)\n* Ernest Dichmann Peek (1878\u20131950), U.S. Army Major General (Oshkosh)\n* Oscar V. Peterson (1899\u20131942), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Prentice)\n* George F. Pond (1844\u20131911), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Fairwater)\n* James Pond (1838\u20131903), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Janesville)\n* Mitchell Red Cloud, Jr. (1924\u20131950), Korean War Medal of Honor recipient (Hatfield, Merrillan)\n* Marcus Robbins (1851\u20131924), American Indian Wars Medal of Honor recipient (Elba)\n* Carson Abel Roberts (1905\u20131983), U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant General (Lancaster)\n* Marcus W. Robertson (1870\u20131948), Philippine\u2013American War Medal of Honor recipient (Suamico)\n* Davis C. Rohr, U.S. Air Force Major General (Burlington)\n* Thomas H. Ruger (1833\u20131907), Superintendent of the United States Military Academy (Janesville)\n* Margaret A. Rykowski, U.S. Navy admiral (Milwaukee)\n* Ben L. Salomon (1914\u20131944), World War II Medal of Honor recipient (Milwaukee)\n* Frederick C. Salomon (1826\u20131897), Union Army general (Manitowoc)\n* Elmer Salzman, U.S. Marine Corps Major General (Kiel)\n* Walter Schindler (1897\u20131991), U.S. Navy Vice Admiral (New Glarus)\n* Herman Alfred Schmid (1910\u20131985), U.S. Air Force general (Milwaukee)\n* Carl Schurz (1829\u20131906), Union Army Major General (Town of Watertown, Milwaukee)\n* Richard Severson, U.S. Air Force general (Brooklyn)\n* James Shields (1810\u20131879), Union Army general\n* Henry Hastings Sibley (1811\u20131891), Union Army general\n* William Sickles (1844\u20131938), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Fall River)\n* John Otto Siegel (1890\u20131973), World War I Medal of Honor recipient (Milwaukee)\n* Lance Sijan (1942\u20131968), Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient (Milwaukee)\n* Clayton K. Slack (1896\u20131976), World War I Medal of Honor recipient (Plover)\n* Fred R. Sloan, U.S. Air National Guard Major General (Milwaukee)\n* John Converse Starkweather (1829\u20131890), Union Army general (Milwaukee)\n* Henry J. Stehling (1918\u20132001), U.S. Air Force general (Milwaukee)\n* Joseph Stika (1889\u20131976), U.S. Coast Guard Vice Admiral (Milwaukee, Kewaunee)\n* Kenneth E. Stumpf (born 1944), Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient (Neenah, Milwaukee)\n* Jerome A. Sudut (1930\u20131951), Korean War Medal of Honor recipient (Wausau)\n* Dennis B. Sullivan (born 1927), U.S. Air Force general (Chippewa Falls)\n* Timothy S. Sullivan, U.S. Coast Guard admiral (Milwaukee)\n* Woodrow Swancutt (1915\u20131993), U.S. Air Force Major General (Edgar)\n\n\n;T\u2013Z\n\nNathan Farragut Twining\nHoyt Vandenberg\nElmo Zumwalt\n\n* Eugene L. Tattini, U.S. Air Force Lieutenant General (Madison)\n* Claude Taugher (1895\u20131963), World War I Distinguished Service Cross and Navy Cross recipient (Marathon City)\n* Thomas Toohey (1835\u20131918), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Milwaukee)\n* Robin G. Tornow (1942\u20132010), U.S. Air Force general (Monroe)\n* Charles Treat, U.S. Army general (Monroe)\n* Clement A. Trott, U.S. Army Major General (Milwaukee)\n* Edwin M. Truell (1841\u20131907), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (Mauston)\n* Merrill B. Twining (1902\u20131996), U.S. Marine Corps General (Monroe)\n* Nathan C. Twining (1869\u20131924), U.S. Navy admiral (Boscobel)\n* Nathan Farragut Twining (1897\u20131982), U.S. Air Force general (Monroe)\n* William J. Van Ryzin (1914\u20132002), U.S. Marine Corps Lieutenant General (Appleton)\n* James M. Vande Hey (1916\u20132009), U.S. Air Force general\n* Hoyt Vandenberg (1899\u20131954), U.S. Air Force general (Milwaukee)\n* James R. Van Den Elzen (born 1931), U.S. Marine Corps general (Green Bay)\n* Alfred Verhulst (1921\u20131975), U.S. Air Force general (Sheboygan Falls)\n* Fred W. Vetter, Jr. (1921\u20132002), U.S. Air Force general (Milwaukee)\n* Lutz Wahl (1869\u20131928), Adjutant General of the U.S. Army (Milwaukee)\n* William Miller Wallace (1844\u20131924), U.S. Army general (Prairie du Chien)\n* Francis A. Waller (1840\u20131911), American Civil War Medal of Honor recipient (De Soto)\n* Cadwallader C. Washburn (1818\u20131882), Union Army Major General (Mineral Point, La Crosse)\n* Waldemar F.A. Wendt (1912\u20131997), U.S. Navy Admiral, Commander-in-Chief of the United States Naval Forces Europe\n* Don S. Wenger (1911\u20131986), U.S. Air Force Major General (Monroe)\n* Leslie J. Westberg (1920\u20131997), U.S. Air Force general (Menasha)\n* Gary George Wetzel (born 1947), Vietnam War Medal of Honor recipient (South Milwaukee, Milwaukee)\n* Charles White Whittlesey (1884\u20131921), World War I Medal of Honor recipient, leader of the Lost Battalion (Florence)\n* Hugh E. Wild (born 1918), U.S. Air Force general (Elmwood)\n* Albert H. Wilkening, U.S. Air National Guard Major General\n* Donald Erwin Wilson, U.S. Navy admiral (Taylor County)\n* Claron A. Windus, Indian Wars Medal of Honor recipient (Janesville)\n* Arthur Wolcott Yates, U.S. Army general\n* Cassin Young (1894\u20131942), World War II Medal of Honor recipient\n* Frank Albert Young (1876\u20131941), China Relief Expedition Medal of Honor recipient (Milwaukee)\n* Elmo Zumwalt (1920\u20132000), Chief of Naval Operations (Milwaukee)\n* Ralph Wise Zwicker (1903\u20131991), U.S. Army Major General (Stoughton)\n\n"	"Nobel laureates"	"John Bardeen\n\n* Joseph Erlanger (1874\u20131965), recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1944 (Madison)\n* Herbert Spencer Gasser (1888\u20131963), B.S. 1910, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1944 (Platteville)\n* John Bardeen (1908\u20131991), B.S. 1928 and M.S. 1929, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1956 and 1972 (Madison)\n* Edward Lawrie Tatum (1909\u20131975), B.A. 1931, M.S. 1932, Ph.D. 1935, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 (Madison)\n* Joshua Lederberg (1925\u20132008), recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1958 (Madison)\n* Stanford Moore (1913\u20131982), Ph.D. 1938, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1972 (Madison)\n* William P. Murphy (1892\u20131987), recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1934 (Stoughton)\n* John H. van Vleck (1899\u20131980), A.B. 1920, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1977 (Madison)\n* Herbert A. Simon (1916\u20132001), B.A. 1936, Ph.D. 1943, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1978 (Milwaukee)\n* Theodore Schultz (1902\u20131998), M.S. 1928, Ph.D. 1930, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Economics in 1979 (Madison)\n* Erwin Neher (born 1944), M.S. 1967, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1991 (Madison)\n* Paul D. Boyer (born 1918), M.S. 1941, Ph.D. 1943, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1997 (Madison)\n* G\u00fcnter Blobel (born 1936), Ph.D. 1967, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1999 (Madison)\n* Jack Kilby (1923\u20132005), M.S. 1950, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physics for the integrated circuit in 2000 (Milwaukee)\n* Alan G. MacDiarmid (1927\u20132007), M.S. 1952, Ph.D. 1953, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 2000 (Madison)\n\n"	"Politics and activism"	"\nLes Aspin\n;A\u2013B\n\n* Glenn A. Abbey (1898\u20131962), U.S. diplomat (Dodgeville)\n* Alva Adams (1850\u20131922), Governor of Colorado (Iowa County)\n* Billy Adams (1861\u20131954), Governor of Colorado (Blue Mounds)\n* J. Frank Aldrich (1853\u20131933), U.S. Representative from Illinois (Two Rivers)\n* William Aldrich (1820\u20131885), U.S. Representative from Illinois (Fond du Lac)\n* William A. Anderson (1873\u20131954), Mayor of Minneapolis, Minnesota (Adams County)\n* George R. Andrews (1808\u20131873), U.S. Representative from New York (Oshkosh)\n* Walter Annenberg (1908\u20132002), U.S. Ambassador to the United Kingdom (Milwaukee)\n* Les Aspin (1938\u20131995), Congressman and Secretary of Defense (Milwaukee)\n* Gerhard A. Bading (1870\u20131946), U.S. diplomat (Milwaukee)\n* John Miller Baer (1886\u20131970), U.S. Representative from North Dakota (Black Creek)\n* Hiram Barber, Jr. (1835\u20131924), U.S. Representative from Illinois (Horicon, Juneau)\n* Thomas M. Barrett (born 1953), Congressman and Mayor of Milwaukee (Milwaukee)\n* William A. Barstow (1813\u20131865), Governor (Waukesha, Janesville)\n* Coles Bashford (1816\u20131878), Governor, U.S. Congressional Delegate from the Arizona Territory (Oshkosh)\n* David L. Bazelon (1909\u20131993), Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals (Superior)\n* Charles S. Benton (1810\u20131882), U.S. Representative from New York (Milwaukee, La Crosse)\n* Benjamin P. Birdsall (1858\u20131917), U.S. Representative from Iowa (Weyauwega)\n* John J. Blaine (1875\u20131934), Governor and U.S. Senator (Wingville)\n* C.A. Bottolfsen (1891\u20131964), Governor of Idaho (Superior)\n* Matthias J. Bovee (1793\u20131872), U.S. Representative from New York (Milwaukee, Eagle)\n* Edward S. Bragg (1827\u20131912), U.S. diplomat (Fond du Lac)\n* John A. Bryan (1794\u20131864), U.S. diplomat (Milwaukee, Menasha)\n* James Budd (1851\u20131908), California Governor (Janesville)\n* George Bunn (1865\u20131918), Justice of the Minnesota Supreme Court (Sparta)\n* John H. Burke (1894\u20131951), U.S. Representative from California (Excelsior)\n* John R. Burke (1924\u20131993), U.S. diplomat (Madison)\n* Charles C. Butler, Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court (Milwaukee)\n* John W. Byrnes (1913\u20131985), U.S. Representative (Green Bay)\n\n\n;C\u2013E\nPaul Clement\nWilbur J. Cohen\nCharles G. Dawes\nLawrence Eagleburger\n\n* Thomas Cale (1848\u20131941), U.S. Congressional Delegate from the Alaska Territory (Fond du Lac)\n* John Benton Callis (1828\u20131898), U.S. Representative from Alabama (Lancaster)\n* Lois Capps (born 1938), U.S. Representative from California (Ladysmith)\n* Milton Robert Carr (born 1943), U.S. Representative from Michigan (Janesville)\n* Carrie Chapman Catt (1859\u20131947), feminist (Ripon)\n* Eugene W. Chafin (1852\u20131920), Prohibition Party candidate for President of the United States (East Troy, Waukesha)\n* Kathryn F. Clarenbach (1920\u20131994), first chairwoman of the National Organization for Women (Sparta)\n* Paul Clement (born 1966), Solicitor General of the United States (Town of Cedarburg)\n* Cliff Clevenger (1885\u20131960), U.S. Representative from Ohio (Appleton)\n* Wilbur J. Cohen (1913\u20131987), U.S. Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare (Milwaukee)\n* Harmon Sweatland Conger (1816\u20131882), U.S. Representative from New York (Janesville)\n* Willis C. Cook (1874\u20131942), U.S. diplomat (Gratiot)\n* Henry A. Cooper (1850\u20131931), U.S. Representative (Spring Prairie, Burlington, Racine)\n* Michael Copps (born 1940), Commissioner on the Federal Communications Commission (Milwaukee)\n* John W. Cox, Jr. (born 1947), U.S. Representative from Illinois (Hazel Green)\n* Kenneth H. Dahlberg (born 1917), figure in the Watergate scandal, later cleared (Wilson)\n* Henry C. A. Damm (1874\u20131929), U.S. diplomat (Waushara County)\n* Joseph E. Davies (1876\u20131958), U.S. diplomat (Watertown)\n* Charles G. Dawes (1865\u20131951), Vice President of the United States (La Crosse)\n* Thomas Cleland Dawson (1865\u20131912), U.S. diplomat (Hudson)\n* Ada Deer (born 1935), Native-American/Menominee activist, former BIA official (Keshena)\n* Peter V. Deuster (1831\u20131904), U.S. diplomat (Milwaukee, Port Washington)\n* Bernardine Dohrn (born 1942), activist (Milwaukee)\n* Michael Dombeck, former Chief of the US Forest Service\n* F. Ryan Duffy (1888\u20131979), Chief Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals (Fond du Lac)\n* Charles Durkee (1805\u20131870), U.S. Senator, Governor of the Utah Territory (Kenosha)\n* Lawrence Eagleburger (1930\u20132011), Secretary of State (Milwaukee)\n* John E. Erickson (1863\u20131946), U.S. Senator from Montana (Stoughton)\n* John J. Esch (1861\u20131941), U.S. Representative (Norwalk, La Crosse)\n* Experience Estabrook (1813\u20131894), U.S. Congressional Delegate from Nebraska Territory (Geneva)\n* Evan Alfred Evans (1876\u20131948), Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals (Spring Green, Baraboo)\n\n\n;F\u2013I\nRuss Feingold\nTimothy O. Howe\n\n* Lucius Fairchild (1831\u20131896), U.S. diplomat (Madison)\n* Thomas E. Fairchild (1912\u20132007), Chief Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals (Milwaukee)\n* Jacob Fawcett, Chief Justice of the Nebraska Supreme Court (Benton)\n* Russ Feingold (born 1953), U.S. Senator and co-author of McCain-Feingold Campaign Reform Act (Janesville, Middleton)\n* William R. Finch (1847\u20131913), U.S. diplomat (Walworth County)\n* Albert Fowler (1802\u20131883), Mayor of Rockford, Illinois (Milwaukee, Wauwatosa)\n* James A. Frear (1861\u20131939), U.S. Representative (Hudson)\n* George A. Garrett (1888\u20131971), U.S. diplomat (La Crosse)\n* Hiram Gill (1866\u20131919), Mayor of Seattle, Washington (Watertown)\n* James Gillett (1860\u20131937), U.S. Representative from California (Viroqua, Sparta)\n* Callista Gingrich (born 1966), wife of former Speaker Newt Gingrich (Whitehall)\n* Glory of the Morning, the only female chief ever recorded in the oral history of the Ho-Chunk nation\n* Guy D. Goff (1866\u20131933), U.S. Senator from West Virginia (Milwaukee)\n* William Goodell (1792\u20131878), prominent abolitionist, candidate for President of the United States (Janesville)\n* Warren Green (1870\u20131945), Governor of South Dakota (Jackson County)\n* John A. Gronouski (1919\u20131996), U.S. Postmaster General (Dunbar, Green Bay)\n* Richard W. Guenther (1845\u20131913), U.S. diplomat (Oshkosh)\n* Herbert James Hagerman (1871\u20131935), Governor of the New Mexico Territory (Milwaukee)\n* Darwin Hall (1844\u20131919), U.S. Representative from Minnesota (Wheatland, Grand Rapids)\n* John Hammill (1875\u20131936), Governor of Iowa (Linden)\n* Henry C. Hansbrough (1848\u20131933), U.S. Senator from North Dakota (Baraboo)\n* Ole Hanson (1874\u20131940), Mayor of Seattle, Washington (Racine County)\n* Mildred Harnack (1902\u20131943), resistance fighter in Nazi Germany (Milwaukee)\n* Gilbert N. Haugen (1859\u20131933), U.S. Representative from Iowa (Orfordville)\n* Everis A. Hayes (1855\u20131942), U.S. Representative from California (Waterloo)\n* Ned R. Healy (1905\u20131977), U.S. Representative from California (Milwaukee)\n* Charles N. Herreid (1857\u20131928), Governor of South Dakota (Madison)\n* Lorena Hickok (1893\u20131968), friend of Eleanor Roosevelt, helped Harry Hopkins with fact-finding missions during the New Deal (East Troy)\n* Fred H. Hildebrandt (1874\u20131956), U.S. Representative from South Dakota (West Bend, Waupun)\n* George H. Hodges (1866\u20131947), Governor of Kansas (Orion)\n* Adoniram J. Holmes (1842\u20131902), U.S. Representative from Iowa (Palmyra)\n* Timothy O. Howe (1816\u20131883), U.S. Postmaster General (Green Bay)\n* Daniel Hugunin, Jr. (1790\u20131850), U.S. Representative from New York (Kenosha)\n* Merlin Hull (1870\u20131953), U.S. Representative (Black River Falls)\n* Paul O. Husting (1866\u20131917), U.S. Senator (Fond du Lac)\n\n\n;J\u2013L\nHerb Kohl\nRobert M. La Follette, Sr.\nMel Laird\nRichard D. Lamm\n\n* Franklin M. Jahnke (born 1990), member of the Wisconsin State Assembly\n* Edward H. Jenison (1907\u20131996), U.S. Representative from Illinois (Fond du Lac)\n* J. Leroy Johnson (1888\u20131961), U.S. Representative from California (Wausau)\n* Martin N. Johnson (1850\u20131909), U.S. Senator from North Dakota (Racine County)\n* Charles Jonas (1840\u20131896), U.S. diplomat (Racine)\n* Edgar A. Jonas (1885\u20131965), U.S. Representative from Illinois (Mishicot)\n* Francis B. Keene, U.S. diplomat (Milwaukee)\n* Oscar Keller (1878\u20131927), U.S. Representative from Minnesota (Helenville)\n* John Edward Kelley (1853\u20131941), U.S. Representative from South Dakota (Portage)\n* George F. Kennan (1904\u20132005), diplomat (Milwaukee)\n* Rufus King (1814\u20131876), U.S. diplomat (Milwaukee)\n* Jerry Kleczka (born 1943), U.S. Representative (Milwaukee)\n* Herb Kohl (born 1935), U.S. Senator and sports-franchise owner (Milwaukee)\n* Julius Albert Krug (1907\u20131970), U.S. Secretary of the Interior (Madison)\n* Paul John Kvale (1896\u20131960), U.S. Representative from Minnesota (Orfordville)\n* Robert M. La Follette, Sr. (1855\u20131925), Congressman, Governor and U.S. Senator (Primrose, Madison)\n* Robert M. La Follette, Jr. (1895\u20131953), U.S. Senator (Madison)\n* Mel Laird (born 1922), Congressman and Secretary of Defense (Marshfield)\n* Richard D. Lamm (born 1935), Governor of Colorado, Reform Party candidate for President of the United States (Madison)\n* Gilbert L. Laws (1838\u20131907), U.S. Representative from Nebraska (Richland Center)\n* Irvine Lenroot (1869\u20131949), U.S. Senator (Superior)\n* Jerris G. Leonard (1931\u20132006), Administrator of the Law Enforcement Assistance Administration (Milwaukee)\n* Francis O. Lindquist (1869\u20131924), U.S. Representative from Michigan (Marinette)\n* Thomas A. Livesley (1863\u20131947), Mayor of Salem, Oregon (Ironton)\n* Thomas A. Loftus (born 1945), U.S. diplomat (Stoughton)\n* James B. Loken (born 1940), Judge of the U.S. Court of Appeals (Madison)\n* Don Lathrop Love (1863\u20131940), Mayor of Lincoln, Nebraska (Janesville)\n* Patrick Joseph Lucey (born 1918), U.S. diplomat, Independent candidate for Vice President of the United States (La Crosse, Prairie du Chien)\n\n\n;M\u2013O\nJoseph McCarthy\nGolda Meir\nGaylord Nelson\n\n* William Josiah MacDonald (1873\u20131946), U.S. Representative from Michigan (Potosi)\n* Henry Markham (1840\u20131923), U.S. Representative from California (Milwaukee)\n* John McCarthy (1857\u20131943), U.S. Representative from Nebraska (Stoughton)\n* Joseph McCarthy (1908\u20131957), U.S. Senator (Grand Chute, Shawano)\n* James McCleary (1853\u20131924), U.S. Representative from Minnesota (Maiden Rock)\n* Myron Hawley McCord (1840\u20131908), U.S. Representative, Governor of the Arizona Territory (Shawano, Merrill)\n* K. T. McFarland (born 1951), Deputy National Security Advisor (Madison)\n* George de Rue Meiklejohn (1857\u20131929), U.S. Representative from Nebraska (Weyauwega)\n* Golda Meir (1898\u20131978), Israeli Prime Minister (Milwaukee)\n* Abner J. Mikva (born 1926), U.S. Representative from Illinois (Milwaukee)\n* John L. Mitchell (1842\u20131904), Congressman and U.S. Senator (Milwaukee)\n* Charles Henry Morgan (1842\u20131912), U.S. Representative from Missouri (Pewaukee)\n* John Morrow (1865\u20131935), U.S. Representative from New Mexico (Darlington)\n* Wayne L. Morse (1900\u20131974), U.S. Senator from Oregon (Madison)\n* Mary Mullarkey (born 1943), Chief Justice of the Colorado Supreme Court (New London)\n* Robert Daniel Murphy (1894\u20131978), U.S. diplomat (Milwaukee)\n* Philleo Nash (1909\u20131987), Commissioner of the United States Bureau of Indian Affairs (Wisconsin Rapids)\n* Gaylord Nelson (1916\u20132005), Governor and U.S. Senator (Clear Lake, Madison)\n* Knute Nelson (1843\u20131923), U.S. Senator from Minnesota (Palmyra, Madison)\n* Orsen N. Nielsen, U.S. diplomat (Beloit)\n* William Nordeen (1936\u20131988), U.S. diplomat assassinated by the terrorist group Revolutionary Organization 17 November (Amery, Centuria)\n* Frank Nye (1852\u20131935), U.S. Representative from Minnesota (River Falls, Hudson)\n* Gerald Nye (1892\u20131971), U.S. Senator from North Dakota (Hortonville, Wittenberg)\n* Dave Obey (born 1938), U.S. Representative (Wausau)\n* Mike O'Callaghan (1929\u20132004), Governor of Nevada (La Crosse)\n* Kenneth J. O'Connell (1909\u20132000), Chief Justice of the Oregon Supreme Court (Bayfield)\n* Alvin O'Konski (1904\u20131987), U.S. Representative (Kewaunee, Rhinelander)\n* Ole H. Olson (1872\u20131954), Governor of North Dakota (Mondovi)\n\n\n;P\u2013S\nSteve Preston\nReince Priebus\nWilliam Rehnquist\nJeremiah McLain Rusk\nCarl Schurz\n\n* Halbert E. Paine (1826\u20131905), U.S. Representative (Milwaukee)\n* Henry C. Payne (1843\u20131904), Postmaster General of the United States (Milwaukee)\n* James Breck Perkins (1847\u20131910), U.S. Representative from New York (St. Croix Falls)\n* Russell W. Peterson (born 1916), Governor of Delaware (Portage)\n* Tom Petri (born 1940), U.S. Representative (Marinette, Fond du Lac)\n* Augustus Herman Pettibone (1825\u20131918), U.S. Representative from Tennessee (La Crosse)\n* Milton Rice Polland (1909\u20132006), Marshall Islands diplomat (Milwaukee)\n* John F. Potter (1817\u20131899), U.S. diplomat (Town of East Troy)\n* Steve Preston (born 1960), SBA administrator, U.S. Secretary of Housing and Urban Development (Janesville)\n* J. A. O. Preus (1883\u20131961), Governor of Minnesota (Columbia County)\n* Reince Priebus, chairman of the Republican National Committee, White House Chief of Staff (Kenosha)\n* William Proxmire (1915\u20132005), U.S. Senator (Madison)\n* Joseph V. Quarles (1943\u20131911), U.S. Senator (Kenosha)\n* Alexander Randall (1819\u20131872), U.S. Postmaster General (Waukesha)\n* Edwin M. Randall (1822\u20131895), Chief Justice of the Florida Supreme Court (Waukesha)\n* Louise Goff Reece (1898\u20131970), U.S. Representative from Tennessee (Milwaukee)\n* William Rehnquist (1924\u20132005), U.S. Supreme Court Chief Justice (Milwaukee, Shorewood)\n* Paul Samuel Reinsch (1869\u20131923), U.S. diplomat (Milwaukee)\n* Henry S. Reuss (1912\u20132002), U.S. Representative (Milwaukee)\n* James DeNoon Reymert (1821\u20131896), State legislator and newspaper publisher (Muskego, Norway)\n* William A. Richards (1849\u20131912), Wyoming Governor (Town of Hazel Green)\n* Ben A. Riehle (1897\u20131967), member of the Wisconsin State Assembly\n* Jim Risch (born 1943), U.S. Senator from Idaho (Milwaukee)\n* Charles R. Robertson (1889\u20131951), U.S. Representative from North Dakota (Madison)\n* Thomas J. B. Robinson (1868\u20131958), U.S. Representative from Iowa (New Diggings)\n* Thomas H. Ruger (1833\u20131907), Governor of Georgia (Janesville)\n* Loret Miller Ruppe (1936\u20131996), U.S. diplomat (Milwaukee)\n* Jeremiah McLain Rusk (1830\u20131893), U.S. Secretary of Agriculture (Viroqua)\n* Paul Ryan (born 1970), U.S. Representative (Janesville), current Speaker of the House, and 2012 Republican nominee for Vice President under Mitt Romney\n* George Myron Sabin (1833\u20131890), U.S. District Court Judge in Nevada (Madison)\n* Elmore Y. Sarles (1859\u20131929), Governor of North Dakota (Wonewoc)\n* Charles R. Savage (1906\u20131976), U.S. Representative from Washington (La Farge)\n* John G. Schmitz (1930\u20132001), U.S. Representative from California, American Independent Party candidate for President of the United States (Milwaukee)\n* Lester Schnare, U.S. diplomat (Mondovi)\n* Carl Schurz (1829\u20131906), U.S. Secretary of the Interior (Watertown, Milwaukee)\n* Lewis B. Schwellenbach (1894\u20131948), U.S. Secretary of Labor (Superior)\n* Stuart Nash Scott (1906\u20131991), U.S. diplomat (Madison)\n* Jim Sensenbrenner (born 1943), U.S. Representative (Shorewood)\n* Carlos D. Shelden (1840\u20131904), U.S. Representative from Michigan (Walworth)\n* James Shields (1810\u20131879), U.S. Senator from Illinois, Minnesota, and Missouri\n* Henry Hastings Sibley (1811\u20131891), U.S. Congressional Delegate, Governor of Minnesota\n* Albert Smith (1805\u20131870), U.S. Representative from New York (Milwaukee)\n* Daniel V. Speckhard (born 1959), U.S. diplomat (Clintonville)\n* William H. Stafford (1869\u20131957), U.S. Representative (Milwaukee)\n* Pete Stark (born 1931), U.S. Representative from California (Milwaukee)\n* George A. Starkweather (1794\u20131879), U.S. Representative from New York (Milwaukee)\n* Halvor Steenerson (1852\u20131926), U.S. Representative from Minnesota (Pleasant Springs)\n* Janet Dempsey Steiger (1939\u20132004), Chairwoman of the Federal Trade Commission (Oshkosh)\n* William Story (1843\u20131921), Lieutenant Governor of Colorado (Milwaukee)\n* William H.H. Stowell (1840\u20131922), U.S. Representative from Virginia (Appleton)\n* Robert C. Strong (1915\u20131999), U.S. diplomat (Beloit)\n* Bart Stupak (born 1952), Michigan Congressman (Milwaukee)\n\n\n;T\u2013Z\nTommy Thompson\nWilliam Freeman Vilas\n\n* Clark W. Thompson, U.S. Representative from Texas (La Crosse)\n* Tommy Thompson (born 1941), Governor, Secretary of Health and Human Services, and 2008 candidate for President (Elroy)\n* Peter G. Torkildsen (born 1958), U.S. Representative from Massachusetts (Milwaukee)\n* William M. Treloar (1850\u20131935), U.S. Representative from Missouri (Linden)\n* Ben Tremain (born 1888)\n* Fran Ulmer (born 1947), Lieutenant Governor of Alaska (Horicon)\n* Robert Scadden Vessey (1858\u20131929), Governor of South Dakota (Oshkosh)\n* William Freeman Vilas (1840\u20131908), U.S. Postmaster General and U.S. Secretary of the Interior (Madison)\n* Aad J. Vinje (1857\u20131929), Chief Justice of the Wisconsin Supreme Court (Superior)\n* Davis H. Waite (1825\u20131901), Governor of Colorado (Princeton)\n* Thomas J. Walsh (1859\u20131933), U.S. Senator and main prosecutor in the Teapot Dome Scandal hearings (Two Rivers)\n* William Warner (1840\u20131916), U.S. Senator from Missouri (Shullsburg, Madison)\n* Cadwallader C. Washburn (1818\u20131882), U.S. Representative (Mineral Point, La Crosse)\n* Paul Weyrich (1942\u20132008), commentator (Racine)\n* Alexander Wiley (1884\u20131967), U.S. Senator (Chippewa Falls)\n* Frances Willard (1839\u20131898), suffragist and temperance activist (Janesville)\n* John A. Williams (1835\u20131900), U.S. District Court Judge in Arkansas (Delafield)\n* Gardner R. Withrow (1892\u20131964), U.S. Representative (La Crosse)\n* Leonard G. Wolf (1925\u20131970), U.S. Representative from Iowa (Mazomanie)\n* Frank P. Woods (1868\u20131944), U.S. Representative from Iowa (Sharon)\n* Clement J. Zablocki (1912\u20131983), U.S. Representative (Milwaukee)\n* Frank Zeidler (1912\u20132006), mayor of Milwaukee, Socialist Party candidate for president in 1976 (Milwaukee)\n* Roger H. Zion (born 1921), U.S. Representative from Indiana (Milwaukee)\n\n"	"Religion"	"Stuart E. Barstad\nRaymond Leo Burke\nFranz Pieper\n\n* Anton Anderledy (1819\u20131892), Superior General of the Society of Jesus (Green Bay)\n* Stuart E. Barstad (1929\u20132009), Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Air Force (Colfax)\n* David Benke (born 1946), President of the Atlantic District of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (Milwaukee)\n* Thea Bowman (1937\u20131990), Roman Catholic nun (La Crosse)\n* Fabian Bruskewitz (born 1935), Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Lincoln (Milwaukee)\n* Raymond Leo Burke (born 1948), Prefect of the Supreme Tribunal of the Apostolic Signatura (Richland Center)\n* Solanus Casey (1870\u20131957), Roman Catholic priest, declared Venerable by Blessed John Paul II (Oak Grove)\n* W. Patrick Donlin, Supreme Advocate of the Knights of Columbus (Madison)\n* Selena Fox (born 1949), Wiccan priestess, religious-rights activist, and founder of Circle Sanctuary (Barneveld) and Pagan Spirit Gathering\n* Annie Laurie Gaylor, co-founder of the Freedom From Religion Foundation (Madison)\n* Augustus F. Gearhard (1893\u20131975), Deputy Chief of Chaplains of the U.S. Air Force (Milwaukee)\n* Zenas H. Gurley, Sr. (1801\u20131871), Apostle of the Reorganized Church of Latter Day Saints (Yellowstone)\n* Francis J. Haas (1889\u20131953), Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Grand Rapids (Racine)\n* Jerome J. Hastrich (1914\u20131995), Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Gallup (Milwaukee)\n* Carl Christian Hein (1868\u20131937), President of the American Lutheran Church (Marion)\n* Keith K. Hilbig (born 1942), General authority of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Milwaukee)\n* Francis Peter Leipzig (1895\u20131981), Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Baker (Chilton)\n* Felix Ley (1909\u20131972), Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Naha (Hewitt)\n* Arthur C. Lichtenberger (1900\u20131968), Presiding Bishop of the Episcopal Church (Oshkosh)\n* Albert Gregory Meyer (1903\u20131965), Archbishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago\n* Aloisius Joseph Muench (1889\u20131962), Roman Catholic Cardinal (Milwaukee)\n* Joseph Perry (born 1948), Auxiliary Bishop of the Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Chicago (Mount Calvary, Milwaukee)\n* Franz Pieper (1852\u20131931), President of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (Manitowoc)\n* Herman Amberg Preus (1825\u20131894), President of the Synod of the Norwegian Evangelical Lutheran Church in America (Spring Prairie)\n* Vincent James Ryan (1884\u20131951), Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Bismarck (Arlington)\n* Augustine Francis Schinner (1863\u20131937), Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Superior and Roman Catholic Diocese of Spokane (Milwaukee)\n* Mark Francis Schmitt (born 1923), Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Marquette (Algoma)\n* James Strang (1813\u20131856), founder of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite) (Voree)\n* Hans Gerhard Stub (1849\u20131931), Bishop of the Norwegian Lutheran Church of America (Muskego)\n* Paul Francis Tanner (1905\u20131994), Bishop of the Roman Catholic Diocese of St. Augustine (Milwaukee)\n\n"	"Science, including medicine"	"Roy Chapman Andrews\nThomas Chrowder Chamberlin\nJohn Benjamin Murphy\n\n* Frank Ackerman (born 1946), economist (Madison)\n* Roy Chapman Andrews (1884\u20131960), naturalist (Beloit)\n* John Bardeen (1908\u20131991), Nobel Prize-winning physicist (Madison)\n* George Harold Brown (1908\u20131987), developer of color television (Portage)\n* Thomas Chrowder Chamberlin (1843\u20131928), geologist (Beloit)\n* John Henry Comstock (1849\u20131931), entomologist (Janesville)\n* Edwin Copeland, noted botanist and founder of the University of the Philippines Los Banos College of Agriculture\n* Seymour Cray (1925\u20131996), computer designer (Chippewa Falls)\n* John Thomas Curtis (1913\u20131961), botanist and ecologist; the Bray Curtis dissimilarity is partially named for him (Milwaukee)\n* Marshall E. Cusic Jr., Chief of the U.S. Navy Medical Reserve Corps (Marshfield)\n* Farrington Daniels (1889\u20131972), pioneer researcher in Solar energy (Madison)\n* Richard Davidson (born 1951), psychologist, pioneer of affective neuroscience (Madison)\n* Hector DeLuca, Vitamin D metabolism (Madison)\n* Michael Dhuey (born 1958), co-developer of the Macintosh II and the iPod (Milwaukee)\n* Olin J. Eggen (1919\u20131998), astronomer (Orfordville)\n* Milton Erickson (1901\u20131980), founding president of the American Society for Clinical Hypnosis, NLP (Lowell)\n* Ernst Guillemin (1898\u20131970), recipient of the IEEE Medal of Honor (Milwaukee)\n* Ned Hollister (1876\u20131924), biologist (Delavan)\n* Donald Knuth (born 1938), computer scientist (Milwaukee)\n* Elmer Kraemer (1898\u20131943), chemist (Liberty)\n* Donald Laub (born 1935), plastic surgeon (Milwaukee)\n* Albert Lehninger (1917\u20131986), biochemist (Madison)\n* Aldo Leopold (1887\u20131948), ecologist (Madison)\n* Karl Paul Link (1901\u20131978), discovered warfarin (named for the Wisconsin Alumni Research Foundation) (Madison)\n* William Shainline Middleton (1890\u20131975), co-founder and Secretary-Treasurer of the American Board of Internal Medicine (Madison)\n* John Muir (1838\u20131914), environmentalist (Portage)\n* John Benjamin Murphy (1857\u20131916), inventor of Murphy's punch sign, Murphy's sign, and the Murphy drip (Appleton)\n* Robert B. Pinter (1937\u20132001), biomedical engineer (Milwaukee)\n* Carl Rogers (1902\u20131987), psychologist and originator of \"client-centered therapy\" (Madison)\n* Francis G. Slack (1897\u20131985), physicist (Superior)\n* Harry Steenbock (1886\u20131967), Vitamin D catalyzed by sunlight, D-fortified milk; rickets cured (Charlestown, New Holstein, Madison)\n* Jeremiah Burnham Tainter (1836\u20131920), inventor of the Tainter gate (Prairie du Chien)\n* James Thomson (born 1958), first scientist to isolate human embryonic stem cells (Madison)\n* Darold Treffert, psychiatrist (Fond du Lac)\n* Charles R. Van Hise (1857\u20131918), geologist and academic (Fulton)\n* Thorstein Veblen (1857\u20131929), sociologist, economist, social theorist (Cato)\n* Warren Weaver (1894\u20131978), pioneer of machine translation (Reedsburg)\n* Louis Jolyon West (1924\u20131999), psychiatrist (Madison)\n* Daniel Hale Williams (1858\u20131931), surgeon (Janesville)\n* Oliver E. Williamson (born 1932), economist (Superior)\n* Joseph Zimmermann (1912\u20132004), inventor of the answering machine (Kenosha)\n* Otto Julius Zobel (1887\u20131970), inventor of the m-derived filter and the Zobel network (Ripon)\n\n"	"Space exploration"	"Jim Lovell\n\n* Daniel Brandenstein (born 1943), astronaut (Watertown)\n* Leroy Chiao (born 1960), astronaut (Milwaukee)\n* Laurel Clark (1961\u20132003), astronaut; died in the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster (Racine)\n* Mark C. Lee (born 1952), astronaut (Viroqua)\n* Nathan J. Lindsay (born 1936), astronaut (Monroe)\n* Jim Lovell (born 1928), astronaut (Milwaukee)\n* Deke Slayton (1924\u20131993), astronaut (Sparta)\n* Eugene L. Tattini, Deputy Director of the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Madison)\n* Jeffrey Williams (born 1958), astronaut (Superior, Winter)\n\n"	"Sports"	"Ken Behring\nPat Bowlen\nGabe Carimi\nEddie Cochems\nAbner Dalrymple\nDoug Free\nEric Heiden\nEric Hinske\nElroy Hirsch\nEd Hochuli\nMark Johnson\nAddie Joss\nMatt Kenseth\nPhil Kessel\nAlvin Kraenzlein\nCurly Lambeau\nCarl Landry\nAlphonse Leemans\nCraig Ludwig\nRick Neuheisel\nKid Nichols\nDanica Patrick\nTerry Porter\nTony Romo\nPants Rowland\nLindsay Tarpley\nJoe Thomas\nJ. J. Watt\nGus Welch\nBob Wickman\n;A\u2013B\n\n* Earl Abell (1892\u20131956), head coach of Colgate Raiders and Virginia Cavaliers football teams, member of College Football Hall of Fame (Portage)\n* Ellen Ahrndt (1922\u20132009), All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player (Racine, Brodhead)\n* Austin Aries (born 1978), professional wrestler (Milwaukee)\n* Bill Albright (born 1929), football player (Racine)\n* Alan Ameche (1933\u20131988), football player (Kenosha)\n* Morrie Arnovich (1910\u20131959), MLB All-Star outfielder\n* Ben Askren (born 1984),  amateur wrestler, mixed martial artist (Hartland)\n* Ed Aspatore, football player (Fond du Lac)\n* Glena Avila (born 1975), mixed martial artist (Sparta)\n* Pete Banaszak (born 1944), football player (Crivitz)\n* Jimmy Banks (born 1964), soccer player (Milwaukee)\n* Peter Barrett (1935\u20132000), Olympic gold medalist (Madison)\n* Sam Barry (1892\u20131950), head coach of Iowa Hawkeyes men's basketball team and USC Trojans men's basketball, baseball, and football; member of Naismith Memorial Basketball Hall of Fame (Madison)\n* Myrt Basing, football player (Appleton)\n* Mistie Bass (born 1983), basketball player (Janesville)\n* Lemoine Batson (1898\u20131991), Olympic athlete (Eau Claire)\n* Ginger Beaumont (1876\u20131956), baseball player, first player to bat in World Series (Rochester, Honey Creek, Burlington)\n* Wayland Becker (1910\u20131984), football player (Soperton)\n* Travis Beckum (born 1987), football player (Milwaukee)\n* Ken Behring (born 1928), former Seattle Seahawks owner (Monroe)\n* Chuck Belin (born 1970), football player (Milwaukee)\n* Michael Bennett (born 1978), football player (Milwaukee)\n* Tony Bennett (born 1969), head coach of Virginia Cavaliers men's basketball, former player at University of Wisconsin\u2013Green Bay (Green Bay)\n* Jason Berken (born 1983), baseball player (Green Bay)\n* Dennis Berkholtz (born 1945), Olympic athlete (Appleton)\n* George Berry, football player (Milwaukee)\n* Rich Bickle (born 1961), NASCAR driver (Edgerton)\n* Tom Bienemann, football player (Kenosha)\n* Dick Bilda, football player (Milwaukee)\n* Kelly Bires (born 1984), NASCAR driver (Mauston)\n* Rocky Bleier (born 1946), football player, Pittsburgh Steelers (Appleton)\n* Bob Blewett (1877\u20131958), baseball player (Fond du Lac)\n* Dick Bosman (born 1944), MLB player and assistant coach (Kenosha)\n* Pat Bowlen (born 1944), owner of the Denver Broncos (Prairie du Chien)\n* Gene Brabender (1941\u20131996), baseball player (Madison)\n* Gil Brandt (born 1933), Vice President of Player Personnel of the Dallas Cowboys (Milwaukee)\n* Tyrone Braxton (born 1964), football player (Madison)\n* Erika Brown (born 1973), national champion curler (Madison)\n* J.T. Bruett (born 1967), baseball player (Milwaukee)\n* Maureen Brunt (born 1982), Olympic medalist, world champion curler (Portage)\n* Cub Buck (1892\u20131966), NFL player and head coach of the Miami Hurricanes football team (Eau Claire)\n* Ray Busler, football player (Watertown)\n* Brian Butch (born 1984), basketball player (Appleton)\n* Caron Butler (born 1980), basketball player (Racine)\n* Karyn Bye, Olympic gold medalist (River Falls)\n\n\n;C\u2013E\n\n* Dave Cahill (born 1942), football player (Stanley)\n* Mike Cahill (born 1952), tennis player (Waukesha, Germantown)\n* Jim Caldwell (born 1955), NFL head coach (Beloit)\n* Dick Campbell (born 1935), football player (Green Bay)\n* Gabe Carimi (born 1988), All-American football player\n* Bill Carollo (born 1951), NFL referee (Brookfield, Shorewood)\n* Kip Carpenter (born 1979), Olympic medalist, world champion speed skater (Brookfield)\n* Anthony Carter (born 1975), basketball player (Milwaukee)\n* Rick Chryst, Commissioner of the Mid-American Conference (Madison)\n* Franklin Clarke (born 1934), football player (Beloit)\n* John Coatta (1929\u20132000), NFL scout (Madison)\n* Colin Cochart (born 1987), football player (Kewaunee)\n* Eddie Cochems (1877\u20131953), head coach of the North Dakota State Bison, Clemson Tigers, Saint Louis Billikens, and Maine Black Bears football teams (Sturgeon Bay, Madison)\n* Craig Counsell (born 1970), baseball player for the Milwaukee Brewers (Whitefish Bay)\n* Lave Cross (1866\u20131927), baseball player (Milwaukee)\n* Press Cruthers (1890\u20131976), baseball player (Kenosha)\n* Abner Dalrymple (1857\u20131939), baseball player, first player to ever be intentionally walked with the bases loaded (Gratiot)\n* Margaret Danhauser (1921\u20131987), baseball player (Racine)\n* Ralph Davis, football player (Seymour)\n* Sam Dekker (born 1994), basketball player (Sheboygan)\n* Jay DeMerit (born 1979), soccer player (Green Bay)\n* John DeMerit (born 1936), baseball player (West Bend)\n* Dan Devine (1924\u20132002), NFL head coach, member of the College Football Hall of Fame (Augusta)\n* Travis Diener (born 1982), basketball player (Fond du Lac)\n* Mary Docter (born 1961), Olympic athlete (Madison)\n* Sarah Docter (born 1964), Olympic athlete (Madison)\n* John Doehring (1909\u20131972), football player (Milwaukee)\n* Chad Dombrowski (born 1980), soccer player (West Allis)\n* Tighe Dombrowski (born 1982), soccer player (West Allis)\n* Gus Dorais (1891\u20131954), NFL head coach, member of the College Football Hall of Fame (Chippewa Falls)\n* Jake Dowell (born 1985), hockey player for the Minnesota Wild (Eau Claire)\n* Davis Drewiske (born 1984), ice hockey player for the Los Angeles Kings (Hudson)\n* Alyson Dudek (born 1990), Olympic athlete (Hales Corners)\n* Mike Dunleavy, Jr. (born 1980), basketball player (Mequon)\n* Ryne Duren (1929\u20132011), baseball player (Cazenovia)\n* Claude Elliott (1876\u20131923), baseball player (Pardeeville)\n* Brent Emery (born 1957), Olympic medalist (Milwaukee)\n* Molly Engstrom (born 1983), Olympic medalist (Siren)\n* Louise Erickson (born 1929), All-American Girls Professional Baseball League player (Arcadia)\n* Cory Everson (born 1958), bodybuilder, six-time Ms. Olympia (Racine)\n\n\n;F\u2013G\n\n* Suzy Favor-Hamilton  (born 1967), Olympic runner (Stevens Point)\n* Yasmin Farooq  (born 1965), Olympic rower (Waupun)\n* Happy Felsch, baseball player (Milwaukee)\n* Bill Fischer (born 1930), MLB player and assistant coach (Wausau)\n* Clarke Fischer, football player (Milwaukee)\n* Jim Fitzgerald (born 1926), basketball team owner (Janesville)\n* Stan Fox (1952\u20132000), Indycar driver (Janesville)\n* Travis Frederick (born 1991), football player (Sharon)\n* Tucker Fredricks (born 1984), Olympic athlete, world champion speedskater (Janesville)\n* Doug Free (born 1984), football player (Manitowoc)\n* Lewis R. Freeman (1878\u20131960), head coach of the USC Trojans football team (Genoa Junction)\n* Ted Fritsch (1920\u20131979), football player and basketball player (Spencer)\n* Ted Fritsch, Jr. (born 1950), football player (Green Bay)\n* Bruce Froemming (born 1939), MLB umpire (Milwaukee)\n* Reece Gaines (born 1981), basketball player (Madison)\n* Jim Gantner (born 1953), baseball player (Fond du Lac, Eden)\n* Charlie Ganzel (1862\u20131914), baseball player (Waterford)\n* Warren Giese (born 1924), head coach of the South Carolina Gamecocks football team (Milwaukee)\n* George N. Gillett, Jr. (born 1938), co-owner of Liverpool F.C. and Richard Petty Motorsports, former owner of the Montreal Canadiens (Racine)\n* Earl Girard (1927\u20131997), football player (Marinette)\n* Ed Glick (1900\u20131976), football player (Marinette)\n* Bud Grant (born 1927), football player and coach, basketball player (Superior)\n* Jabari Greer (born 1982), football player (Milwaukee)\n* Chris Greisen (born 1976), football player (Berlin)\n* Nick Greisen (born 1979), football player (Sturgeon Bay)\n* Burleigh Grimes (1893\u20131985), MLB player and manager, member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame (Emerald)\n* Ryan Groy (born 1990), football player (Middleton)\n* Mark Grudzielanek (born 1970), baseball player (Milwaukee)\n* Ruth Grulkowski (born 1930), Olympic athlete\n* Tim Gullikson (1951\u20131996), tennis player (La Crosse)\n* Tom Gullikson (born 1951), tennis player (La Crosse)\n\n\n;H\u2013J\n\n* Jim Haluska (born 1932), football player (Racine)\n* Morgan Hamm (born 1982), Olympic medalist (Waukesha)\n* Paul Hamm (born 1982), Olympic gold medalist (Waukesha)\n* Hal Hanson (1895\u20131973), NFL player and head coach (La Crosse)\n* Pat Harder (1922\u20131992), football player, member of the College Football Hall of Fame (Milwaukee)\n* Devin Harris (born 1983), basketball player (Milwaukee)\n* Art Hauser (born 1929), NFL player (Rubicon)\n* Joe Hauser (1899\u20131997), baseball player (Milwaukee, Sheboygan)\n* Nick Hayden (born 1986), football player (Hartland)\n* Beth Heiden (born 1959), speedskater and cyclist (Madison)\n* Eric Heiden (born 1958), athlete, Olympic champion (Madison)\n* Phil Hellmuth (born 1964), professional poker player (Madison)\n* Arnie Herber (1910\u20131969), football player (Green Bay)\n* Eric Hinske (born 1977), baseball player for the Atlanta Braves (Menasha)\n* Elroy Hirsch (1923\u20132004), football player, member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (Wausau, Madison)\n* Ed Hochuli (born 1950), NFL referee (Milwaukee)\n* Aaron Hohlbein (born 1985), soccer player (Middleton)\n* Larry Hough (born 1944), Olympic medalist (Janesville)\n* Mitch Jacoby (born 1973), football player (Port Washington)\n* Jeff Jagodzinski (born 1963), NFL assistant coach, former head coach of the Boston College Eagles (Milwaukee)\n* Dan Jansen (born 1965), speedskater (West Allis)\n* Chuck Jaskwhich (1911\u20131988), head coach of the Ole Miss Rebels men's basketball team (Kenosha)\n* Mike Jirschele (born 1959), third base coach for the Kansas City Royals (Clintonville)\n* Larry Johnson (1909\u20131972), football player (Odanah)\n* Mark Johnson (born 1957), NHL player; gold medalist on the 1980 Winter Olympics Miracle on Ice team (Madison)\n* Swede Johnston (1910\u20132002), football player (Appleton)\n* Davy Jones (1880\u20131972), baseball player (Cambria)\n* Whip Jones (1909\u20132001), founder Aspen Highlands Skiing (Oconomowoc)\n* Nicole Joraanstad (born 1980), Olympic athlete, national champion curler (Madison)\n* Barbara Jordan (born 1957), tennis player (Milwaukee)\n* Addie Joss (1880\u20131911), baseball player, member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame (Woodland)\n\n\n;K\u2013L\n\n* Colin Kaepernick (born 1987), football player (Milwaukee)\n* John Kaiser (born 1962), NFL player (North Lake)\n* Coby Karl (born 1983), basketball player (Mequon)\n* Karl Kassulke (1941\u20132008), football player (Milwaukee)\n* Bill Kazmaier (born 1953), powerlifter (Burlington)\n* Ken Keltner (1916\u20131991), baseball player (Milwaukee)\n* Lance Kendricks (born 1988), football player (Milwaukee)\n* Ken Kennedy (born 1976), professional wrestler (Wisconsin Rapids, Two Rivers, Green Bay)\n* Matt Kenseth (born 1972), NASCAR driver (Cambridge)\n* Phil Kessel (born 1987), ice hockey player for the Pittsburgh Penguins (Madison)\n* Walt Kichefski (1916\u20131992), NFL player and head coach of the Miami Hurricanes football team (Rhinelander)\n* Carl Kiekhaefer (1906\u20131983), NASCAR owner, member of the Motorsports Hall of Fame (Mequon)\n* Ed Killian (1876\u20131928), baseball player (Racine)\n* Gordon King (born 1956), football player (Madison)\n* A. J. Klein (born 1991), football player (Appleton)\n* Nap Kloza (1903\u20131962), baseball player and manager (Milwaukee)\n* Todd Kluever (born 1978), NASCAR driver (Sun Prairie)\n* Gene Knutson (1932\u20132008), football player (Beloit)\n* Herman Koehler, head coach of the Army Black Knights football team\n* Phyllis Koehn (1922\u20132007), baseball player (Madison)\n* Ed Konetchy (1885\u20131947), baseball player (La Crosse)\n* Peter Konz (born 1989), football player (Oshkosh)\n* Dave Koslo (1920\u20131975), baseball player (Menasha)\n* Alvin Kraenzlein (1876\u20131928), Olympic champion (Milwaukee)\n* Dave Krieg (born 1958), football player (Iola)\n* Clint Kriewaldt (born 1976), football player (Shiocton)\n* Wayne Kreklow (born 1957), basketball player (Neenah)\n* Rocky Krsnich (born 1927), baseball player (West Allis)\n* Tony Kubek (born 1935), baseball player (Milwaukee)\n* Harvey Kuenn (1930\u20131988), baseball player and manager (West Allis)\n* Alan Kulwicki (1954\u20131993), NASCAR driver (Greenfield)\n* Garrott Kuzzy (born 1982), Olympic athlete\n* Travis Kvapil (born 1976), NASCAR driver (Janesville)\n* Steve Lacy (born 1957), Olympic athlete-runner (McFarland)\n* Maria Lamb (born 1986), Olympic athlete, national champion speedskater (River Falls)\n* Curly Lambeau (1898\u20131965), football player and coach (Green Bay)\n* Carl Landry (born 1983), NBA basketball player (Milwaukee)\n* Marcus Landry (born 1985), basketball player (Milwaukee)\n* Austen Lane (born 1987), football player (Iola)\n* Dan Lanphear (born 1938), football player (Madison)\n* Debi Laszewski (born 1969), IFBB professional bodybuilder (Madison)\n* Alphonse Leemans (1912\u20131979), football player, member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (Superior)\n* Jim Leonhard (born 1982), football player (Ladysmith)\n* DeAndre Levy (born 1987), football player (Milwaukee)\n* Reggie \"The Crusher\" Lisowski (1926\u20132005), world champion professional wrestler (South Milwaukee, Milwaukee)\n* Fred Luderus (1885\u20131961), baseball player (Milwaukee)\n* Craig Ludwig (born 1961), NHL player and assistant coach (Rhinelander)\n* D. Wayne Lukas (born 1935), horse trainer (Antigo)\n\n\n;M\u2013O\n\n* Rick Majerus (1948\u20132012), basketball coach, head coach of Marquette, Utah, Ball State and Saint Louis men's basketball teams (Sheboygan)\n* Edgar Manske (1913\u20132002), football player, member of the College Football Hall of Fame (Nekoosa)\n* Chris Maragos (born 1987), football player (Racine)\n* Kevin Mather, baseball executive (Madison)\n* Wesley Matthews (born 1986), basketball player (Madison)\n* Greg Mattison (born 1949), NFL assistant coach (Madison)\n* John Matuszak (1950\u20131989), football player (Milwaukee, Oak Creek)\n* Debbie McCormick (born 1974), Olympic athlete, world champion curler (Rio, Madison)\n* Francis J. McCormick, football player (Antigo)\n* Chris McIntosh (born 1977), football player (Pewaukee)\n* John McNally (1903\u20131985), NFL player and head coach, member of the Pro Football Hall of Fame (New Richmond)\n* Jack Mead (born 1921), football player (Appleton)\n* John Menard, Jr. (born 1940), owner of Team Menard (Eau Claire)\n* Paul Menard (born 1980), NASCAR driver (Eau Claire)\n* Chris Mihm (born 1979), basketball player (Milwaukee)\n* Candice Michelle (born 1978), professional wrestler (Milwaukee)\n* Damian Miller (born 1969), baseball player (La Crosse)\n* Bob Mionske (born 1962), former Olympic and professional bicycle racer (Madison)\n* John Morrissey (1856\u20131884), baseball player (Janesville)\n* Tom Morrissey (1860\u20131941), baseball player (Janesville)\n* Bob Morrow (born 1918), football player (Madison)\n* Dom Moselle (1926\u20132010), football player (Gile)\n* Pat Neshek (born 1980), baseball player (Madison)\n* Rick Neuheisel (born 1961), NFL player and assistant coach, head coach of the UCLA Bruins  (Madison)\n* Kid Nichols (1869\u20131953), MLB player and manager, member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame (Madison)\n* Andy North (born 1950), professional golfer (Thorp, Monona)\n* Brad Nortman (born 1989), NFL player (Brookfield)\n* Steve Novak (born 1983), basketball player (Brown Deer)\n* Scott O'Brien (born 1957), NFL player and assistant coach (Superior)\n* John Offerdahl (born 1964), football player (Wisconsin Rapids)\n* Leslie Osborne (born 1983), soccer player (Milwaukee, Brookfield)\n* Jim Otto (born 1938), football player (Wausau)\n\n\n;P\u2013R\n\n* Andy Pafko (born 1921), baseball player (Boyceville)\n* Karl Pagel (born 1955), baseball player (Madison)\n* Marvin Panch (born 1926), NASCAR driver (Menomonie)\n* Danica Patrick (born 1982), Indycar and NASCAR driver (Beloit)\n* Joe Pavelski (born 1984), ice hockey player for the San Jose Sharks (Stevens Point)\n* Nick Pearson (born 1979), Olympic athlete, national champion speedskater (Vernon)\n* Hal Peck (1917\u20131995), baseball player (Big Bend)\n* Joe Perrault (born 1924), Olympic athlete (Green Bay)\n* Ben Peterson, Olympic gold medalist (Cumberland)\n* John Peterson (born 1948), Olympic gold medalist (Cumberland)\n* Phil Pettey (born 1961), NFL player and assistant coach (Kenosha)\n* Dick Phillips (1931\u20131998), MLB player and assistant coach (Racine)\n* George Poage (1880\u20131962), athlete (La Crosse)\n* Terry Porter (born 1963), NBA player and head coach (Milwaukee)\n* Dylan Postl (born 1986), professional wrestler (Oshkosh)\n* Armintie Price (born 1985), basketball player (Milwaukee)\n* Casey Rabach (born 1977), football player (Sturgeon Bay)\n* Brad Radke (born 1972), baseball player (Eau Claire)\n* Catherine Raney-Norman (born 1980), Olympic athlete, national champion speedskater (Elm Grove)\n* Shane Rawley (born 1955), baseball player (Racine)\n* Russ Rebholz (1909\u20132002), football player (Portage)\n* Joel Rechlicz (born 1987), hockey player (Milwaukee, Brookfield)\n* Hans Reese (1891\u20131973), Olympic athlete (Madison)\n* Tom Regner (born 1944), football player (Kenosha)\n* Mike Reinfeldt (born 1953), NFL player and general manager (Baraboo)\n* Lee Remmel (born 1924), NFL historian (Shawano)\n* Pat Richter (born 1941), football player, member of the College Football Hall of Fame (Madison)\n* Joe Riggert (1886\u20131973), baseball player (Janesville)\n* Nick Roach (born 1985), football player (Milwaukee)\n* Chester J. Roberts, head coach of the Miami Redskins football and men's basketball teams (Birnamwood)\n* Andrew Rock (born 1982), track (Marshfield, Stratford)\n* Ryan Rohlinger (born 1983), third baseman for the San Francisco Giants (West Bend)\n* Tony Romo (born 1980), football player (Burlington)\n* Aaron Ross (born 1982), football player (Hartford)\n* Braggo Roth (1892\u20131936), baseball player (Burlington)\n* Frank Roth (1878\u20131955), baseball player (Burlington)\n* Pants Rowland (1879\u20131969), baseball manager (Platteville)\n* Steve Russ (born 1972), football player and assistant coach (Stetsonville)\n* Terry Ryan (born 1953), baseball general manager (Janesville)\n\n\n;S\u2013T\n\n* Tracy Sachtjen (born 1969), Olympic athlete, world champion curler (Lodi)\n* Zeke Sanborn (1899\u20131991), Olympic gold medalist (Jefferson)\n* Jay Sauter (born 1964), NASCAR driver (Necedah)\n* Jim Sauter (born 1943), former NASCAR driver (Necedah)\n* Johnny Sauter (born 1978), NASCAR driver (Necedah)\n* Tim Sauter (born 1964), NASCAR driver (Necedah)\n* Owen Schmitt (born 1985), football player (Gilman)\n* Mike Schneck (born 1977), football player (Whitefish Bay)\n* Dave Schreiner (1921\u20131945), football player, member of the College Football Hall of Fame (Lancaster)\n* Bill Schroeder (born 1923), football player (Sheboygan)\n* Bill Schroeder (born 1971), football player (Eau Claire)\n* Jay Schroeder (born 1961), football player (Milwaukee)\n* Champ Seibold (1911\u20131971), football player (Oshkosh)\n* Bud Selig (born 1934), baseball commissioner (Milwaukee)\n* Rich Seubert (born 1979), football player (Stratford)\n* John Shinners (born 1947), football player (Hartford)\n* Al Simmons (1902\u20131956), baseball player, member of the National Baseball Hall of Fame (Milwaukee)\n* Jack Skille (born 1987), hockey player (Madison)\n* Shaka Smart (born 1977), head coach of the VCU Rams men's basketball team (Madison, Oregon)\n* Bill Southworth (born 1945), baseball player (Madison)\n* Latrell Sprewell (born 1970), basketball player (Milwaukee)\n* David Steckel (born 1982), ice hockey player for the N\u00fcrnberg Ice Tigers (West Bend)\n* Aaron Stecker (born 1975), football player (Green Bay, Ashwaubenon)\n* Kevin Stemke (born 1978), football player (Green Bay)\n* Greg Stiemsma (born 1985), basketball player (Randolph)\n* Bob Strampe (born 1950), baseball player (Janesville)\n* Steve Stricker (born 1967), golfer (Edgerton, Madison)\n* Eric Studesville (born 1967), NFL head coach (Madison)\n* Billy Sullivan (1875\u20131965), baseball player (Oakland)\n* Bob Suter (born 1957), member of the 1980 Winter Olympics Miracle on Ice team (Madison)\n* Gary Suter (born 1964), NHL player, Olympic medalist (Madison)\n* Ryan Suter (born 1985), Ice hockey player for the Minnesota Wild Olympic athlete (Madison)\n* Jerry Tagge (born 1950), football player (Green Bay)\n* Tyree Talton (born 1976), football player (Beloit)\n* Lindsay Tarpley (born 1983), soccer player, Olympic gold medalist (Madison)\n* Claude Taugher (1895\u20131963), football player (Marathon City)\n* Mark Tauscher (born 1977), football player (Marshfield)\n* Matt Tegenkamp (born 1982), professional distance runner (Madison)\n* Doris Tetzlaff (1921\u20131998), baseball player (Watertown)\n* Joe Thomas (born 1984), football player (Brookfield)\n* Mike Thompson (born 1971), football player (Portage)\n* Fuzzy Thurston (born 1933), football player (Altoona)\n* Dick Trickle (born 1941), racecar driver (Wisconsin Rapids)\n* Matt Turk (born 1968), punter for the Houston Texans (Greenfield)\n\n\n;U\u2013Z\n\n* Bob Uecker (born 1935), actor and sports commentator (Milwaukee)\n* Nick Van Exel (born 1971), basketball player (Kenosha)\n* Ron Vander Kelen (born 1939), football player (Green Bay)\n* Gary Varsho (born 1961), MLB player and manager (Marshfield)\n* Joe Vavra (born 1959), MLB hitting coach (Chippewa Falls)\n* Jessie Vetter (born 1985), Olympic athlete, world champion hockey player (Cottage Grove)\n* John Wallace (1903\u20131990), Olympic athlete (Prescott)\n* Jimmie Ward (born 1991), football player (Racine)\n* Jarrod Washburn (born 1974), baseball player (La Crosse)\n* J. J. Watt (born 1989), football player (Waukesha)\n* Kyle Weaver (born 1986), basketball player (Beloit)\n* Bruce Weber (born 1956), head coach of the Illinois Fighting Illini men's basketball team (Milwaukee)\n* Garrett Weber-Gale (born 1985), US Olympic swimmer (Stevens Point)\n* Mike Webster (1952\u20132002), football player (Rhinelander)\n* Lee Weigel (born 1963), football player (Marshfield)\n* Gus Welch (1892\u20131970), Olympic athlete, NFL player, head coach of the Washington State Cougars and Virginia Cavaliers football teams, member of the College Football Hall of Fame (Spooner)\n* Don Werner (born 1953), baseball player (Appleton)\n* Charlie Whitehurst (born 1982), football player (Green Bay)\n* Mitchell Whitmore (born 1989), Olympic athlete, national champion speedskater (Waukesha)\n* Bob Wickman (born 1969), baseball player (Abrams)\n* Mark Wilson (born 1974), golfer (Menomonee Falls)\n* Chris Wimmer (born 1979), NASCAR driver (Wausau)\n* Scott Wimmer (born 1976), NASCAR driver (Wausau)\n* Joe Wolf (born 1964), NBA player and assistant coach (Kohler)\n* Jinelle Zaugg-Siergiej (born 1986), Olympic athlete (Eagle River)\n* Jordan Zimmermann (born 1986), pitcher for the Washington Nationals (Auburndale)\n* Reed Zuehlke (born 1960), Olympic athlete (Eau Claire)\n\n"	"Notorious and infamous Wisconsinites"	"Bernadine Dohrn\nCharles J. Guiteau\n\n* Aldrich Ames (born 1941), convicted spy (River Falls)\n* Dwight Armstrong (1951\u20132010), accomplice in the Sterling Hall bombing\n* Steven Avery (born 1962), convicted of murder after DNA exoneration from rape conviction\n* Lawrencia Bembenek (1958\u20132010), convicted murderer (Milwaukee)\n* Arthur Bremer (born 1950), would-be assassin of George Wallace (Milwaukee)\n* Mary Brunner (born 1943), member of the Manson Family\n* Jeffrey Dahmer (1960\u20131994), serial killer (West Allis)\n* Jeane Dixon (1904\u20131997), psychic\n* Bernardine Dohrn (born 1942), co-founder and former leader of the Weather Underground (Whitefish Bay)\n* Evelyn Frechette (1907\u20131969), lover and accomplice of John Dillinger (Neopit, Shawano)\n* Ed Gein (1906\u20131984), murderer (La Crosse County)\n* Charles J. Guiteau (1841\u20131882), assassin of 20th President James A. Garfield, lived in Ulao, 1850\u20131855\n* Eugene Hasenfus (born 1941), CIA cargo handler (Marinette)\n* Kato Kaelin (born 1959), person of interest, O. J. Simpson criminal trial (Glendale)\n* Bridey Murphy, alleged previous life\n* Oleg Nikolaenko (born 1987), fugitive (Milwaukee)\n\n"	"Fictional characters"	"Paul Bunyan\n\n* Characters from the television series ''The Bold and the Beautiful''\n* Characters from the television series ''Happy Days''\n* Characters from the television series ''Laverne and Shirley''\n* Characters from the television series ''Liv and Maddie''\n* Characters from the television series ''Picket Fences''\n* Characters from the television series ''That '70s Show''\n* Characters from the television series ''The Young and the Restless''\n* Larry Appleton (portrayed by Mark Linn-Baker), from the television series ''Perfect Strangers''\n* Barbie, a doll manufactured by Mattel, Inc. and a character from a series of novels published by Random House\n* Ryan Bingham (portrayed by George Clooney), from the film ''Up in the Air'' (2009)\n* Robert Harrison Blake, from the short story \"The Haunter of the Dark\" by H.P. Lovecraft\n* Paul Bunyan, mythological lumberjack (various origins cited)\n* William Cross, the alter ego of the comic book supervillain Crossfire\n* Ashley Crawford, the alter ego of the comic book superhero Big Bertha\n* Jack Dawson (portrayed by Leonardo DiCaprio), from the film ''Titanic'' (1997)\n* Roz Doyle (portrayed by Peri Gilpin), from the television series ''Frasier''; from Bloomer\n* Alan Fagan, the fourth alter ego of the comic book supervillain Mister Fear\n* Grand Slam, a character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic book series, and cartoon series\n* Richard Harrow (portrayed by Jack Huston), from the television series ''Boardwalk Empire''\n* Jennifer-Lynn Hayden, the alter ego of the comic book superhero Jade\n* Craig Hollis, the alter ego of the comic book superhero Mister Immortal\n* Conrad Josten, the alter ego of the comic book superhero Smuggler\n* Erik Josten, a comic book superhero from Marvel Comics\n* Karl Kaufman, the second alter ego of the comic book superhero Phantom Eagle\n* Jennifer Keller (portrayed by Jewel Staite), from the television series ''Stargate Atlantis''\n* Hannibal King (portrayed by Ryan Reynolds), from Marvel Comics and the film ''Blade: Trinity'' (2004)\n* Vlad Masters (portrayed by Martin Mull), the alter ego of the supervillain Vlad Plasmius from the television series ''Danny Phantom''\n* Donna Moss (portrayed by Janel Moloney), from the television series ''The West Wing''\n* Sonny Munroe (portrayed by Demi Lovato), from the television series ''Sonny with a Chance''\n* Mike Nelson (portrayed by Michael J. Nelson), from the television series ''Mystery Science Theater 3000''\n* Pickles the Drummer (portrayed by Brendon Small), from the television series ''Metalocalypse''\n* Daniel Plainview (portrayed by Daniel Day Lewis), from the film ''There Will Be Blood'' (from Fond du Lac)\n* Gwen Raiden (portrayed by Alexa Davalos), from the television series ''Angel'' and the comic book series ''Angel: After the Fall''\n* Recondo, a character from the G.I. Joe: A Real American Hero toyline, comic book series, and cartoon series\n* Todd Rice, the alter ego of the comic book superhero Obsidian\n* Stan Ross (portrayed by Bernie Mac), a Milwaukee baseball star from the film ''Mr. 3000''\n* President Andrew Shepherd (portrayed by Michael Douglas), a character from the film ''The American President''\n* Samantha Spade (portrayed by Poppy Montgomery), from the television series ''Without a Trace''\n* Norbert Sykes, the alter ego of the comic book superhero The Badger\n* Albert Tappman from the novel ''Catch-22'' by Joseph Heller\n* Martha and Steven Thompson, from the ''South Park'' episode \"How to Eat with Your Butt\" when a practical joke leads them to mistake Kenny for their missing son, Tommy Thompson, who has a butt on his face\n* Wendell Vaughn, the alter ego of the comic book superhero Quasar\n* Seth Voelker, the alter ego of the comic book supervillain Sidewinder\n* Greg Willis, the alter ego of the comic book superhero Gravity\n\n"	"See also"	"\n;by educational institution affiliation\n\n* List of Marquette University alumni\n* List of University of Wisconsin\u2013Eau Claire people\n* List of University of Wisconsin\u2013Madison people\n* List of University of Wisconsin\u2013Milwaukee people\n\n\n;by location\n\n* List of people from Kenosha, Wisconsin\n* List of people from Madison, Wisconsin\n* List of people from Milwaukee\n* List of people from Oshkosh, Wisconsin\n* List of people from Racine, Wisconsin\n\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior (Latin America)"	"Introduction"	"\n"	" Current "	"\nMost of the series are Disney Channel Original Series focused on preschoolers, as ''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse'', ''Handy Manny'', ''Jake and the Never Land Pirates'', and ''Sofia the First''. Until 2011, the series were hosted by two monkeys, known as Ooh and Aah. ''Mini Cine'' (''Little Cinema'' or ''Little Movie Theater'') airs movies.\n\n\n\n;Original series\n\n*''Art Attack'' (April 1, 2011- present)\n*''Doc McStuffins'' (June 4, 2012 - present)\n*''Elena of Avalor'' (November 6, 2016 - present)\n*''Goldie and Bear'' (February 15, 2016 - present)\n*''Handy Manny'' (November 20, 2006- present)\n*''Henry Hugglemonster'' (August 12, 2013 - present)\n*''Higglytown Heroes'' (November 15, 2004 - present)\n*''Jake and the Never Land Pirates'' (April 1, 2011 - present)\n*''The Lion Guard'' (May 9, 2016 - present)\n*''Mickey Mouse Clubhouse'' (2006 - present)\n*''Miles from Tomorrowland'' (May 9, 2015 - present)\n*''PJ Masks'' (September 26, 2016 - present)\n*''Rolie Polie Olie'' (1998 - present)\n*''Sheriff Callie's Wild West'' (May 12, 2014 - present)\n*''Sofia the First'' (May 4, 2013 - present)\n*''Special Agent Oso'' (2007 - present)\n*''The 7D'' (December 12, 2016 - present)\n\n\n;3rd-party shows\n\n*''Care Bears: Adventures in Care-a-Lot'' (April 1, 2011 - present)\n*''Chloe's Closet'' (2011 - present)\n*''Daniel Tiger's Neighborhood'' (November 25, 2013 - present)\n*''Pajanimals'' (2012 - present)\n*''Plim Plim'' (October 1, 2011- present)\n           \n*''Zou'' (August 20, 2012 - present)\n\n"	" Blocks "	"\n=== Regular programming ===\n\nThis is where all the series are aired, both original and non-original. It is aired all the time when ''Mini Cine'' is not being aired.\n\n=== ''Mini Cine'' ===\n\n*''The Jungle Book 2''\n*''Mickey's House of Villains''\n* ''Mini Cine'' (''Little Cinema'' or ''Little Movie Theatre'') is aired two times each day both on weekdays and weekends and airs some Walt Disney Pictures movies as well as some third parties' movies. Some movies aired include ''Dumbo'' and ''The Fox and the Hound''.\n*''The Pirate Fairy''\n*''The Princess and the Frog''\n*''Secret of the Wings''\n*''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs''\n*''Toy Story''\n*''Toy Story 2''\n*''Toy Story 3''\n*''Winnie the Pooh''\n\n=== Animated shorts ===\n*''Art Attack''\n*''Toy Story Toons''\n\n=== Former programming ===\n*''101 Dalmatians: The Series''\n*''64 Zoo Lane''\n*''Aladdin: The Series''\n*''Bear in the Big Blue House'' (April 1, 2011 - May 28, 2016)\n*''Best Ed''\n*''Bo on the Go!''\n*''Bunnytown''\n*''Chuggington''\n*''The Doodlebops''\n*''Ella the Elephant''\n*''The Hive''\n*''Imagination Movers''\n*''Joe and Jack''\n*''JoJo's Circus'' (April 1, 2011 - May 28, 2016)\n*''Jungle Junction''\n*''Lilo & Stitch: The Series''\n*''Little Einsteins''\n*''The Little Mermaid: The Series''\n*''Maya the Bee''\n*''The Mighty Jungle''\n*''Olivia''\n*''Oswald''\n*''PB&J Otter''\n*''Poppy Cat''\n*''Stanley''\n*''Strawberry Shortcake's Berry Bitty Adventures''\n*''The Wiggles''\n*''Yo Gabba Gabba!''"	"References"	"http://www.disneylatino.com/junior/\n\n\n\n"
"List of routes in Jefferson County, West Virginia"	"Introduction"	"This is a complete list of routes in Jefferson County, West Virginia, United States. Green: WV Secondary (County) Routes. Turquoise: WV State Routes. Gold: US Routes. Blue: Residential Routes. Routes are listed in numerical order.\n"	"List of routes"	"{| class = \"wikitable\"\n Route Number\n Road Name\n Towns\n\n 1\n Leetown Road\n Leetown\n\n 1/1\n Bowers Road\n Kearneysville\n\n 1/3\n Strider Road\n Leetown\n\n 1/4\n Hite Road\n Bardane, Kearneysville\n\n 1/5\n North Childs Road\n Middleway\n\n 1/6\n Harry Shirley Road\n Middleway\n\n 1/6\n Wide Horizon Boulevard\n Middleway\n\n 1/7\n Charles Street\n Middleway\n\n 1/8\n Brucetown Road\n Middleway\n\n 1/8\n East Street\n Middleway\n\n 1/9\n Bunker Hill Road\n Middleway\n\n 1/10\n Martin Payne Road\n Middleway\n\n 1/11\n Hinton Road\n Summit Point\n\n 1/12\n Cherry Meade Road\n Summit Point\n\n 1/13\n South Childs Road\n Middleway\n\n 1/14\n Stull Road\n Summit Point\n\n 1/15\n Gruber Road\n Summit Point\n\n 1/16\n King Street\n Middleway\n\n 1/17\n Bane Road\n Summit Point\n\n 1/18\n Chesbro Drive\n Middleway\n\n 1/18\n Forest View Drive\n Middleway\n\n 1/19\n Thomson Street\n Summit Point\n\n 1/20\n Happy Creek Drive\n Middleway\n\n 2\n Hardesty Road\n Summit Point\n\n 2/1\n Jamestown Road\n Jamestown, Summit Point\n\n 3/1\n Mount Zion Road\n Leetown\n\n 4/1\n Archer Road\n Leetown\n\n 4/2\n Egypt Road\n Egypt, Leetown\n\n 5\n Scrabble Road\n Shepherdstown\n\n 6\n Darke Lane\n Leetown, Middleway\n\n 6/2\n Dr. Flanighan Road\n Leetown, Middleway\n\n 8\n Wiltshire Road\n Bardane\n\n 8/3\n Clendening Drive\n Bardane\n\n 8/4\n McGarry Boulevard\n Bardane\n\n WV 9 East\n Charles Town Pike\n Charles Town\n\n 9/1\n Currie Road\n Charles Town\n\n 9/2\n Cranes Lane\n Ranson\n\n 9/3\n Cattail Run Road\n Mechanicstown\n\n 9/4\n John Rissler Road\n Bloomery\n\n 9/6\n Engle Road\n Mountain Mission\n\n 9/7\n Bell Road\n Mountain Mission\n\n 9/8\n Wilt Road\n Bloomery\n\n 9/9\n John Brown Farm Road\n Leetown\n\n 9/13\n Bitner Lane\n Kearneysville\n\n 9/13\n Willard Daniels Road\n Kearneysville\n\n 9/14\n Foothill Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 9/14\n Upper Clubhouse Drive\n Shannondale\n\n 9/16\n Cider Lane\n Ranson\n\n 9/17\n Lemon Road\n Ranson\n\n 9/18\n Walnut Road\n Ranson\n\n 9/21\n York Road\n Ranson\n\n 9/23\n Apple Tree Drive\n Ranson\n\n 9/25\n Cherry Hill Road\n Ranson\n\n 9/26\n Hickory Lane\n Ranson\n\n 9/27\n Crabapple Lane\n Ranson\n\n 9/29\n Universal Forest Products Road\n Ranson\n\n 9/33\n Burr Boulevard\n Bardane\n\n 9/34\n Burr Boulevard\n Bardane\n\n 9/36\n Mad Hatter Road\n Shannondale\n\n 9/40\n Fox Glen Drive\n Kearneysville\n\n 9/55\n Anvil Road\n Kearneysville\n\n 9/56\n Haystack Road\n Kearneysville\n\n 9/57\n Cottage Road\n Kearneysville\n\n 9/61\n Chase Drive\n Kearneysville\n\n 9/61\n Fox Chase Court\n Kearneysville\n\n 10\n Van Clevesville Road\n Kearneysville\n\n 12/1\n Billmyer Mill Road\n Shepherdstown\n\n 13/1\n Box Factory Road\n Summit Point\n\n 13/7\n West Blakeley Drive\n \n\n 15/1\n Jefferson Orchard Road\n Leetown\n\n 15/3\n Magaha Street\n Leetown\n\n 15/4\n Antietam Circle\n Charles Town\n\n 15/5\n Apex Circle\n Charles Town\n\n 15/6\n Carson Circle\n Charles Town\n\n 15/10\n Edgefield Circle\n Charles Town\n\n 15/11\n Foxcroft Circle\n Charles Town\n\n 16/1\n Gardners Lane\n Shenandoah Junction\n\n 16/2\n Edgewood School Road\n Kearneysville\n\n 16/3\n Whitmer Road\n Shenandoah Junction\n\n 17\n Flowing Springs Road\n Charles Town\n\n 17/2\n Melvin Road\n Reedson\n\n 17/3\n French Road\n Uvilla\n\n 17/5\n Flowing Acres Road\n Charles Town\n\n 17/6\n Villa Lane\n Charles Town\n\n 18\n Daniel Road\n Charles Town, Shenandoah Junction\n\n 19\n Withers Larue Road\n Rippon\n\n 19/1\n Franklintown Road\n Franklintown, Rippon\n\n 20/1\n First Street\n Shenandoah Junction\n\n 21\n Meyerstown Road\n Meyerstown, Rippon\n\n 22\n Job Corps Road\n Charles Town, Reedson\n\n 23\n Blair Road\n Halltown\n\n 23/1\n Kidwiler Road\n Bakerton\n\n 23/2\n Kerns Drive\n Halltown\n\n 23/3\n Henkle Moore Road\n Halltown\n\n 25\n Kabletown Road\n Kabletown, Mechanicstown\n\n 25/3\n Hawthornedale Road\n Kabletown\n\n 25/4\n Mill Lane\n Kabletown\n\n 25/5\n Dutch Hill Road\n Meyerstown\n\n 25/6\n Ward Clipp Road\n Meyerstown\n\n 25/7\n Ann Lewis Road\n Meyerstown\n\n 25/8\n Westside Lane\n Meyerstown\n\n 25/9\n Dailey Road\n Kabletown\n\n 25/10\n Bedford Court\n Charles Town, Kabletown\n\n 25/10\n Bedford Drive\n Charles Town, Kabletown\n\n 25/10\n Westminster Lane\n Kabletown\n\n 25/12\n Buckingham Lane\n Kabletown\n\n 25/13\n Gloucester Drive\n Kabletown\n\n 25/14\n Avon Bend Road\n Kabletown\n\n 26\n Keyes Ferry Road\n Charles Town\n\n 27\n Bakerton Road\n Bakerton\n\n 27\n Bloomery Road\n Bloomery\n\n 27\n Millville Road\n Millville\n\n 27/3\n Fort Hill Road\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 28\n Bakerton Road\n Bakerton\n\n 28/1\n Duncan Road\n Shepherdstown\n\n 28/2\n Best Road\n Bakerton\n\n 28/4\n Arirang Way\n Bakerton\n\n 29\n Engle Switch Road\n Bakerton, Engle\n\n 30\n Carter Avenue\n Bakerton\n\n 30/1\n Maple Avenue\n Bakerton\n\n 30/2\n Meadow Drive\n Bakerton\n\n 30/3\n Harvest Court\n Bakerton\n\n 30/4\n Bloomery Road\n Bloomery\n\n 30/6\n Timber Lane\n Bakerton\n\n 31\n Engle Molers Road\n Engle\n\n 31/1\n Trough Road\n Shepherdstown\n\n 31/5\n Willis Drive\n Shepherdstown\n\n 32\n Chestnut Hill Road\n Chestnut Hill\n\n 32/1\n Keyes Gap Road\n Keyes Ferry Acres\n\n 32/5\n Cedar Run Lane\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 32/9\n Dogwood Trail\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 33\n Uvilla Road\n Uvilla\n\n 34\n Jefferson Avenue\n Charles Town\n\n 34/1\n East Forrest Avenue\n Charles Town\n\n 34/2\n Hale Road\n Charles Town\n\n WV 45 \n Martinsburg Pike\n Shepherdstown\n\n 45/1\n Winebrenner Road\n Shepherdstown\n\n 48/2\n Warm Springs Road\n Bardane, Kearneysville\n\n 48/3\n Good Folks Road\n Kearneysville\n\n WV 51 \n Middleway Pike\n Charles Town, Middleway\n\n 51/1\n Earle Road\n Summit Point\n\n 51/2\n Ambler Road\n Charles Town, Middleway\n\n 51/3\n Willingham Road\n Middleway\n\n 51/4\n Grey Ghost Road\n Shannondale\n\n 51/4\n Hidden Hollow Drive\n Middleway\n\n 60\n Berridge Drive\n Shepherdstown\n\n US 340 North\n William L. Wilson Freeway\n Charles Town, Harpers Ferry\n\n US 340 South\n Berryville Pike\n Charles Town, Rippon\n\n 340/2\n Wheatland Road\n Rippon\n\n 340/4\n Marlowe Road\n Halltown\n\n 340/5\n Campground Road\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 340/7\n Euclid Avenue\n Charles Town\n\n 340/10\n Cavalier Drive\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 340/12\n Halltown Road\n Halltown\n\n 340/21\n Burns Farm Road\n Charles Town\n\n 340/22\n Columbia Street\n Harpers Ferry\n\n WV 480 \n Kearneysville Pike\n Kearneysville\n\n 480/1\n South Church Street\n Shepherdstown\n\n 480/2\n Fairmont Avenue\n Shepherdstown\n\n 901/1\n Big Bear Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 901/3\n Featherbed Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 901/4\n Wayne Court\n Shannondale\n\n 901/5\n White Poplar Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 901/6\n Conifer Court\n Shannondale\n\n 901/6\n Tulip Court\n Shannondale\n\n 901/7\n Audie Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 901/10\n Cold Spring Drive\n Shannondale\n\n 901/11\n Walters Way\n Shannondale\n\n 901/16\n Foothill Court\n Shannondale\n\n 901/17\n Briar Trail\n Shannondale\n\n 901/18\n White Mule Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 901/24\n Highview Road\n Shannondale\n\n 901/25\n Valley View Road\n Shannondale\n\n 901/28\n White Cedar Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 901/29\n Flapjack Road\n Shannondale\n\n 901/30\n Grouse Lane\n Harpers Ferry, Shannondale\n\n 901/31\n Gingerbread Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 901/32\n Cornpone Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 901/34\n Fox Glen Drive\n Kearneysville\n\n 901/38\n Bugle Lane\n Kearneysville\n\n 901/40\n Covert Street\n Kearneysville\n\n 901/41\n Anvil Road\n Kearneysville\n\n 901/42\n Haystack Road\n Kearneysville\n\n 901/43\n Cornpone Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 901/43\n Cottage Road\n Kearneysville\n\n 901/47\n Chase Drive\n Kearneysville\n\n 901/47\n Fox Chase Court\n Kearneysville\n\n 901/55\n Bedford Court\n Charles Town, Kabletown\n\n 901/55\n Bedford Drive\n Charles Town, Kabletown\n\n 901/58\n Cedar Drive\n Middleway\n\n 901/59\n Black Walnut Drive\n Middleway\n\n 901/62\n Black Walnut Drive\n Middleway\n\n 901/63\n Garrett Lane\n Middleway\n\n 901/73\n Bunkhouse Road\n Kearneysville\n\n 901/74\n Walling Drive\n \n\n 901/77\n Arbor Court\n Reedson\n\n 901/80\n Willingham Road\n Middleway\n\n 901/81\n Garden Place\n Charles Town\n\n 901/84\n Cavalier Drive\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 901/86\n Arirang Way\n Bakerton\n\n 901/87\n Meadow Bluff Lane\n Leetown\n\n 901/89\n Cavalier Estates Court\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 901/89\n Cavalier Estates Drive\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 901/93\n Fourth Street\n Shenandoah Junction\n\n 901/94\n Fifth Street\n Shenandoah Junction\n\n 902/1\n First Street\n Shenandoah Junction\n\n 902/2\n Annie Grove Road\n Chestnut Hill\n\n 902/7\n Estes Way\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/8\n Estes Way\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/9\n Heavenwood Lane\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/10\n Cedar Run Lane\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/11\n Beech Drive\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/16\n Bluff Lane\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/17\n Tigger Trail\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/20\n Bluegrass Court\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/21\n Bluegrass Court\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/22\n Camp Hill Lane\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/24\n Middle Cross Trail\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/27\n Gallihugh Lane\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/29\n Double Run Drive\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/31\n Twilight Time Lane\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/32\n Bluegrass Lane\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/36\n Clever Lane\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/38\n Dogwood Acre Lane\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/40\n Dogwood Trail\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/42\n Bear Run\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/43\n Buck Fever Trail\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/44\n Fox Run Way\n Charles Town\n\n 902/46\n Antietam Circle\n Charles Town\n\n 902/47\n Apex Circle\n Charles Town\n\n 902/48\n Carson Circle\n Charles Town\n\n 902/52\n Edgefield Circle\n Charles Town\n\n 902/53\n Foxcroft Circle\n Charles Town\n\n 902/57\n Marys Court\n Middleway\n\n 902/59\n Berridge Drive\n Shepherdstown\n\n 902/63\n Elk Run Estates Drive\n Harpers Ferry\n\n 902/65\n Cherry Run Road\n Bakerton\n\n 902/67\n Fosters Circle\n Shenandoah Junction\n\n 902/68\n Edwin Boulevard\n Shenandoah Junction\n\n 902/69\n Grayrock Road\n Charles Town\n\n 902/70\n Harrow Place\n Charles Town\n\n 902/72\n Greenwalt Lane\n Silver Grove\n\n 902/75\n Margaret Court\n Charles Town\n\n 904\n Cedar Drive\n Middleway\n\n 904\n Whispering Echos Drive\n Middleway\n\n 905\n Big Spring Drive\n Middleway\n\n 908\n Trout Circle\n Middleway\n\n 910\n Mahoney Drive\n Bakerton\n\n 913\n Benson Drive\n Bakerton\n\n 915\n Bunny Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 917\n Fawn Drive\n Shannondale\n\n 918\n Aerie Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 918\n Wren Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 919\n Crest Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 920\n Big Fir Trail\n Shannondale\n\n 922\n Aerie Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 926\n Wrens View Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 927\n Beechwood Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 927\n Cedar Creek Drive\n Shannondale\n\n 929\n Mad Hatter Road\n Shannondale\n\n 931\n Wild Hare Road\n Shannondale\n\n 932\n Cool Glen Circle\n Shannondale\n\n 935\n Gate One Road\n Shannondale\n\n 936\n Blue Bird Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 938\n Blackberry Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 939\n Black Cub Run Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 942\n Whippoorwill Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 944\n Harvey Road\n Shannondale\n\n 945\n Flop Ear Road\n Shannondale\n\n 946\n Gingerbread Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 949\n Bunny Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 951\n Gingerbread Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 952\n Deerfoot Road\n Shannondale\n\n 953\n Wild Rose Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 956\n Grey Ghost Road\n Shannondale\n\n 958\n Gray Fox Road\n Shannondale\n\n 960\n White Oak Court\n Shannondale\n\n 962\n Black Oak Road\n Shannondale\n\n 964\n Big Red Oak Road\n Shannondale\n\n 968\n Fern Drive\n Shannondale\n\n 969\n Wild Turkey Road\n Shannondale\n\n 972\n Wild Rose Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 973\n Woodchuck Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 974\n Chipmunk Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 975\n Gray Squirrel Road\n Shannondale\n\n 978\n Alta Vista Drive\n Shannondale\n\n 980\n Eagles Nest Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 981\n Crooked Road\n Shannondale\n\n 990\n Twin Cove Court\n Shannondale\n\n 993\n Apple Jack Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 995\n Wolfe Hill Road\n Shannondale\n\n 997\n Oakridge Drive\n Shannondale\n\n 998\n Shagbark Lane\n Shannondale\n\n 999\n Locust Avenue\n Shannondale\n\n"	" See also "	"*List of county routes in Jefferson County, West Virginia\n*List of secondary state highways in Jefferson County, West Virginia\n*List of primary state highways in West Virginia\n*List of secondary state highways in West Virginia\n\n\n"
"List of Soul Train episodes"	"Introduction"	"\nright\nGladys Knight & the Pips on Soul Train in 1974\nThe Jackson 5 on Soul Train in 1973\n''Soul Train'' is an American musical variety television program, which aired in syndication from 1971 until 2006. In its 35-year history, the show primarily featured performances by R&B, soul and hip hop artists, although funk, jazz, disco and gospel artists have also appeared.  The series was created by Don Cornelius, who also served as its first host and executive producer.\n\nThis is a list of episodes that aired originally from October 2, 1971 to March 25, 2006. The dates shown are original air dates, but some dates are approximate because in the 1970s, most syndication markets did not get the episodes at the same time, so the dates shown are the first airings of the episodes. This is also a list for the ''Best of Soul Train'' reruns that aired from 2006 until the show's cancellation in September 2008. The dates shown are the first airings of the episodes.\n\n\n\n\n\n'''Seasons''': 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 References__NOTOC__\n\n"	"Series overview"	"\n"	"Episodes"	"\n===Season 1 (1971\u201372)===\nThe first theme song was the 1962 recording of \"Hot Potatoes\", performed by King Curtis; the song used for the bumpers was \"Familiar Footsteps\" by Gene Chandler.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests & Songs'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 1\n \n*Gladys Knight & the Pips (\"Friendship Train\" & \"I Don't Wanna Do Wrong\")\n*Eddie Kendricks (\"It's So Hard for Me to Say Goodbye\" & \"I Did It All For You\")\n*Honey Cone (\"Stick-Up\" & \"Want Ads\")\n* Bobby Hutton (\"You're My Only Reason\")\n October 2, 1971\n\n 2\n 2\n \n*Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band (\"Express Yourself\" & \"Your Love (Means Everything to Me)\")\n*Carla Thomas (\"You Got a Cushion to Fall On\")\n*General Crook (\"Do It for Me\" & \"What Time is It\")\n October 9, 1971\n\n 3\n 3\n \n*Chairmen of the Board (\"Give Me Just a little more Time\" & \"Hang on to a Memory\")\n*Rufus Thomas (\"(Do the) Push and Pull\", \"Do the Funky Chicken\" & \"The World is Round\")\n*Laura Lee (\"Women's Love Rights\" & \"Wedlock is Padlock\")\n October 16, 1971\n\n 4\n 4\n \n*The Staple Singers (\"Express Yourself\" & \"Heavy Makes You Happy\")\n*Freda Payne (\"Band of Gold\" & \"Bring the Boys Home\")\n October 23, 1971\n\n 5\n 5\n \n*Bill Withers (\"Ain't No Sunshine\" & \"Grandma's Hands\")\n*Al Green (\"Let's Stay Together\" & \"Tired of Being Alone\")\n*Viola Wills (\"Sweetback\")\n October 30, 1971\n\n 6\n 6\n \n*Lou Rawls (\"Natural Man\")\n*100 Proof (Aged in Soul) (\"Somebody's Been Sleeping\", \"Driveway\" & \"One Man's Leftovers\")\n*The Emotions (\"So I Can Love You\" & \"Show Me How\")\n November 6, 1971\n\n 7\n 7\n \n*Martha and the Vandellas (\"Dancing In The Streets\" & \"Bless You\")\n*The Intruders (\"I Bet He Don't Love You (Like I Love You)\" & \"Cowboys To Girls\")\n*G. C. Cameron (\"Act Like A Shotgun\")\n November 13, 1971\n\n 8\n 8\n  \n*The Friends of Distinction (\"Grazing in the Grass\" & \"I Need You\")\n*Clarence Carter (\"Patches\", \"Slipped, Tripped and Fell in Love\" & \"Scratch my Back\")\n November 20, 1971\n\n 9\n 9\n \n*The Chambers Brothers (\"Time Has Come Today\", \"Let's Do It Together\" & \"Funky\")\n*Five Stairsteps (\"O-o-h Child\" & \"Didn't it Look so Easy\")\n November 27, 1971\n\n 10\n 10\n \n*Jr. Walker & the All Stars (\"Do That Shing-A-Ling\" & \"These Eyes\")\n*Bobby Womack (\"Communication\" & \"That's the Way I Feel About 'Cha\")\n*Thelma Houston (\"I Want to Go Back There Again\" & \"Save The Country\")\n December 4, 1971\n\n 11\n 11\n \n*Jean Knight (\"Mr. Big Stuff\")\n*The Delfonics (\"Didn't I Blow Your Mind This Time\" & \"Hey Love\")\n*Maurice Jackson (\"Step By Step\")\n*Ralfi Pagan (\"Make It With Me\")\n December 11, 1971\n\n 12\n 12\n \n*The Chi-Lites (\"For God Sakes, Give More Power to the People\" & \"Have You Seen Her\")\n*Joe Tex (\"Give the Baby Anything the Baby Wants\" & \"Bad Feet\")\n*The Originals (\"Baby I'm for Real\" & \"Keep Me\")\n December 18, 1971\n\n 13\n 13\n \n*Gene Chandler (\"Yes I'm Ready (If you Don't Let Go)\" & \"Stone Cold Love\")\n*Simtec & Wylie (\"Got To get Over the Hump\")\n*The Free Movement (\"I Found Someone\" & \"The Harder I Try\")\n December 25, 1971\n\n 14\n 14\n \n*B.B. King (\"Think it Over\")\n*O. C. Smith (\"Little Green Apples\" & \"Help Me Make it Through the Night\")\n*Patrice Holloway ( \"Evidence\" & \"That's the Chance You Gotta Take\")\n January 1, 1972\n\n 15\n 15\n \n*Dennis Coffey (\"Scorpio\" & \"Ride Sally Ride\")\n*The Detroit Emeralds (\"Wear This Ring with Love\" & \"You Want it, You Got It\")\n*Jesse James (\"I Need You Baby\" & \"At Last\")\n January 8, 1972\n\n 16\n 16\n \n*Little Richard (\"Freedom Blues\" & \"Greenwood Mississippi\")\n*The Undisputed Truth (\"Smiling Faces Sometimes\" & \"You Make Your Own Heaven and Hell Right Here on Earth\")\n*Nolan Porter\n January 15, 1972\n\n 17\n 17\n \n*Curtis Mayfield (\"Move on Up\" & \"Get Down\")\n*Honey Cone (\"Stick Up\" & \"One Monkey Don't Stop No Show\")\n*The Persuaders (\"Thin Line Between Love and Hate\" & \"Love Gonna Pack Up\")\n January 22, 1972\n\n 18\n 18\n \n*The Impressions (\"Ain't Got Time\" & \"Love Me\")\n*Merry Clayton (\"After All This Time\")\n*The Three Degrees (\"There's So Much Love\", \"Maybe\" & \"Trade Winds\")\n January 29, 1972\n\n 19\n 19\n \n*The Dells (\"It's All Up to You\" & \"The Love We Had\")\n*Kim Weston (\"Little By Little And Bit By Bit\" & \"If I Had it My Way\")\n*Luther Ingram (\"Be Good to Me Baby\" & \"I'll Love You Until the End\")\n February 5, 1972\n\n 20\n 20\n \n*Jerry Butler & Brenda Lee Eager (\"Ain't Understanding Mellow\") \n*Jerry Butler (\"Walk Easy my Son\" & \"How Did We Lose it Baby\")\n*Joe Tex (\"I Gotcha\" & \"A Mother's Prayer\")\n*Hodges, Smith, James & Crawford (\"Signal Your Intention\")\n February 12, 1972\n\n 21\n 21\n \n*Al Green (\"Look What you Done For Me\" & \"Driving Wheel\")\n*The Whispers (\"I Only Meant to Wet My Feet\" & \"Can't Help But Love You\")\n*Denise LaSalle (\"Trapped By This Thing Called Love\" & \"Now Run and Tell That\")\n February 19, 1972\n\n 22\n 22\n \n*Four Tops (\"A Simple Game\" & \"MacArthur Park\")\n*Jackie Wilson (\"Your Love Keeps Lifting Me Higher and Higher\" & \"Love Is Funny That Way\")\n*Kool & the Gang (\"I Want to Take You Higher\" & \"Love The Life You Live\")\n February 26, 1972\n\n 23\n 23\n \n*Gladys Knight & the Pips (\"Make Me the Woman That you Go Home To\" & \"I Don't Want to Do Wrong\")\n*Ohio Players (\"Got Pleasure\" & \"Pain\")\n*Garland Green (\"Just My Way of Loving You\" & \"Plain and Simple Girl\")\n March 4, 1972\n\n 24\n 24\n \n*Rufus Thomas (\"Do the Funky Penguin\" & \"Breakdown\")\n*The Bar-Kays (\"Son of Shaft\")\n*Laura Lee (\"Rip Off\" & \"Since I Fell for You\")\n March 11, 1972\n\n 25\n 25\n \n*The Chi-Lites (\"Oh Girl\" & \"The Coldest Days of My Life)\n*Edwin Starr (\"War\" & \"Double Agent O' Soul\")\n*James Gadsen\n March 18, 1972\n\n 26\n 26\n \n*Wilson Pickett (\"Fire and Water\", \"Don't Let the Green Grass Fool You\", \"Call My Name, I'll be There\", \"I'm In Love\" & \"Don't Knock My Love\")\n*Curtis Mayfield (\"We Got To Have Peace\", \"Get Down\" & \"Beautiful Brother of Mine\") \n*War (All Day Music\" & \"Slippin' Into Darkness\")\n*Soul Train Dance Contest (Special Guest: Fred Williamson)\n March 25, 1972\n\n 27\n 27\n \n*Joe Tex (\"You Said A Bad Word\")\n*Gloria Lynne (\"Watermelon Man\" & \"I Wish You Love\")\n*The Independents (\"Just As Long As You Need Me\")\n April 1, 1972\n\n 28\n 28\n \n*Lou Rawls (\"His Song Shall Be Sung\")\n*Otis Clay (\"Trying To Live My Life Without You\")\n*The Peaches (\"In My Heart\" & \"You Couldn't Have Been Thinking About Me\")\n April 8, 1972\n\n 29\n 29\n \n*The Isley Brothers (\"Lay Away\" & \"Pop That Thang\")\n*Love Unlimited (\"Walkin' in the Rain (With the One I Love)\" & \"Fragile (Handle With Care)\")\n*Millie Jackson (\"Ask Me What You Want\" & \"My Man, A Sweet Man\")\n April 15, 1972\n\n 30\n 30\n \n*Ike & Tina Turner (\"I Want To Take You Higher,\" \"Feel Good\" & \"Proud Mary\")\n*Jerry Butler & Brenda Lee Eager (\"Close To You\")\n*Jerry Butler (\"I Only Have Eyes for You\")\n April 22, 1972\n\n\n\n===Season 2 (1972\u201373)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 31\n Bobby Womack, The Bar-Kays, Candi Staton (Special Guest: Fred Williamson)\n September 9, 1972\n\n 2\n 32\n The Isley Brothers, Luther Ingram (Special Guests: Melba Moore & Heshimu)\n September 16, 1972\n\n 3\n 33\n Gladys Knight & the Pips, The O'Jays, Major Lance (Special Guests: Teresa Graves & Brock Peters)\n September 23, 1972\n\n 4\n 34\n Eddie Kendricks (\"If You Let Me\" & \"Can I\"), The Whispers (Special Guests: Gail Fisher & Bill Russell)\n September 30, 1972\n\n 5\n 35\n The Jackson 5 featuring Jermaine Jackson\n October 7, 1972\n\n 6\n 36\n Johnnie Taylor, The Undisputed Truth\n October 14, 1972\n\n 7\n 37\n Bill Withers, Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes (Special Guest: Denise Nicholas)\n October 21, 1972\n\n 8\n 38\n Billy Preston, Laura Lee, Johnny Williams (Special Guest: Jim Brown)\n October 28, 1972\n\n 9\n 39\n Joe Simon, The Sylvers, Billy Paul (Special Guest: Wallace Terry)\n November 4, 1972\n\n 10\n 40\n Friends of Distinction, The Persuaders, Doug Gibbs (Special Guest: William Marshall)\n November 11, 1972\n\n 11\n 41\n The Temptations, King Floyd (Special Guest: Cicely Tyson)\n November 18, 1972\n\n 12\n 42\n The Intruders, Betty Wright, True Reflection (Special Guest: George Kirby)\n December 16, 1972\n\n 13\n 43\n Billy Paul, Barbara Mason, Anacostia\n December 23, 1972\n\n 14\n 44\n Tyrone Davis, Lyn Collins (Special Guest: Elgin Baylor)\n December 30, 1972\n\n 15\n 45\n Curtis Mayfield, The Main Ingredient, Hank Ballard (Special Guest: Vonetta McGee)\n January 6, 1973\n\n 16\n 46\n Stevie Wonder, The Moments, Fully Guaranteed (Special Guest: Judy Pace)\n January 13, 1973\n\n 17\n 47\n Johnny Nash, Billy Butler & Infinity, Brighter Side of Darkness\n January 27, 1973\n\n 18\n 48\n The Dramatics, Syl Johnson, The Smith Connection\n February 3, 1973\n\n 19\n 49\n James Brown, Lyn Collins\n February 10, 1973\n\n 20\n 50\n The Four Tops, Otis Clay, Special Guests: James Brown & Teddy Brown, Soul Train Dance Contest Semifinals\n February 17, 1973\n\n 21\n 51\n The Spinners, Sisters Love\n February 24, 1973\n\n 22\n 52\n Al Green, Mel & Tim\n March 3, 1973\n\n 23\n 53\n Friends of Distinction, Timmy Thomas, The Independents (Special Guest: Richard Pryor)\n March 10, 1973\n\n 24\n 54\n The Chi-Lites, The Honey Cone, G.C. Cameron (Special Guest: Pam Grier)\n March 31, 1973\n\n 25\n 55\n The Impressions, Tyrone Davis, Billy Preston (Special Guests: Diana Ross & Brenda Sykes)\n April 7, 1973\n\n 26\n 56\n Aretha Franklin (Special Guest: Cecil Franklin)\n April 14, 1973\n\n 27\n 57\n The O'Jays, David Ruffin, Sylvia\n April 21, 1973\n\n 28\n 58\n The Sylvers, Ronnie Dyson, Archie Bell & the Drells (Special Guest: Rosie Grier)\n April 28, 1973\n\n 29\n 59\n The Manhattans, Lyn Collins, Lee Austin (Special Guest: James Brown)\n May 5, 1973\n\n 30\n 60\n The Supremes, Lloyd Price\n May 12, 1973\n\n 31\n 61\n Bobby Womack, The Whispers, Thelma Houston\n May 19, 1973\n\n 32\n 62\n Little Anthony & the Imperials, Edwin Starr, The Valentinos\n May 26, 1973\n\n 33\n 63\n Bill Withers (Special Guest: Steve Manning)\n June 16, 1973\n\n 34\n 64\n The Miracles, Chuck Jackson, The Jackson Sisters (Special Guest: Smokey Robinson)\n June 23, 1973\n\n 35\n 65\n Chairmen of the Board, Charles Mann, Sylvia (Special Guest: Jeffrey Bowen)\n June 30, 1973\n\n 36\n 66\n Chuck Berry, Maxayan, Willie Hutch (Special Guest: Max Julien)\n July 7, 1973\n\n 37\n 67\n \"The Best of Soul Train\" featuring James Brown, The Jackson 5, Chuck Berry, The O'Jays, The Temptations, Al Green, Curtis Mayfield,The Supremes, Teddy Brown, The Four Tops, and Stevie Wonder\n August 11, 1973\n\n\n\n===Season 3 (1973\u201374)===\nStarting with episode 76, the show's theme was changed to \"TSOP (The Sound of Philadelphia)\", written by Gamble and Huff and performed by MFSB and the Three Degrees.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 68\n The Intruders, Foster Sylvers (Introduced by Edmund & Ricky Sylvers)\n August 25, 1973\n\n 2\n 69\n The Whispers, Mandrill, \n September 1, 1973\n\n 3\n 70\n Fred Wesley & the JB's, Lyn Collins, The Sly, the Slick and the Wicked\n September 8, 1973\n\n 4\n 71\n The Sylvers\n September 15, 1973\n\n 5\n 72\n The Isley Brothers, Betty Wright, Jr. Walker & the All-Stars\n September 22, 1973\n\n 6\n 73\n Eddie Kendricks, The Dramatics, Rufus\n September 29, 1973\n\n 7\n 74\n B.B. King, The Moments\n October 6, 1973\n\n 8\n 75\n The Four Tops, Bloodstone, Lee Charles\n October 13, 1973\n\n 9\n 76\n Barry White, Love Unlimited, The Temprees (Special Guest: Lola Falana)\n October 27, 1973\n\n 10\n 77\n The Jackson 5\n November 3, 1973\n\n 11\n 78\n Curtis Mayfield, Millie Jackson, Natural Four\n November 10, 1973\n\n 12\n 79\n Tower of Power, The Pointer Sisters, Tavares\n November 17, 1973\n\n 13\n 80\n Smokey Robinson, First Choice, Al Wilson\n November 24, 1973\n\n 14\n 81\n The Temptations, G.C. Cameron\n December 1, 1973\n\n 15\n 82\n Bobby Bland, Ashford & Simpson, Barbara Jean English\n December 8, 1973\n\n 16\n 83\n Johnnie Taylor, Ann Peebles, Maceo & the Macks\n December 15, 1973\n\n 17\n 84\n Eddie Kendricks, The Persuaders, Eddie Floyd\n December 22, 1973\n\n 18\n 85\n Billy Preston, Creative Source, Eric Mercury\n January 5, 1974\n\n 19\n 86\n Johnny Nash, Kool & the Gang, The Originals\n January 12, 1974\n\n 20\n 87\n The 5th Dimension, Willie Hutch\n January 26, 1974\n\n 21\n 88\n Johnny Mathis, The Dells\n February 9, 1974\n\n 22\n 89\n Marvin Gaye, The Whispers\n February 16, 1974\n\n 23\n 90\n Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, Billy Paul, Maxine Weldon\n February 23, 1974\n\n 24\n 91\n Jerry Butler, The Delfonics, Cecil Shaw\n March 2, 1974\n\n 25\n 92\n Curtis Mayfield, The Main Ingredient, Bloodstone\n March 30, 1974\n\n 26\n 93\n Al Green, The Impressions\n April 6, 1974\n\n 27\n 94\n The Stylistics, Bobby Womack, The Undisputed Truth\n April 13, 1974\n\n 28\n 95\n The Four Tops, Blue Magic, Barbara Mason\n April 20, 1974\n\n 29\n 96\n Eddie Kendricks, The Dramatics, Martha Reeves\n April 27, 1974\n\n 30\n 97\n Gladys Knight & the Pips, Lamont Dozier\n May 4, 1974\n\n 31\n 98\n Sylvia Robinson, The Moments, Ecstasy, Passion & Pain\n May 11, 1974\n\n 32\n 99\n The Spinners, The Independents, Leroy Hutson\n May 18, 1974\n\n 33\n 100\n Bill Withers, The Soul Children, Melvin Van Peebles\n May 25, 1974\n\n 34\n 101\n Tyrone Davis, Hugh Masekela, Black Ivory\n June 1, 1974\n\n 35\n 102\n The Staple Singers, Bunny Sigler\n June 8, 1974\n\n 36\n 103\n Kool & the Gang, Al Wilson, Natural Four\n June 15, 1974\n\n 37\n 104\n The O'Jays, Ramsey Lewis\n June 22, 1974\n\n 38\n 105\n Sly & the Family Stone, The Trammps\n June 29, 1974\n\n 39\n 106\n \"The Best of Soul Train\"\n July 20, 1974\n\n\n\n===Season 4 (1974\u201375)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 107\n \n*Billy Preston (\"Nothing From Nothing\" and \"Struttin')\n*Rufus featuring Chaka Khan (\"Tell me Something Good\", \"You Got The Love\")\n*George McCrae (\"Rock Your Baby\")\n September 7, 1974\n\n 2\n 108\n \n*James Brown and the First Family of Soul (\"Cold Sweat,\" \"I Can't Stand It,\" \"Papa's Got A Brand New Bag,\" \"Hell,\" \"Try Me,\" \"Papa Don't Take No Mess\" and \"My Thang\")\n*Fred Wesley & The J.B.'s (\"Damn Right, I'm Somebody\")\n*Lyn Collins (\"Rock Me Again & Again & Again\")\n*Sweet Charles Sherrell (\"Soul Man\")\n September 14, 1974\n\n 3\n 109\n \n*Johnnie Taylor (\"I've Been Born Again\")\n*The Joneses (Sugar Pie Guy\" and \"Hey, Babe\")\n*Syreeta Wright (\"I'm Going Left\")\n September 21, 1974\n\n 4\n 110\n The Miracles, Herbie Hancock, Yvonne Fair\n September 28, 1974\n\n 5\n 111\n Michael Jackson, MDLT\n October 5, 1974\n\n 6\n 112\n The Four Tops, The New Birth, Creative Source\n October 12, 1974\n\n 7\n 113\n The Chi-Lites, Bloodstone, New York City\n October 19, 1974\n\n 8\n 114\n Ashford & Simpson, Tavares, Little Beaver\n October 26, 1974\n\n 9\n 115\n The 5th Dimension, Al Wilson, Formula IV, Special Guest: Mark Gordon\n November 2, 1974\n\n 10\n 116\n The Ohio Players, Ecstasy, Passion & Pain, B.T. Express\n November 9, 1974\n\n 11\n 117\n Nancy Wilson, Johnny Bristol, Mighty Clouds of Joy\n November 16, 1974\n\n 12\n 118\n The Moments, Labelle, Carl Carlton\n December 7, 1974\n\n 13\n 119\n The Isley Brothers (\"That Lady\", \"Live It Up\", \"Summer Breeze\", \"Midnight Sky\", \"Hello, It's Me\")\n December 14, 1974\n\n 14\n 120\n Jose Feliciano, Minnie Riperton, The Dynamic Superiors\n December 21, 1974\n\n 15\n 121\n Johnny Nash, The Commodores, Lonnie Youngblood\n December 28, 1974\n\n 16\n 122\n Bobby Womack, Latimore, The Kay-Gees\n January 4, 1975\n\n 17\n 123\n Graham Central Station, Zulema, Leon Haywood\n January 11, 1975\n\n 18\n 124\n Ike & Tina Turner, Lonette McKee\n January 18, 1975\n\n 19\n 125\n David Ruffin, Shirley Brown, 9th Creation, The Lockers\n January 25, 1975\n\n 20\n 126\n Tower of Power, The Hues Corporation, Garland Green\n February 1, 1975\n\n 21\n 127\n The Crusaders, The Whispers\n February 8, 1975\n\n 22\n 128\n Rufus featuring Chaka Khan, Gino Vannelli, Bohannon\n February 15, 1975\n\n 23\n 129\n Kool & the Gang, Charles Wright & the Watts 103rd Street Rhythm Band, The Jackson Sisters\n February 22, 1975\n\n 24\n 130\n Jimmy Ruffin, Buddy Miles, The Manhattans\n March 1, 1975\n\n 25\n 131\n Lou Rawls, The Main Ingredient, Gloria Scott\n March 8, 1975\n\n 26\n 132\n Bobby Bland, Tavares, Lyn Collins, Fred Wesley & Steam\n March 15, 1975\n\n 27\n 133\n Bloodstone, Carol Douglas, Syl Johnson\n March 22, 1975\n\n 28\n 134\n B.B. King, The Younghearts, People's Choice\n March 29, 1975\n\n 29\n 135\n Al Green\n April 5, 1975\n\n 30\n 136\n Blue Magic, Sister Sledge, Major Harris\n April 12, 1975\n\n 31\n 137\n The Dramatics, Barbara Mason, Ben E. King\n April 19, 1975\n\n 32\n 138\n Eddie Kendricks, L.T.D., The Waters\n April 26, 1975\n\n 33\n 139\n Melba Moore, Eddie Harris, Bunny Sigler\n May 3, 1975\n\n 34\n 140\n Dionne Warwick, Greg Perry, The Futures\n May 10, 1975\n\n 35\n 141\n Elton John, Mandrill, Comedian: Karl Grigsby\n May 17, 1975\n\n 36\n 142\n Barry White, Love Unlimited Orchestra\n May 24, 1975\n\n 37\n 143\n Curtis Mayfield, Leroy Hutson, Natural Four\n June 7, 1975\n\n 38\n 144\n Smokey Robinson, Betty Wright\n June 14, 1975\n\n 39\n 145\n Harold Melvin & The Blue Notes, The Southshore Commission (Guest Host: Richard Pryor)\n June 21, 1975\n\n\n\n===Season 5 (1975\u201376)===\nWith the start of this season, ''Soul Train'' instituted a new theme: \"Soul Train '75\" by The Soul Train Gang.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 146\n The Supremes, Willie Hutch\n August 23, 1975\n\n 2\n 147\n Johnny Bristol, The Blackbyrds\n August 30, 1975\n\n 3\n 148\n Joe Simon, Millie Jackson, Choice Four\n September 6, 1975\n\n 4\n 149\n The New Birth, Blue Magic, Bobby Moore\n September 13, 1975\n\n 5\n 150\n The Impressions, Rance Allen Group, Soul Train Dance Contest\n September 20, 1975\n\n 6\n 151\n Eddie Kendricks, Tavares, Comedian: Paul Mooney\n September 27, 1975\n\n 7\n 152\n The Pointer Sisters, B.T. Express, Ralph Carter\n October 4, 1975\n\n 8\n 153\n The O'Jays, Little Milton, Special Guest: Cholly Atkins\n October 11, 1975\n\n 9\n 154\n Labelle, Creative Source\n October 18, 1975\n\n 10\n 155\n Minnie Riperton, Twenty First Century\n October 25, 1975\n\n 11\n 156\n Ramsey Lewis, Fantastic Four\n November 1, 1975\n\n 12\n 157\n The Spinners, Merry Clayton\n November 8, 1975\n\n 13\n 158\n War, The Main Ingredient\n November 15, 1975\n\n 14\n 159\n Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, Esther Phillips\n November 22, 1975\n\n 15\n 160\n The Miracles, Poison, Quincy Jones (Special Guest: Nat Adderley)\n November 29, 1975\n\n 16\n 161\n Average White Band, The Undisputed Truth\n December 6, 1975\n\n 17\n 162\n Rufus featuring Chaka Khan, David Ruffin\n December 13, 1975\n\n 18\n 163\n Freda Payne, The Whispers\n December 20, 1975\n\n 19\n 164\n Billy Preston, The Sylvers\n December 27, 1975\n\n 20\n 165\n David Bowie, Faith, Hope and Charity, Jeff Perry\n January 3, 1976\n\n 21\n 166\n The Temptations, Edwin Starr\n January 10, 1976\n\n 22\n 167\n The Staple Singers, Bobby Womack\n January 17, 1976\n\n 23\n 168\n The Jackson 5\n January 24, 1976\n\n 24\n 169\n The Dells, Bloodstone\n January 31, 1976\n\n 25\n 170\n Bill Withers, The Soul Train Gang\n February 7, 1976\n\n 26\n 171\n The Jimmy Castor Bunch, Leon Haywood, The Southshore Commission\n February 14, 1976\n\n 27\n 172\n The Commodores, George McCrae\n February 21, 1976\n\n 28\n 173\n Joe Tex, The Chi-Lites, Comedian: Tom Dreesen\n February 28, 1976\n\n 29\n 174\n Wilson Pickett, Betty Wright, The Modulations\n March 6, 1976\n\n 30\n 175\n Eddie Kendricks, The Temprees\n March 13, 1976\n\n 31\n 176\n Johnnie Taylor, Donna Summer\n March 20, 1976\n\n 32\n 177\n The Supremes, Al Wilson\n March 27, 1976\n\n 33\n 178\n The Dramatics, Dorothy Moore, Leon Thomas\n April 3, 1976\n\n 34\n 179\n Kool & The Gang, Ashford & Simpson, Ronnie McNeir\n May 1, 1976\n\n 35\n 180\n The Delfonics, D.J. Rogers\n May 8, 1976\n\n 36\n 181\n Billy Paul, The Trammps\n May 15, 1976\n\n 37\n 182\n Archie Bell & the Drells, Brass Construction\n May 22, 1976\n\n 38\n 183\n Rufus featuring Chaka Khan, The Checkmates, The Booty People\n June 12, 1976\n\n 39\n 184\n The 5th Dimension, The Brothers Johnson, Pat Lundy\n June 19, 1976\n\n\n\n===Season 6 (1976\u201377)===\nStarting with the ninth episode, ''Soul Train'' has a new theme song: \"Soul Train '76\" by The Soul Train Gang.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 185\n Johnnie Taylor, The Tymes\n August 21, 1976\n\n 2\n 186\n The Sylvers, Sun, Special Guest: Frankie Crocker\n August 28, 1976\n\n 3\n 187\n Melba Moore, The Whispers\n September 4, 1976\n\n 4\n 188\n The O'Jays, Thelma Houston\n September 11, 1976\n\n 5\n 189\n D.J. Rogers, The Lockers, Soul Train National Dance Contest\n September 18, 1976\n\n 6\n 190\n Labelle, Brother to Brother\n September 25, 1976\n\n 7\n 191\n The Spinners, David Ruffin\n October 2, 1976\n\n 8\n 192\n Jermaine Jackson, Tata Vega\n October 9, 1976\n\n 9\n 193\n The Emotions, The Rimshots, The Ritchie Family\n October 16, 1976\n\n 10\n 194\n Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis, Jr., Deniece Williams\n October 23, 1976\n\n 11\n 195\n The Undisputed Truth, Impact, Carol Douglas\n October 30, 1976\n\n 12\n 196\n The Four Tops, Vicki Sue Robinson\n November 6, 1976\n\n 13\n 197\n Aretha Franklin, Ronnie Dyson\n November 13, 1976\n\n 14\n 198\n The Manhattans, Brass Construction, Rose Royce\n November 20, 1976\n\n 15\n 199\n K.C. and the Sunshine Band, Dee Dee Bridgewater\n November 27, 1976\n\n 16\n 200\n The Ohio Players, Johnny Bristol\n December 4, 1976\n\n 17\n 201\n Average White Band, The Soul Train Gang\n December 11, 1976\n\n 18\n 202\n O.C. Smith, Dorothy Moore\n December 18, 1976\n\n 19\n 203\n The Moments, Donna Summer\n December 25, 1976\n\n 20\n 204\n The Supremes, Al Hudson & the Soul Partners\n January 1, 1977\n\n 21\n 205\n The Sylvers, Donald Byrd & the Blackbyrds\n January 8, 1977\n\n 22\n 206\n Billy Paul, Brick\n January 15, 1977\n\n 23\n 207\n Lou Rawls, L.T.D.\n January 22, 1977\n\n 24\n 208\n Billy Preston, Brenda Payton\n January 29, 1977\n\n 25\n 209\n Rufus featuring Chaka Khan, The Impressions\n February 5, 1977\n\n 26\n 210\n The Commodores, Thelma Houston\n February 12, 1977\n\n 27\n 211\n The Dramatics, Randy Crawford, Crown Heights Affair\n February 19, 1977\n\n 28\n 212\n Ashford & Simpson, Bootsy's Rubber Band\n February 26, 1977\n\n 29\n 213\n Latimore, Shalamar, Crown Heights Affair\n March 5, 1977\n\n 30\n 214\n Natalie Cole, Arthur Prysock\n March 12, 1977\n\n 31\n 215\n Al Green, Fatback Band\n March 19, 1977\n\n 32\n 216\n Melba Moore, Joe Tex\n March 26, 1977\n\n 33\n 217\n Roy Ayers Ubiquity, Lonnie Liston Smith, Gwen McCrae\n April 2, 1977\n\n 34\n 218\n B.T. Express, Letta Mbulu, Enchantment\n April 9, 1977\n\n 35\n 219\n Archie Bell & the Drells, Brainstorm\n April 16, 1977\n\n 36\n 220\n Teddy Pendergrass, Double Exposure\n April 23, 1977\n\n 37\n 221\n Smokey Robinson, Lakeside\n April 30, 1977\n\n 38\n 222\n Marvin Gaye\n May 7, 1977\n\n 39\n 223\n Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, Side Effect\n May 14, 1977\n\n\n\n===Season 7 (1977\u201378)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 224\n O.C. Smith, Hot, Floaters\n August 20, 1977\n\n 2\n 225\n Jermaine Jackson, Switch\n August 27, 1977\n\n 3\n 226\n The O'Jays/ Al Jarreau/ Truth\n September 3, 1977\n\n 4\n 227\n Johnny Guitar Watson, The Whispers\n September 10, 1977\n\n 5\n 228\n Tyrone Davis, Dorothy Moore\n September 17, 1977\n\n 6\n 229\n The Dramatics, Tata Vega\n September 24, 1977\n\n 7\n 230\n The Emotions, Maze featuring Frankie Beverly\n October 1, 1977\n\n 8\n 231\n Lamont Dozier, Phyllis Hyman, High Inergy\n October 8, 1977\n\n 9\n 232\n Smokey Robinson, Dee Dee Sharp\n October 15, 1977\n\n 10\n 233\n Tavares, David Oliver\n October 22, 1977\n\n 11\n 234\n Johnnie Taylor, Millie Jackson\n October 29, 1977\n\n 12\n 235\n Teddy Pendergrass, Rose Royce\n November 5, 1977\n\n 13\n 236\n Barry White, Love Unlimited\n November 12, 1977\n\n 14\n 237\n Lou Rawls, The Ritchie Family\n November 19, 1977\n\n 15\n 238\n The Manhattans, Kellee Patterson\n November 26, 1977\n\n 16\n 239\n Deniece Williams, Mother's Finest\n December 3, 1977\n\n 17\n 240\n Ashford & Simpson, Ronnie Dyson\n December 10, 1977\n\n 18\n 241\n The Spinners, Hodges, James & Smith\n December 17, 1977\n\n 19\n 242\n Brick, Sister Sledge\n December 24, 1977\n\n 20\n 243\n Philipp\u00e9 Wynne, Side Effect, Al Hudson & the Soul Partners\n December 31, 1977\n\n 21\n 244\n Brothers Johnson, Foster Sylvers\n January 7, 1978\n\n 22\n 245\n Freda Payne, Ronnie Laws, Morris Jefferson\n January 14, 1978\n\n 23\n 246\n The Sylvers, Lawrence Hilton-Jacobs\n January 21, 1978\n\n 24\n 247\n Bill Withers, Odyssey\n January 28, 1978\n\n 25\n 248\n L.T.D., Michael Henderson\n February 4, 1978\n\n 26\n 249\n The Temptations, William Bell, Pattie Brooks\n February 11, 1978\n\n 27\n 250\n War, Eloise Laws\n February 18, 1978\n\n 28\n 251\n Billy Preston, Esther Phillips\n February 25, 1978\n\n 29\n 252\n Lonnie Jordan, Brass Construction, Pattie Brooks\n March 4, 1978\n\n 30\n 253\n The Four Tops, Con Funk Shun\n March 11, 1978\n\n 31\n 254\n Bobby Womack, Denise LaSalle\n March 18, 1978\n\n 32\n 255\n Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis, Jr., Cheryl Barnes, Stargard\n March 25, 1978\n\n 33\n 256\n Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, Roy Ayers\n April 1, 1978\n\n 34\n 257\n Johnny Mathis, Deniece Williams\n April 8, 1978\n\n 35\n 258\n Enchantment, Wild Cherry, Bunny Sigler\n April 15, 1978\n\n 36\n 259\n Herb Alpert & Hugh Masekela, Aalon\n April 22, 1978\n\n 37\n 260\n The 5th Dimension, Mandrill\n April 29, 1978\n\n 38\n 261\n Smokey Robinson, Patti Austin\n May 6, 1978\n\n 39\n 262\n Cuba Gooding, Lenny Williams\n May 13, 1978\n\n\n\n===Season 8 (1978\u201379)===\n''Soul Train'' has a new theme this season, starting with episode 267: \"Soul Train Theme '79\" by The Hollywood Disco Jazz Band and The Waters.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 263\n The O'Jays, Etta James\n August 19, 1978\n\n 2\n 264\n Brothers Johnson, The Dells\n August 26, 1978\n\n 3\n 265\n The Emotions, Randy Jackson, Hal Jackson's Talented Teen\"\n September 2, 1978\n\n 4\n 266\n The Sylvers, Kenny Brawner & Raw Sugar\n September 9, 1978\n\n 5\n 267\n Earth Wind & Fire (in concert)/ Heaven & Earth\n September 16, 1978\n\n 6\n 268\n Rose Royce, D.J. Rogers\n September 23, 1978\n\n 7\n 269\n Peabo Bryson, Stargard\n September 30, 1978\n\n 8\n 270\n Larry Graham & Graham Central Station, Charles Jackson\n October 7, 1978\n\n 9\n 271\n The Whispers, Gil Scott-Heron, Evelyn \"Champagne\" King\n October 14, 1978\n\n 10\n 272\n Melba Moore, Michael Henderson\n October 21, 1978\n\n 11\n 273\n Freda Payne, Atlantic Starr\n October 28, 1978\n\n 12\n 274\n The Trammps, Shalamar, Norma Jean Wright\n November 4, 1978\n\n 13\n 275\n Frankie Valli, Creme D'Coca\n November 11, 1978\n\n 14\n 276\n Jerry Butler, Rick James\n November 18, 1978\n\n 15\n 277\n Lenny Williams, Mother's Finest, Cheech & Chong\n November 25, 1978\n\n 16\n 278\n Johnny Guitar Watson, Jean Carne\n December 2, 1978\n\n 17\n 279\n Stylistics, Sun\n December 9, 1978\n\n 18\n 280\n Barry White, Danny Pearson\n December 16, 1978\n\n 19\n 281\n Switch, The McCrarys\n December 23, 1978\n\n 20\n 282\n The Temptations, Randy Brown\n December 30, 1978\n\n 21\n 283\n Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis, Jr., Lakeside\n January 6, 1979\n\n 22\n 284\n Roy Ayers & Ubiquity, Sarah Dash\n January 13, 1979\n\n 23\n 285\n Gene Chandler, Chic\n January 20, 1979\n\n 24\n 286\n Brass Construction, Peaches & Herb, Captain Sky\n January 27, 1979\n\n 25\n 287\n The Jacksons\n February 3, 1979\n\n 26\n 288\n Pattie Brooks, David Oliver\n February 10, 1979\n\n 27\n 289\n Joe Simon, Cheryl Lynn\n February 17, 1979\n\n 28\n 290\n Edwin Starr, The Jimmy Castor Bunch, Grace Jones\n February 24, 1979\n\n 29\n 291\n Bonnie Pointer, Dan Hartman\n March 3, 1979\n\n 30\n 292\n Gino Vannelli, Gloria Gaynor, Spotlight Dance routine: Cheryl Song & Randy Thomas\n March 10, 1979\n\n 31\n 293\n The Bar-Kays, Arpeggio, Spotlight Dance Routine: Janice Carr & Abe Clark\n March 17, 1979\n\n 32\n 294\n Isaac Hayes, Tasha Thomas\n March 24, 1979\n\n 33\n 295\n Instant Funk, Cerrone\n March 31, 1979\n\n 34\n 296\n Billy Preston & Syreeta Wright, Chuck Brown & The Soul Searchers\n April 7, 1979\n\n 35\n 297\n Curtis Mayfield, Linda Clifford, Keith Barrow\n April 14, 1979\n\n 36\n 298\n Amii Stewart, Boney M\n April 21, 1979\n\n 37\n 299\n Hamilton Bohannon, The Raes\n April 28, 1979\n\n 38\n 300\n Third World, Danny Pearson\n May 5, 1979\n\n 39\n 301\n Tyrone Davis, Gary's Gang\n May 12, 1979\n\n 40\n 302\n Carrie Lucas, GQ, The Gap Band, Spotlight Dance Routine: Sherri Foster & Vince Carlos\n May 19, 1979\n\n\n\n===Season 9 (1979\u201380)===\nStarting with episode 319, the theme changed to a prototype of \"Up on Soul Train\" by The Waters.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 303\n \"A Tribute to Minnie Riperton\"(featuring Stevie Wonder, Wintley Phipps, Lorraine Fields and Larry Vickers)\n September 15, 1979\n\n 2\n 304\n Deniece Williams, Apollo, Professional Dance Routine: Frances Lee Morgan and Michael Peters\n September 22, 1979\n\n 3\n 305\n Shalamar, Tata Vega\n September 29, 1979\n\n 4\n 306\n Bonnie Pointer, Switch\n October 6, 1979\n\n 5\n 307\n David Ruffin, Heatwave\n October 13, 1979\n\n 6\n 308\n Rick James & the Stone City Band, Teena Marie, Spotlight Dance Routine: Larry \"Bobcat\" Jeffries\n October 20, 1979\n\n 7\n 309\n Billy Preston, Creme D'Coca\n October 27, 1979\n\n 8\n 310\n The Bar-Kays, McFadden & Whitehead, Spotlight Dance Routine: Jeffrey Daniel & The Eclipse\n November 3, 1979\n\n 9\n 311\n Herb Alpert, Dynasty\n November 10, 1979\n\n 10\n 312\n Salute to Smokey Robinson, Keith & Darrell\n November 17, 1979\n\n 11\n 313\n The Whispers, Vernon Burch, Comedian: Tom Dreesen\n November 24, 1979\n\n 12\n 314\n Salute to Aretha Franklin\n December 1, 1979\n\n 13\n 315\n The Commodores\n December 8, 1979\n\n 14\n 316\n Johnnie Taylor, Lakeside\n December 15, 1979\n\n 15\n 317\n War\n February 2, 1980\n\n 16\n 318\n Chic, High Inergy, Comedian: Dick Gregory\n February 9, 1980\n\n 17\n 319\n Lou Rawls, Narada Michael Walden\n March 1, 1980\n\n 18\n 320\n Shalamar, The Gap Band\n March 8, 1980\n\n 19\n 321\n The Whispers, Patrice Rushen\n March 15, 1980\n\n 20\n 322\n L.T.D., Cheryl Lynn\n March 22, 1980\n\n 21\n 323\n Harold Melvin & the Blue Notes, Brass Construction\n March 29, 1980\n\n 22\n 324\n Sister Sledge, Randy Brown\n April 5, 1980\n\n 23\n 325\n The Spinners, Con Funk Shun\n April 12, 1980\n\n 24\n 326\n Captain & Tennille, The Ritchie Family (Introduction by Jacques Morali), Dance Routine: The Electric Boogaloos\n April 19, 1980\n\n 25\n 327\n Stephanie Mills, Roy Ayers\n April 26, 1980\n\n 26\n 328\n Village People, Side Effect\n May 3, 1980\n\n 27\n 329\n Jermaine Jackson, Dramatics\n May 10, 1980\n\n 28\n 330\n Salute to Gladys Knight & the Pips\n May 17, 1980\n\n 29\n 331\n Ray, Goodman & Brown, Ray Parker, Jr. & Raydio, Spotlight Dance Routine: Kirk Washington\n May 24, 1980\n\n 30\n 332\n Salute to The Temptations, Syreeta Wright\n May 31, 1980\n\n 31\n 333\n Leon Haywood, L.A. Boppers\n June 7, 1980\n\n 32\n 334\n Salute to Barry White\n June 14, 1980\n\n\n\n===Season 10 (1980\u201381)===\n''Soul Train'' institutes a new theme: \"Up on Soul Train\" by R&B group The Whispers.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 335\n Brothers Johnson, Rockie Robbins, Dance Showdown: Bobcat vs. Mr. X\n September 20, 1980\n\n 2\n 336\n L.T.D., Seventh Wonder, Kurtis Blow\n September 27, 1980\n\n 3\n 337\n Larry Graham, Irene Cara\n October 4, 1980\n\n 4\n 338\n Rick James, The S.O.S. Band\n October 11, 1980\n\n 5\n 339\n Tyrone Davis, Teena Marie, Comedian: Tom Dreesen\n October 18, 1980\n\n 6\n 340\n Teddy Pendergrass, The Jones Girls\n October 25, 1980\n\n 7\n 341\n Cameo, Edmund Sylvers, Special Guest: Kim Fields\n November 1, 1980\n\n 8\n 342\n Michael Henderson, La Toya Jackson\n November 8, 1980\n\n 9\n 343\n Shalamar, Mtume\n November 15, 1980\n\n 10\n 344\n Lakeside, Geraldine Hunt\n November 22, 1980\n\n 11\n 345\n Lenny Williams, Yellow Magic Orchestra\n November 29, 1980\n\n 12\n 346\n Ray, Goodman & Brown, Gently\n December 6, 1980\n\n 13\n 347\n Al Green, The Dells, Soul Train History Book: LaBelle\n January 10, 1981\n\n 14\n 348\n Dynasty, Tierra, Soul Train History Book: Marvin Gaye\n January 17, 1981\n\n 15\n 349\n The Stylistics, Spyro Gyra, Soul Train History Book: The Four Tops\n January 24, 1981\n\n 16\n 350\n The Chi-Lites, Patrice Rushen, Soul Train History Book: Lou Rawls\n January 31, 1981\n\n 17\n 351\n Deniece Williams, The Gap Band, Soul Train History Book: Curtis Mayfield\n March 7, 1981\n\n 18\n 352\n The Bar-Kays, Yarbrough & Peoples, Robert Winters\n March 14, 1981\n\n 19\n 353\n The Pointer Sisters, Con Funk Shun, Soul Train History Book: Billy Paul\n March 21, 1981\n\n 20\n 354\n The Whispers, Carrie Lucas\n March 28, 1981\n\n 21\n 355\n Rufus, Dee Dee Sharp\n April 4, 1981\n\n 22\n 356\n Billy Preston, Lakeside\n April 11, 1981\n\n 23\n 357\n Shalamar, Teena Marie\n April 18, 1981\n\n 24\n 358\n A Taste of Honey, Jerry Knight, Soul Train History Book: David Ruffin\n April 25, 1981\n\n 25\n 359\n Sister Sledge, Atlantic Starr\n May 2, 1981\n\n 26\n 360\n The Spinners, Skyy, Comedian: Arsenio Hall\n May 9, 1981\n\n 27\n 361\n Sugarhill Gang, Patrice Rushen, Spotlight Dance routine: Shabba Doo\n May 16, 1981\n\n 28\n 362\n Betty Wright, Funkadelic, Soul Train History Book: Joe Tex\n May 23, 1981\n\n 29\n 363\n Bill Withers, Side Effect, Special Guests: Leon & Jayne Kennedy\n May 30, 1981\n\n 30\n 364\n Jermaine Jackson, T-Connection, Comedian: Marsha Warfield\n June 6, 1981\n\n 31\n 365\n Rick James, Brenda Russell\n June 13, 1981\n\n 32\n 366\n Cameo, Mantra\n June 20, 1981\n\n\n===Season 11 (1981\u201382)===\nFor this season, ''Soul Train'' tapings were moved to the Charlie Chaplin Studios, after spending its first decade in Hollywood at Metromedia Square.\n\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 367\n Barry White, Glodean White\n September 19, 1981\n\n 2\n 368\n Phyllis Hyman, Carl Carlton, Mike Weaver\n September 26, 1981\n\n 3\n 369\n Deniece Williams, Richard \"Dimples\" Fields\n October 3, 1981\n\n 4\n 370\n Brothers Johnson, La Toya Jackson\n October 10, 1981\n\n 5\n 371\n Salute to Rick James, Soul Train History Book: Rick James\n October 17, 1981\n\n 6\n 372\n The Four Tops, Stacy Lattisaw, Comedian: Arsenio Hall\n October 24, 1981\n\n 7\n 373\n Jos\u00e9 Feliciano, Stone City Band\n October 31, 1981\n\n 8\n 374\n Brick, Frankie Smith, Soul Train History Book: The Supremes\n November 7, 1981\n\n 9\n 375\n Patti LaBelle, The Time, Comedian: James Wesley Jackson\n November 14, 1981\n\n 10\n 376\n George Benson, Patti Austin, Soul Train History Book: The Floaters\n November 21, 1981\n\n 11\n 377\n The Spinners, Bobby Womack, Special Guests: Hal Jackson's Talented Teens\n December 12, 1981\n\n 12\n 378\n Rockie Robbins, Slave\n December 19, 1981\n\n 13\n 379\n Skyy, O'Bryan, Comedians: Tim O'Brien and Ken Sevara\n January 9, 1982\n\n 14\n 380\n L.T.D., James Ingram\n January 16, 1982\n\n 15\n 381\n Syreeta, Zoom\n January 23, 1982\n\n 16\n 382\n Salute to Diana Ross\n January 30, 1982\n\n 17\n 383\n Irene Cara, Andrae Crouch\n March 27, 1982\n\n 18\n 384\n Al Jarreau, Aurra\n April 3, 1982\n\n 19\n 385\n The Whispers, Mary Wells\n April 10, 1982\n\n 20\n 386\n The Chi-Lites, Bill Summers & Summers Heat\n April 17, 1982\n\n 21\n 387\n Tribute to Smokey Robinson, Bettye Lavette\n April 24, 1982\n\n 22\n 388\n Sister Sledge, Ray Parker, Jr., Soul Train History Book: Smokey Robinson\n May 1, 1982\n\n 23\n 389\n Lakeside, Sheree Brown\n May 8, 1982\n\n 24\n 390\n George Duke, D-Train\n May 15, 1982\n\n 25\n 391\n War, O'Bryan, Soul Train History Book: Chairmen of the Board\n May 22, 1982\n\n 26\n 392\n Ronnie Dyson, The Dazz Band, ''Ebony'' Fashion Fair models\n May 29, 1982\n\n 27\n 393\n Al Green, Third World\n June 5, 1982\n\n 28\n 394\n Deniece Williams, Junior, Soul Train History Book: Ben E. King\n June 12, 1982\n\n 29\n 395\n Cameo, Patrice Rushen, Soul Train History Book: Marvin Gaye\n June 19, 1982\n\n 30\n 396\n Bobby Womack, The Gap Band\n June 26, 1982\n\n 31\n 397\n The O'Jays, Gene Chandler\n July 3, 1982\n\n 32\n 398\n A Taste of Honey, Jeffrey Osborne, Soul Train History Book: Al Green\n July 10, 1982\n\n\n===Season 12 (1982\u201383)===\nAfter Episode 410, production went on hiatus due to Don Cornelius having a major brain surgery, and the show was rerun for 16 weeks. Starting with episode 411, the new theme is \"Soul Train's a Comin'\" by O'Bryan, which began the new episodes that Don produced upon his return to the show.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 399\n A Tribute to Joe Tex, Special Guest/Co Host: Barry White\n October 16, 1982\n\n 2\n 400\n Evelyn \"Champagne\" King, Glen Edward Thomas, Alice Arthur\n October 23, 1982\n\n 3\n 401\n A Salute to Jermaine Jackson, DeBarge\n October 30, 1982\n\n 4\n 402\n Larry Graham, The Busboys\n November 6, 1982\n\n 5\n 403\n Salute to Lionel Richie, Ozone, Special Guests: Hal Jackson's Talented Teens\n November 13, 1982\n\n 6\n 404\n Jerry Butler, Daryl Hall & John Oates\n November 20, 1982\n\n 7\n 405\n Luther Vandross, Cheryl Lynn\n November 27, 1982\n\n 8\n 406\n Johnnie Taylor, Tavares\n December 4, 1982\n\n 9\n 407\n Chuck Mangione, Howard Johnson, Soul Train History Book: Aretha Franklin\n December 11, 1982\n\n 10\n 408\n Michael McDonald, Janet Jackson, Music Video: Stevie Wonder\n December 18, 1982\n\n 11\n 409\n The Time, Magic Lady, Soul Train History Book: David Bowie\n December 25, 1982\n\n 12\n 410\n Vanity 6, Carl Carlton, Soul Train History Book: Frankie Valli\n January 1, 1983\n\n 13\n 411\n The Bar-Kays, O'Bryan, Special Guests: Los Angeles Lakers featuring Magic Johnson and Norm Nixon\n April 30, 1983\n\n 14\n 412\n The Gap Band, Yarbrough & Peoples, Robert \"Goodie\" Whitfield\n May 7, 1983\n\n 15\n 413\n DeBarge, Champaign, Soul Train History Book: Ramsey Lewis\n May 14, 1983\n\n 16\n 414\n Evelyn \"Champagne\" King, Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five, Soul Train History Book: Sylvia, Special Guest: B.B.D. Banana\n May 21, 1983\n\n 17\n 415\n Angela Bofill, Con Funk Shun, Soul Train History Book: Herb Alpert\n May 28, 1983\n\n 18\n 416\n The Temptations, Anita Baker, Music Video: Prince\n June 4, 1983\n\n 19\n 417\n A Tribute to Marvin Gaye \n June 11, 1983\n\n 20\n 418\n Deniece Williams, Kiddo, Soul Train History Book: Captain & Tennielle\n June 18, 1983\n\n 21\n 419\n The Whispers, Nona Hendryx, Soul Train History Book: Gladys Knight & the Pips\n June 25, 1983\n\n 22\n 420\n Lakeside, High Inergy, Soul Train History Book: The 5th Dimension\n July 2, 1983\n\n 23\n 421\n Thelma Houston, The System, Soul Train History Book: Blue Magic\n July 9, 1983\n\n 24\n 422\n O'Bryan, Imagination\n July 16, 1983\n\n\n===Season 13 (1983\u201384)===\nAt the start of this season, a remixed version of \"Soul Train's a Comin' (Party Down)\" is used as the theme.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 423\n Manhattans, Philip Bailey, Soul Train History Book: Kool & the Gang\n October 15, 1983\n\n 2\n 424\n Jeffrey Osborne, Midnight Star, Special Guest: T.K. Carter\n October 22, 1983\n\n 3\n 425\n Al Green, Planet Patrol\n October 29, 1983\n\n 4\n 426\n The S.O.S. Band, Mary Jane Girls/Soul Train History Book: Jackie Wilson\n November 5, 1983\n\n 5\n 427\n The Gap Band, Michael Sembello\n November 12, 1983\n\n 6\n 428\n Sister Sledge, Lillo Thomas, Music Video: Gladys Knight and the Pips\n November 19, 1983\n\n 7\n 429\n Jennifer Holliday, Klique, Soul Train History Book: Jermaine Jackson\n November 26, 1983\n\n 8\n 430\n The Manhattan Transfer, Kashif, Music Video: Lionel Richie\n December 3, 1983\n\n 9\n 431\n Herbie Hancock, DeBarge\n December 10, 1983\n\n 10\n 432\n Kool & the Gang, Tavares, Special Guests: Hal Jackson and Talented Teen Winner: Delise Jones\n December 17, 1983\n\n 11\n 433\n The Commodores, Anita Baker, Music Video: Herbie Hancock\n December 24, 1983\n\n 12\n 434\n Atlantic Starr, James Ingram, Soul Train History Book: Tower of Power\n December 31, 1983\n\n 13\n 435\n Cheryl Lynn, Con Funk Shun\n January 14, 1984\n\n 14\n 436\n Ray Parker, Jr., New Edition, Music Video : Michael Jackson & Paul McCartney \u2013 Say Say Say\n February 11, 1984\n\n 15\n 437\n Evelyn \"Champagne\" King, D-Train\n February 18, 1984\n\n 16\n 438\n Tom Tom Club, Howard Johnson\n February 25, 1984\n\n 17\n 439\n Teena Marie, Womack & Womack, Music Video: The Police\n March 31, 1984\n\n 18\n 440\n Patti LaBelle, J. Blackfoot\n April 7, 1984\n\n 19\n 441\n Bobby Womack, Shannon\n April 14, 1984\n\n 20\n 442\n The Pointer Sisters, Bobby Nunn\n April 21, 1984\n\n 21\n 443\n Shalamar, Nona Hendryx, Music Video: Daryl Hall & John Oates\n April 28, 1984\n\n 22\n 444\n Tribute to Dionne Warwick, NYC Breakers\n May 5, 1984\n\n 23\n 445\n Dennis Edwards, Newcleus, Music Video: \"Weird Al\" Yankovic\n May 12, 1984\n\n 24\n 446\n Yarbrough & Peoples, Stacy Lattisaw & Johnny Gill\n May 19, 1984\n\n 25\n 447\n O'Bryan, Real to Reel, Music Video: Culture Club\n May 26, 1984\n\n 26\n 448\n The O'Jays, The Romantics\n June 9, 1984\n\n 27\n 449\n The Dazz Band, Run-D.M.C., Music Video: Huey Lewis and the News, Special Guest: Jesse Peralez\n June 16, 1984\n\n 28\n 450\n Marilyn McCoo & Billy Davis, Jr., The Deele, Kim Fields\n June 23, 1984\n\n\n===Season 14 (1984\u201385)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 451\n O'Bryan, New Edition, Ollie & Jerry\n September 22, 1984\n\n 2\n 452\n Lakeside, Vanity, Music Video: O'Bryan\n September 29, 1984\n\n 3\n 453\n Cameo, Billy Ocean, Music Video: Sheila E.\n October 6, 1984\n\n 4\n 454\n Stephanie Mills, Richard \"Dimples\" Fields, Special Guest: Michael Winslow\n October 13, 1984\n\n 5\n 455\n Joyce Kennedy, Randy Hall, Music Video: The Jacksons\n October 20, 1984\n\n 6\n 456\n Jeffrey Osborne, Alicia Myers, Mr. T\n October 27, 1984\n\n 7\n 457\n Lillo Thomas, Cherrelle, Music Video: The Fat Boys\n November 3, 1984\n\n 8\n 458\n Janet Jackson, Beau Williams, Comedian: Brad Sanders\n November 10, 1984\n\n 9\n 459\n Thelma Houston, Krystol, Music Video: Lionel Richie\n November 17, 1984\n\n 10\n 460\n Berlin, The Controllers, Music Video: Chaka Khan\n November 24, 1984\n\n 11\n 461\n Dan Hartman, Champaign, Music Video: Tina Turner\n December 1, 1984\n\n 12\n 462\n Herb Alpert, Rodney Saulsberry, Music Video: Billy Ocean\n December 8, 1984\n\n 13\n 463\n Donna Summer, The Staple Singers, Hal Jackson's Talented Teen Winner\n December 15, 1984\n\n 14\n 464\n The Temptations, The Fat Boys, Music Video: Madonna\n January 5, 1985\n\n 15\n 465\n Teena Marie and Ronnie McNeir, Whodini, Music Video: Daryl Hall & John Oates\n January 12, 1985\n\n 16\n 466\n New Edition, Rebbie Jackson, Music Video: Kool & the Gang\n January 26, 1985\n\n 17\n 467\n Rockwell, Redd Foxx\n February 2, 1985\n\n 18\n 468\n The Commodores, Eugene Wilde\n February 9, 1985\n\n 19\n 469\n Shalamar, Dreamboy, Music Video: Billy Ocean\n February 23, 1985\n\n 20\n 470\n Bonnie Pointer, Thomas McClary\n March 2, 1985\n\n 21\n 471\n The Gap Band, Sam Harris, Music Video: Glenn Frey\n March 16, 1985\n\n 22\n 472\n Johnnie Taylor, Klymaxx, Music Video: Sade\n March 23, 1985\n\n 23\n 473\n Jesse Johnson, LeVert\n March 30, 1985\n\n 24\n 474\n Ray, Goodman & Brown, Glenn Jones\n April 6, 1985\n\n 25\n 475\n Sheena Easton, Mary Jane Girls, Music Video: The Commodores\n April 13, 1985\n\n 26\n 476\n Don Henley, Whitney Houston, Comedian: Marsha Warfield\n April 20, 1985\n\n 27\n 477\n Atlantic Starr, Greg Phillinganes\n May 25, 1985\n\n 28\n 478\n The Four Tops, Spandau Ballet\n June 1, 1985\n\n 29\n 479\n Shannon, Alexander O'Neal\n June 8, 1985\n\n 30\n 480\n Natalie Cole, Ready for the World\n June 15, 1985\n\n 31\n 481\n Womack & Womack, Pennye Ford, Music Video: Phil Collins\n June 22, 1985\n\n 32\n 482\n Carrie Lucas, Steve Arrington, Music Video: Harold Faltermeyer\n June 29, 1985\n\n\n===Season 15 (1985\u201386)===\nThe program moved its taping location to Hollywood Center Studios, from its previous location at the Charlie Chaplin Studios; the show would remain there through season 22.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 483\n Go West, Rosie Gaines, Music Video: Aretha Franklin\n October 5, 1985\n\n 2\n 484\n Sheila E., Five Star, Music Video: Dire Straits\n October 12, 1985\n\n 3\n 485\n Dennis Edwards, 9.9\n October 19, 1985\n\n 4\n 486\n Cheryl Lynn, a-ha\n October 26, 1985\n\n 5\n 487\n Ready for the World, Starpoint, Music Video: Paul Young\n November 2, 1985\n\n 6\n 488\n Rick Dees, U.T.F.O.\n November 9, 1985\n\n 7\n 489\n New Edition, Lushus Daim and the Pretty Vain\n November 16, 1985\n\n 8\n 490\n The System, Durrell Coleman\n November 23, 1985\n\n 9\n 491\n Cameo, Michael McDonald\n November 30, 1985\n\n 10\n 492\n Sheena Easton, Bernard Wright\n December 7, 1985\n\n 11\n 493\n The Thompson Twins, The Jets, Doug E. Fresh\n December 14, 1985\n\n 12\n 494\n Stephanie Mills, Howard Jones\n December 21, 1985\n\n 13\n 495\n New Edition, Rosie Gaines\n March 8, 1986\n\n 14\n 496\n Klymaxx, Jack Wagner, Music Video: Wham!\n March 15, 1986\n\n 15\n 497\n Five Star, LL Cool J\n March 22, 1986\n\n 16\n 498\n Janet Jackson, Atlantic Starr, Music Video: Billy Ocean\n March 29, 1986\n\n 17\n 499\n The Gap Band, Force M.D.'s\n April 5, 1986\n\n 18\n 500\n Zapp, Meli'sa Morgan, Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam\n April 12, 1986\n\n 19\n 501\n Johnnie Taylor, Yarbrough & Peoples, Full Force\n April 19, 1986\n\n 20\n 502\n Culture Club, Cherrelle, Alexander O'Neal\n April 26, 1986\n\n 21\n 503\n Little Richard, Animotion, Colonel Abrams\n May 3, 1986\n\n 22\n 504\n Morris Day, Tramaine Hawkins, Eddie \"E.T.\" Towns\n May 10, 1986\n\n 23\n 505\n Al Green, Evelyn \"Champagne\" King, Music Video: Sly Fox\n May 17, 1986\n\n 24\n 506\n Roy Ayers, The Pet Shop Boys\n May 24, 1986\n\n 25\n 507\n Patti Labelle & Michael McDonald, Eugene Wilde\n May 31, 1986\n\n 26\n 508\n Starpoint, The Dramatics, Ebo\n June 7, 1986\n\n 27\n 509\n The S.O.S. Band, Jermaine Stewart, Juicy\n June 14, 1986\n\n 28\n 510\n Philip Bailey, The Controllers\n June 21, 1986\n\n\n===Season 16 (1986\u201387)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 511\n Midnight Star, Gavin Christopher, Music Video: Michael McDonald\n September 20, 1986\n\n 2\n 512\n Howard Hewett, Shirley Jones, Music Video: Janet Jackson\n September 27, 1986\n\n 3\n 513\n Oran \"Juice\" Jones, The Whitehead Brothers, Special Guests: The Los Angeles Raiders\n October 4, 1986\n\n 4\n 514\n James Ingram, LeVert, Music Video: Lionel Richie\n October 11, 1986\n\n 5\n 515\n Jean Carne, Glenn Jones\n October 18, 1986\n\n 6\n 516\n Run\u2013D.M.C., Genobia Jeter, Special Guest: Dick Anthony Williams\n October 25, 1986\n\n 7\n 517\n Melba Moore, Freddie Jackson, Beau Williams\n November 1, 1986\n\n 8\n 518\n Millie Jackson, Whodini\n November 8, 1986\n\n 9\n 519\n Anita Baker, Gregory Abbott, Special Guest: Troy Beyer\n November 15, 1986\n\n 10\n 520\n Luther Vandross\n November 22, 1986\n\n 11\n 521\n Timex Social Club, Krystol, Music Video: Kool and The Gang\n November 29, 1986\n\n 12\n 522\n Ready for the World, Rebbie Jackson, Music Video: Cameo (band)\n December 6, 1986\n\n 13\n 523\n Klymaxx, Club Nouveau, Bobby Brown\n December 13, 1986\n\n 14\n 524\n Al Jarreau, Vesta Williams\n December 20, 1986\n\n 15\n 525\n Jody Watley, Jeff Lorber featuring Karyn White and Michael Jeffries, Special Guest: Tim Reid\n December 27, 1986\n\n 16\n 526\n Loose Ends, George Howard\n January 3, 1987\n\n 17\n 527\n O'Bryan, Beastie Boys, Music Video: Robbie Nevil\n March 7, 1987\n\n 18\n 528\n James Cleveland, Grace Jones, The Rose Brothers\n March 14, 1987\n\n 19\n 529\n Rose Royce, Chico DeBarge, Music Video: Jody Watley\n March 21, 1987\n\n 20\n 530\n Little Richard, Miki Howard\n March 28, 1987\n\n 21\n 531\n Duran Duran, Stacy Lattisaw\n April 4, 1987\n\n 22\n 532\n Starpoint, Shirley Murdock\n April 11, 1987\n\n 23\n 533\n Bunny DeBarge, The System, Georgio\n April 18, 1987\n\n 24\n 534\n Howard Hewett, Donna Allen, Special Guest: Todd Davis (actor)\n April 25, 1987\n\n 25\n 535\n Nona Hendryx, Robert Brookins, Music Video: Herb Alpert\n May 2, 1987\n\n 26\n 536\n Stephanie Mills, Surface\n May 9, 1987\n\n 27\n 537\n Lillo Thomas, Rainy Davis, The Lennon Sisters\n May 16, 1987\n\n 28\n 538\n R. J.'s Latest Arrival, James \"D-Train\" Williams\n May 23, 1987\n\n 29\n 539\n Natalie Cole, Robbie Nevil, Millie Scott\n May 30, 1987\n\n 30\n 540\n Deniece Williams, Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam, Kenny G\n June 6, 1987\n\n 31\n 541\n The Whispers, 4 By Four, Carrie McDowell\n June 13, 1987\n\n 32\n 542\n Cheryl Lynn, Lakeside, The Cover Girls\n June 20, 1987\n\n\n===Season 17 (1987\u201388)===\n''Soul Train'' introduces a new theme song: \"TSOP '87\" by George Duke (vocalized by Howard Hewett).\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 543\n Jody Watley, LeVert\n September 19, 1987\n\n 2\n 544\n Shalamar, Alexander O'Neal\n September 26, 1987\n\n 3\n 545\n Five Star, Babyface, Music Video: Madonna\n October 3, 1987\n\n 4\n 546\n Atlantic Starr, La La, Giorge Pettus\n October 10, 1987\n\n 5\n 547\n Anita Pointer, Chico DeBarge, Regina Belle\n October 17, 1987\n\n 6\n 548\n Barry White, Shanice Wilson\n October 24, 1987\n\n 7\n 549\n Marlon Jackson, Madame X\n October 31, 1987\n\n 8\n 550\n DeBarge, Jonathan Butler\n November 7, 1987\n\n 9\n 551\n Freddie Jackson, Whodini, Lace (U.S. group)\n November 14, 1987\n\n 10\n 552\n LL Cool J, Meli'sa Morgan, Sting\n November 21, 1987\n\n 11\n 553\n ABC, Colonel Abrams, Eric B & Rakim\n November 28, 1987\n\n 12\n 554\n The Jets, Kashif, Public Enemy\n December 5, 1987\n\n 13\n 555\n Full Force, Angela Winbush, The Controllers\n January 9, 1988\n\n 14\n 556\n Smokey Robinson, Pretty Poison, classic clip: Smokey Robinson (1982)\n January 16, 1988\n\n 15\n 557\n Ray Parker, Jr., Shanice Wilson, Miles Jaye\n January 23, 1988\n\n 16\n 558\n The Deele, Georgio, Pebbles, Hal Jackson's Talented Teens Winner\n January 30, 1988\n\n 17\n 559\n Vanity, Kool Moe Dee, Angela Winbush and Ronald Isley\n March 5, 1988\n\n 18\n 560\n Lou Rawls, Heavy D and the Boyz, Miki Howard\n March 12, 1988\n\n 19\n 561\n Peabo Bryson with Regina Belle, Rebbie Jackson, Keith Sweat\n March 19, 1988\n\n 20\n 562\n Stacy Lattisaw, Salt-N-Pepa, Tony Terry\n March 26, 1988\n\n 21\n 563\n The Whispers, Miles Jaye, Joyce Sims\n April 2, 1988\n\n 22\n 564\n Gladys Knight & the Pips, de'Krash\n April 9, 1988\n\n 23\n 565\n David Ruffin and Eddie Kendricks, Dana Dane, Special Guest: Morris Day\n April 16, 1988\n\n 24\n 566\n Howard Hewett, Club Nouveau, Michael Cooper\n April 23, 1988\n\n 25\n 567\n Pebbles, Jermaine Stewart, The Bus Boys\n April 30, 1988\n\n 26\n 568\n Stephanie Mills, Force MD's\n May 7, 1988\n\n 27\n 569\n Evelyn \"Champagne\" King, Brownmark, Sherrick\n May 14, 1988\n\n 28\n 570\n Hindsight, Mantronix, Pepsi & Shirlie\n May 21, 1988\n\n 29\n 571\n Teena Marie, Junior, Guy\n May 28, 1988\n\n 30\n 572\n Gregory Abbott, Siedah Garrett, Al B. Sure!\n June 4, 1988\n\n 31\n 573\n Melba Moore, Narada Michael Walden\n June 18, 1988\n\n 32\n 574\n New Edition, Johnny Kemp, Bobby Brown\n June 25, 1988\n\n\n===Season 18 (1988\u201389)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 575\n Thomas Dolby, Vanessa L. Williams, Tony Terry\n September 24, 1988\n\n 2\n 576\n The O'Jays, New Kids on the Block\n October 1, 1988\n\n 3\n 577\n Johnny Mathis, Nia Peeples, Tracie Spencer\n October 8, 1988\n\n 4\n 578\n New Edition, Paula Abdul\n October 15, 1988\n\n 5\n 579\n The Commodores, Brenda Russell, The Boys\n October 22, 1988\n\n 6\n 580\n Deniece Williams, Midnight Star, Kiara\n October 29, 1988\n\n 7\n 581\n Jeffrey Osborne, The Mac Band, Giant Steps (band)\n November 5, 1988\n\n 8\n 582\n Freddie Jackson, Ziggy Marley, Karyn White \n November 12, 1988\n\n 9\n 583\n Ready for the World, Cheryl Pepsii Riley, Billy Always\n November 19, 1988\n\n 10\n 584\n Sheena Easton, Howard Huntsberry, Sweet Obsession\n November 26, 1988\n\n 11\n 585\n Keith Sweat, Surface, EPMD\n December 3, 1988\n\n 12\n 586\n LeVert, James \"D-Train\" Williams, Special Guest: Gregory Hines\n December 10, 1988\n\n 13\n 587\n The Boys, Breathe, Desiree Coleman\n January 14, 1989\n\n 14\n 588\n Chaka Khan Tribute/ Fishbone, Cameo: Arsenio Hall\n January 21, 1989\n\n 15\n 589\n George Benson, Guy, Cameo: Keenen Ivory Wayans\n January 28, 1989\n\n 16\n 590\n Starpoint, Cherrelle, Robert Brookins & Stephanie Mills\n February 4, 1989\n\n 17\n 591\n El DeBarge, Vesta Williams, Troop\n March 11, 1989\n\n 18\n 592\n Midnight Star, Gerald Alston, Kiara & Shanice Wilson\n March 18, 1989\n\n 19\n 593\n Betty Wright, K-9 Posse, Today\n March 25, 1989\n\n 20\n 594\n George Duke, Tony! Toni! Ton\u00e9!, Marcus Lewis\n April 1, 1989\n\n 21\n 595\n Milli Vanilli, Was (Not Was), Z-Looke\n April 8, 1989\n\n 22\n 596\n Skyy, Desiree Coleman, Apollonia\n April 15, 1989\n\n 23\n 597\n Ashford & Simpson, Rob Base and DJ E-Z Rock, Johnny Kemp\n April 22, 1989\n\n 24\n 598\n Georgio, Donny Osmond, Tone L\u014dc\n April 29, 1989\n\n 25\n 599\n E.U., Grady Harrell, Joyce \"Fenderella\" Irby with Doug E. Fresh\n May 6, 1989\n\n 26\n 600\n Third World, Donna Allen\n May 13, 1989\n\n 27\n 601\n The Manhattan Transfer, Ren\u00e9 Moore, Lateasha\n May 20, 1989\n\n 28\n 602\n Wendy & Lisa, Charlie Singleton\n May 27, 1989\n\n 29\n 603\n Robert Palmer, Atlantic Starr, Stephanie Mills\n June 3, 1989\n\n 30\n 604\n Tribute to Patti LaBelle, Eugene Wilde\n June 10, 1989\n\n 31\n 605\n James Ingram, Hiroshima, MC Hammer\n June 17, 1989\n\n 32\n 606\n Lisa Lisa and Cult Jam, June Pointer, Christopher Max\n June 24, 1989\n\n\n===Season 19 (1989\u201390)===\nA remixed version of the theme song, \"TSOP '89\", is introduced in this season.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 607\n Debbie Allen, Heavy D & the Boyz, Music Video: Eddie Murphy\n September 23, 1989\n\n 2\n 608\n Full Force, Chuckii Booker, Music Video: Jonathan Butler\n September 30, 1989\n\n 3\n 609\n James Ingram, Expos\u00e9, Music Video: Paula Abdul\n October 7, 1989\n\n 4\n 610\n Regina Belle, Alyson Williams, After 7\n October 14, 1989\n\n 5\n 611\n Sharon Bryant, Michael Bolton, Young M.C.\n October 21, 1989\n\n 6\n 612\n Kool & the Gang, David Peaston, Music Video: Prince\n October 28, 1989\n\n 7\n 613\n Stephanie Mills, Michael Cooper, The Good Girls\n November 4, 1989\n\n 8\n 614\n BeBe & CeCe Winans, Christopher Williams, Music Video: James Ingram\n November 11, 1989\n\n 9\n 615\n Barry White, Sybil\n November 18, 1989\n\n 10\n 616\n Billy Ocean, Kashif, Stacy Lattisaw\n November 25, 1989\n\n 11\n 617\n Cheryl Lynn, Entouch, Wrecks-N-Effect\n December 2, 1989\n\n 12\n 618\n Jermaine Jackson, Finest Hour, D'Atra Hicks\n December 9, 1989\n\n 13\n 619\n Soul II Soul, The Main Ingredient, Foster and McElroy\n January 13, 1990\n\n 14\n 620\n The O'Jays, Troop, Tyler Collins\n January 20, 1990\n\n 15\n 621\n The Temptations, Beastie Boys, Michael Jeffries, Karyn White\n January 27, 1990\n\n 16\n 622\n Calloway, Pieces of a Dream, Eric Gable\n March 3, 1990\n\n 17\n 623\n Maze featuring Frankie Beverly, Big Daddy Kane, Body\n March 10, 1990\n\n 18\n 624\n The Winans, Miki Howard, Jeff Redd\n March 17, 1990\n\n 19\n 625\n The Jets, George Howard, Michel'le\n March 24, 1990\n\n 20\n 626\n Angela Winbush, David Peaston, Seduction\n March 31, 1990\n\n 21\n 627\n Jody Watley, The Newtrons, Music Video: Janet Jackson\n April 7, 1990\n\n 22\n 628\n Randy Crawford, Bell Biv Devoe, Music Video: Bobby Brown\n April 14, 1990\n\n 23\n 629\n Regina Belle, Timmy Gatling, Music Video: Jody Watley\n April 21, 1990\n\n 24\n 630\n Stacy Lattisaw, Sherman Hemsley, KYZE\n April 28, 1990\n\n 25\n 631\n Johnny Gill, Stacey & Kimiko, The Jamaica Boys\n May 5, 1990\n\n 26\n 632\n Jeffrey Daniel, The Brat Pack, Music Video: Maze featuring Frankie Beverly\n May 12, 1990\n\n 27\n 633\n Tyler Collins, En Vogue, Music Video: Luther Vandross\n May 19, 1990\n\n 28\n 634\n Klymaxx, Def Con 4, Misa\n May 26, 1990\n\n 29\n 635\n Kid 'n Play, Perfect Gentlemen, Music Video: Madonna\n June 2, 1990\n\n 30\n 636\n The Gap Band, The Superiors, Domino Theory\n June 9, 1990\n\n 31\n 637\n The Pointer Sisters, Mantronix, Music Video: MC Hammer\n June 16, 1990\n\n 32\n 638\n The Good Girls, Today, The U Krew\n June 23, 1990\n\n\n===Season 20 (1990\u201391)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 639\n The Time, J.T. Taylor, Kwam\u00e9\n September 22, 1990\n\n 2\n 640\n Lalah Hathaway, Tevin Campbell, Tony! Toni! Ton\u00e9!\n September 29, 1990\n\n 3\n 641\n Force MD's, Lakeside, Mellow Man Ace\n October 6, 1990\n\n 4\n 642\n Body, The Afros, Midnight Star\n October 13, 1990\n\n 5\n 643\n Quincy Jones Tribute featuring Tevin Campbell, Siedah Garrett, Al B. Sure, The Winans, El DeBarge,Valerie Mayo, Big Daddy Kane, Melle Mel, Kool Moe Dee & Quincy Jones\n October 20, 1990\n\n 6\n 644\n D-Nice, Al B. Sure!, Black Box, Music Video: Johnny Gill\n October 27, 1990\n\n 7\n 645\n The Whispers, The Boys, Terry Steele\n November 3, 1990\n\n 8\n 646\n Salt-N-Pepa, The Mac Band, Brenda Russell\n November 10, 1990\n\n 9\n 647\n Snap!, E.U., Jasmine Guy\n November 17, 1990\n\n 10\n 648\n Guy, Thelma Houston\n November 24, 1990\n\n 11\n 649\n Father MC, LeVert, Music Video: Jasmine Guy\n December 1, 1990\n\n 12\n 650\n Z-Looke, Maxi Priest, Music Video: Whitney Houston\n December 8, 1990\n\n 13\n 651\n Ralph Tresvant, Samuelle\n January 12, 1991\n\n 14\n 652\n Teena Marie, LL Cool J, The Rude Boys\n January 19, 1991\n\n 15\n 653\n Loose Ends, Jeffrey Osborne, Music Video: Vanilla Ice\n January 26, 1991\n\n 16\n 654\n Freddie Jackson, Tracie Spencer, EPMD\n February 2, 1991\n\n 17\n 655\n Wilson Phillips, Big Daddy Kane, Music Video: Al B. Sure!\n February 9, 1991\n\n 18\n 656\n Pebbles, Hi-Five, Music Video: Bell Biv DeVoe\n February 16, 1991\n\n 19\n 657\n Howard Hewett, Monie Love, Another Bad Creation\n February 23, 1991\n\n 20\n 658\n Today, Joey B. Ellis & Tynetta Hare, Music Video: Big Daddy Kane with Barry White\n March 2, 1991\n\n 21\n 659\n Johnny Gill, Gerald Alston, M.C. Trouble\n March 9, 1991\n\n 22\n 660\n Run D.M.C., Ice-T, Oleta Adams\n March 16, 1991\n\n 23\n 661\n The O'Jays, Chubb Rock, Music Video: Jasmine Guy\n March 23, 1991\n\n 24\n 662\n Keith Sweat, Shawn Christopher, Brand Nubian\n March 30, 1991\n\n 25\n 663\n Sheena Easton, Altitude, Nikki D\n May 4, 1991\n\n 26\n 664\n Al B. Sure!, K-9 Posse, Color Me Badd\n May 11, 1991\n\n 27\n 665\n Christopher Williams, Five Star, Tara Kemp\n May 18, 1991\n\n 28\n 666\n Surface, Keith Washington, Victoria Wilson-James\n May 25, 1991\n\n 29\n 667\n Boyz II Men, Ex-Girlfriend, Omar Chandler\n June 1, 1991\n\n 30\n 668\n Junior, Cheryl Pepsii Riley, Ed O.G. & Da Bulldogs\n June 8, 1991\n\n 31\n 669\n Damian Dame, Jodeci, Lisa Fischer\n June 15, 1991\n\n 32\n 670\n B Angie B, Tony Terry, Small Change\n June 22, 1991\n\n\n===Season 21 (1991\u201392)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 671\n Tribute to Stevie Wonder\n September 21, 1991\n\n 2\n 672\n C + C Music Factory, James \"J.T.\" Taylor\n September 28, 1991\n\n 3\n 673\n Tribute to Gladys Knight, Riff\n October 5, 1991\n\n 4\n 674\n Color Me Badd, Ready for the World\n October 12, 1991\n\n 5\n 675\n DJ Jazzy Jeff & The Fresh Prince, Brand New Heavies\n October 19, 1991\n\n 6\n 676\n BeBe & CeCe Winans, Young MC, Chris Pittman\n October 26, 1991\n\n 7\n 677\n Lenny Kravitz, Oaktown's 3-5-7\n November 2, 1991\n\n 8\n 678\n Lisa Lisa & Cult Jam, Pretty in Pink, Chris Walker\n November 9, 1991\n\n 9\n 679\n Kid 'n Play, Tony! Toni! Ton\u00e9!, Ralph Tresvant, Wreckx-N-Effect with Big Bub\n November 16, 1991\n\n 10\n 680\n Keith Washington, The S.O.S. Band, F.S. Effect\n November 23, 1991\n\n 11\n 681\n Big Daddy Kane, Atlantic Starr\n November 30, 1991\n\n 12\n 682\n Ziggy Marley & the Melody Makers, Tevin Campbell, Public Enemy\n December 7, 1991\n\n 13\n 683\n Patti LaBelle, Chubb Rock\n January 11, 1992\n\n 14\n 684\n Vanessa L. Williams, Shanice Wilson, Jodeci\n January 18, 1992\n\n 15\n 685\n Jody Watley, Vesta Williams\n January 25, 1992\n\n 16\n 686\n Karyn White, Eric Gable, Nice & Smooth\n February 1, 1992\n\n 17\n 687\n Barry White with Isaac Hayes, Vickie Winans with Marvin Winans\n February 8, 1992\n\n 18\n 688\n Mariah Carey, Sounds of Blackness\n February 15, 1992\n\n 19\n 689\n Peabo Bryson, MC Lyte\n February 22, 1992\n\n 20\n 690\n Gerald Levert with Eddie Levert, Phyllis Hyman\n February 29, 1992\n\n 21\n 691\n Naughty By Nature, Glenn Jones, Hen-Gee & Evil E\n March 7, 1992\n\n 22\n 692\n Atlantic Starr, UMC's, Aaron Hall\n March 14, 1992\n\n 23\n 693\n Nia Peeples, Eric B. & Rakim\n March 21, 1992\n\n 24\n 694\n Tony Terry, Patti Austin, D-Nice\n March 28, 1992\n\n 25\n 695\n Chaka Khan, Weird Al Yankovic, Joe Public\n May 2, 1992\n\n 26\n 696\n El DeBarge with Chant\u00e9 Moore, Kris Kross, Lisa Taylor\n May 9, 1992\n\n 27\n 697\n Meli'sa Morgan, Chris Walker, Little Shawn\n May 16, 1992\n\n 28\n 698\n Kathy Sledge, Mint Condition, KCM\n May 23, 1992\n\n 29\n 699\n TLC, Eugene Wilde, Doug E. Fresh\n May 30, 1992\n\n 30\n 700\n Good 2 Go, Brotherhood Creed\n June 6, 1992\n\n 31\n 701\n The Boys, Sue Ann Carwell, Das Efx\n June 13, 1992\n\n 32\n 702\n Cherrelle, Men at Large\n June 20, 1992\n\n\n===Season 22 (1992\u201393)===\nSeason 22 is Don Cornelius's last season as host.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 703\n Al B. Sure!, Tyler Collins, Father MC\n September 26, 1992\n\n 2\n 704\n Al Jarreau, Pete Rock & C.L. Smooth, Mary J. Blige \n October 3, 1992\n\n 3\n 705\n CeCe Peniston, After 7, Gary Brown, Everette Harp\n October 10, 1992\n\n 4\n 706\n Charlie Wilson, Rachelle Ferrell, Me Phi Me\n October 17, 1992\n\n 5\n 707\n Freddie Jackson, Miki Howard, Da Youngsta's\n October 24, 1992\n\n 6\n 708\n Morris Day, Third World, The Cover Girls\n October 31, 1992\n\n 7\n 709\n George Duke, Hi-Five, Yo-Yo\n November 7, 1992\n\n 8\n 710\n Big Bub, EPMD, The Voices\n November 14, 1992\n\n 9\n 711\n Bobby Brown, Wreckx-N-Effect\n November 21, 1992\n\n 10\n 712\n Christopher Williams, Chant\u00e9 Moore, Prince Markie Dee & the Soul Convention\n November 28, 1992\n\n 11\n 713\n Chuckii Booker, Nona Gaye, Arrested Development, Lester Barrie\n December 5, 1992\n\n 12\n 714\n Howard Hewett, Jade, Tamrock, Trey Lorenz\n December 12, 1992\n\n 13\n 715\n Keith Sweat with Jacci McGhee, Lo-Key, Aries Spears\n January 16, 1993\n\n 14\n 716\n Shanice Wilson, Simple Pleasure, T.N.G\n January 23, 1993\n\n 15\n 717\n Full Force, Jacci McGhee\n January 30, 1993\n\n 16\n 718\n Toni Braxton, Silk, Portrait\n February 6, 1993\n\n 17\n 719\n R. Kelly & Public Announcement, Monie Love, Music Video: Prince\n February 13, 1993\n\n 18\n 720\n Kris Kross, Brian McKnight, Stacey McClain\n February 20, 1993\n\n 19\n 721\n Mad Cobra, Immature, SWV\n February 27, 1993\n\n 20\n 722\n Tisha Campbell, Lorenzo Smith, Young Black Teenagers\n March 6, 1993\n\n 21\n 723\n Heavy D, Force One Network, P.O.V., Positive K\n March 13, 1993\n\n 22\n 724\n Naughty By Nature, Miki Howard\n March 20, 1993\n\n 23\n 725\n Regina Belle, Lords of the Underground\n March 27, 1993\n\n 24\n 726\n Troop, The Good Girls, Prince Markie Dee & the Soul Convention\n April 3, 1993\n\n 25\n 727\n LL Cool J, Shai (band), Mystro Clark\n May 8, 1993\n\n 26\n 728\n Run DMC, Richard Osborne\n May 15, 1993\n\n 27\n 729\n LeVert, Michael Cooper, T.C.F.\n May 22, 1993\n\n 28\n 730\n AZ-1, Ten\u00e9 Williams, Redman\n May 29, 1993\n\n 29\n 731\n Walter Scott & Scotty Scott, Paperboy, Kirk Whalum\n June 5, 1993\n\n 30\n 732\n Chant\u00e9 Moore, Intro, Gumbo\n June 12, 1993\n\n 31\n 733\n PM Dawn, Blackstreet, U.N.V.\n June 19, 1993\n\n 32\n 734\n The Commodores, II D Extreme, Mahogany Blue\n June 26, 1993\n\n\n===Season 23 (1993\u201394)===\nThis season introduced a new theme song, \"Soul Train '93 (Know You Like to Dance)\", performed by the rap group Naughty by Nature and saxophonist Everette Harp. The new opening animation introduces a revised, afrocentric-inspired ''Soul Train'' logo, and features video clips of performances from the show's first 22 seasons playing in floating video boxes in the background. The show is also moved to Paramount Studios, where the show would be filmed right up to the final season. Also for the next four years, the show used a revolving guest-host format.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Host'''\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 735\n Kim Wayans\n Keith Washington, H-Town, Xscape\n October 23, 1993\n\n 2\n 736\n T.K. Carter\n MC Lyte, Maze featuring Frankie Beverly, Mica Paris\n October 30, 1993\n\n 3\n 737\n Aries Spears\n Bell Biv Devoe, Zhane, Freedom Williams\n November 6, 1993\n\n 4\n 738\n Ajai Sanders\n Raven-Symon\u00e9, Aaron Hall, Tag Team\n November 13, 1993\n\n 5\n 739\n Steve White\n Teddy Pendergrass, II D Extreme, Da Youngsta's\n November 20, 1993\n\n 6\n 740\n Tyra Banks\n Me'Shell NdegeOcello, James \"J.T.\" Taylor, Usher\n November 27, 1993\n\n 7\n 741\n Mystro Clark\n Das Efx, Tevin Campbell, Angie & Debbie\n December 4, 1993\n\n 8\n 742\n T'Keyah Crystal Keym\u00e1h\n Onyx, Jody Watley, Erick Sermon\n December 11, 1993\n\n 9\n 743\n Melanie Comarcho\n Snoop Doggy Dogg, Color Me Badd, Domino\n December 18, 1993\n\n 10\n 744\n John Henton\n LL Cool J, Kris Kross, Vince Patterson (Comedian)\n December 25, 1993\n\n 11\n 745\n Darrel Heath\n Queen Latifah, D.R.S., Souls of Mischief\n January 1, 1994\n\n 12\n 746\n Tisha Campbell\n De La Soul, Riff, Coming of Age\n January 8, 1994\n\n 13\n 747\n Mario Van Peebles\n Mavis Staples, Funky Poets\n January 15, 1994\n\n 14\n 748\n Lewis Dix\n Mint Condition, K-7, UMC's\n January 22, 1994\n\n 15\n 749\n Karyn Parsons\n Zhane, Another Bad Creation\n January 29, 1994\n\n 16\n 750\n A.J. Jamal\n Chris Walker, 7669, Me-2-U\n February 5, 1994\n\n 17\n 751\n Tichina Arnold\n Xscape, Gerald Albright, M.O.P.\n February 12, 1994\n\n 18\n 752\n John Witherspoon\n Michael McDonald, Jeru The Damaja, Main Source\n February 19, 1994\n\n 19\n 753\n Sheryl Lee Ralph\n Joe, Chantay Savage\n February 26, 1994\n\n 20\n 754\n Lester Barrie\n Lisette Melendez, Intro, Gangstarr\n March 5, 1994\n\n 21\n 755\n Alfonso Ribeiro\n R. Kelly, Gabrielle\n March 12, 1994\n\n 22\n 756\n Paula Jai Parker\n CeCe Peniston, Outkast, Tashan\n March 19, 1994\n\n 23\n 757\n Adam Jeffries\n Kid 'N Play, Damion Hall\n March 26, 1994\n\n 24\n 758\n George Wallace\n Ralph Tresvant, Eric Gable, Justin Warfield\n April 2, 1994\n\n 25\n 759\n Holly Robinson\n Prince, For Lovers Only\n May 7, 1994\n\n 26\n 760\n Alex Thomas\n Angela Winbush, Glenn Jones\n May 14, 1994\n\n 27\n 761\n Byron Allen\n Atlantic Starr, Patra, DBG'Z\n May 21, 1994\n\n 28\n 762\n Thea Vidale\n Blackgirl, Company, Sudden Change\n May 28, 1994\n\n 29\n 763\n Morris Chestnut\n Patti LaBelle, Sounds of Blackness, Simple E\n June 4, 1994\n\n 30\n 764\n Jackee Harry\n Lalah Hathaway, Melvin Riley, Immature\n June 11, 1994\n\n 31\n 765\n Kristoff St. John\n Philip Bailey, For Real\n June 18, 1994\n\n 32\n 766\n Ella Joyce\n Lisa Lisa, Masta Ace, Smooth Sylk\n June 25, 1994\n\n\n===Season 24 (1994\u201395)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Host'''\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 767\n Robert Townsend\n BLACKstreet, Take 6, The Conscious Daughters\n September 24, 1994\n\n 2\n 768\n Telma Hopkins\n Tony! Toni! Ton\u00e9!, Jonathan Butler, Lady of Rage\n October 1, 1994\n\n 3\n 769\n Tyra Banks\n Public Enemy, El DeBarge, Brownstone\n October 8, 1994\n\n 4\n 770\n Garcelle Beauvais\n Teena Marie, Warren G, N II U\n October 15, 1994\n\n 5\n 771\n George Wallace\n Karyn White, BeBe & CeCe Winans, London Jones\n October 22, 1994\n\n 6\n 772\n Karen Alexander\n Gerald Levert, Zhane, Brandy\n October 29, 1994\n\n 7\n 773\n Jonelle Allen\n Barry White, Shanice Wilson, The Boogiemonsters\n November 5, 1994\n\n 8\n 774\n Thyme Lewis\n Aaron Hall, Ex-Girlfriend, N-Phase\n November 12, 1994\n\n 9\n 775\n Joseph Marcell\n Boyz II Men, Casserine\n November 19, 1994\n\n 10\n 776\n Roshumba Williams\n Angela Winbush, The Whitehead Brothers, Pete Rock & C.L. Smooth\n November 26, 1994\n\n 11\n 777\n Melonee Rodgers\n Tony Terry, Blackgirl, Craig Mack\n December 3, 1994\n\n 12\n 778\n T.C. Carson\n Rachelle Ferrell, A Few Good Men, Ill Al Skratch with Brian McKnight\n December 10, 1994\n\n 13\n 779\n Sinbad\n Cameo, Men at Large, Method Man\n January 14, 1995\n\n 14\n 780\n Lana Ogilvie\n Mary J. Blige, Lords of the Underground, Ebony Vibe Everlasting\n January 21, 1995\n\n 15\n 781\n Veronica Webb\n Chant\u00e9 Moore, Immature, Subway featuring 702\n January 28, 1995\n\n 16\n 782\n Beverly Peele\n Howard Hewett, H-Town, Da Brat\n February 4, 1995\n\n 17\n 783\n Gail O'Neill\n 69 Boyz, Tanya Blount, Y.N. Vee\n February 11, 1995\n\n 18\n 784\n Dorien Wilson\n All-4-One, Hiroshima (band), Redman\n February 18, 1995\n\n 19\n 785\n Cynthia Bailey\n BeBe & CeCe Winans, RajaNee, Usher\n February 25, 1995\n\n 20\n 786\n Michelle Griffin\n Digable Planets, Soul 4 Real, Trisha Covington\n March 4, 1995\n\n 21\n 787\n Victoria Rowell\n George Duke, Mint Condition, Fu-Schnickens\n March 11, 1995\n\n 22\n 788\n T.K. Carter\n The Whispers, Lo-Key, Coolio\n March 18, 1995\n\n 23\n 789\n Leah Gregory\n BLACKstreet, Miss Jones, Vicious\n March 25, 1995\n\n 24\n 790\n Anna Getaneth\n Jade, Des'ree, Quo\n April 1, 1995\n\n 25\n 791\n Amy Hunter\n Freddie Jackson, Brownstone, Kut Klose\n May 6, 1995\n\n 26\n 792\n Steve Harvey\n Da Brat, Rottin Razkals, Diana King\n May 13, 1995\n\n 27\n 793\n Kellie Shanygne Williams\n Portrait, Jesse, Aftermath featuring Kel Mitchell & Simbi Khali\n May 20, 1995\n\n 28\n 794\n Regina Monte\n Branford Marsalis, Fabu, Changing Faces, Keith Murray\n May 27, 1995\n\n 29\n 795\n Waris Dirie\n Donna Summer, Shabba Ranks, Monica\n June 3, 1995\n\n 30\n 796\n Michael Michele\n Naughty by Nature, Brian McKnight, E-40\n June 10, 1995\n\n 31\n 797\n Georgianna Robertson\n Stevie Wonder, Jody Watley, Vertical Hold\n June 17, 1995\n\n 32\n 798\n Karla Otis\n Brandy, Sean Levert, Heather B\n June 24, 1995\n\n\n===Season 25 (1995\u201396)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Host'''\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 799\n Mark Curry\n CeCe Winans, Ini Kamoze, Mokenstef\n September 23, 1995\n\n 2\n 800\n Tatyana Ali\n KRS-One, Deborah Cox, Shaggy\n September 30, 1995\n\n 3\n 801\n Kenya Moore\n Jon B., Soultry, Faith Evans\n October 7, 1995\n\n 4\n 802\n Senait Ashenafi\n Aaron Hall, D'Angelo, Solo\n October 14, 1995\n\n 5\n 803\n Tisha Campbell\n All-4-One, Vybe, The Twinz\n October 21, 1995\n\n 6\n 804\n Mari Marrow\n Michael Bolton, Anointed, AZ featuring Miss Jones\n October 28, 1995\n\n 7\n 805\n Stacey Dash\n Shai, Maysa Leak, Mystikal\n November 4, 1995\n\n 8\n 806\n Shemar Moore\n Brandy Norwood, A Few Good Men, Groove Theory\n November 11, 1995\n\n 9\n 807\n Darnell Williams\n After 7, Intro, 3T\n December 16, 1995\n\n 10\n 808\n Reagan Gomez-Preston\n Immature, Terry Ellis, Asante\n December 23, 1995\n\n 11\n 809\n Ren\u00e9e Jones\n Aaron Neville, Silk, Jason Weaver\n December 30, 1995\n\n 12\n 810\n Vivica A. Fox\n MC Hammer, Skillz\n January 6, 1996\n\n 13\n 811\n Joseph C. Phillips\n Brian McKnight, Goodie Mobb, Barrio Boyzz\n January 13, 1996\n\n 14\n 812\n Lark Voorhies\n LL Cool J, Pure Soul, Monifah\n January 20, 1996\n\n 15\n 813\n Jeffrey Anderson Gunther\n Gerald Levert & Eddie Levert, Monica, Tamia\n January 27, 1996\n\n 16\n 814\n Stephanie Roberts\n Jodeci, Faith Evans, Jesse & Trina\n February 3, 1996\n\n 17\n 815\n James Reynolds\n Tha Dogg Pound with Snoop Doggy Dogg & Michel'le, J'Son, Total\n February 10, 1996\n\n 18\n 816\n Carl Anthony Payne II\n Deborah Cox, Speech, Somethin' for the People\n February 17, 1996\n\n 19\n 817\n Dorien Wilson\n PM Dawn, Erick Sermon with Aaron Hall, Keith Murray & Redman, LBC Crew\n February 24, 1996\n\n 20\n 818\n Sheryl Lee Ralph\n Tony Rich, Boyz of Paradise, Suga\"\n March 2, 1996\n\n 21\n 819\n Thomas Mikal Ford\n H-Town with Shirley Murdock, Solo/ Jesse Powell\n March 9, 1996\n\n 22\n 820\n Arthel Neville\n Kris Kross with Da Brat, Jermaine Dupri & Mr. Black, Chantay Savage, Earth Gyrlz\n March 16, 1996\n\n 23\n 821\n Brian Austin Green\n The Winans, 3T, Yvette Michelle\n March 23, 1996\n\n 24\n 822\n Tia Mowry and Tamera Mowry\n D'Angelo, Patra with Aaron Hall, Nonchalant\n March 30, 1996\n\n 25\n 823\n Michelle Thomas\n Ladae! featuring Al B. Sure!, II D Extreme, Puff Johnson\n May 4, 1996\n\n 26\n 824\n Clarence Gilyard Jr.\n Busta Rhymes featuring Zhane, Horace Brown, Art N'Soul\n May 11, 1996\n\n 27\n 825\n Anne-Marie Johnson\n Men of Vizion, Monifah featuring AZ, Mr. X\n May 18, 1996\n\n 28\n 826\n Lisa Canning\n Brian Austin Green, Silk, IV Xample\n May 25, 1996\n\n 29\n 827\n Khandi Alexander\n Shai, Kenny Lattimore, Sa-Deuce\n June 1, 1996\n\n 30\n 828\n Lanai Chapman\n The Whitehead Brothers, Jon B., Mista\n June 8, 1996\n\n 31\n 829\n Kristoff St. John\n SWV, Donell Jones, MC Lyte\n June 15, 1996\n\n 32\n 830\n Shemar Moore\n Kirk Franklin & the Family/ Mona Lisa (singer), Quindon Tarver\n June 22, 1996\n\n\n===Season 26 (1996\u201397)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Host'''\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 831\n Darius McCrary\n Mint Condition, For Real, Case featuring Foxy Brown, Southside B.O.I.Z.\n October 26, 1996\n\n 2\n 832\n Aisha Henderson\n Montell Jordan, Dru Hill, 702\n November 2, 1996\n\n 3\n 833\n Fawn Reed\n The Isley Brothers, Tevin Campbell\n November 9, 1996\n\n 4\n 834\n Jamie Foxx\n Blackstreet, Aaliyah, The Braxtons\n November 16, 1996\n\n 5\n 835\n Christopher B. Duncan\n Keith Sweat, Tony! Toni! Ton\u00e9!, Ginuwine\n November 23, 1996\n\n 6\n 836\n Netfa Perry\n Take 6, Alfonzo Hunter, 112\n November 30, 1996\n\n 7\n 837\n Tasha Smith\n Immature, Az Yet, Shades\n December 7, 1996\n\n 8\n 838\n Tracy Vilar\n Da Brat featuring Jermaine Dupri, Mona Lisa (singer), Quindon Tarver\n December 14, 1996\n\n 9\n 839\n Dorian Gregory\n CeCe Peniston, Soul For Real, A+\n December 21, 1996\n\n 10\n 840\n Maria Costa\n Eric Ben\u00e9t, Dru Hill, Wild Orchid\n December 28, 1996\n\n 11\n 841\n Shaun Baker\n Donell Jones, Yo-Yo, Gina Thompson\n January 4, 1997\n\n 12\n 842\n Shawn Michael Howard\n Deborah Cox, Westside Connection, Day Ta Day\n January 11, 1997\n\n 13\n 843\n Dorien Wilson\n Maxwell, II D Extreme, Goodfellas\n January 18, 1997\n\n 14\n 844\n Maia Campbell\n Johnny Gill, Monica, Premiere\n January 25, 1997\n\n 15\n 845\n Donald Faison\n Chaka Khan, Kenny Lattimore\n February 1, 1997\n\n 16\n 846\n Lamont Bentley\n Roger Troutman & Zapp (band), Rashaan Patterson, Outkast\n February 8, 1997\n\n 17\n 847\n Vivica A. Fox\n Zhane, Horace Brown, Jeru the Damaja\n February 15, 1997\n\n 18\n 848\n Shari Headley\n Mint Condition, Erykah Badu, Quad City D.J.'s\n February 22, 1997\n\n 19\n 849\n Terrence Dashon Howard\n LeVert, Ray J, Lil' Kim\n March 1, 1997\n\n 20\n 850\n John Salley\n Tony! Toni! Ton\u00e9!, Montell Jordan, A Tribe Called Quest, \"Ms. Soul Train\" & \"Mr. Soul Train\" Ford/AT&T Viewer Sweepstakes - preliminary\n March 8, 1997\n\n 21\n 851\n David Michael\n MC Lyte featuring Missy Elliott, Hiroshima (band), Twice, Lil' Bud and Tizone\n March 15, 1997\n\n 22\n 852\n Michelle Thomas\n Heavy D, Monifah, Tha Truth\n March 22, 1997\n\n 23\n 853\n Tamala Jones\n Snoop Doggy Dogg, Nate Dogg, Ginuwine, Dean Phil! and Al B. Sure!\n March 29, 1997\n\n 24\n 854\n Traci Bingham\n Brownstone, Yvette Michelle, Next Levels, \"Ms. Soul Train\" & \"Mr. Soul Train\" Ford/AT&T Viewer Sweepstakes-Finals\n April 5, 1997\n\n 25\n 855\n Thomas Mikal Ford\n Day Ta Day, Goodfellas, Simbi Khali\n April 12, 1997\n\n 26\n 856\n T'Keyah Keym\u00e1h\n Dru Hill, Zakiya, Gyrl\n April 19, 1997\n\n 27\n 857\n Cedric the Entertainer\n Warren G, 702, Nu Flavor\n April 26, 1997\n\n 28\n 858\n Malik Yoba\n Maxwell, Tasha Holiday, Melky & Day, \"Ms. Soul Train\" & \"Mr. Soul Train\" Ford/AT&T Viewer Sweepstakes Grand Prize Presentation\n May 3, 1997\n\n 29\n 859\n Countess Vaughn\n Sounds of Blackness, Joose, Dionne Farris\n May 10, 1997\n\n 30\n 860\n Aaron Seville\n Joe, Billy Lawrence, Phajja\n May 17, 1997\n\n 31\n 861\n Rhona Bennett\n Brand New Heavies, Allure, Rome\n May 24, 1997\n\n\n===Season 27 (1997\u201398)===\nThe revolving guest-host format ends, and Mystro Clark takes over as permanent host at this point.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 862\n Immature, K-Ball, ST Library: Whitney Houston\n September 20, 1997\n\n 2\n 863\n SWV, Az Yet (live performance), Next\n September 27, 1997\n\n 3\n 864\n Rome, Robyn, Sam Salter\n October 4, 1997\n\n 4\n 865\n Brian McKnight, Davina, Bobby Brown\n October 11, 1997\n\n 5\n 866\n Wyclef with Destiny's Child, Chico DeBarge, Taral Hicks\n October 18, 1997\n\n 6\n 867\n Jon B., Somethin' for the People, Nadanuf featuring Kurtis Blow\n October 25, 1997\n\n 7\n 868\n Brownstone, Usher Raymond, Queen Pen featuring Teddy Riley\n November 1, 1997\n\n 8\n 869\n K-Ci & JoJo, 98 Degrees, Myron\n November 8, 1997\n\n 9\n 870\n Aaron Neville, Busta Rhymes, MQ3\n November 15, 1997\n\n 10\n 871\n Immature with Bizzy Bone, Sounds of Blackness with Roger Troutman, Mase\n November 22, 1997\n\n 11\n 872\n Backstreet Boys, Simone Hines, Uncle Sam\n November 29, 1997\n\n 12\n 873\n Eric Ben\u00e9t, Ol' Skool, Puff Daddy\n December 6, 1997\n\n 13\n 874\n Missy Elliott, Jagged Edge, Big Bub\n January 10, 1998\n\n 14\n 875\n Jody Watley, Mack 10, Ice Cube & Snoop Doggy Dogg, Sam Salter\n January 17, 1998\n\n 15\n 876\n H-Town, Kimberly Scott, Mic Geronimo\n January 24, 1998\n\n 16\n 877\n Joe, Born Jamericans, Veronica\n January 31, 1998\n\n 17\n 878\n LL Cool J, Dru Hill, Billy Porter\n February 7, 1998\n\n 18\n 879\n The Whispers, Ginuwine, Public Announcement\n February 14, 1998\n\n 19\n 880\n Bebe Winans, Ol' Skool with Xscape, Ice Cube\n February 21, 1998\n\n 20\n 881\n Rome, God's Property, K.P. & Envyi\n February 28, 1998\n\n 21\n 882\n Playa, M\u00fda featuring Sisq\u00f3, Cece Winans\n April 4, 1998\n\n 22\n 883\n Tamia, Elusion, Luke\n April 11, 1998\n\n 23\n 884\n Keith Washington, Destiny's Child, Outta Order\n April 18, 1998\n\n 24\n 885\n Robyn, Next, Rufus Blaq\n April 25, 1998\n\n 25\n 886\n Jon B., Militia, Tami Hert\n May 2, 1998\n\n 26\n 887\n Rebbie Jackson, Ali, Kurupt\n May 9, 1998\n\n 27\n 888\n Big Daddy Kane, Xscape, Sylke-E Fyne\n May 16, 1998\n\n 28\n 889\n Daz Dillinger, Nutta Butta featuring Teddy Riley and Anonymous, David Miller, Angel Grant\n May 23, 1998\n\n 29\n 890\n Color Me Badd, Davina, Charli Baltimore with Cam'ron\n May 30, 1998\n\n 30\n 891\n Will Downing, Kelly Price, Christi\u00f3n, Imajin\n June 6, 1998\n\n 31\n 892\n Chico DeBarge, Silk 130, Joe (singer)\n June 13, 1998\n\n 32\n 893\n Gerald Levert, Yo-Yo (rapper), Mo Thugs Family, Tami Davis\n June 20, 1998\n\n\n===Season 28 (1998\u201399)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 894\n Nate Dogg featuring Warren G, Montell Jordan, Terrance Quaites\n September 19, 1998\n\n 2\n 895\n Kenny Lattimore, Monifah, Nicole Wray\n September 26, 1998\n\n 3\n 896\n Regina Belle, Jesse Powell, Tatyana Ali\n October 3, 1998\n\n 4\n 897\n Deborah Cox, Tyrese, Voices of Theory\n October 10, 1998\n\n 5\n 898\n Shaquille O'Neal featuring Peter Gunz, Kelly Price with Ronald Isley & R. Kelly, Levi Little\n October 17, 1998\n\n 6\n 899\n Temptations, 69 Boyz, The Black Eyed Peas, Andrea Martin (singer)\n October 24, 1998\n\n 7\n 900\n Tamia, Link, Pee Wee's Mag 7\n October 31, 1998\n\n 8\n 901\n Next, MC Lyte featuring Gina Thompson, Sparkle (singer)\n November 7, 1998\n\n 9\n 902\n Jermaine Dupri featuring Slick Rick, Lord Tariq & Peter Gunz, Nicole Renee\n November 14, 1998\n\n 10\n 903\n 112, Willie Max featuring Raphael Saadiq, Jerome\n November 21, 1998\n\n 11\n 904\n Kurupt, Divine, A+ (rapper)\n November 28, 1998\n\n 12\n 905\n Bizzy Bone, Tyrese, 4Kast\n December 5, 1998\n\n 13\n 906\n Terrance Quaites, Uncle Sam, Simbi Khali\n January 9, 1999\n\n 14\n 907\n Jon B., Before Dark, The M.A.F.T. featuring Kel Mitchell\n January 16, 1999\n\n 15\n 908\n Kenny Lattimore, Public Announcement, Shae Jones\n January 23, 1999\n\n 16\n 909\n Total (band), Reel Tight, Eminem \n January 30, 1999\n\n 17\n 910\n Tevin Campbell, Kelly Price, 3rd Storee\n February 6, 1999\n\n 18\n 911\n Faith Evans, Shanice, Brand Nubian\n February 13, 1999\n\n 19\n 912\n Dru Hill, Deborah Cox, Joey McIntyre\n February 20, 1999\n\n 20\n 913\n Monica, Outkast, Marc Dorsey\n February 27, 1999\n\n 21\n 914\n M\u00fda, Silk, Cool Breeze featuring Goodie Mobb & Outkast\n March 6, 1999\n\n 22\n 915\n Krayzie Bone, Men of Vizion, Cherokee\n March 13, 1999\n\n 23\n 916\n DJ Quik featuring El DeBarge, 2nd II None, and Suga Free, Sparkle, Dave Hollister\n March 20, 1999\n\n 24\n 917\n Ginuwine, Imajin, Baby DC featuring Imajin\n March 27, 1999\n\n 25\n 918\n Chant\u00e9 Moore, Blaque, MC Eiht\n May 1, 1999\n\n 26\n 919\n Nas, Chantay Savage, Donell Jones\n May 8, 1999\n\n 27\n 920\n Divine, Shae Jones, Harlem World\n May 15, 1999\n\n 28\n 921\n Tyrese, Trina & Tamera, JT Money\n May 22, 1999\n\n 29\n 922\n Naughty By Nature, Jesse Powell, Les Nubians\n May 29, 1999\n\n 30\n 923\n C-Note, Before Dark, Juvenile (rapper)\n June 5, 1999\n\n 31\n 924\n Case (singer), Liberty City, 5 Young Men\n June 12, 1999\n\n 32\n 925\n Eric Ben\u00e9t, Marc Dorsey, TWDY\n June 19, 1999\n\n\n===Season 29 (1999\u20132000)===\nIn the 13th episode of this season, Shemar Moore takes over as host, replacing Mystro Clark. Along with Moore's debut, the program gets a new theme: \"TSOP 2000\" by Dr. Freeze, Samson, and Everette Harp.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 926\n Kevon Edmonds, Grenique, Cha Cha\n September 18, 1999\n\n 2\n 927\n Tracie Spencer, Marc Nelson, CJ Mac, Mack 10 featuring Terrance Quaites\n September 25, 1999\n\n 3\n 928\n Ginuwine, 702, Profyle\n October 2, 1999\n\n 4\n 929\n Destiny's Child, Christina Aguilera, Coko\n October 9, 1999\n\n 5\n 930\n Silk, Eve, Lost Boyz\n October 16, 1999\n\n 6\n 931\n Brian McKnight, IMx, Youngbloodz\n October 23, 1999\n\n 7\n 932\n Chico DeBarge, 112, Trin-I-Tee 5:7\n October 30, 1999\n\n 8\n 933\n DMX, Mint Condition, Keesha\n November 6, 1999\n\n 9\n 934\n Jagged Edge, Donell Jones, Children of the Ghetto\n November 13, 1999\n\n 10\n 935\n Yolanda Adams, Kurupt, Ideal (band)\n November 20, 1999\n\n 11\n 936\n Goodie Mob, Shandozia, Sol\u00e9 featuring J.T. Money\n November 27, 1999\n\n 12\n 937\n Olu, Angie Stone, Humanwreck\n December 4, 1999\n\n 13\n 938\n Q-Tip, Catero, 2nd II None\n January 8, 2000\n\n 14\n 939\n Blaque, Rome, Eve\n January 15, 2000\n\n 15\n 940\n Dave Hollister, Before Dark, Vega\n January 22, 2000\n\n 16\n 941\n Eric Ben\u00e9t, Sounds of Blackness, Amyth\n January 29, 2000\n\n 17\n 942\n Kevon Edmonds, Ideal (band), B.G.\n February 5, 2000\n\n 18\n 943\n Snoop Doggy Dogg, Sammie, Sisq\u00f3\n February 12, 2000\n\n 19\n 944\n Goodie Mob, Beverly, Lil Wayne\n February 19, 2000\n\n 20\n 945\n Ginuwine, Juvenile, Amel Larrieux\n February 26, 2000\n\n 21\n 946\n Montell Jordan, The Roots, Lil' Zane\n March 4, 2000\n\n 22\n 947\n Bone Thugs N Harmony, Jaze, F.A.T.E.\n March 11, 2000\n\n 23\n 948\n Gerald Levert, N-Toon, Blaxuede & Big Ramp\n March 18, 2000\n\n 24\n 949\n IMx, BB Jay, Rah Digga\n March 25, 2000\n\n 25\n 950\n Product G & B, Lucy Pearl, The Temptations\n April 29, 2000\n\n 26\n 951\n Dwayne Wiggins, Mary Mary, Strings\n May 6, 2000\n\n 27\n 952\n Tracie Spencer, Avant, Erick Onasis featuring DJ Quik & Xzibit\n May 13, 2000\n\n 28\n 953\n 504 Boyz, Erica Foxx, Tamar Braxton\n May 20, 2000\n\n 29\n 954\n Ideal (band), Carl Thomas, Miracle\n May 27, 2000\n\n 30\n 955\n 69 Boyz, Something for the People, Ruff Endz\n June 3, 2000\n\n 31\n 956\n Next, Kelis, Nelly\n June 10, 2000\n\n 32\n 957\n Kelly Price, Jagged Edge, J-Shin\n June 17, 2000\n\n\n===Season 30 (2000\u201301)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 958\n L.V., So Plush, Big Tymers\n September 16, 2000\n\n 2\n 959\n Lil' Kim, No Question, Major Figgas\n September 23, 2000\n\n 3\n 960\n Rachelle Farrell, Changing Faces, Lil' Bow Wow, Jermaine Dupri\n September 30, 2000\n\n 4\n 961\n Joe, Trina, Yolanda Adams\n October 7, 2000\n\n 5\n 962\n Tamia, Avant, Ced featuring C. Black\n October 14, 2000\n\n 6\n 963\n Stephen Simmonds, Public Announcement, Cole\n October 21, 2000\n\n 7\n 964\n Ricky Bell, Toni Estes, Tank \n October 28, 2000\n\n 8\n 965\n Kandi Burruss, 3LW, Mack 10\n November 4, 2000\n\n 9\n 966\n M\u00fda, Lil' Zane, Jill Scott\n November 11, 2000\n\n 10\n 967\n Mystikal, Pru, Sunday\n November 18, 2000\n\n 11\n 968\n Charlie Wilson, Snoop Dogg, Monifah, Shaggy\n November 25, 2000\n\n 12\n 969\n Macy Gray, Profyle, Doggy's Angels\n December 2, 2000\n\n 13\n 970\n Chant\u00e9 Moore, Ja Rule, Bilal\n January 6, 2001\n\n 14\n 971\n Ruff Endz, Sparkle, Bad Azz\n January 13, 2001\n\n 15\n 972\n Outkast, Dave Hollister, Slimm Calhoun\n January 20, 2001\n\n 16\n 973\n Carl Thomas, Crystal Sierra, Shyne\n January 27, 2001\n\n 17\n 974\n K-Ci & JoJo, Musiq, Xzibit\n February 3, 2001\n\n 18\n 975\n Common & Macy Gray, The Transitions, Olivia\n February 10, 2001\n\n 19\n 976\n Nelly, Jamie Hawkins, Case\n February 17, 2001\n\n 20\n 977\n 112, Jaheim, Michael Cooper\n February 24, 2001\n\n 21\n 978\n Silkk the Shocker, Lil' Bow Wow, Alicia Keys, Trina \n March 31, 2001\n\n 22\n 979\n Jesse Powell, Koffee Brown, India.Arie\n April 7, 2001\n\n 23\n 980\n Jon B., JT Money, R.L.\n April 14, 2001\n\n 24\n 981\n Master P & Lil' Romeo, Eric Benet,  \n April 21, 2001\n\n 25\n 982\n Chant\u00e9 Moore, Da Brat, Dark Blu, P.Y.T.\n April 28, 2001\n\n 26\n 983\n The Product G&B, The Iconz/ Craig David\n May 5, 2001\n\n 27\n 984\n L-Burna, Tank, Canela\n May 12, 2001\n\n 28\n 985\n Tyrese, City High, Trick Daddy\n May 19, 2001\n\n 29\n 986\n IMx, Dante, Lil' Mo\n June 9, 2001\n\n 30\n 987\n Nelly & the St. Lunatics, Spooks, B2K\n June 16, 2001\n\n 31\n 988\n Silk, Angie Martinez, Syleena Johnson\n June 23, 2001\n\n 32\n 989\n Full Force featuring Bambue, Sunshine Anderson, Toya, LOL\n June 30, 2001\n\n\n===Season 31 (2001\u201302)===\nThis season, ''Soul Train'' reached an important milestone: their 1000th episode, which is the eleventh episode this season.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 990\n Tyrese, Keke Wyatt, Simbi Khali \n October 13, 2001\n\n 2\n 991\n Kenny Lattimore, India.Arie, Mr. Cheeks\n October 20, 2001\n\n 3\n 992\n Ray J, Angie Stone, Coo Coo Cal\n October 27, 2001\n\n 4\n 993\n P. Diddy, Lil' J, Allure\n November 3, 2001\n\n 5\n 994\n Ruff Endz, Dena Cali, Jimmy Cozier \n November 10, 2001\n\n 6\n 995\n Bell Biv DeVoe, Jesse Powell, Won G\n November 17, 2001\n\n 7\n 996\n Ludacris & Jermaine Dupri, Lil' Romeo, Pru\n November 24, 2001\n\n 8\n 997\nMaster P, Montell Jordan, Prophet Jones, Christina Milian\n December 1, 2001\n\n 9\n 998\n Fabolous featuring Nate Dogg, IMx, Glenn Lewis\n December 22, 2001\n\n 10\n 999\n Warren G, Nate Dogg, Mpress, featuring Fabolous\n December 29, 2001\n\n 11\n 1000\n Faith Evans, Rayvon, Mack 10\n January 5, 2002\n\n 12\n 1001\n Regina Belle, B2K, G. Dep\n January 12, 2002\n\n 13\n 1002\n Busta Rhymes, Corey, R.L. featuring Erick Sermon\n January 26, 2002\n\n 14\n 1003\n Isley Brothers featuring Ronald Isley, Method Man, Redman, Ali\n February 2, 2002\n\n 15\n 1004\n Ja Rule featuring Case and Ashanti, Jaguar Wright featuring Bilal, Pretty Willie\n February 9, 2002\n\n 16\n 1005\n Nelly, Jagged Edge, Jaheim\n February 16, 2002\n\n 17\n 1006\n Avant, Ashanti, Code 5\n March 23, 2002\n\n 18\n 1007\n Donell Jones, Sharissa, Horace Brown\n March 30, 2002\n\n 19\n 1008\n Fat Joe featuring Ashanti, Joi, Mr. Cheeks featuring Horace Brown\n April 6, 2002\n\n 20\n 1009\n Kirk Franklin, Lindsay Pagano, Cee Lo Green\n April 13, 2002\n\n 21\n 1010\n B2K, Baha Men, Truth Hurts featuring Rakim  \n May 18, 2002\n\n 22\n 1011\n Musiq Soulchild, Tweet, Ying Yang Twins \n May 25, 2002\n\n 23\n 1012\n Nappy Roots, Keke Wyatt, Jerzee Monet\n June 1, 2002\n\n 24\n 1013\n DJ Quik, Naughty by Nature, 3LW, Mario\n June 8, 2002\n\n 25\n 1014\n Winans Phase 2, Soluna, Ms. Jade \n June 15, 2002\n\n 26\n 1015\n IMx, Yasmeen, Samantha Mumba\n June 22, 2002\n\n 27\n 1016\n Mary Mary, LovHer, Cee Lo Green\n June 29, 2002\n\n 28\n 1017\n Bow Wow, Raphael Saadiq, Lady May featuring Blu Cantrell\n July 6, 2002\n\n\n===Season 32 (2002\u201303)===\nThis is Shemar Moore's last season as host.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 1018\n Nelly, Ali, Prymary Colors and Rah Digga, Isyss \n September 14, 2002\n\n 2\n 1019\n Avant, Beenie Man featuring Calibe, 3rd Storee featuring Joe Budden\n September 21, 2002\n\n 3\n 1020\n Glenn Lewis featuring Amel Larrieux, Cam'ron, Exhale\n September 28, 2002\n\n 4\n 1021\n Ruff Endz, Tg4, Jade Anderson\n October 5, 2002\n\n 5\n 1022\n India.Arie, Heather Headley, Robin Thicke \n October 12, 2002\n\n 6\n 1023\n Deborah Cox, Dave Hollister, Pastor Troy\n October 19, 2002\n\n 7\n 1024\n Angie Martinez, Tank, Black Coffey\n October 26, 2002\n\n 8\n 1025\n Kelly Rowland, Trinitee 5:7, Clipse\n November 2, 2002\n\n 9\n 1026\n Amerie, Fabolous, Big Tymers\n November 9, 2002\n\n 10\n 1027\n Shaggy, Brian and Tony Gold, Lil Wayne, 3LW\n November 16, 2002\n\n 11\n 1028\n Jaheim, Floetry, W.C. from Nate Dogg\n November 23, 2002\n\n 12\n 1029\n The Unit featuring Queen Latifah, Michelle Williams, Baby from Big Tymers\n November 30, 2002\n\n 13\n 1030\n Marques Houston, Solange Knowles, Benzino\n January 4, 2003\n\n 14\n 1031\n Ashanti, Sounds of Blackness, Smilez & Southstar\n January 11, 2003\n\n 15\n 1032\n Busta Rhymes, Syleena Johnson, B2K  \n January 18, 2003\n\n 16\n 1033\n Darius Rucker, Slum Village, Talib Kweli\n January 25, 2003\n\n 17\n 1034\n K-Ci & JoJo, Cam'ron, Field Mob\n February 1, 2003\n\n 18\n 1035\n Next, Howard Hewett, Nappy Roots\n February 8, 2003\n\n 19\n 1036\n Dru Hill, Lil' Romeo, Needa S.\n February 15, 2003\n\n 20\n 1037\n Deborah Cox, Tyrese\n February 22, 2003\n\n 21\n 1038\n MC Lyte, Ginuwine, Nivea \n March 1, 2003\n\n 22\n 1039\n Bone Thugs-N-Harmony, 702, Amanda Perez\n March 8, 2003\n\n 23\n 1040\n Choppa featuring Master P , Floetry, Mr. Cheeks,\n March 15, 2003\n\n 24\n 1041\n Chico DeBarge, Nick Cannon, Sean Paul\n March 22, 2003\n\n 25\n 1042\n Jody Watley, Roscoe featuring Kurupt, Wayne Wonder\n May 3, 2003\n\n 26\n 1043\n Chingy , Vivian Green, Impromp2 featuring Kim Fields\n May 10, 2003\n\n 27\n 1044\n Brian McKnight, Deep Side, Deitrick Haddon\n May 17, 2003\n\n 28\n 1045\n 3LW, B.G., Donnie\n May 24, 2003\n\n 29\n 1046\n Lil' Kim, Latif, Joe Budden\n May 31, 2003\n\n 30\n 1047\n Tamia, Loon, Novel\n June 7, 2003\n\n 31\n 1048\n Blu Cantrell, Smokie Norful, Allen Anthony\n June 14, 2003\n\n 32\n 1049\n Tyrese, Da Brat, Cherish, Question\n June 21, 2003\n\n\n===Season 33 (2003\u201304)===\nStarting with this season, Dorian Gregory takes over as host.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 1050\n Jeffrey Osborne, Anthony Hamilton, Jacki-O\n October 11, 2003\n\n 2\n 1051\n Big Gipp featuring Sleepy Brown, JS, Lumidee\n October 18, 2003\n\n 3\n 1052\n Avant, Ramiyah, Da Band\n October 25, 2003\n\n 4\n 1053\n Chant\u00e9 Moore, Kenny Lattimore, Lil' Zane featuring Tank\n November 1, 2003\n\n 5\n 1054\n Montell Jordan, Tarralyn Ramsey, Justin Guarini \n November 8, 2003\n\n 6\n 1055\n Nick Cannon, Javier, Music Video: P. Diddy featuring Lenny Kravitz and Pharrell Williams\n November 15, 2003\n\n 7\n 1056\n The Isley Brothers featuring Ronald Isley\n November 22, 2003\n\n 8\n 1057\n Rhian Benson, Marques Houston/ATL\n November 29, 2003\n\n 9\n 1058\n Dwele, Baby Bash & Frankie J, Joe \n December 6, 2003\n\n 10\n 1059\n Brian McKnight, Kindred the Family Soul, Kem\n December 13, 2003\n\n 11\n 1060\n Loon, Glenn Lewis, Jhene\n December 20, 2003\n\n 12\n 1061\n Dave Hollister, Jagged Edge\n December 27, 2003\n\n 13\n 1062\n En Vogue, C.L. Ryderz (Nine Up & Nobody)\n January 31, 2004\n\n 14\n 1063\n Michelle Williams, Teedra Moses\n February 7, 2004\n\n 15\n 1064\n Goapele, YahZarah\n February 14, 2004\n\n 16\n 1065\n Master P, Freddie Jackson\n February 21, 2004\n\n 17\n 1066\n Tamia, Van Hunt, Crea\n March 13, 2004\n\n 18\n 1067\n Musiq, Knoc-Turn'al\n March 20, 2004\n\n 19\n 1068\n Murphy Lee, Tiffany Villarreal, Young Rome featuring Omarion\n March 27, 2004\n\n 20\n 1069\n Carl Thomas, ATL, Lil' Scrappy\n April 3, 2004\n\n 21\n 1070\n Mr. Cheeks, Del, Tawny \n May 8, 2004\n\n 22\n 1071\n Lorenzo Owens, JoJo\n May 15, 2004\n\n 23\n 1072\n Teena Marie, Ricky Fant\u00e9\n May 22, 2004\n\n 24\n 1073\n Rhian Benson, Tonx, Tino Brown\n May 29, 2004\n\n 25\n 1074\n Lil Wayne, Trina Broussard, LaShell Griffin\n June 5, 2004\n\n 26\n 1075\n Freddie Jackson, Houston\n June 12, 2004\n\n 27\n 1076\n Truth Hurts, Akon\n June 19, 2004\n\n 28\n 1077\n Nina Sky, Mishon, Keyshia Cole\n June 26, 2004\n\n\n===Season 34 (2004\u201305)===\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 1078\n Ying Yang Twins, Billy Miles \n October 9, 2004\n\n 2\n 1079\n Tiffany Evans, Deitrick Haddon, Won-G\n October 16, 2004\n\n 3\n 1080\n Regina Belle, 4Mula1\n October 23, 2004\n\n 4\n 1081\n Silkk the Shocker, O'Ryan, Boyz II Men\n October 30, 2004\n\n 5\n 1082\n New Edition, Lina, Simbi Khali\n November 6, 2004\n\n 6\n 1083\n Guerilla Black, Toshi, Urban Mystic\n November 13, 2004\n\n 7\n 1084\n K. Young, Generation J, Lil' Eddie\n November 20, 2004\n\n 8\n 1085\n Allure, Terrance Quaites\n November 27, 2004\n\n 9\n 1086\n Fantasia Barrino, Ray, Razah\n February 12, 2005\n\n 10\n 1087\n John Legend, Nina Shaw, Lil' iROCC\n February 19, 2005\n\n 11\n 1088\n Brian McKnight, B5\n February 26, 2005\n\n 12\n 1089\n Mario, Lyfe Jennings\n March 5, 2005\n\n 13\n 1090\n Smokie Norful, N2U, Frankie J\n April 9, 2005\n\n 14\n 1091\n Trillville, J'Adore, Ee-De \n April 16, 2005\n\n 15\n 1092\n Omarion, Kierra \"Kiki\" Sheard\n April 23, 2005\n\n 16\n 1093\n Lalah Hathaway, Tye Tribbett\n April 30, 2005\n\n 17\n 1094\n Vivian Green, Cuban Link featuring M\u00fda, Pretty Ricky \n May 7, 2005\n\n 18\n 1095\n Mint Condition, Nicole C. Mullen\n May 14, 2005\n\n 19\n 1096\n The Avila Brothers, Emelee\n May 21, 2005\n\n 20\n 1097\n Leela James, J. Moss, Anisha Nicole\n May 28, 2005\n\n 21\n 1098\n Mike Jones, Corey Clark\n June 4, 2005\n\n 22\n 1099\n LaToya London, Michael Spencer, Dame \n June 11, 2005\n\n 23\n 1100\n Ciara, T.I., P$C\n June 18, 2005\n\n 24\n 1101\n Marques Houston, Fatty Koo, Slim Thug\n June 25, 2005\n\n\n===Season 35 (2005\u201306)===\nThis is the last season to feature original episodes, and the shortest in the program's run, with only 16 episodes produced and aired.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 1102\n Chris Brown, The Pussycat Dolls, Na'sha \n November 5, 2005\n\n 2\n 1103\n Mary Mary, Ginuwine, Nivea \n November 12, 2005\n\n 3\n 1104\n Ray J, Ebony Eyez\n November 19, 2005\n\n 4\n 1105\n Trey Songz, Dwele, Keke Wyatt \n November 26, 2005\n\n 5\n 1106\n Floetry, Pretty Ricky\n January 7, 2006\n\n 6\n 1107\n Eric Ben\u00e9t, Dem Franchize Boyz\n January 14, 2006\n\n 7\n 1108\n Jazze Pha and Cee-Lo Green, Kindred the Family Soul, Taurus\n January 21, 2006\n\n 8\n 1109\n Heather Headley, Chamillionaire\n January 28, 2006\n\n 9\n 1110\n Kirk Franklin, T-Pain, Music Video: Beyonc\u00e9 featuring Slim Thug and Bun-B \"Check On It\"\n February 4, 2006\n\n 10\n 1111\n Donell Jones, LeToya Luckett\n February 11, 2006\n\n 11\n 1112\n Charlie Wilson, Youngbloodz\n February 18, 2006\n\n 12\n 1113\n Karen Clark-Sheard, Urban Mystic, Marcos Hernandez \n February 25, 2006\n\n 13\n 1114\n Final Draft, Flipsyde, Cruna\n March 4, 2006\n\n 14\n 1115\n T.I., Sammie\n March 11, 2006\n\n 15\n 1116\n Javier, D4L\n March 18, 2006\n\n 16\n 1117\n Goapele, Lorenzo Owens \n March 25, 2006\n\n\n===Season 36 (2006\u201307): The Best of ''Soul Train''===\nFor two years beginning in the fall of 2006, the program presented archived episodes under the title \"The Best of ''Soul Train''\".  Fifty-six editions of the show, randomly selected and ranging in a time frame from 1973 through 1988, were re-aired during the 2006-07 and 2007-08 seasons.  \n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Airdate'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 76\n Barry White, Love Unlimited, The Temprees \n December 9, 2006\n October 27, 1973\n\n 2\n 158\n War, The Main Ingredient \n December 16, 2006\n November 15, 1975\n\n 3\n 375\n Patti LaBelle, The Time \n December 23, 2006\n November 14, 1981\n\n 4\n 514\n James Ingram, Levert \n December 30, 2006\n October 11, 1986\n\n 5\n 93\n Al Green, The Impressions\n January 6, 2007\n April 6, 1974\n\n 6\n 136\n Blue Magic, Sister Sledge, Major Harris \n January 13, 2007\n April 12, 1975\n\n 7\n 361\n The Sugarhill Gang, Patrice Rushen \n January 20, 2007\n May 16, 1981\n\n 8\n 567\n Pebbles, Jermaine Stewart, The Bus Boys \n January 27, 2007\n April 30, 1988\n\n 9\n 161\n Average White Band, The Undisputed Truth \n February 3, 2007\n November 29, 1975\n\n 10\n 338\n Rick James, The S.O.S. Band \n February 10, 2007\n October 11, 1980\n\n 11\n 414\n Evelyn \"Champagne\" King, Grandmaster Flash & the Furious Five \n February 17, 2007\n May 21, 1983\n\n 12\n 463\n Donna Summer, The Staple Singers\n February 24, 2007\n December 15, 1984\n\n 13\n 164\n Billy Preston, The Sylvers \n March 3, 2007\n December 27, 1975\n\n 14\n 410\n Carl Carlton, Vanity 6\n March 10, 2007\n January 1, 1983\n\n 15\n 449\n The Dazz Band, Run-D.M.C.\n March 17, 2007\n June 16, 1984\n\n 16\n 551\n Freddie Jackson, Whodini, Lace \n March 24, 2007\n November 14, 1987\n\n 17\n 107\n Billy Preston, Rufus, George McCrae  \n March 31, 2007\n September 7, 1974\n\n 18\n 137\n The Dramatics, Barbara Mason, Ben E. King\n April 7, 2007\n April 19, 1975\n\n 19\n 174\n Wilson Pickett, Betty Wright, The Modulations \n April 14, 2007\n March 6, 1976\n\n 20\n 227\n Johnny \"Guitar\" Watson, The Whispers \n April 21, 2007\n September 10, 1977\n\n 21\n 242\n Brick, Sister Sledge \n April 28, 2007\n December 24, 1977\n\n 22\n 269\n Peabo Bryson, Stargard \n May 5, 2007\n September 30, 1978\n\n 23\n 273\n Freda Payne, Atlantic Starr \n May 12, 2007\n October 28, 1978\n\n 24\n 283\n Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr., Lakeside  \n May 19, 2007\n January 6, 1979\n\n 25\n 292\n Gino Vannelli, Gloria Gaynor\n May 26, 2007\n March 10, 1979\n\n 26\n 303\n A Tribute to Minnie Riperton(featuring Stevie Wonder, Wintley Phipps, Lorraine Fields and Larry Vickers)\n June 2, 2007\n September 15, 1979\n\n 27\n 318\n Chic, High Inergy \n June 9, 2007\n February 9, 1980\n\n 28\n 325\n The Spinners, Con Funk Shun \n June 16, 2007\n April 12, 1980\n\n 29\n 326\n Captain and Tennille, The Ritchie Family\n June 23, 2007\n April 19, 1980\n\n 30\n 329\n Jermaine Jackson, The Dramatics\n June 30, 2007\n May 10, 1980\n\n 31\n 339\n Tyrone Davis, Teena Marie \n July 7, 2007\n October 18, 1980\n\n 32\n 345\n Lenny Williams, Yellow Magic Orchestra\n July 14, 2007\n November 29, 1980\n\n 33\n 362\n Betty Wright, Funkadelic\n July 21, 2007\n May 23, 1981\n\n 34\n 388\n Sister Sledge, Ray Parker Jr.\n July 28, 2007\n May 1, 1982\n\n 35\n 398\n A Taste of Honey, Jeffrey Osborne\n August 4, 2007\n July 10, 1982\n\n 36\n 415\n Angela Bofill, Con Funk Shun\n August 11, 2007\n May 28, 1983\n\n 37\n 429\n Jennifer Holiday, Klique\n August 18, 2007\n November 26, 1983\n\n 38\n 465\n Teena Marie, Whodini\n August 25, 2007\n January 12, 1985\n\n 39\n 475\n Sheena Easton, The Mary Jane Girls\n September 1, 2007\n April 13, 1985\n\n 40\n 484\n Sheila E., Five Star\n September 8, 2007\n October 12, 1985\n\n 41\n 509\n The S.O.S. Band, Juicy, Jermaine Stewart\n September 15, 2007\n June 14, 1986\n\n 42\n 516\n Run-D.M.C., Genobia Jeter\n September 22, 2007\n October 25, 1986\n\n 43\n 529\n Rose Royce, Chico DeBarge\n September 29, 2007\n March 21, 1987\n\n 44\n 559\n Vanity, Kool Moe Dee, Angela Winbush and Ronald Isley\n October 6, 2007\n March 5, 1988\n\n 45\n 98\n Sylvia, The Moments, Ecstasy, Passion & Pain\n October 13, 2007\n May 11, 1974\n\n 46\n 102\n The Staple Singers, Bunny Sigler\n October 20, 2007\n June 8, 1974\n\n 47\n 103\n Kool & the Gang, Al Wilson, Natural Four\n October 27, 2007\n June 15, 1974\n\n 48\n 115\n The Fifth Dimension, Al Wilson, Formula IV\n November 3, 2007\n November 2, 1974\n\n 49\n 123\n Graham Central Station, Zulema, Leon Haywood\n November 10, 2007\n January 11, 1975\n\n 50\n 152\n The Pointer Sisters, B.T. Express, Ralph Carter\n November 17, 2007\n October 4, 1975\n\n 51\n 169\n The Dells, Bloodstone\n November 24, 2007\n January 31, 1976\n\n 52\n 194\n Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis Jr., Deniece Williams\n December 1, 2007\n October 23, 1976\n\n 53\n 218\n B.T. Express, Letta Mbulu, Enchantment\n December 8, 2007\n April 9, 1977\n\n 54\n 264\n The Brothers Johnson, The Dells\n December 15, 2007\n August 26, 1978\n\n 55\n 286\n Brass Construction, Peaches and Herb, Captain Sky\n December 22, 2007\n January 27, 1979\n\n 56\n 289\n Joe Simon, Cheryl Lynn\n December 29, 2007\n February 17, 1979\n\n\n===Season 37 (2008): The Best of ''Soul Train''===\nAt this point, once all of the 56 episodes of ''The Best of Soul Train'' had been aired, a select few out of the 56 were reaired again for this season.\n\nBy September 22, 2008, the series ceased distribution.\n\n\n No. inseason\n No.\u00a0inseries\n'''Guests'''\n'''Airdate'''\n'''Original air date'''\n\n 1\n 292\n Gino Vannelli, Gloria Gaynor \n January 5, 2008\n March 10, 1979\n\n 2\n 283\n Marilyn McCoo and Billy Davis, Jr., Lakeside\n January 12, 2008\n January 6, 1979\n\n 3\n 303\n A Tribute to Minnie Riperton\n January 19, 2008\n September 15, 1979\n\n 4\n 318\n Chic, High Inergy \n January 26, 2008\n February 9, 1980\n\n 5\n 273\n Freda Payne, Atlantic Starr\n February 2, 2008\n October 28, 1978\n\n 6\n 325\n The Spinners, Con Funk Shun\n February 9, 2008\n April 12, 1980\n\n 7\n 269\n Peabo Bryson, Stargard\n February 16, 2008\n September 30, 1978\n\n 8\n 326\n Captain and Tennille, The Ritchie Family\n February 23, 2008\n April 19, 1980\n\n 9\n 242\n Brick, Sister Sledge\n March 1, 2008\n December 24, 1977\n\n 10\n 174\n Wilson Pickett, Betty Wright, The Modulations\n March 8, 2008\n March 6, 1976\n\n 11\n 329\n Jermaine Jackson, The Dramatics\n March 15, 2008\n May 10, 1980\n\n 12\n 339\n Tyrone Davis, Teena Marie \n March 22, 2008\n October 18, 1980\n\n 13\n 227\n Johnny \"Guitar\" Watson, The Whispers\n March 29, 2008\n September 10, 1977\n\n 14\n 429\n Jennifer Holliday, Klique\n April 5, 2008\n November 26, 1983\n\n 15\n 137\n The Dramatics, Barbara Mason, Ben E. King\n April 12, 2008\n April 19, 1975\n\n 16\n 415\n Con Funk Shun, Angela Bofill\n April 19, 2008\n May 28, 1983\n\n 17\n 107\n Billy Preston, Rufus, George McCrae \n April 26, 2008\n September 7, 1974\n\n 18\n 398\n A Taste of Honey, Jeffrey Osborne\n May 3, 2008\n July 10, 1982\n\n 19\n 551\n Freddie Jackson, Whodini, Lace\n May 10, 2008\n November 14, 1987\n\n 20\n 388\n Sister Sledge, Ray Parker, Jr.\n May 17, 2008\n May 1, 1982\n\n 21\n 449\n The Dazz Band, Run-D.M.C.\n May 24, 2008\n June 16, 1984\n\n 22\n 362\n Betty Wright, Funkadelic\n May 31, 2008\n May 23, 1981\n\n 23\n 410\n Carl Carlton, Vanity 6\n June 7, 2008\n January 1, 1983\n\n 24\n 345\n Lenny Williams, Yellow Magic Orchestra\n June 14, 2008\n November 29, 1980\n\n 25\n 289\n Joe Simon, Cheryl Lynn\n June 21, 2008\n February 17, 1979\n\n 26\n 76\n Barry White, Love Unlimited, The Temprees \n June 28, 2008\n October 27, 1973\n\n 27\n 567\n Pebbles, Jermaine Stewart, The Bus Boys\n July 5, 2008\n April 30, 1988\n\n 28\n 218\n B.T. Express, Letta Mbulu, Enchantment\n July 12, 2008\n April 9, 1977\n\n 29\n 93\n Al Green, The Impressions\n July 19, 2008\n April 6, 1974\n\n 30\n 559\n Vanity, Kool Moe Dee, Angela Winbush and Ronald Isley\n July 26, 2008\n March 5, 1988\n\n 31\n 286\n Brass Construction, Peaches and Herb, Captain Sky\n August 2, 2008\n January 27, 1979\n\n 32\n 98\n Sylvia, The Moments, Ecstasy, Passion & Pain\n August 9, 2008\n May 11, 1974\n\n 33\n 529\n Rose Royce, Chico DeBarge\n August 16, 2008\n March 21, 1987\n\n 34\n 264\n The Brothers Johnson, The Dells\n August 23, 2008\n August 26, 1978\n\n 35\n 102\n The Staple Singers, Bunny Sigler\n August 30, 2008\n June 8, 1974\n\n 36\n 516\n Run-D.M.C., Genobia Jeter\n September 6, 2008\n October 25, 1986\n\n 37\n 514\n James Ingram, Levert \n September 13, 2008\n October 11, 1986\n\n 38\n 463\n Donna Summer, The Staple Singers\n September 20, 2008\n December 15, 1984\n\n\nNote: The airdates came from various sources like the Library of Congress files, the U.S. Copyright files, vintage TV Guides, and actual videos of the episodes themselves.\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of VeggieTales albums"	"Introduction"	"\n\nThe following is a list of albums released with songs from or based on the animated series '''''VeggieTales'''''.\n"	"''VeggieTunes''"	"\n'''''VeggieTunes''''' is the debut album released by Big Idea. It was originally released in 1995.\n\n===Track listing===\n#VeggieTales Theme Song \n#God is Bigger (Than the Boogie Man)\n#The Water Buffalo Song\n#King Darius Suite\n#Oh, No!\n#We've Got Some News\n#Fear Not, Daniel\n#You Were In His Hand\n# The Grapes of Wrath\n#Some Veggies Went to Sea\n#The Forgiveness Song\n#Busy, Busy\n#Love Your Neighbor\n#The Hairbrush Song\n#I Can Be Your Friend\n#What We Have Learned\n"	"''VeggieTunes 2''"	"\n'''''VeggieTunes 2''''' is an album released by Big Idea. It was released in 1998.\n\n===Track listing===\n#VeggieTales Theme Song\n#Dance of the Cucumber\n#Good Morning George\n#Think Of Me\n#The Bunny Song (Reprise)\n#The Bunny Song (New & Improved)\n#Stand Up!\n#Stand Up! (Reprise)\n#Love My Lips\n#Big Things Too\n#The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything\n#It's Laura's Fault\n#LarryBoy Theme Song\n#The Promise Land\n#The Lord Has Given\n#Keep Walking\n#The Lord Has Given (Reprise)\n#The Promise Land (Reprise)\n#The Song of the Ceb\u00fa\n#What Have We Learned\n"	"''VeggieTunes: A Queen, A King and A Very Blue Berry''"	"\n\n'''''VeggieTunes: A Queen, A King and A Very Blue Berry''''' is an album released by Big Idea. It was released in 2000.\n\n===Track listing===\n#VeggieTales Theme Song\n#I'm So Blue\n#Stuff-Mart Suite\n#Salesmunz Rap\n#Thankfulness Song\n#Stuff Stuff, Mart Mart (The Blue Danube)\n#His Cheeseburger\n#The Yodeling Veterinarian of the Alps\n#I Love My Duck\n#I Must Have It\n#There Once Was a Man\n#The Selfish Song\n#Endangered Love\n#The Battle Prelude\n#Haman's Song\n#The Battle Is Not Ours\n#Lost Puppies\n#What Have We Learned\n"	"''Veggie Rocks''"	"\n\n'''''VeggieTales: Veggie Rocks!''''' is an album released in 2004 of Silly Songs and various other songs from ''VeggieTales'' covered by popular Christian rock bands.\n\n===Track listing===\n# \"VeggieTales Theme Song\" - Rebecca St. James (3:41)\n# \"I Love My Lips\" - Stevenson (4:11)\n# \"Promised Land\" - Sanctus Real (3:05)\n# \"In The Belly of the Whale\" - Newsboys (3:15)\n# \"The Water Buffalo Song\" - Superchick (2:58)\n# \"I'm So Blue\" - Paul Colman (3:16)\n# \"Hairbrush Song\" - Audio Adrenaline (5:13)\n# \"The Pirates Who Don't Do Anything\" - Relient K (2:14)\n# \"I Can be Your Friend\" - The O.C. Supertones (2:45)\n# \"His Cheeseburger\" - Tait (2:44)\n# \"Stand\" - Skillet (4:11)\n\n===Reviews===\n*Christian Music Today   link\n*Jesus Freak Hideout   link\n"	"''A Very Veggie Easter''"	"\n'''''A Very Veggie Easter''''' is an album released by EMI and Big Idea as a tie with the release of the ''VeggieTales'' episode ''An Easter Carol''. It was released in 2006.\n\n===Track listing===\n\n# \"Hosanna Lord Hosanna\"\n# \"All Around the World\"\n# \"Christ The Lord Is Risen Today\"\n# \"The Easter Bunny Hop\"\n# \"The Easter Song\"\n# \"How Now Easter Cow\"\n# \"Count Your Eggs\"\n# \"An Empty Egg\"\n# \"Hope's Song (re-recording from An Easter Carol)\"\n# \"First Things First\"\n# \"Christ The Lord Is Risen Today\"\n# \"I Know That My Redeemer Liveth\"\n\nAll Songs By Mike Nawrocki & Kurt Heinecke\n(c) 2005-6 Bob & Larry Publishing\n"	"''Christian Hit Music''"	"\n'''''Christian Hit Music''''' features ''VeggieTales'' characters singing hits from current Christian music artists.\n\n===Track listing===\n#Big House - (originally by Audio Adrenaline)\n#In the Light - (originally by dcTalk)\n#Flood - (originally by Jars of Clay)   \n#I Can Only Imagine - (originally by MercyMe) \n#Shine (originally by Newsboys)\n#Dive - (originally by Steven Curtis Chapman)\n#Meant To Live - (originally by Switchfoot)\n#Sadie Hawkins Dance - (originally by Relient K)  \n#Baby, Baby - (originally by Amy Grant)\n#I'll Take You There - (originally by The Staple Singers)\n#Blue Skies \n#Made to Love - (originally by tobyMac) \n#Smellin' Coffee - (originally by Chris Rice)\n#Trumpet of Jesus - (originally by The Imperials)  \n#Place in this World - (originally by Michael W. Smith)\n\nAll Songs by Mike Nawrocki\n(c) 2007 Bob & Larry Publishing\n\n===Reviews===\n*Jesus Freak Hideout   link\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"List of women's football clubs in Japan"	"Introduction"	"\n\nHere is a list of women's football clubs in Japan.  There are lots of football league, including Nadeshiko League, Challenge League and regional leagues.  There are also the leagues for University / College football clubs.\n"	" L. League "	"=== Nadeshiko.League Div.1 (from 2017) ===\n\n*NTV Beleza (Inagi, Tokyo)\n*INAC Kobe Leonessa (Kobe)\n*AC Nagano Parceiro Ladies (Nagano)\n*Vegalta Sendai Ladies (Sendai)\n*Albirex Niigata Ladies (Seiro & Niigata, Niigata)\n*Iga Football Club Kunoichi (Iga, Mie)\n*JEF United Ichihara Chiba Ladies (Ichihara, Chiba)\n*Urawa Red Diamonds Ladies (Saitama)\n*Nojima Stella Kanagawa Sagamihara (Sagamihara, Kanagawa)\n*Chifure AS Elfen Saitama (Sayama, Saitama)\n\n=== Nadeshiko.League Div.2 (from 2017) ===\n\n*Konomiya Speranza Osaka-Takatsuki (Takatsuki, Osaka)\n*Okayama Yunogo Belle (Mimasaka, Okayama)\n*Cerezo Osaka Sakai Ladies (Sakai, Osaka)\n*Ehime F.C. Ladies (Matsuyama, Ehime)\n*Sfida Setagaya F.C. (Setagaya, Tokyo)\n*Nippon Sport Science University Fields Yokohama (Yokohama)\n*AS Harima ALBION (Himeji, Hyogo)\n*Nippatsu Yokohama F.C. Seagulls (Yokohama)\n*F.C. Kibi International University Charme (Takahashi, Okayama)\n*Orca Kamogawa F.C. (Kamogawa, Chiba)\n\n=== Challenge League (-Div.3- from 2017) ===\n==== East ====\n\n*Yamato Sylphid (Yamato, Kanagawa)\n*Norddea Hokkaido (Sapporo)\n*Tokiwagi Gakuen High School L.S.C. (Sendai)\n*Niigata University of Health and Welfare L.S.C. (Niigata)\n*Tsukuba F.C. Ladies (Tsukuba)\n*F.C.Jumonji Ventus (Tokyo)\n\n==== West ====\n*Angeviolet Hiroshima (Hiroshima)\n*Shizuoka Sangyo University Iwata Bonita (Iwata, Shizuoka)\n*Bunnys Kyoto S.C. (Nagaokakyo, Kyoto)\n*JFA Academy Fukushima L.F.C. (Fukushima)\n*Fukuoka J. Anclas (Kasuga, Fukuoka)\n*NGU Nagoya F.C. Ladies (Nagoya)\n\n===Past participating===\n*Nissan F.C. Ladies\n*Tokyo SHiDAX L.S.C. (ex Shinko Seiko F.C. Clair)\n*Fujita Soccer Club Mercury\n*Nikko Securities Dream Ladies\n*Shiroki F.C. Serena\n*OKI F.C. Winds\n*Suzuyo Shimizu F.C. Lovely Ladies\n*Urawa Ladies F.C.\n*Tasaki Perule F.C.\n*TEPCO Mareeze\n*Aguilas Kobe\n*Hoyo Sukarabu F.C.\n"	"Regional League"	"There are eight regional women's football/soccer leagues in Japan; Tohoku region does not have women's regional league.\n\n=== Hokkaido ===\n*Hokkaido Bunkyo Univ. Meisei High School L.F.C.\n*Hokkaido\u3000Otani Muroran High School L.F.C.\n*Sapporo Univ. L.S.C. Vista\n*Club Fields Linda\n*Otaru Hokusyo Corsa'rio\n*Hokkaido Lira Consadole\n\n=== Hokushinetsu ===\n*Japan Soccer College Ladies\n*Niigata University of Health and Welfare L.S.C. \n*Albirex Niigata Ladies U-18\n*Hokuriku University\n*F.C. Schlo\u00df Matsumoto\n*Toyama Ladies S.C.\n*Granscena Niigata F.C. Ladies\n*AC Shinsyu University\n*Fukui University of Technology L.F.C.\n*Japan Soccer College Ladies\n*AC Nagano Parceiro\u3000Schwester\n\n=== Kanto ===\n====Div.1====\n*Waseda University Association F.C. Ladies\n*Urawa Red Diamonds Ladies Youth\n*JEF United Ichihara Chiba Ladies U-18\n*NTV Menina\n*Kantogakuen University L.S.C.\n*Tokyo International University L.S.C.\n*University of Tsukuba Women's Soccer Team\n*Kanagawa University L.S.C.\n\n====Div.2====\n*Keiogijyuku University L.S.C.\n*Musashigaoka Jr. College Ciencia\n*Syobi University L.S.C.\n*Maebashiikuei High School\n*Mito Eiko F.C. Ibaragi Ladies\n*Kokushikan University L.S.C.\n*Toyo University L.S.C.\n*Nihonkouku High School L.S.C.\n\n=== Tokai ===\n====Div.1====\n*Tokoha Tachibana High School\n*Fujieda Junshin High School\n*Iwata Higashi High School\n*Aichi Toho University\n*Iga F.C. Kunoichi satellite\n*NGU Nagoya F.C. Ladies Youth\n\n====Div.2====\n*Shimizudaihachi Pleiades\n*F.C. Gifu Belta\n*Kariya F.C. Project Sonia\n*Tokoha Tachibana junior High School\n*Shigakkan University\n*Fujieda Junshin S.C. Junior Blue\n\n=== Kansai ===\n====Div.1====\n*Cerezo Osaka Sakai Girls\n*Daisho Gakuen High School L.S.C.\n*FC VICTORIES\n*Renaissgakuen Koga Ladies\n*Takarazuka El Baile Ladies F.C.\n*INAC Kobe Leoncheena\n*Kobe F.C. Ladies\n*F.C. Vitoria\n*Kyoto Shiko Soccer Club Ladies\n*Konomiya Speranza U-18\n\n====Div.2====\n*Kainan F.C. Ladies SHOUT\n*F.C. Terra\n*F.C. Osaka CRAVO\n*Ritto F.C. Libro\n*Osaka City Lady's F.C.\n*Menina Kobe S.C.\n*Vispo Sayama\n*Ootsu Victories S.C.\n*Diablossa Takada F.C. Ladies\n*Riseisya F.C.\n\n=== Chugoku ===\n\n*Tokuyama Univ. L.F.C\n*Hiroshima Ohkoh F.C. Ladies\n*Diosa Izumo F.C.\n*Freyia F.C. Venus\n*Aosaki Soccer Club HANAKO\n*F.C. RE'VE\n*Bingo Fucyu TAM-S\n*Yamato Nadeshiko\n*Sakuyo High School L.S.C.\n*Okayama Yunogo Belle U-18\n*Bunkyo High School L.S.C.\n*Iwakuni Angels\n\n=== Shikoku ===\n*Kochi Ganador F.C.\n*Naruto Uzushio High School L.S.C.\n*Trefle F.C. Fille\n*Shikoku Gakuin University L.S.C.\n\n=== Kyushu ===\n====Div.1====\n*Mashiki Renaissance Kumamoto F.C.\n*Kunimi F.C. Ladies\n*Yanagigaura High School L.S.C.\n*Oita Trinita Ladies\n*New Wave KitaKyusyu Ladies\n*Fukuoka Jo-Gakuin High School L.S.C.\n*F.C. Alegre Caminho\n*Syugakukan High School L.S.C.\n*Kumamoto United S.C.\n\n====Div.2====\n*Fukuoka J Anclas Nova\n*Melsa Kumamoto F.C.\n*Fukuoka Univ. Women's Football Team\n*Je Vrille Kagoshima\n*Tokai Univ. Fukuoka Women's Football Team\n*Kyushu Kyoritsu Univ. Women's Football Team\n*Vicsale Okinawa Nabiita\n*Ryukyu Deigos\n"	"References"	"\n"	"See also"	"*Women's football (soccer)\n*Women's football around the world\n*L. League\n*Empress's Cup\n\n\n\n\n"
"Looney Tunes Racing"	"Introduction"	"\n'''''Looney Tunes Racing''''' is a kart racing video game released for the PlayStation and Game Boy Color and published by Infogrames. It was released in 2000 in North America and in 2001 in Europe.\n"	"Gameplay"	"''Looney Tunes Racing'' features different power-ups that are slightly unusual for the genre\u2014instead of random pickups as in most racing games, racers collect tokens of various colors which are used to charge various power-ups. Six power-ups are available, and only the current level power-up may be activated. Also available are environmental hazards, triggered by driving through an 'ACME gag-activation arch', generally aimed further ahead on the track.\n\n===Championship===\nThe game features a season ('Championship') mode with three different levels, each with four (Rascal), five (Stinker), or six (Despicable) races. All tracks are unique. Each race features six racers, and awards ten points for finishing in first place, six points for second place, and four points for third place. Finishing in fourth place or lower requires the player to use a continue (of which he or she has three) to retry the race. Winning a championship unlocks a bonus level and a character. Winning the Despicable championship also leads to either a specific ending movie (for one of the starting characters) or a generic showing of the trophy (for the hidden ones). The ending movie shows the results of your character's wish, awarded by Smokey the genie (although he always congratulates them for winning 'the race', not the series).\n\n===Single Race===\nOne can race on individual tracks, unlocked once they are won in 'Championship' mode. Also found here are three bonus levels won in 'Championship' mode.\n\n===Acme Challenge===\nThese are fifteen special races divided into three 'floors' of five events each. The last event for each floor is a race on a short track against a secret character (Porky Pig, Elmer Fudd, or Gossamer). The other four events range from collecting icons (gather a certain number of icons around an arena) to racing with specific conditions (no brakes, for example) to time trials. Winning each event recovers an artifact from the museum. Each event can end with failure or a medal for success: bronze (minimum win), silver (slightly tougher), or gold (toughest). Winning a medal on each event unlocks the next floor; winning a medal on all events on the third floor unlocks the 'Challenge' ending movie, where the Acme museum is (temporarily) reopened.\n\n===Multiplayer===\nTwo players can either race, battle, or try 'Wacky', which brings up random events for the two to try. Note that in battle mode, the two most powerful powerups are deactivated for battle events. For race events, the bonus levels are replaced by the short speedways used in the challenge events.\n"	"Characters"	"''Looney Tunes Racing'' features nineteen characters (six default characters and thirteen unlockable characters).\n\n===Default characters===\n* Bugs Bunny\n* Marvin the Martian\n* Lola Bunny\n* Daffy Duck\n* Tasmanian Devil\n* Wile E. Coyote\n\n===Unlockable characters===\n* Yosemite Sam\n* Sylvester the Cat\n* Foghorn Leghorn\n* Pepe Le Pew\n* Elmer Fudd\n* Porky Pig\n* Gossamer\n* Granny\n* Duck Dodgers\n* Evil Scientist\n* Rocky\n* Smokey the Genie\n* Hector\n"	"Voice cast"	"* Billy West as Bugs Bunny, Pepe Le Pew, and Elmer Fudd\n* Maurice LaMarche as Yosemite Sam\n* Bill Farmer as Foghorn Leghorn\n* Bob Bergen as Porky Pig\n* June Foray as Granny\n* Joe Alaskey as Daffy Duck, Sylvester the Cat, Gossamer, Rocky, Marvin the Martian, Tweety Bird, Smokey the Genie, and Evil Scientist\n* Kath Soucie as Lola Bunny\n* Jim Cummings as Tasmanian Devil\n"	"Reception"	"\nThe PlayStation version received \"average\" reviews according to video game review aggregator Metacritic.\n\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Hare Extraordinaire"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Looney Tunes Super Stars' Bugs Bunny: Hare Extraordinaire''''' is a DVD of 15 new-to-DVD Bugs Bunny cartoons released on August 10, 2010. Along with ''Daffy Duck: Frustrated Fowl'', these two DVDs are the successor to the ''Looney Tunes Golden Collection'' series. None of the cartoons featured in this DVD were previously found on the ''Golden Collection'' sets.\n"	"Contents"	":''All cartoons on this disc star Bugs Bunny''.\n\n\n#\nTitle\nCo-Stars\nRelease Date\nDirector\nSeries\n\n1\n''Mutiny on the Bunny''\nSam\n\nFriz Freleng\nLT\n\n2\n''Bushy Hare''\nHippety Hopper\n\nRobert McKimson\nLT\n\n3\n''Hare We Go''\n\n\nRobert McKimson\nMM\n\n4\n''Foxy by Proxy''\n\n\nFriz Freleng\nMM\n\n5\n''Hare Trimmed''\nGranny, Sam\n\nFriz Freleng\nMM\n\n6\n^''Lumber Jack-Rabbit''*\nCharlie\n\nChuck Jones\nLT\n\n7\n^''Napoleon Bunny-Part''\nMugsy\n\nFriz Freleng\nMM\n\n8\n^''Bedevilled Rabbit''\nTaz, She-Devil\n\nRobert McKimson\nMM\n\n9\n''^Apes of Wrath''\nDrunken Stork, Grusome Gorilla, Daffy Duck (Cameo)\n\nFriz Freleng\nMM\n\n10\n^''From Hare to Heir''\nSam\n\nFriz Freleng\nMM\n\n11\n^''Lighter Than Hare''\nSam\n\nFriz Freleng\nMM\n\n12\n''^The Million Hare''\nDaffy\n\nRobert McKimson\nLT\n\n13\n^''Mad as a Mars Hare''\nMarvin\n\nChuck Jones\nMM\n\n14\n^''Dr. Devil and Mr. Hare''\nTaz\n\nRobert McKimson\nMM\n\n15\n''^False Hare''\nBig Bad Wold, Wolf Jr., Foghorn Leghorn(Cameo)\n\nRobert McKimson\nLT\n\n\n\n(^) - Cropped to widescreen.\n\n(*) - 3D version (1.66:1 newly restored) only on Blu-Ray 3D\n"	" Controversies "	"This was one of two first Looney Tunes Super Stars that released the majority of some of the cartoons from the post-1953 era, but in a 1:85 widescreen format. Warner Bros. has stated the reason for this was because that's how the post-1953 cartoons were shown in theater, which made many collectors upset as cartoons were filmed in Academy full-screened ratio, not widescreen.\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Loyal Griggs"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Loyal Griggs''', A.S.C. (August 15, 1906May 6, 1978), was an American cinematographer.\n\nGriggs joined the staff of Paramount Pictures in 1924 after graduating from school and initially worked at the studio's process department. He was promoted from assistant photographer to second unit photographer to camera process photographer, before becoming director of photography for three 1951 releases: ''Crosswinds'', ''Passage West'' and ''The Last Outpost''. Griggs won the Academy Award for Best Cinematography for the 1953 Western ''Shane''. \nGriggs was part of the production team who received an Academy Honorary Award at the 11th Academy Awards for their efforts on the Paramount film ''Spawn of the North''.\n\nGriggs' other Paramount films as cinematographer included the 1954 musical ''White Christmas'', the 1956 Cecil B. DeMille epic ''The Ten Commandments'', and the Jerry Lewis comedies ''The Sad Sack'' (1957) and ''Visit to a Small Planet'' (1960).  He was also the cinematographer on George Stevens\u2019 1965 United Artists release ''The Greatest Story Ever Told''.  His final film was the 1971 American International Pictures comedy ''Bunny O'Hare'' starring Bette Davis and Ernest Borgnine.\n"	"Selected filmography"	"*''Hot News'' (1928)\n*''White Christmas'' (1954)\n*''The Ten Commandments'' (1956)\n*''The Sad Sack'' (1957)\n*''Visit to a Small Planet'' (1960)\n*''The Greatest Story Ever Told'' (1965)\n*''Bunny O'Hare'' (1971)\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Lucas Entertainment"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Lucas Entertainment''' is a New York-based gay pornographic studio started by porn star Michael Lucas. It is one of the largest such studios in the world. The studio is known for lavish, big-budget movies, and it contends that its 2006 film ''Michael Lucas' La Dolce Vita'' is the most expensive gay porn ever made. The film won 14 GayVN awards in 2007, the current record.\n\nTo expand its direction, the studio hired mr. Pam Dor\u00e9, gay adult film's only female videographer, as creative director of film and production in August 2008. Dor\u00e9, who began her career at Falcon Video in 1996, was nominated for best director and cinematography at the GayVN Awards for the studio's 2008 ''Return to Fire Island''.\n\nIn May 2009, Lucas Entertainment announced that it was filming on location the first gay porn movie with only Israeli models, billing it as an effort to promote Israeli culture. The company subsequently launched its Men of Israel microsite introducing the actors and film concept. Lucas has called the film his most important, and journalists from ''The Atlantic'', ''Out Magazine'' and ''Yediot Aharonot'' noted it as a landmark film as the first pornographic movie shot on location with an all-Israeli cast; while ''Tablet Magazine'' and the ''Los Angeles Times'' remarked on it being the first to feature an all-Jewish cast.\n\nIn July, the studio announced on Lucas's blog that it will open a European headquarters in Paris, the site of its current production, ''Paris Playboys''. In 2013 Lucas Entertainment went from being exclusively a condom-only studio to filming and releasing \"bareback\" sex content.\n"	"History"	"In 1998 Lucas founded his own production company, Lucas Entertainment, with money he earned from working as a male escort. He based the company in New York City (rather than Los Angeles, where many of the other pornography studios are located), in part, to take advantage of the lack of competition.\n\nIn 2004, Lucas Distribution, Inc., his adult video distribution company, began operations. Lucas directs, produces and stars in his own films under the Lucas Entertainment banner.\nIn March 2009 the studio hired Mr. Pam Dor\u00e9 as creative director of film and production. Dor\u00e9 was the videographer and editor for NakedSword's Tim & Roma Show. Dor\u00e9, a 12-year veteran of the business, had shot and edited award-winning movies for COLT Studio Group and Black Scorpion Entertainment, amongst others. She was nominated at the 2009 GayVN Awards for best director and cinematography for the studio's 2008 ''Return to Fire Island''. In an interview, mr. Pam stated that she fulfills many roles on set, including \"kick-ass cameraman, slutty friend or 'Mommy' if the boys need a hug or someone to talk with.\"\n\nThe studio announced on Lucas's blog in July 2009 that it was opening a European headquarters in Paris. The new office will centralize production services, including casting, filming, and promotions. The studio last filmed in France in October 2001 for ''Inside Paris'', and announced it was to begin filming ''Paris Playboys'' in the city's gay district, Le Marais.\n"	"Productions"	"A fluffer hands Jake Starr and Erik Grant accouterments for a scene in the studio's 2008 production ''Pounding the Pavement''.\nThe studio is known for lavish, big-budget productions that approach gay pornography combining technical filmmaking expertise and raunch. The studio released its ''Gigolo'' in 2007. The film explored the underworld of New York City escorting and hustling. When same-year ''The Intern'' won more GayVN Awards than the big production ''Gigolo'', studio head Lucas was bothered, stating that \"even a retard\" would not have chosen the one over the other.\n\n=== Michael Lucas' Dangerous Liaisons ===\n\nIn the summer of 2005 Lucas released ''Michael Lucas' Dangerous Liaisons''; the film featured celebrity cameos from RuPaul, Boy George, Graham Norton, Bruce Vilanch, Lady Bunny, Amanda Lepore, and Michael Musto.\n\n=== Michael Lucas' La Dolce Vita ===\n\nIn 2006, the studio released ''Michael Lucas' La Dolce Vita Parts 1 & 2'', a gay pornographic remake of the 1960 Fellini classic ''La Dolce Vita''. At a budget of $250,000, the studio contends it is the most expensive gay pornographic film ever made. The film won a record fourteen awards at the 2007 GayVN Awards, winning in every category in which it was nominated.\n\nIn February 2007, International Media Films, Inc., which owns the rights to Fellini's ''La Dolce Vita'', filed suit against Lucas (as Andrei Treivas Bregman), Lucas Entertainment, Inc., and Lucas Distribution, Inc. for trademark and copyright infringement. The lawsuit seeks to collect unspecified damages and to stop sales of ''Michael Lucas' La Dolce Vita Parts 1 & 2''. At the preliminary injunction hearing in April, 2007, the attorney for the plaintiff asked the judge to enjoin further distribution of Lucas' film, which he refused to do.\n\n===Men of Israel===\n\nOn location for the filming of the 2009 release ''Men of Israel'', the first adult film to use exclusively Jewish models.\nIn May 2009, Lucas Entertainment filmed the first gay porn film using only Israeli models. The production was billed as a sexual journey to promote Israeli culture. In June 2009 the company launched its ''Men of Israel'' website to promote the film, which announced its release for July 22.\n\nThe film received press coverage. Writing in ''Tablet Magazine'', Wayne Hoffman observed that although mainstream publications from ''The Atlantic'' to ''Out Magazine'' to ''Yedioth Aharonoth'' called the project a landmark as the first gay adult film to feature an all-Israeli cast, Hoffman felt it was a landmark for featuring the first all-Jewish cast.\n\nThe openly all-Jewish cast was also remarked upon by the ''Los Angeles Times'' blog, which noted that whenever Jews are more open about their Jewish identity it is a \"healthy development\".\n\nLucas, however, openly opposed the New York City's Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Community Center's recent (2011) decision to allow a group that opposes Israeli government policies toward Palestinians to meet there.  \"Calling the Center an 'anti-Israeli nest' and Glennda Testone the Center's executive director and Mario Palumbo, the Center's board president, 'staunch anti-Zionists,' Lucas, in a series of emails, asked friends to stop donating to the Center and to contact elected officials to stop any government support.\" \"Asked ... to compare the response to his most recent boycott threat to an earlier one, Lucas wrote, 'This group has had their first and last meeting in the Center. If someone fucks with Israel, I fuck them back. And I usually win.'\u201d\n"	"Film lines"	"'''Lucas Entertainment''' \u2013 The flagship brand featuring gay sex with men in their 20s and 30s.\n\n'''Lucas Raunch''' \u2013 An extreme fetish line. The first releases were ''FARTS!'' and ''PISS!''. In February 2009 the Canada Border Services Agency detained and banned both films. The CBSA's ''Policy On The Classification Of Obscene Material'' states that the \"ingestion of someone else's urine... with a sexual purpose\" made the films obscene, which was cause for banning them.\n\n'''Sex In Suits''' \u2013 The studio's third line to be launched as its own independent website. Sex In Suits collects Lucas Entertainment's \"Gentlemen\" line of gay adult films featuring men in suits and other business-oriented items. The scenes are filmed in professional settings, allowing the studio to take advantage of its New York City home base. Current scenes on the Sex In Suits website feature bareback sex content.\n"	"Publicity campaigns"	"In 2007 LE sent out a fake press release stating that Lucas had been found dead in his apartment. A photo accompanying the release showed what appeared to be a bound, lifeless Lucas with a conspicuous bruise on his face.  ''New York'' magazine's ''Daily Intel'' blog questioned the timing of the stunt, which occurred one week after the surprise death of New York performer and Velvet Mafia singer Dean Johnson. The resulting media attention won the studio an Xbiz Award for Best Publicity Stunt.\n\nIn conjunction with the German publisher Bruno Gm\u00fcnder, the studio released the photography book ''Michael Lucas' Gigolos'', which featured many LE models in highly sexualized situations. It included work by photographer Joe Oppedisano, and was lauded for its high production quality as it was designed to be a pornographic fashion book to accompany the studio's film release ''Gigolos''.\n\nAfter the Lucas Raunch releases ''FARTS!'' and ''PISS!'' were banned in Canada, Lucas released a letter in the media addressed to President Barack Obama asking for him to intercede on the studio's behalf at an upcoming summit with the Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper.\n\nThe LGBT blog ''Queerty'' responded to a studio marketing video that showed Michael Lucas simulating oral sex both with and on a Barbie doll. While acknowledging the overt attempt to draw traffic to his site with the video as linkbait, ''Queerty'' expressed admiration for Lucas' ability to create buzz for his company in the rapidly changing adult entertainment industry.\n"	"Awards and recognition"	"The studio has garnered many GayVN Awards and Adult Erotic Gay Video Awards (\"Grabbys\") nominations and wins.\n\nTimothy Greenfield-Sanders profiled Lucas in his 2004 book ''XXX: 30 Porn Star Photographs'' and the accompanying HBO documentary ''Thinking XXX''. Greenfield-Sanders asked Lucas, then still primarily known as a performer, for a list of his ten favorite films; the films he listed were all from his own production company.\n\nAt the 2009 GayVN Awards studio head Lucas was inducted into the GayVN Hall of Fame.\n\nThe studio also received a nomination for a 2010 XBIZ Award in the category of GLBT Company of the Year.\n\n\n\n Year\n Film\n Actors\n Awards\n\n 2000\n ''Fire Island Cruising''\n Michael Lucas\n GayVN Award for Best Solo Performance\n\n2001\n ''Top to Bottom''\n\n GayVN Award for Best Ethnic-Themed Video\n\n ''Vengeance''\n Chad HuntErik MartinsCarlos Morales\n GayVN Award for Best ThreesomeGrabby Award for Best Threesome\n\n2004\n ''Michael Lucas' Auditions 1''\n\n GayVN Awards for Best PRO/AM Release\n\n2005\n ''Michael Lucas' Dangerous Liaisons''\n Gus MattoxMichael LucasKent Larson\n Grabby Award for Best Actor (Mattox)GayVN Awards for Best DVD Extras/Special Edition; Best Screenplay (Tony DiMarco); Best Supporting Actor (Larson); Best Picture;\n\n ''Michael Lucas' Auditions 4''\n\n GayVN Awards for Best PRO/AM Release\n\n2006\n ''Michael Lucas' La Dolce Vita''\n Michael LucasSpencer QuestJason RidgeDerrick Hanson\n GayVN Awards for Best Actor (Lucas); Best Art Direction; Best Director (Lucas and Tony DiMarco); Best DVD Extras/Special Edition; Best Editing (Frank Tyler); Best Marketing Campaign; Best Music (Nekked); Best Non-Sex Performance (Savanna Samson); Best Packaging; Best Screenplay (Tony DiMarco); Best Supporting Actor (Quest); Best Threesome (Lucas/Ridge/Hanson); Best Videography; Best Picture;\n\n2007\n ''The Intern''\n Christian Cruz\n GayVN Awards for Best Non-Sex Performance (Jason Shepard); Best Renting Title of 2007; Best Sex Comedy; Best Supporting Actor (Cruz)\n\n2008\n ''Brother Reunion''\n\n GayVN Awards for Best Non-Sex Performance (Lady Bunny)\n\n ''Return to Fire Island''\n\n GayVN Awards for Best Packaging\n\n\n2011\n\n\n XBIZ Award for Gay Web Company of the Year\n\n\n2012\n ''Assassin''\n\nXBIZ Award for Gay Movie of the Year\n\n\n2013\n\n\nXBIZ Award for Gay Studio of the year\n\n\n2014\n ''Original Sinners''\n\nXBIZ Award for Gay Movie of the Year\n\n\n\n"	"Notable Directors"	"* Michael Lucas\n* mr. Pam\n"	"Notable performers"	"\n* D.O.\n* Vito Gallo\n* Rod Daily\n* Andy O'Neill\n* Tag Adams\n* Chris Crocker\n* Rafael Alencar\n* Ben Andrews\n* Rod Barry\n* Nick Capra\n* Matt Cole\n* Adam Killian\n* Eddie Diaz\n* Derrick Hanson\n* Steve Holmes\n* Wolf Hudson\n* Brett M. Hunt\n* Chad Hunt\n* Wilfried Knight\n* Michael Lucas\n* Gus Mattox\n* Arpad Miklos\n* Vin Nolan\n* Spencer Quest\n* Zack Randall\n* Jason Ridge\n* Cole Ryan\n* Rob Romoni\n* Sahaj\n* Matan Shalev\n* Joe Strong\n* Jonathan Vargas\n* Jackson Wild\n* Naor Tal\n* Scott Tanner\n* Manuel Torres\n* Diesel Washington\n* Kurt Wild\n\n"	"See also"	"\n* List of performers in gay porn films\n* List of gay pornographic movie studios\n* Pornography\n*  Video Interview with Michael Lucas at Philadelphia's QFest 2010\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  Lucas Entertainment website\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Lucien Dodge"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Lucien Dodge''' (born June 24, 1984) is an American voice actor who does work in animation, anime and video games.\n\nHe has been heard in commercials endorsing products such as Pop Tarts, Minute Maid, Verizon Wireless, Kellogg's and Chevrolet. He is mostly known for his characters in anime such as Waver Velvet in ''Fate/Zero'', Maron and Chilli in ''Pok\u00e9mon'', Takumu Mayuzumi in ''Accel World'', and the title character of the video game ''Dust: An Elysian Tail''. He has also read for audio books for Live Oak Media. Dodge has appeared on voice acting panels at T-Mode, Otakon, and NohCon, has been a special guest teacher at NYU, and had appeared at the National Audio Theater Festival for six consecutive years. He currently lives in Los Angeles, California.\n"	"Filmography"	"\n===Anime===\n* ''Ajin: Demi-Human'' \u2013 Masumi Okuyama\n* ''Accel World'' \u2013 Takumu Mayuzumi (Cyan Pile)\n* ''Aldnoah.Zero'' \u2013 Yutaro Tsumugi\n* ''The Asterisk War'' - Shuma Sakon\n* ''B-Daman CrossFire'' \u2013 Takakura\n* ''Bleach'' \u2013 Yukio Hans Vorarlberna\n* ''Blood Lad'' \u2013 Akim Papradon\n* ''Charlotte'' - Jojiro Takajo\n* ''Fate/stay night: Unlimited Blade Works'' \u2013 Lord El-Melloi II (Ep. 25)\n* ''Fate/Zero'' \u2013 Waver Velvet\n* ''God Eater'' - Kota Fujiki\n* ''Hunter \u00d7 Hunter'' 2011 series \u2013 Katzo (Ep. 1), Man A (ep2), Matthew (ep2), Imori, Sedokan\n* ''K'' \u2013 Adolf K. Weismann (Silver King), Tatara Totsuka, Masaomi Dewa\n* ''Kill la Kill'' \u2013 Jiro Suzaku (Ep. 14), Kenta Sakuramiya (Ep. 14), Additional Voices\n* ''Magi: The Labyrinth of Magic'' \u2013 Ja'far\n* ''Mobile Suit Gundam: Iron-Blooded Orphans'' - Norba Shino\n* ''Mobile Suit Gundam: The Origin'' - Amuro Ray\n* ''Naruto Shippuden'' \u2013 Additional Voices\n* ''Pok\u00e9mon'' \u2013 Chili, Maron, Thomas \n* ''Pok\u00e9mon Origins'' \u2013 Blue, Silver\n* ''Sailor Moon'' \u2013 Zoisite, Motoki Furuhata (Viz dub)\n* ''Sailor Moon Crystal'' \u2013 Zoisite, Motoki Furuhata\n* ''The Seven Deadly Sins'' \u2013 Simon\n* ''Sword Art Online'' \u2013 Keita (Ep. 3)\n* ''Tiger & Bunny'' \u2013 Isaac, Kotetsu T. Kaburagi (Young), Additional Voices\n\n===Animation===\n* ''Speed of Magic'' \u2013 Nello\n* ''Surface'' \u2013 Nathaniel Jenson\n* ''The Backwater Gospel'' \u2013 Minister, Fearful Townsperson\n* ''TOME: Terrain of Magical Expertise'' \u2013 Ravenfreak (Ep. 3)\n* ''Tree Fu Tom'' \u2013 Tom (American version)\n* ''True Tail'' \u2013 Caleb the squire cat\n* ''XIN'' \u2013 Kiz\n\n===Films===\n* ''Batman Unlimited: Mechs vs. Mutants'' \u2013 Damian Wayne/Robin\n* ''Naruto Shippuden the Movie: The Lost Tower'' \u2013 Sarai\n\n===Video games===\n* ''Aquaria'' \u2013 The Creator\n* ''Atelier Shallie: Alchemists of the Dusk Sea'' \u2013 Kortes\n* ''Backstage Pass'' \u2013 Lloyd Newton\n* ''Bladestorm Nightmare'' \u2013 Richard Beauchamp\n* ''Bravely Default'' \u2013 Victor S. Court\n* ''Dance Central 2'' \u2013 Kerith\n* ''Dance Central 3'' \u2013 Kerith\n* ''Danganronpa: Trigger Happy Havoc'' \u2013 Hifumi Yamada\n* ''Diablo III: Reaper of Souls'' \u2013 Monster Voice Effects\n* ''Dies Irae: Phantatiom Elements'' \u2013 Claude Alexandros Belthasar III\n* ''Disney Infinity'' \u2013 Additional voices\n* ''Dust: An Elysian Tail'' \u2013 Dust, Jin, Cassius \n* ''Dynasty Warriors 8'' \u2013 Li Dian\n* ''Guilty Gear Xrd'' \u2013 Sin Kiske\n* ''Heileen 2: The Hands of Fate'' \u2013 Black, Morgan, Otto\n* ''Heroes of Newerth'' \u2013 Cupid, Grinex the Riftstalker, Tetra\n* ''Inazuma Eleven'' \u2013 Jude Sharp, Steve Grim, Sam Kincaid, Byron Love\n* ''League of Legends \u2013 Mega Gnar\n* ''Mad Max'' \u2013 Buzzard, Additional voices\n* ''Pac-Man and the Ghostly Adventures'' \u2013 Blinky, Skeebo\n* ''Ragnarok Online 2'' \u2013 Various\n* ''Sequence'' \u2013 Caleb\n* ''Skylanders: Giants'' \u2013 Stadium voices\n* ''Skylanders: Swap Force'' \u2013 Stadium voices\n* ''SMITE'' \u2013 Sylvanus (Dr. Vanus skin)\n* ''The Legend of Heroes: Trails of Cold Steel'' \u2013 Eliot Craig\n* ''Time and Eternity'' \u2013 Zack\n* ''World of Warcraft: Warlords of Draenor'' \u2013 Young Durotan, Additional voices\n\n===Live-action dubbing===\n* ''Violetta'' \u2013 Tomas (English dub)\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  Official Website\n* \n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Mad as a Mars Hare"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Mad as a Mars Hare''''' is a 1963 Warner Bros. Merrie Melodies cartoon featuring Bugs Bunny and Marvin the Martian. The cartoon's title is a play-on-words of the famous phrase to be \"mad as a March hare\", the origins of which are disputed.\n\nThis marks  the final pairing of Bugs and Marvin, as well as the final appearance of the latter.\n"	"Plot"	"This cartoon begins with Marvin the Martian observing the planet Earth from Mars through a telescope. He is examining a rocket launch that is taking place. As he watches, the rocket takes off from Earth and soon appears to be heading straight towards him. Indeed, the rocket ploughs right through his observatory and once a shaken Marvin gets himself up, he says to the audience \"I'm not angry, just terribly, terribly hurt!\" Soon enough, the rocket lands on Mars, and a reluctant Bugs Bunny exits it. It is quickly apparent that he is the only occupant and he has been lured onto the rocket by a carrot and then sent to Mars as what Earth considered an expendable \u201castro-rabbit.\u201d\n\nBugs immediately claims Mars as his own (using a metal carrot with a flag inside which plays Yankee Doodle), in the name of Earth. However, Marvin does not agree with this and decides that he will not allow Bugs to take his planet away from him. After a failed attempt to disintegrate the rabbit with his disintegrating pistol (which resulted in Marvin getting disintegrated himself and going off to be re-integrated; \"Being disintegrated makes me very angry! huff, puff Very angry indeed!\"), Marvin gets his Time-Space Gun and intends to project Bugs forward into time so he can use him as a useful but harmless slave. However, when Marvin zaps Bugs he realises too late that he had the gun in reverse, so Bugs is reverted into a huge and muscular Neanderthal Rabbit, who immediately grabs Marvin and crushes him with just one hand; Marvin goes off to be regenerated again, while saying: \"Well, back to the old electronic brain!\" (a possible reference to Hare-Way to the Stars). Bugs then breaks the fourth Wall while speaking to the audience about how when he gets back to Earth old Elmer Fudd and the rest of the hunters are due for a ''big surprise'' before eating the metal carrot.\n"	"Availability"	"\"''Mad as a Mars Hare''\" is available on the ''Bugs Bunny: Hare Extraordinare'' DVD. However, it was cropped to widescreen. It is also being shown fully screened on the ''Looney Tunes Platinum Collection: Volume 1'' Blu-ray box-set. And it soon be available on the DVD version of the Looney Tunes Platinum Collection.\n"	"External links"	"*  Mad as a Mars Hare at Internet Movie Database\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Madhubala"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''Madhubala''' (14 February 1933 \u2013 23 February 1969) (born '''Mumtaz Jehan Dehlavi''') was an Indian film actress who appeared in classic films of Hindi cinema. She was active between 1942 and 1960. Along with her contemporaries Nargis and Meena Kumari, she is often regarded as one of the most influential personalities of Hindi cinema. She is also considered to be one of the most beautiful actresses to have worked in the industry and is highly regarded as  \"The Venus of Indian Cinema\" and \"The Beauty with Tragedy\".\n\nOften drawing comparison from American actress Marilyn Monroe, Madhubala received wide recognition for her performances in films like ''Mahal'' (1949), ''Amar'' (1954), ''Mr. & Mrs. '55'' (1955), ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi'' (1958), ''Mughal-e-Azam'' (1960) and ''Barsaat Ki Raat'' (1960). Madhubala's performance in ''Mughal-e-Azam'' established her as an iconic actress of Hindi Cinema. Her last film, ''Jwala'', although shot in the 1950s, was released in 1971. Madhubala died on 23 February 1969 after a prolonged illness.\n"	"Early life"	"\nMadhubala was born Mumtaz Jehan Dehlavi, on 14 February 1933 in Delhi, India. She was a native Pashto-speaker. Her father was Attaullah Khan, a Yusufzai Pashtun from the Swabi District of North-West Frontier Province(modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa of Pakistan), and her mother was Ayesha Begum. She belonged to an orthodox middle-class family and was the fifth of eleven children. After her father lost his job at the Imperial Tobacco Company in Peshawar, he relocated to Delhi followed by Mumbai. There, the family endured many hardships. Madhubala's three sisters and two brothers died at the age of five and six. The dock explosion and fire of April 14, 1944 wiped out their small home. The family survived only because they had gone to see a film at a local theater. With his six remaining daughters to provide for, Khan, and the young Madhubala, began to pay frequent visits to Bombay film studios to look for work. At the age of 9, this was Madhubala's introduction to the movie industry, which would provide financial help to her family. Madhubala married Kishore Kumar.\n"	"Early career"	"\nMadhubala's first movie, ''Basant'' (1942), was a box-office success. She acted as the daughter to a mother played by actress Mumtaz Shanti. As a child actress she went on to play in several movies. Actress Devika Rani was impressed by her performance and potential, and advised her to assume the screen name 'Madhubala', literally meaning \"honey belle\". Her first lead role, at the age of 14, was with producer Kidar Sharma when he cast her opposite Raj Kapoor in ''Neel Kamal'' (1947). This was the last film in which she was credited as Mumtaz before assuming her screen name 'Madhubala'. She achieved stardom and popularity in 1949 when she was cast as the lead in Bombay Talkies studio's ''Mahal'' \u2013 a role intended for well-known star Suraiya. Madhubala, with established actresses, screen-tested for the role before she was selected by the film's director Kamal Amrohi. The film was the third largest hit at the 1949 Indian box office. Following the success of ''Mahal'', Madhubala appeared in the box office hits ''Dulari'' (1949), ''Beqasoor'' (1950), ''Tarana'' (1951) and ''Badal'' (1951).\n"	"Hollywood interest"	"In the early 1950s, as Madhubala became one of the most sought-after actresses in India, she attracted interest from Hollywood. She appeared in the American magazine ''Theatre Arts'' where, in its August 1952 issue, she was featured in an article with a full page photograph under the title: \"The Biggest Star in the World - and she's not in Beverly Hills\". The article described Madhubala's immense popularity in India, and explored her wide appeal and large fan base. It also speculated on her potential international success. Academy Award winner American director Frank Capra, while visiting Bombay for International Film Festival of India, was keen to give her a break in Hollywood, but her father Ataullah Khan declined.\n"	"Stardom"	"\nMadhubala's co-stars Ashok Kumar, Raj Kapoor, Rehman, Pradeep Kumar, Shammi Kapoor, Dilip Kumar, Sunil Dutt and Dev Anand were the most popular of the period. She also appeared with Kamini Kaushal, Suraiya, Geeta Bali, Nalini Jaywant, Shyama and Nimmi, notable leading ladies. The directors she worked with, Mehboob Khan (''Amar''), Guru Dutt (''Mr. & Mrs. '55''), Kamal Amrohi (''Mahal'') and K. Asif (''Mughal-e-Azam''), were amongst the most prolific and respected. Madhubala also became a producer with the film ''Naata'' (1955), in which she also acted. She also produced ''Mahlon Ke Khwab'' (1960) and acted in it\n\nDuring the 1950s, Madhubala took starring roles in almost every genre of film being made at the time. Her 1950 film ''Hanste Aansoo'' was the first ever Hindi film to get an \"A\" \u2013 adults only \u2013 rating from the Central Board of Film Certification. She was the archetypal fair lady in the swashbuckler ''Badal'' (1951), and following this, an uninhibited village beauty in ''Tarana'' (1951). She played the traditional ideal of Indian womanhood in ''Sangdil'' (1952), and produced a comic performance as the spoilt heiress, Anita, in Guru Dutt's satire ''Mr. & Mrs. '55'' (1955). In 1956, she acted in costume dramas such as ''Shirin-Farhad'' and ''Raj-Hath'', and played a double role in the social drama ''Kal Hamara Hai'' (1959). In the mid-1950s, her films including the major ones like Mehboob Khan's ''Amar'' (1954) did not do well commercially. However, she bounced back between 1958 and 1960 when she starred in a series of hit films. These include ''Howrah Bridge'', opposite Ashok Kumar where she played the role of an Anglo-Indian Cabaret singer involved in Calcutta's Chinatown underworld. In the song ''Aaiye Meherebaan'' from this film, she lip-synced a torch song dubbed by Asha Bhosle which has remained popular to this day. Among other successful films, she played opposite Bharat Bhushan in ''Phagun''; Dev Anand in ''Kala Pani''; Kishore Kumar in ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi''; and Bharat Bushan again in ''Barsaat Ki Raat'' (1960). Then in 1960, she appeared in the magnum opus Mughal-e-Azam.\n\nMadhubala acted in as many as seventy films from 1947 to 1964, and only fifteen of which were box office successes. Dilip Kumar regrets that \"(h)ad she lived, and had she selected her films with more care, she would have been far superior to her contemporaries ...\" Kumar also points out that \"actresses those days faced a lot of difficulties and constraints in their career. Unable to assert themselves too much, they fell back on their families who became their caretakers and defined everything for them.\"\n"	"''Mughal-e-Azam'' and later work"	"It was the film ''Mughal-e-Azam'' that marked what many consider to be Madhubala's greatest and definitive characterization, as the doomed courtesan, Anarkali. Although the film took nine years to complete, it was not until 1953 when Madhubala was finally chosen for the role. Bunny Reuben in his Book ''Dilip Kumar: Star Legend of Indian Cinema'' claimed that Dilip Kumar's role was instrumental behind this selection. ''Mughal-e-Azam'' gave Madhubala the opportunity of fulfilling herself totally as an actress, for it was a role that all actresses dreamt of playing, as Nimmi acknowledges that \"as an actress, one gets a lot of roles, there is no shortage of them, but there isn\u2019t always good scope for acting. With ''Mughal-e-Azam'', Madhubala showed the world just what she could do.\"\n\nMadhubala in ''Mughal-e-Azam''However, by the late 1950s, her health was deteriorating rapidly, and director K. Asif, probably unaware of the extent of Madhubala's illness, required long shooting schedules that made physical demands on her, whether it was posing as a veiled statue in suffocating make-up for hours under the studio lights or being shackled with heavy chains. It was also a time when Madhubala's relationship with Dilip Kumar was fading out, and \"the lives of Madhubala and her screen character are consistently seen as overlapping, it is because of the overwhelming sense of loss and tragedy and the unrelenting diktat of destiny that clung to both and which neither could escape\".\n\n''Mughal-e-Azam'' was released on 5 August 1960, and became the highest-grossing film at that time, a record that went unbroken for 15 years until the release of the film Sholay in 1975. Madhubhala was nominated for a Filmfare Award for her performance in ''Mughal-e-Azam''.\n\nIn 1960, Madhubala was at the peak of her career and popularity with the release of ''Mughal-e-Azam'' and ''Barsaat Ki Raat''. She did have intermittent releases in the early 1960s. Some of these, like ''Jhumroo'' (1961), ''Half Ticket'' (1962) and ''Sharabi'' (1964), performed above average at the box-office. However, most of her other films released during this time were marred by her absence and subsequent lack of completion due to her prolonged illness. These films suffer from compromised editing, and in some cases the use of \"doubles\" in an attempt to patch-in scenes that Madhubala was unable to shoot. Her last released film ''Jwala'', although filmed in the late 1950s, was not issued until 1971.\n"	"Personal life and controversies"	"In their 1962 book ''Self-Portrait'', Harish Booch and Karing Doyle commented that \"unlike other stars, Madhubala prefers a veiled secrecy around her and is seldom seen in social gatherings or public functions\" (p.\u00a076), and went on to say that \"(c)ontrary to general belief, Madhubala is rather simple and unassuming\" (p.\u00a078). This is echoed in Madhubala's sister's interview with the Filmfare: \"(Madhubala) became a craze because she was never seen in public. She wasn\u2019t allowed to attend any function, any premiere. She had no friends. But she never resisted, she was obedient. Being protective, my father earned the reputation of being domineering\". Dilip Kumar added, \"She was extremely popular ... and I think the only star for whom people thronged outside the gates. Very often when shooting was over, there\u2019d be a vast crowd standing at the gates just to have a look at Madhu ... It wasn\u2019t so for anyone else. That was her personal effect on fans. Her personality was vivacious.\" But, \"she was aware of her beauty,\" reminisces B. K. Karanjia, former Filmfare editor and a close friend of both Madhubala and her father, \"and because there were so many in love with her, she used to play one against the other. But it was out of innocence rather than shrewd calculation.\" Dev Anand recalled in a similar way: \"(s)he liked to flirt innocently and was great fun.\" However, with Dilip Kumar she had a long association.\n\nDilip Kumar and Madhubala first met on the set of ''Jwar Bhata'' (1944), and worked together again on the film ''Har Singaar'' (1949), which was shelved. Their relationship began two years later during the filming of ''Tarana'' (1951). They became a romantic pair appearing in a total of four films together. Actor Shammi Kapoor recalled that \"Dilip Kumar would drive down from Bombay to meet Madhubala ... she was committed to Dilip ... he even flew to Bombay to spend Eid with her, taking time off from his shooting stint ...\" \"They even got engaged\", said Madhubala's sister. But, Madhubala's father Ataullah Khan did not give them permission to marry. Dilip Kumar said, \"She was a very, very obedient daughter\", and who, in spite of the success, fame and wealth, submitted to the domination of her father and more often than not paid for his mistakes. \"This inability to leave her family was her greatest drawback\", believed Shammi Kapoor, \"for it had to be done at some time.\" The Naya Daur (1957 film) court case happened in 1956 when Dilip Kumar testified against Madhubala and her father in favor of the director B.R. Chopra in open court. This struck a fatal blow to the Dilip-Madhubala relationship as it ended any chance of reconciliation between Dilip Kumar and Madhubala'a father. Reflecting on this, while Dilip Kumar said he was \"trapped\", Shammi Kapoor felt \"this was something which went beyond him (Dilip) and he couldn\u2019t control the whole situation ...\"  However, Madhubala's sister Madhur Bhushan claimed that \"(Madhubala) said she would marry him (Dilip), provided he apologised to her father. He refused, so Madhubala left him. That one 'sorry' could have changed her life.\"\n\nMadhubala married Kishore Kumar in 1960 after Kishore Kumar converted to Islam and took up the name ''Karim Abdul'', and according to Leena Chandavarkar (Kishore's fourth wife): \"When she realized Dilip was not going to marry her, on the rebound and just to prove to him that she could get whomsoever she wanted, she went and married a man she did not even know properly.\" B. K. Karanjia assumed that \"Madhubala may have felt that perhaps this was her best chance\" because by this time she became seriously ill, and was about to stop working completely; however, he added that \"it was a most unlikely union, and not a happy one either.\"  Madhubala's illness was known to Kishore, but like all the others, he did not realize its gravity; Ataullah Khan did not approve of his son-in-law at all, but he had lost the courage to disapprove. Ashok Kumar reminisced in a ''Filmfare'' interview: \"She suffered a lot and her illness made her very bad-tempered. She often fought with Kishore, and would take off to her father's house where she spent most of her time.\" Madhubala's sister echoes this view albeit in a slightly different tone: \"After marriage they flew to London where the doctor told her she had only two years to live. After that Kishore left her at our house saying, \u2018I can\u2019t look after her. I\u2019m on outdoors often\u2019. But she wanted to be with him. He\u2019d visit her once in two months though. Maybe he wanted to detach himself from her so that the final separation wouldn\u2019t hurt. But he never abused her as was reported. He bore her medical expenses. They remained married for nine years.\"\n\nHowever, Madhubala's love-life continued to be the subject of media speculation. Mohan Deep wrote an unofficial biography of Madhubala titled ''Mystery and Mystique of Madhubala'', published in 1996, where he claims that Kishore Kumar regularly whipped Madhubala, who would show her lashes to Shakti Samanta. Mohan Deep also questions whether Madhubala was really ill or whether her ailing was a fiction. Shammi Kapoor, a long-term colleague of Madhubala, refuted Mohan Deep's claims, which he described as being \"in bad taste\". Paidi Jairaj, and Shakti Samanta, both of whom worked with Madhubala, rejected Deep's biography emphasizing the glaring difference between fact and fiction, and film journalist M.S.M. Desai, who had worked as a journalist on Madhubala's sets, questioned Deep's method of research saying, \"Mohan Deep was not around at the time of Madhubala, so how is he capable of writing about her without resorting to hearsay?\"\n"	" Final years and death "	"Prithviraj Kapoor visiting the grave of Madhubala in 1969\n\nMadhubala had ventricular septal defect (a hole in her heart) which was detected while she was shooting for ''Bahut Din Huwe'' in Madras in 1954. By 1960, her condition aggravated, and her sister explains that \"due to her ailment, her body would produce extra blood. So it would spill out from the nose and mouth. The doctor would come home and extract bottles of blood. She also suffered from pulmonary pressure of the lungs. She coughed all the time. Every four to five hours she had to be given oxygen or else would get breathless. She was confined to bed for nine years and was reduced to just bones and skin\". In 1966, with a slight improvement in her health, she made a valiant attempt to complete her work in ''Chalak'' opposite Raj Kapoor, which needed only a short spell of shooting, but she could not even survive that strain. When acting was no longer an option Madhubala turned her attention to film direction. In 1969 she was set to make her directorial debut with the film ''Farz aur Ishq''. However the film was never made as during pre-production, she died on February 23, 1969, shortly after her 36th birthday. Her tomb was built with marble and inscriptions included aayats from the Quran and verse dedications. Controversially, her tomb was demolished in 2010 to make space for new graves.\n\nMadhubala's strong presence in the public memory has been evidenced by all recent polls about top actresses or beauties of the Indian cinema. Every year, on her birthday, numerous articles are printed and television programmes aired to commemorate her, to the present day. Her posters are still in demand and sold alongside contemporary actresses, and modern magazines continue to publish stories on her personal life and career, often promoting her name heavily on the covers to attract sales. Many believe, however, Madhubala remains one of the most underrated actresses as \"her beauty attracted more attention than her talent.\"\n\nIn 2004, a digitally-colorized version of the original ''Mughal-e-Azam'' was released, 35 years after her death. In 2012, her 1962 release ''Half Ticket'' was also remastered, digitally coloured and re-released.\n\nOn March 18, 2008, a commemorative postage stamp featuring Madhubala was issued. The stamp was produced by India Post in a limited edition presentation pack. It was launched by veteran actors Nimmi and Manoj Kumar in a ceremony attended by colleagues, friends and surviving members of Madhubala's family. The only other Indian film actress that was honoured in this manner was Nargis Dutt, at that point of time.\n"	"Filmography"	"{| class=\"wikitable sortable plainrowheaders\"\n\n Year\n Film\n Director\n Notes\n\n 1942\n ''Basant''\n Amiya Chakravarty\n as Manju; credited as Baby Mumtaz\n\n 1944\n ''Mumtaz Mahal''\nKidar Sharma\nas a child artiste\n\n 1945\n ''Dhanna Bhagat''\nKidar Sharma\nas a child artiste\n\n 1946\n ''Pujari''\nAspi\nas a child artiste\n\n 1946\n ''Phoolwari''\nChaturbhuj Doshi\nas a child artiste\n\n 1946\n ''Rajputani''\nAspi\nas a child artiste\n\n 1947\n ''Neel Kamal (1947 film)''\nKidar Sharma\nFirst film as a heroine\n\n 1947\n ''Chittar Vijay''\nMohan Sinha\n\n\n 1947\n ''Mere Bhagwan''\nMohan Sinha\n\n\n 1947\n ''Khubsoorat Duniya''\nMohan Sinha\n\n\n 1947\n ''Dil-Ki-Rani''\nMohan Sinha\nas Raj Kumari Singh\n\n 1948\n ''Parai Aag''\nNajm Naqvi\n\n\n 1948\n ''Lal Dupatta''\nK.B.Lall\n\n\n 1948\n ''Desh Sewa''\nN.Vakil\n\n\n 1948\n ''Amar Prem''\nN.M.Kelkar\n\n\n 1949\n ''Sipahiya''\nAspi\n\n\n 1949\n ''Singaar''\nJ.K.Nanda\n\n\n 1949\n ''Paras''\nAnant Thakur\nas Priya\n\n 1949\n ''Neki Aur Badi''\nKidar Sharma\n\n\n 1949\n ''Mahal''\nKamal Amrohi\nas Kamini\n\n 1949\n ''Imtihaan''\nMohan Sinha\n\n\n 1949\n ''Dulari''\nA. R. Kardar\nas Shobha/Dulari\n\n 1949\n ''Daulat''\nSohrab Modi\n\n\n 1949\n ''Aparadhi''\nY.Pethkar\nas Sheela Rani\n\n 1950\n ''Pardes''\nM.Sadiq\nas Chanda\n\n 1950\n ''Nishana''\nWajahat Mirza\nas Greta\n\n 1950\n ''Nirala''\nDevendra Mukherjee\nas Poonam\n\n 1950\n ''Madhubala''\nPrahlad Dutt\n\n\n 1950\n ''Hanste Aansoo''\nK.B.Lall\n\n\n 1950\n ''Beqasoor''\nK. Amarnath\nas Usha\n\n 1951\n ''Tarana''\nRam Daryani\nas Tarana\n\n 1951\n ''Saiyan''\nM. Sadiq\nas Saiyan\n\n 1951\n ''Nazneen''\nN.K.Ziree\n\n\n 1951\n ''Nadaan''\nHira Singh\n\n\n 1951\n ''Khazana''\nM.Sadiq\n\n\n 1951\n ''Badal''\nAmiya Chakravarty\nas Ratna\n\n 1951\n ''Aaram''\nD. D. Kashyap\nas Leela\n\n 1952\n ''Saqi''\nH. S. Rawail\nas Rukhsana\n\n1952\n ''Deshabakthan''\nAmiya Chakrabarty\n\n\n 1952\n ''Sangdil''\nR. C. Talwar\n\n\n 1953\n ''Rail Ka Dibba''\nP. N. Arora\nas Chanda\n\n 1953\n ''Armaan''\nFali Mistry\n\n\n 1954\n ''Bahut Din Huye''\nS.S.Vasan\nas Chandrakanta\n\n 1954\n ''Amar''\nMehboob Khan\nas Anju\n\n 1955\n ''Teerandaz''\nH.S.Rawail\n\n\n 1955\n ''Naqab''\nLekhraj Bhakri\n\n\n 1955\n ''Naata''\nD. N. Madhok\nas Tara\n\n 1955\n ''Mr. & Mrs. '55''\nGuru Dutt\nas Anita Verma\n\n 1956\n ''Shirin Farhad''\nAspi Irani\nas Shirin\n\n 1956\n ''Raj Hath''\nSohrab Modi\nas Raja Beti/Rajkumari\n\n 1956\n ''Dhake Ki Malmal''\nJ.K.Nanda\n\n\n 1957\n ''Yahudi Ki Ladki''\nS.D. Narang\n\n\n 1957\n ''Gateway of India''\nOm Prakash\nas Anju\n\n 1957\n ''Ek Saal''\nDevendra Goel\nas Usha Sinha\n\n 1958\n ''Police''\nKali Das\n\n\n 1958\n ''Phagun''\nBibhuti Mitra\nas Banani\n\n 1958\n ''Kala Pani''\nRaj Khosla\nas Asha\n\n 1958\n ''Howrah Bridge''\nShakti Samanta\nas Edna\n\n 1958\n ''Chalti Ka Naam Gaadi''\nSatyen Bose\nas Renu\n\n 1958\n ''Baghi Sipahi''\nBhagwandas Varma\n\n\n 1959\n ''Kal Hamara Hai''\nS.K.Prabhakar\nas Madhu/Bela\n\n 1959\n ''Insaan Jaag Utha''\nShakti Samanta\nas Gauri\n\n 1959\n ''Do Ustad (1959)''\nTara Harish\nas Madhu Sharma\n\n 1960\n ''Mehlon Ke Khwab''\nHyder\nas Asha\n\n 1960\n ''Jaali Note''\nShakti Samanta\nas Renu/Beena\n\n 1960\n ''Barsaat Ki Raat''\nP.L.Santoshi\nas Shabnam\n\n 1960\n ''Mughal-e-Azam''\nK.Asif\nas Anarkali; Nominated\u2014Filmfare Award for Best Actress\n\n 1961\n ''Passport''\nPramod Chakravorty\nas  Rita Bhagwandas\n\n 1961\n ''Jhumroo''\nShankar Mukherji\nas Anjana\n\n 1961\n ''Boy Friend''\nNaresh Saigal\nas Sangeeta\n\n 1962\n ''Half Ticket''\nKali Das\nas Rajnidevi/Asha\n\n 1964\n ''Sharabi''\nRaj Rishi\nas Kamala\n\n1971\n ''Jwala''\n\n\n\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n"	"Further reading"	"* \n* Akbar, M. J. ''Sunday Magazine'', 5 Aug 1996\n* Bajaj, Rajiv K. (ed.). ''The Daily'', 26 May 1996\n* Deep, Mohan. ''Madhubala: The Mystery and Mystique'', Magna Publishing Co. Ltd.\n* Joshi, Meera. ''Madhubala: Tears in Heaven'' ''Filmfare'', 14 May 2008\n* Karanjia, B.K. ''Dates with Diva'', ''Deccan Chronicle'', 17 December 2006\n* Raheja, Dinesh. ''The Hundred Luminaries of Hindi Cinema'', India Book House Publishers\n* Reuben, Bunny. ''Follywood Flashback'', Indus publishers\n* Singh, Khushwant. ''Sunday Observer'' 23\u201329 June 1996\n* Bhattacharya, Rinki. ''Bimal Roy: A man of silence'', South Asia Books\n* Rajadhyaksha, Ashish; Willemen, Paul. ''The Encyclopedia of Indian Cinema'', Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers\n* Sawhney, Clifford. ''Debonair''', June 1996\n* Cort, David. ''Theatre Arts'' magazine, Issue Date: August 1952; Vol. XXXVI No. 8\n* Kamath M.V. ''The Daily'', June 1996\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Manfred Zapatka"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Manfred Zapatka''' (b. 2 October 1942 in Bremen, Germany) is a German actor.\n"	"Early life"	"Zapatka completed his ''abitur'' at Clemens-August-Gymnasium in Cloppenburg in 1962.\n"	"Selected filmography"	"*1964 ''''\n*1978 ''Germany in Autumn''\n*1980 ''Derrick'' - Season 7, Episode 7: \"Der Tod sucht Abonnenten\" (TV)\n*1982 ''Krieg und Frieden''\n*1983 ''Utopia'' (at the 33rd Berlin International Film Festival)\n*1988 ''Derrick'' - Season 15, Episode 12: \"Eine Art Mord\" (TV)\n*1989 '''' (''The Officer Factory'', TV film)\n*1989 ''Rivalen der Rennbahn'' (TV series, 11 episodes)\n*1990 ''Der Absturz'' a.k.a. ''Der Rausschmei\u00dfer'' (TV film)\n*1991 ''Ex und hopp - Ein b\u00f6ses Spiel um Liebe, Geld und Bier'' (TV film)\n*1991 ''Success''\n*1993 ''The Last U-Boat'' (TV film)\n*1993 '''' (TV miniseries)\n*1993 ''''\n*1995 ''Die Staatsanw\u00e4ltin'' (TV film)\n*1997 ''''  (TV film)\n*1998 ''Frankfurter Kreuz'' (''Frankfurt - Millennium'', TV film)\n*2000 '''' (''Erkan & Stefan the Bunnyguards'')\n*2000 ''Manila''\n*2001 ''''\n*2002 ''Elefantenherz''\n*2003 '''' (TV)\n*2003 ''Der Puppengr\u00e4ber'' (TV film)\n*2004 '''' (''Nightsongs'', at the 54th Berlin International Film Festival)\n*2004 ''Rosa Roth: Freundeskreis'' (TV)\n*2005 '''' (TV film)\n*2005 ''Mord am Meer'' (TV film)\n*2005 ''Falscher Bekenner'' (''I Am Guilty'')\n*2006 ''Der freie Wille'' (''The Free Will'')\n*2006 ''Offset''\n*2006 ''Eden''\n*2006 ''''\n*2007-2010 ''KDD \u2013 Kriminaldauerdienst'' (TV series, 27 episodes)\n*2008 '''' (TV film)\n*2008 '''' (TV film)\n*2010 '''' (TV film)\n*2011 '''' (TV film)\n"	"External links"	"*\n* H\u00fcbchen Agency Berlin \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Marilyn Cole"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Marilyn Cole''' (born 5 July 1949) is ''Playboy'' magazine's January 1972 Playmate of the Month. She was the magazine's first full-frontal nude centerfold.  She also became 1973's Playmate of the Year - the only Briton to hold that title.  Her original pictorial was photographed by Alexas Urba.\n"	"Career"	"Cole was working for \u00a312 weekly at the Portsmouth Co-op Fuel Office when she interviewed to be a Playboy Bunny at the London Playboy Club. She worked as a bunny from 1971 to 1974, and within a few days of starting work there was noticed by Victor Lownes and test photographed for the magazine.\n\nShe appeared on the cover of the Roxy Music album ''Stranded'', having been noticed by Bryan Ferry after winning Playmate of the Year. She had previously appeared on the covers of various Top of the Pops albums.\n"	"Personal life"	"She was married to former Playboy executive Victor Lownes until his death in 2017, and now works as a journalist. Among the subjects she writes about is professional boxing, which she began covering in 2000. Her interests include the tango, which she studied under Paul Pellicoro, and has partnered with actor Brian Cox.\n"	"Filmography"	"* ''Playboy: 50 Years of Playmates'' (2004) (V)\n* ''Forty Minutes'' (1990) TV Episode\n* ''V.I.P.-Schaukel'' (1972) TV Episode\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Marilyn Monroe in popular culture"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nMarilyn Monroe's life and persona have been used in film, television, music, the arts, and by other celebrities.\n\n\n"	"Advertising"	"*Absolut vodka: \"Absolut Marilyn\" (1995) by Chiat/Day \n*Benetton: \"United Superstars of Benetton\" (1998) paired Monroe with Joan of Arc \n*Roberto Cavalli: Spring Collection (2009) with Daria Werbowy \n*Canal+Sweden: \"Sport or Film?\" (2005) \n*\u010ceskoslovensk\u00e1 obchodn\u00ed banka: \"Marilyn\" (2008) by MUW Saatchi & Saatchi \n*Chanel No. 5: (1994) Carole Bouquet morphs into Monroe \n*Christian Dior: \"J'adore\" perfurme (2011) featuring Charlize Theron \n*Citibank: \"The Ex\" (2012) featuring Giada De Laurentiis, and Alicia Keys \n*Citro\u00ebn: \"DS3\" (2010) \n*Dolce & Gabbana: (2009) with Scarlett Johansson \n*DSW: \"The Savvy Shoe Lovers\" (2013), a woman apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch'' \n*Fiat: \"Fiat Nuova 500\" (2007) \n*Gap: \"Gap khakis\" (1993)\n*Go Daddy: Super Bowl XLIV (2010) Danica Patrick apes Monroe \n*HSBC: \"Marilyn\" (2008) by JWT \n*Hubba Bubba: interactive poster (2008) by DDB Sydney \n*Imperial Chemical Industries-Dulux: \"Paint\" (2005) \n*Levi Strauss & Co.: \"Our Models Can Beat Up Your Models\" (1998) by Chiat/Day \n*Library of Congress: \"Library of Congress Experience\" (2008) \n*MasterCard: \"Break in Your Jeans\" (2009) by McCann Erickson \n*Mercedes-Benz: \"GLK-Class\" (2008) \n*NET Servi\u00e7os: TV campaign (2002) \n*Nike: \"Dialogue\" (1991) by Wieden+Kennedy \n*Procter & Gamble: Tampax (2006) by Vitruvio/Leo Burnett \n*Reckitt Benckiser: Veet Hair Removal Cream (2006) by JWT Brazil \n*Science World: \"We Can Explain\" (2006) by Rethink \n*Sierra Mist: \"Where's Wallace? Featuring Patton Oswalt\" (2004) a parade of Scottish bagpipers fills the screen. All were sweating. Suddenly several are inquiring \"Where's Wallace?\" as his bagpipe is seen lying on the pavement. The camera pans to Wallace (Oswalt) standing over a subway vent, his kilt blowing as high as Marilyn Monroe's famous white dress in \"The Seven Year Itch\" with a look of relief on his face. \n*Snickers: \"You're Not You When You're Hungry\" (2016) by BBDO, Willem Dafoe morphs into Monroe before shooting ''The Seven Year Itch'' skirt-blowing scene \n*Sunsilk: \"Life Can't Wait\" (2008)\n*Unilever: Close-Up Toothpaste (2001) by JWT \n*Univision: \"Monroe It\" (2002) a blonde woman in a red dress gets it blown high\n*Visa: \"Signature Card\" (2004) by BBDO \n*Volkswagen: (2004) \n*Yuhan: Rapicold (2006) by Diamond Ogilvy \n"	"Animation"	"*''Knight-mare Hare'': Bugs Bunny squares off against wizard Merlin of Monroe\n*''The Pebbles and Bamm-Bamm Show'': Cindy Curbstone is patterned after Monroe  \n"	"Architecture"	"*Absolute World: Building #4 and Building #5 are nicknamed \"Marilyn Monroe\" \n"	"Art"	"*William Anastasi: \"Untitled\" (1995), and \"Untitled\" (1996)\n*Clive Barker: \"MM\" (1999)\n*Peter Hill Beard: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1972)\n*Pierre Bellocq: \"Canvas of Stars\" mural for Gallagher's Steak House (2006)\n*Maurice Bennett: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (2011) \n*Pierre Bismuth: \n** \"Following the Right Hand of Marilyn Monroe in Some Like It Hot\" (2005) \n** \"Following the Right Hand of Marilyn Monroe in The Misfits\" (2006)\n*Peter Blake: \n** \"Marilyn Monroe Over a Painting No 1\" (1989\u20131990)\n** \"Marilyn Monroe Wall No 2\", \"MM Red Yellow\" (1990)\n** \"M for Marilyn Monroe\"\n** \"H.O.M.A.G.E.\" (1991)\n*Pauline Boty: \"The Only Blonde in the World\" (1963) \n*Charles Bragg: \"Chasen's Jockey Club\"\n*Marcel Broodthaers: \"Tour Marilyn\" (1965)\n*Erik Bulatov: \"Marilyn\" (2000) \n*Philip Burke: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (2003) \n*Silvano Campeggi: \n** \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1957)\n** \"Nano in Marilyn's Eyes\" (2000)\n*Reginald Case: \n** \"Tropical Marilyn\"\n** \"First Version X and Flowers\"\n** \"Marilyn-Green Dress\"\n*Christo: \"Wrapped Magazine Marilyn\" (1962) \n*Bruce Conner: \"Marilyn Times Five\"\n*Salvador Dal\u00ed:\n** \"Self-Portrait\" (1967) \n** \"Mao Monroe\" (1972)\n** \"Marilyn Monroe\" installation \n*Allan D'Arcangelo: \n** \"Marilyn\" (1962)\n** \"Marilyn Found\" (1962)\n*Olivia De Berardinis: \n** \"Marilyn Monroe Nude\" (1990)\n** \"Marilyn\" (1991)\n** \"Poofie Print IV\" \n*Jerry De La Cruz: \"Monroe\" (2002)\n*Willem de Kooning: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1954)\n*Devon Dikeou: \"Marilyn Monroe Wanted to be Buried in Pucci\" installation (2008) \n*Dolk: \"Pope Benedict as Marilyn Monroe\" (2011)\n*Err\u00f3: \n** \"Daydream\"\n** \"The Forgotten Future\"\n** \"House of Gore\"\n** \"Not Far Enough\"\n** \"Your Love Don't Pay My Bills\"\n** \"Sad Movies Make Me Cry\" (2001)\n*Jim Evans: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1991)\n*Shepard Fairey: \"Marilyn Warhol\" (2000) \n*Charles Fazzino: \n** \"Forever Marilyn\" (1998)\n** \"Love and Kisses, Marilyn\" (2008)\n*Audrey Flack: \"Marilyn: Golden Girl\" (1978)\n*Howard Finster: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1999)\n*James Gill:\n** \"Marilyn Tryptych\" (1962) \n** \"Pink Marilyn\" (2008)\n*Douglas Gordon: \"Self-Portrait as Kurt Cobain as Andy Warhol as Myra Hindley as Marilyn Monroe\" (1996)\n*Vladimir Gorsky: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n*Richard Hamilton: \"My Marilyn\" (1966)\n*Keith Haring: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1981) \n*Margaret Harrison: \"Anonymous Was a Woman From Rosa Luxemburg to Janis Joplin\" (1977)\n*Gottfried Helnwein: \n** \"Boulevard of Broken Dreams\" (1984)\n** \"Marilyn\" (1992)\n*Al Hirschfeld: \"1954 Movies\" (1954) \n*Jonathan Horowitz: \"Talking Without Thinking\" (2001)\n*Robert Indiana: \n** \"The Metamorphosis of Norma Jean\" (1998)\n** \"Marilyn, Marilyn\" (1999)\n** \"Sunburst Marilyn\" (2001)\n*John Seward Johnson II: \"Forever Marilyn\" (2011) \n*Ray Johnson: \"Dear Marilyn Monroe\" (1972)\n** \"Dear Marilyn Monroe/Chuck Close\" (1980)\n*Allen Jones: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1960-1961)\n*Steve Kaufman:\n** \"Marilyn Monroe State\" (1995-1999)\n** \"Pop Marilyn\" \n*Barbara Kruger: \"Not Stupid Enough\" (1997)\n*Sebastian Kr\u00fcger: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n*David LaChapelle: \"Amanda Lepore as Andy Warhol's Marilyn\" (2007)\n*Jean-Jacques Lebel: \"Taking a Real Good Peek at Marilyn's Amazing Offer\" (1961)\n*Zoe Leonard: \"Marilyn\" (1990-1995)\n*Richard Lindner: \"Marilyn Was Here\" (1970)\n*Gina Lollobrigida: \"My Friend, Marilyn Monroe\" (2003)\n*Bob Mackie: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1977)\n*Christopher Makos: \n** \"Andy Warhol Looks Like Marilyn Monroe\" (1982)\n** \"Andy Warhol 'I'm not Marilyn Monroe'\" (1982)\n** \"Altered Images\" (1982)\n*Louis Marchetti: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n*Derek Marlowe: \"A Slight Misfit\" (1962) \n*Earl Moran: \"Lady in the Light\" (1945)\n*Yasumasa Morimura: \n** \"Self Portrait\" (1995)\n** \"Red Marilyn\" (1995) \n*Mr. Brainwash: \n**\"Marilyn Monroe\" (2008) \n** \"Spock/Marilyn Monroe\" (2009) \n** \"Andy Warhol/Marilyn Monroe\" (2009)\n** Nolita mural (2010) \n*Vik Muniz: \n** \"Marilyn (after Andy Warhol)\" (2001)\n** \"Bloody Marilyn\" (2001)\n** \"Marilyn (Pictures of Diamonds)\" (2004)\n*LeRoy Neiman: \"The President's Birthday\" (1962)\n*Shelley Niro: \"The 500 Year Itch\" (1992) \n*Claes Oldenburg: \"Ghost Wardrobe (for M.M.)\" (1967)\n*Eduardo Paolozzi: \n** \"Bash\" (1971)\n** \"Dear Marilyn Monroe\"\n*Ed Paschke: \"Pink Lady 2\" (1993)\n*Pier Paolo Pasolini: \"La Rabbia\" (1963)\n*Guy Peellaert: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1994-1999)\n*Raymond Pettibon: \"No Title\" (1990\u20132003)\n*Paul Pfeiffer: \"Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse: 1\" (2000)\n*Peter Phillips: \"For Men Only, Starring MM and BB\" (1961)\n*Arnulf Rainer: \"Mythos Marilyn\" series (2002)\n*Mel Ramos: \"Peek-a-Boo\" series (2002)\n*Robert Rauschenberg: \"Test Stone #1\" (1967)\n*Tom Richmond: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1998) \n*Faith Ringgold: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1997)\n*James Rosenquist: \"Marilyn Monroe I\" (1962) \n*Mimmo Rotella: \n** \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1962)\n** \"Marilyn Decollage\" (1964)\n** \"I Vilti\" (1998)\n** \"Marilyn II\" (1979)\n** \"La Magnifica Preda\" (2004)\n*George Segal: \"The Film Poster\" (1967)\n*Richard Serra: \"Marilyn Monroe-Greta Garbo\" (1981)\n*Cindy Sherman: \"Untitled\" (1986)\n*Roger Shimomura: \"Heroine, Hammer, Hibachi\" (1987)\n*Hajime Sorayama: \"Sexy Robot in Yellow\" (album cover of Aerosmith's \"Just Push Play\")\n*Daniel Spoerri: \n** \"The Spirit of Marilyn Captured by Merlin\" (2003)\n** \"Merlin Meets Marilyn\" (2003)\n** \"Der Teddybar von MM\" (2003)\n*John Stango: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (2010)\n*Brett-Livingstone Strong: \"Tribute to Marilyn Monroe\" (1989)\n*Harold Town: \"Superstar\" (1970)\n*Jacques Villegl\u00e9: \"Marilyn\" (1982)\n*Wolf Vostell: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1962) \n*Erik Wahl: \"Untitled\" (2012) (bought by Pink) \n*Kerry Waghorn: \"Marilyn Monroe\" \n*Petrus Wandrey: \"Memento-Marilyn-Monroe\" (2003)\n*Andy Warhol: \n**\"Marilyn Diptych\"\n**\"Twenty-five Colored Marilyns\" (1962)\n** \"Shot Marilyns\"\n*Tom Wesselmann: \"Marilyn in Bed\" (1984) \n*Stephen B. Whatley: \"40th Anniversary Tribute\" (2002) \n*Jon Whitcomb:\n**\"Untitled\" (1958) (owned by Joe DiMaggio) \n**Cover and illustrations for the March 1959 ''Cosmopolitan''\n*Susan Dorothea White: \"The Crowning with Sexism\" (1994)\n*Willard Wigan: \"Marilyn Monroe on a Diamond\" (2007\u20132008) \n*James Dillon Wright: \"Model Monroe\" (2011) \n*Erwin Wurm: \"Thinking About Marilyn\" (2003)\n*Jean-Pierre Yvaral: \"Marilyn Monroe\" series (1990-1994) \n*Zevs: \"Visual Violation - Marilyn Monroe\" (2011) \n\nSee also: ''Marilyn in Art'' Roger Taylor (Ed.), Chaucer Press (2006), ISBN 1-904957-02-1; ISBN 978-1-904957-02-7\n\nSee also: ''Elvis + Marilyn: 2x Immortal'' Geri DePaoli (Ed.), Rizzoli (1994), ISBN 0-8478-1840-3\n"	"Celebrities as Monroe"	"*Christina Aguilera: for the June 2006 ''GQ''\n*Drew Barrymore: for the September 1996 ''George''\n*Beyonc\u00e9: for the May 2014 ''Out''\n*Lara Bingle: for the August 2008 ''Australian Cosmopolitan''\n*Hillary Clinton: retouched photo aping the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch'' on the October 1995 ''Spy''\n*Mariah Carey: aped Marylin's 1953 visit to U.S. troops in Korea in her \"I Still Believe\" music video.\n*Cindy Crawford, Daryl Hannah, Ashley Judd, and Heather Locklear: for the May/June 1997 ''American Photo''\n*Miley Cyrus: for the March 2014 ''German Vogue''\n*James Franco: at the 83rd Academy Awards \n*Dawn French and Jennifer Saunders: aped \"Two Little Girls from Little Rock\" from ''Gentlemen Prefer Blondes'' \n*Jade Goody: as ''Marilyn Diptych'' for ''The Daily Star''\n*Rudolph Giuliani: for the 1997 New York Inner Circle press dinner \n*Paris Hilton: for the August 2010 launch of her perfume, Tease \n*Nicole Kidman: for the March 2008 ''Harper's Bazaar Australia''\n*Lindsay Lohan: recreated The Last Sitting with photographer Bert Stern for the February 25, 2008 ''New York''\n**for the July 2009 ''Vogue Espa\u00f1a''\n**for the January/February 2012 ''Playboy''\n*Jennifer Lopez: aped \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" on the April 22, 2010 ''Lopez Tonight'' \n*Madonna: for the April 1991 ''Vanity Fair'' shot by Steven Meisel\n*Kylie Minogue: regularly performs as Monroe \n*Andreja Peji\u0107: \"Marilyn Off Duty\" shoot for the October 2011 ''Lovecat Magazine''\n*Lisa Marie Presley: for Herb Ritts and made-up by Kevyn Aucoin \n*Britney Spears: performed \"If U Seek Amy\" as Monroe on her Femme Fatale Tour\n*''The Seven Year Itch'' \"subway grate\" pose has been aped by numerous celebrities, including Annalise Braakensiek, Melissa George, Geri Halliwell, Anna Kournikova, Tiffany Pollard, Samantha Riley, and Anna Nicole Smith \n*Sungmin: in ''Super Show 4''\n"	"Editorial cartoons"	"*Michael Ramirez:\n**Ali Khamenei apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch'' (June 23, 2009)\n**Monroe as the national debt croons \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" (August 5, 2009)\n**John Roberts apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch'' (June 25, 2015) \n*Don Wright: Earth weeps as Monroe's star streaks across the heavens (''The Miami News'', August 6, 1962)\n"	"Fashion"	"*Dolce & Gabbana: Fall-Winter 2009-2010 collection \n*Betsey Johnson: \"Mary-Lynn\" tote bag line \n*MAC Cosmetics: Marilyn Monroe Collection \n*Macy's: Marilyn Monroe Collection \n*Monroe piercings\n*Nike: Warhol/Monroe Air Max 90 (2009) \n*Pink dress of Marilyn Monroe\n*6126 by Lindsay Lohan: named after Monroe's birthdate\n*Warnaco Group: Warner's Marilyn Monroe intimate apparel line (1996) \n*White dress of Marilyn Monroe\n\nSee also: ''Marilyn in Fashion: The Enduring Influence of Marilyn Monroe'' by Christopher Nickens and George Zeno, Running Press (2012), ISBN 0-762445-10-6; ISBN 978-0-762445-10-3\n"	"Film"	"*''The Apartment'': Dobisch tells Baxter he's trying to pick up a girl who looks like Monroe; the girl apes Monroe\n*''Back to the Future Part II'': a photo shows Biff with Monroe\n*''Blades of Glory'': Fairchild skates as Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Blonde Ambition'': Katie apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Bordello of Blood'': Lilith apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Broken Embraces'': Lena apes Monroe\n*''Bruce Almighty'': Bruce makes a girl ape the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Cape Fear'': the Bowden family's dog is named Marilyn\n*''Capote'': Capote tells a reporter about a visit he paid to Monroe\n*''Confessions of a Teenage Drama Queen'': Lola is dressed as Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch'' in a fantasy sequence\n*''Cool World'': Holli sings the title song of ''Let's Make Love''\n*''Deck the Halls'': the Finch's Christmas tree angel apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Fade to Black'': Binford is obsessed with Monroe\n*''Finding Graceland'': Byron and Elvis meet a Monroe look-a-like\n*''The Goddess'': based loosely on Monroe's life\n*''Grease 2'': Paulette is obsessed with Monroe and John F. Kennedy's alleged affair\n*'' Happy Birthday Mr. President'': a 2016 short film, directed by  Cristina Noya, where  Tate Kenney plays Monroe on the last night of her life\n*''Happy Feet'': Nicole Kidman's character is named Norma Jean\n*''Hercules'': a Muse apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''The House Bunny'': Shelly apes Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''I Heart Huckabees'': Dawn apes \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" in a Huckabees ad\n*''Insignificance'': The Actress is based on Monroe\n*''L.A. Confidential'': a call girl has been \"cut\" to look like Monroe\n*''The Ladies Man'': a girl Heebert delivers mail to apes Monroe\n*''A Life Less Ordinary'': Lewis works on a novel about Monroe and Robert F. Kennedy's love child\n*''Life or Something Like It'': Lanie cites Monroe as one of her idols\n*''Little Voice'': LV mimics Monroe's voice\n*''Man on Fire'': Rayburn owns a statue of Monroe aping the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Mini's First Time'': Mini unwittingly apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''The Misfits'': Roslyn tries to keep Guido from looking at photos of Monroe Gay taped inside a closet\n*''Mister Lonely'': Samantha Morton's character claims to be Monroe\n*''Monkeybone'': Monkeybone impersonates Monroe\n*''Monster'': Aileen recalls her childhood dream of being the next Monroe\n*''My Week with Marilyn'': a 2011 British drama film starring Michelle Williams as Monroe\n*''Pulp Fiction'': a waitress is dressed as Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''The Seven Year Itch'':\n**The Girl's photo in ''U.S. Camera'' is a reference to Monroe's nude calendar\n**when MacKenzie asks about the \"blonde in the kitchen\" (The Girl), Sherman replies \"Oh, wouldn't you like to know!  Maybe it's Marilyn Monroe!\"\n*''The Shawshank Redemption'': Dufresne has a poster of Monroe in his cell\n*''Shrek 2'': The Fairy Godmother makes Fiona ape the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''The Smurfs'': Smurfette apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Stroker Ace'': a pit crew member makes Pembrook ape the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Teaching Mrs. Tingle'': Jo Lynn gives her class presentation as Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''The Tigger Movie'': Tigger dresses as Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Tommy'': The Preacher leads a cult based on Monroe\n*''Town & Country'': Auburn dresses as Monroe from ''Gentlemen Prefer Blondes''\n*''Tropico'': Monroe appears alongside Adam, Eve, Jesus, the Virgin Mary, John Wayne and Elvis Presley in the Garden of Eden and recites lines from ''Some Like It Hot''\n*''White Palace'': Nora is a Monroe fan\n*''The Woman in Red'': Charlotte unwittingly apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Wonder Boys'': James steals the jacket Monroe wore the day she married Joe DiMaggio from Gaskell, who is obsessed with the DiMaggio-Monroe marriage\n*''Younger and Younger'': Younger has a vision of a girl aping Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Zapped!'': Barney makes a girl at the prom ape the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n\nSee also:  imdb.com Marilyn Monroe (Character) page\n"	"Graphic novels"	"*''The Red Diaries'' by Gary Reed, and Laurence Campbell (1997)\n*''Son of Celluloid'' by Clive Barker (1984)\n"	"Internet"	"*''Epic Rap Battles of History'': \"Cleopatra vs. Marilyn Monroe\" \n"	"Literature"	"*Alvah Bessie: ''The Symbol'' (1966), based on Monroe's life\n*Truman Capote: \"A Beautiful Child\" from ''Music for Chameleons'' (1980)\n*Mort Castle: ''I Am Your Need'' (2001)\n*Douglas Coupland: ''Polaroids from the Dead''\n*Peter Golenbock: ''7: The Mickey Mantle Novel'' (2007), Monroe and Mickey Mantle have an affair \n*Edward Gorman: ''The Marilyn Tapes'' (1995)\n*Doris Grumbach: \"The Missing Person\" (1981)\n*Allan Gurganus: ''Blessed Assurance'' (1990)\n*Michael Korda: ''The Immortals'' (1992)\n*Carole Morin: ''Dead Glamorous: the Autobiography of Seduction and Self Destruction'' (1996), a poetic account of the fascination of charismatic suicides including Marilyn, Ian Curtis, and Sylvia Plath\n*Graham Masterton: ''Ikon'' (1982)\n*Norman Mailer: ''Marilyn: A Biography'', ''Of Women and Their Elegance'' (1980)\n*Joyce Carol Oates: ''Blonde'', and \"Three Girls\" (1996)\n*Andrew O'Hagan: ''The Life and Opinions of Maf the Dog, and of His Friend Marilyn Monroe'' (2010)\n*John Rechy: ''Marilyn's Daughter'' (1989)\n*Lee Siegel: ''Who Wrote the Book of Love?'' (2005)\n\nSee also: ''Mondo Marilyn: An Anthology of Fiction and Poetry'' Richard Peabody and Lucinda Ebersole (Eds), St. Martin's Press (1995), ISBN 0-312-11853-8; ISBN 978-0-312-11853-2\n\nSee also: ''Marilyn: Shades of Blonde'' Carole Nelson Douglas (ed.), Tor Books (1997), ISBN 0-312-85737-3; ISBN 978-0-312-85737-0\n"	"Music"	"*Tori Amos: \"Father Lucifer\" references Monroe and Joe DiMaggio\n*Ray Anthony: \"My Marilyn\"\n*Dan Bern: \"Marilyn\"\n*Beyonc\u00e9: \"Sexy Lil' Thug\" references Monroe\n*Blondie: \"Platinum Blonde\" references Monroe\n*Blue System: \n** \"The Wind Cries (Who Killed Norma Jean)\"\n** \"Good Night Marilyn\"\n*Bon Jovi: \"Captain Crash & the Beauty Queen From Mars\" references Monroe and Joe DiMaggio\n*David Bowie: \"Jean Genie\" references Monroe\n*Citizen Cope: \"Healing Hands\" references Monroe \n*Sheryl Crow: \"If It Makes You Happy\" references Monroe\n*Culture Club: \"It's a Miracle\" references Monroe\n*Def Leppard: \"Photograph\"\n*Lana Del Rey:\n**\"Body Electric\" \n**\"Children of the Bad Revolution\"\n**\"The Man I Love\"\n**\"Puppy Love\" reference Monroe\n*The Distillers: \"Gypsy Rose Lee\" references Monroe\n*Bryan Ferry: \"Goddess of Love\"\n*Alexa Goddard: \"Marilyn\"\n*Grinderman: \"Palaces of Montezuma\" references Monroe and John F. Kennedy\n*Half Man Half Biscuit: \"99% of Gargoyles Look Like Bob Todd\" references Monroe\n*Teppo Hauta-aho/Edward Vesala: 1973 album ''Ode to Marilyn''\n*Faith Hill: \"The Secret of Life\" references Monroe\n*Michael Jackson: \"Tabloid Junkie\" references Monroe\n*Jay Z: \"Hollywood\" references Monroe\n*Billy Joel: \"We Didn't Start the Fire\" references Monroe\n*Elton John: \"Candle in the Wind\"\n**\"Wrap Her Up\" (with George Michael) references Monroe\n*Tommy Keene: \"My Mother Looked Like Marilyn Monroe\"\n*Alicia Keys: \"Girl on Fire\" reference Monroe\n*The Kinks: \"Celluloid Heroes\" references Monroe\n*Kinky Friedman: \"Marilyn & Joe\" \n*Lady Gaga:\n**\"Dance in the Dark\" references Monroe \n**\"Do What U Want\" references Monroe's alleged affair with John F. Kennedy\n**\"Nothing On (But The Radio)\" references Monroe\n**\"Government Hooker\" is about Monroe's alleged affair with John F. Kennedy  \n*Laze & Royal: \"Marilyn Monroe\" \n*Phoebe Legere: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n*Valery Leontiev: \"Marilyn\"\n*Amanda Lepore': \"Marilyn\"\n*Jennifer Lopez, featuring Nas: \"I'm Gonna be Alright\" references Monroe and Joe DiMaggio\n*Madonna: \"Vogue\" references Monroe\n*Man From Delmonte: \"Beautiful People\" references Monroe and Joe DiMaggio\n*Marilyn Manson and his band is taken from Monroe and Charles Manson\n*Marina and the Diamonds: \"State Of Dreaming\" references Monroe\n*Metallica: \"The Memory Remains\", \"Say yes, at least say hello\" is a reference to The Misfits\n*Melanie Martinez (singer): \"You Love I\" has Marylyn Interview from 1960 \"Do I Feel Happy In Life?\" backwards  \n*Marilyn Manson and the band he fronts are named after Monroe and Charles Manson\n*Jessica Mauboy: \"Get 'Em Girls\" featuring Snoop Dogg references Monroe\n*Nicki Minaj: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n*Kylie Minogue': \"Mr President (Bonus Track from the album Kiss Me Once) references Monroe\"\n*The Misfits: \n**\"Who Killed Marilyn?\"\n**The band takes its name from ''The Misfits''\n*Norma Jean: takes its name from Monroe's real name, Norma Jeane\n*Roland Orzabal: \"Dandelion\" references Monroe\n*Brianna Perry: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n*Perez Prado: \"Marilyn Monroe Mambo\"\n*Los Prisioneros: \"\u00bfQui\u00e9n mat\u00f3 a Marilyn?\"\n*Brian Protheroe: \"Pinball\" references Monroe\n*Red Hot Chili Peppers: \"Wet Sand\" references her as Norma Jeane\n*Rihanna: \"Love Without Tragedy/Mother Mary\" references Monroe\n*Kelly Rowland: \"Stole\" references Monroe\n*Brian Setzer Orchestra: \"Americano\" references Monroe\n* Monroe is on the cover of ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band''\n*Sleeper: \"Romeo Me\" references Monroe and Joe DiMaggio\n*Spice Girls: \"The Lady is a Vamp\" references Monroe\n*Stereophonics: \"She Takes Her Clothes Off\" references Monroe\n*Suede: \"Heroine\" references Monroe\n*Keith Urban: \"John Cougar, John Deere, John 3:16\" references Monroe\n*Tiffany: \"Kiss the Ground\" references Monroe\n*Jordy Towers: \"Don't Say It's Over\" references Monroe\n*Tom Waits: \n**\"Jitterbug Boy\"\n**\"A Sweet Little Bullet From a Pretty Blue Gun\" reference Monroe\n*Pharrell Williams: \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n*Robbie Williams: \"The Actor\" references Monroe\n"	"Music videos"	"*Christina Aguilera: \"Ain't No Other Man\"\n*Pat Benatar: \"Sex as a Weapon\", features archival footage of Monroe\n*Mariah Carey:\n**\"Don't Forget About Us\", apes Monroe's swimming pool scene from ''Something's Got to Give''\n**\"I Still Believe\", recreates Monroe's 1954 performance for troops in Korea\n*Def Leppard: \"Photograph\", an actress is glammed up as Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*Lana Del Rey: in \"National Anthem\", Del Rey apes Monroe's \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" \n*The Human League: \"Love Action\", features archival footage of Monroe and Arthur Miller\n*Amanda Lepore: \"Marilyn\", Lepore apes Monroe \n*Elton John: \"In Neon\", features Monroe's Hollywood Walk of Fame star\n*Kool & the Gang: \"Fresh\", The Fairy Godmother is glammed up as Monroe\n*Lady Gaga: Gaga dresses like Monroe in ''The Seven Year Itch'' in the video for \"Applause\"\n*Cyndi Lauper: \"Girls Just Wanna Have Fun\", a girl has a poster of Monroe on her wall\n*Madonna:\n**\"Material Girl\", apes the \"Diamonds Are a Girl's Best Friend\" sequence from ''Gentlemen Prefer Blondes''\n**she, M.I.A., and Nicki Minaj dress as Monroe in \"Give Me All Your Luvin'\"\n*Marina and the Diamonds: \"Hollywood\", features a Monroe look-a-like\n*Kylie Minogue: \"2 Hearts\" dresses as Monroe from ''Some Like It Hot''\n*\"  features a Monroe lookalike.\n"	"Opera"	"*''Marilyn'' (1980) by Lorenzo Ferrero  \n*''Marilyn'' (1993) by Ezra Laderman and Norman Rosten for the New York City Opera \n*''Anyone Can See I Love You'' (2010) by Marilyn Bowering and Gavin Bryars \n"	"Photography"	"*Slim Aarons, Richard Avedon, Eve Arnold, Luiz Carlos Barreto, George Barris, Peter Basch, Cecil Beaton, Otto Bettmann, Carlyle Blackwell, Cornell Capa, Jack Cardiff, Jock Carroll, Henri Cartier-Bresson, Larry Burrows, Ed Clark, William Claxton, Howell Conant, David Conover, Bruce Davidson, Loomis Dean, Alfred Eisenstaedt, John Engstead, Elliott Erwitt, J. R. Eyerman, Robert Frank, Burt Glinn, Allan Grant, Milton H. Greene, Ernst Haas, Philippe Halsman, Erich Hartmann, Bob Henriques, Jean Howard, Frank Hurley, George Hurrell, Joseph Jasgur, Tom Kelley, Douglas Kirkland, Herman Leonard, Harold Lloyd, Lee Lockwood, Jacques Lowe, Arthur Marx, Gjon Mili, Richard C. Miller, Earl Moran, Inge Morath, Nickolas Muray, William B. Murphy, Arnold Newman, Gordon Parks, Willy Rizzo, Herb Scharfman, Lawrence Schiller, Paul Schutzer, George Silk, Peter Stackpole, Len Steckler, Bert Stern, Phil Stern, Dennis Stock, Cecil W. Stoughton, Bob Thomas, Gene Trindl, John Vachon, Delmar Watson, Weegee, Dan Weiner, Leigh Wiener, Laszlo Willinger, Bob Willoughby, Garry Winogrand, William Woodfield, Frank Worth, and Jerome Zerbe were among the photographers who shot Monroe\n*The ''American Masters'' documentary \"Marilyn Monroe: Still Life\" claims that she was the most photographed person in history\n*''American Photo'' May/June 1997 issue was devoted to Monroe\n\nSee also: ''Marilyn Monroe'' by Eve Arnold, Harry N. Abrams (2005), ISBN 0-8109-5933-X; ISBN 978-0-8109-5933-0\n\nSee also: ''Marilyn Monroe and the Camera'' by Georges Belmont, Te Neues Publishing (2000), ISBN 3-8238-5467-4; ISBN 978-3-8238-5467-8\n\nSee also: ''Marilyn by Andr\u00e9 de Dienes'' Steve Crist (Ed.), Taschen (2002), ISBN 3-8228-1199-8; ISBN 978-3-8228-1199-3\n\nSee also: ''LIFE: Remembering Marilyn'' (2009), ISBN 1-60320-079-7; ISBN 978-1-60320-079-0\n\nSee also: ''The Last Sitting'' by Bert Stern\n\nSee also: ''Marilyn: Norma Jean'' by Gloria Steinem with George Barris\n"	"Poetry"	"*Sherman Alexie: \"Tourists\" poem series (1997)\n*Steven Berkoff: \"You Remind Me of Marilyn Monroe\" (2009)\n*Frank Bidart: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (2006)\n*Marilyn Bowering: \"Anyone Can See I Love You\" (1987)\n*Ernesto Cardenal: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1975)\n*Victor di Suvero: \"Marilyn, My Marilyn\" (2003)\n*Judy Grahn: \"I Have Come to Claim Marilyn Monroe's Body\" (1971)\n*Lyn Lifshin: \"Marilyn Monroe\" (1994)\n*Edwin Morgan: \"The Death of Marilyn Monroe\" (1982)\n*Sharon Olds: \"The Death of Marilyn Monroe\" (1984)\n*Norman Rosten: \"Who Killed Norma Jeane?\" (1963)\n*Delmore Schwartz: \"Love and Marilyn Monroe\"\n*John Whitworth: \"Making Love to Marilyn Monroe\" (1990)\n"	"Polls"	"*E!: Sex Symbol of the Century (1999)\n*''Empire'': Sexiest Female Movie Star (1995)\n*''Ladies Home Journal'': 100 Most Important Women of the 20th Century (1998)\n*''People'': Sexiest Woman of the Century (1999)\n*''Playboy'': #1 Sex Star of the Century (1998)\n*''Premiere'': #2 Greatest Movie Star of All Time (2005)\n*''Time'': 100 Most Important People of the 20th Century (1998)\n"	"Popular culture"	"*Betty Boop: collectibles \n*LEGO: Minifigures Series 9, \"Hollywood Starlet\" is modeled after Monroe\n*Mattel: Barbie as Marilyn \n*Marian McKnight: aped Monroe in the talent portion of the 1957 Miss America pageant\n"	"Radio"	"*''The Charlie McCarthy Show'': \"November 9, 1952\", Charlie McCarthy and Monroe announce their engagement\n*''Old Harry's Game'': \"Olympics Special 2012, Episode One\", Thomas is crushed under an unconscious hippopotamus at Satan's Infernal Olympics; Scumspawn uses Monroe as an incentive for Thomas to extract himself from the hippo\n*''Marilyn and Ella Backstage at the Mocambo'': a 2005 BBC Radio 4 drama which recounts how Monroe helped Fitzgerald book a gig at the jazz club \n"	"Television"	"*''Angelina Ballerina: The Next Steps'': \"Angelina's Gift for Ms. Mimi\", a gust of wind makes Angelina ape the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Animaniacs'': \"Method to Her Madness\", Slappy and Skippy attend a method acting class Monroe is in\n*''The Beverly Hillbillies'': \"The Clampetts Go Hollywood\", Elly May glams up as Monroe\n*''Cagney & Lacey'': \"Jane Doe #37\", a girl Cagney and Lacey arrest gives her name as \"Norma Jeane Baker\", the name Monroe was known as growing up\n*''Clone High'': Monroe hangs out at The Grassy Knoll with Nostradamus\n*''Criminal Minds'': \"Reflections of Desire\", Garcia quotes Monroe\n*''The Critic'': \"Marathon Mensch\", Jay imagines himself as a Monroe impersonator aping the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Desperate Housewives'': \"Excited and Scared\", Ren\u00e9e dresses as Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch'' for Halloween\n*''Dexter's Laboratory'': \"Blonde Leading the Blonde\", Dexter apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Doctor Who'': \"A Christmas Carol\", The Doctor becomes engaged to Monroe\n*''Elvis'': Elvis tells his mother she is more beautiful than Monroe\n*''The Ernie Kovacs Show'': Edie Adams regularly aped Monroe\n*''Family Guy'': \"Mom's the Word\", Evelyn apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Frasier'': \"Room Full of Heroes\", Martin, as Joe DiMaggio, references Monroe; Daphne, as Elton John, references \"Candle in the Wind\"\n*''Full House'': \"Mad Money\", Jesse brings home a Monroe impersonator\n*''Futurama'': \"I Dated a Robot\", a teenager makes out with \"Marilyn Monrobot\"\n*''Gilligan's Island'': \"The Producer\", Ginger glams up as Monroe\n*''Gilmore Girls'': \"Red Light on the Wedding Night\", a waiter at the club Lorelei has her bachelorette party is dressed as Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n*''Golden Girls'': \"Letters to Gorbachev\", Blanche apes \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" to Mikhail Gorbachev\n*''Growing Pains'': \"Happy Halloween: Part 2\", a character dresses as Monroe\n*''Happy Endings'': \"Spooky Endings\", Alex dresses as Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch'' for a Halloween party\n*''Hart of Dixie'': \"Walkin' After Midnight\", Lemon dresses as Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch'' for a Halloween party\n*''The Honeymooners'': \"A Woman's Work Is Never Done\", Ralph references Monroe\n*''I Love Lucy'': \"Ricky's Movie Offer\", Lucy and Ethel think the script sent to Ricky has a Monroe-type part, and ask Fred which one of them looks more like her; Lucy glams up as Monroe\n*''Jessie'': \"Ghost Bummer\", Jessie dresses as Monroe for Halloween \n*''Keeping Up with the Kardashians'': \"Paparazzi & Papas\", Khlo\u00e9 asks her grandmother's prospective dates if they like Monroe\n*''Last Man Standing'': \"Adrenaline\", Mike references Monroe on his Webcast\n*''Law & Order: Criminal Intent'': \"Bombshell\", a prescription bottle found by Logan and Wheeler is made out to Monroe's birth name, Norma Mortensen; Merritt references Monroe\n*''Love, Marilyn''\n*''Mad Men'':\n**\"Maidenform\", Monroe and Jackie Kennedy inspire the agency's campaign for Playtex\n**\"Six Month Leave\", Monroe's death affects Hollis, Joan, and the office girls\n*''Married... with Children'': \"It's a Bundyful Life\", Al asks his guardian angel if Monroe is laughing at him because he caved to Peg's demand that he toss his ''Playboy''s\n*''M*A*S*H'': \"Bombshells\", Hawkeye and Charles start a rumor that Monroe is coming to the 4077 to thank the staff for caring for her cousin\n*''The Name's the Same'':\n**\"November 19, 1952\", a contestant's actual name is Marilyn Monroe\n**\"January 12, 1954\", two contestants' actual names are Marilyn Monroe and Joe DiMaggio\n**\"June 22, 1954\", Van Johnson's \"secret wish\" is for Marilyn to sit on his lap\n**\"August 31, 1954\", Charles Coburn's \"secret wish\" is to dance the rumba with Monroe as he did in ''Gentlemen Prefer Blondes''\n*''NCIS'':\n**\"Kill Ari, Part 1\", DiNozzo has Caitlin ape the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch'' in his fantasy\n**\"Minimum Security\", Ducky tells Abby his mother wears nothing to bed but Chanel No. 5 ever since Monroe said it's the only thing she wears to bed\n**\"Witch Hunt\", Abby dresses as Monroe from ''The Seven Year Itch'' for Halloween\n*''Nip/Tuck'': \"Joyce & Sharon Monroe\", two Monroe Look-alikes want to look more like her\n*''One Tree Hill'': \"Pictures of You\", Brooke impersonates Monroe for a class assignment\n*''Phil Spector'': Spector speculates on Monroe's death during his first meeting with Linda\n*''The Pretender'': \"Curious Jarod\", Jarod reviews a Simulation of the night of Monroe's death in which his younger self speculates as if \"Norma Jean\" or \"Marilyn\" was possibly murdered and why\n*''Quantum Leap'': \"Goodbye Norma Jean\", Sam leaps into the body of Monroe's chauffeur\n*''Quincy, M.E.'': \"A Star Is Dead\", Quincy investigates the death of a Monroe-like movie star\n*''The Real Ghostbusters'': \"Janine, You've Changed\", Janine insinuates that she has claimed Monroe\n*''Roseanne'': \"Skeleton in the Closet\", Nancy dresses as Monroe for the diner's Halloween party\n*''Saturday Night Live'':\n**Teri Garr played Monroe with Joe Piscopo as John F. Kennedy (Season 9, Episode 5)\n**Mary Gross played Monroe as a recurring character (1981\u20131985)\n**Madonna played Monroe (Season 11, Episode 1)\n***aped \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\" (Season 18, Episode 11)\n**Charlize Theron as Monroe with Jimmy Fallon as Joe DiMaggio (Season 26, Episode 4)\n*''Saved by the Bell'': \"Slater's Sister\", Zack references Monroe\n*''Seinfeld'': \"The Note\", George references Monroe after Kramer claims he saw Joe DiMaggio at Dinky Donuts\n*''Sex and the City'': \"To Market, to Market\", Samantha's change purse has ''Marilyn Diptych'' on it\n*''The Simpsons'':\n**\"The Homer They Fall\", a picture of Monroe is on a jacket\n**\"Rosebud\", Smithers imagines Mr. Burns singing \"Happy Birthday to You\" to him \u00e0 la \"Happy Birthday, Mr. President\"\n***a slide photo of Mr. Burns shows him aping the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch''\n**\"Thirty Minutes over Tokyo\" features a Monroe robot\n**\"Treehouse of Horror XIV\", Professor Frink tells Bart and Lisa his father \"worked on the atom bomb by day, slept with Marilyn Monroe by night, and sold secrets to the Russians at lunch\"\n**Moe apes the \"subway grate\" pose from ''The Seven Year Itch'' on Disk 4 of the Season 6 DVD set menu\n**Dr. Marvin Monroe's original first name was Marilyn\n*''Smash'': Main plot concerns the planning of a Broadway musical about Monroe\n*''Sordid Lives: The Series'': \"The Fall and Rise of Brother Boy\", Ty is shown Monroe's ukulele from ''Some Like It Hot''\n*''Warehouse 13'': \"Love Sick\", Monroe's hairbrush turns hair platinum blonde when used\n*''What's My Line?'': \"August 21, 1960\", mystery guest Buddy Hackett signs in as \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n*''Zoey 101'': \"Haunted House\", Zoey dresses as Monroe for Halloween\n\nSee also:  imdb.com Marilyn Monroe (Character) page\n"	"Theater"	"\n'''By Arthur Miller, Monroe's third husband:'''\n\n*''After the Fall'' (1964) \u2013 The play and its main characters, Maggie and Quentin, are based on Monroe and Miller and their marriage\n*''Finishing the Picture'' (2004) \u2013 The play is based on Miller's experiences of making ''The Misfits'' (1961), with Kay being based on Monroe\n\n'''Plays and musicals based on Monroe's life or with Monroe as a central character:'''\n*''Marilyn'' (1975) by Adam Darius\n*''Insignificance'' (1982) by Terry Johnson: The Actress is based on Monroe\n*''Marilyn: An American Fable'' (1983)\n*''Strawhead'' (1986) by Norman Mailer and Richard Hannum\n*''Miss Golden Dreams'' (2001) by Joyce Carol Oates\n*''Marilyn Forever Blonde'' (2007)\n*''Marilyn and Ella'' (2008) by Bonnie Greer\n*''Marilyn's 2nd Chance'' (2009), and ''Marilyn Monroe, My Secret'' (2013) by Willard Manus\n*''Norma Jeane: The Musical'' (2013): songs written by Jay Aston\n\n'''Plays and musicals with Monroe as a minor character or referenced:'''\n\n*''Blood Brothers'' (1983): two songs called \"Marilyn Monroe\"\n*''Wilhelm Reich in Hell'' (1987): Monroe is a character\n*''Nobody Dies on Friday'' (1998) by Robert Brustein: About Lee Strasberg and the Actors Studio, with Monroe as a supporting character\n"	"See also"	"* Death of Marilyn Monroe\n* Marilyn Monroe filmography\n* Jayne Mansfield in popular culture\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* Marilyn did NOT have six toes on one foot!\n* Tate Collection, Marilyn Diptych by Andy Warhol\n* Hefner to be Buried With Monroe 24 June 2007\n* \"A New Marilyn Monroe Script Helps Plot 'Augmented Reality'\" ''Investor's Business Daily'' via finance.yahoo.com 19 February 2010\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Mark Stone (baritone)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Mark Stone''' is a British baritone appearing in concerts, recitals, and opera.\n"	"Biography"	"\n===Early life===\nBorn in London 12 June 1969, he studied at Wilson's School, Wallington before going up to King's College, Cambridge to read Mathematics. After graduating in 1990, he worked as a Chartered Accountant and as an investment banker before studying singing at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, London from 1995 to 1998.\n\n===Performing===\nHe made his operatic debut in 1998, singing the role of Escamillo for Opera North, since when he has also appeared in the UK at the Royal Opera House, English National Opera, Glyndebourne and Welsh National Opera. He made his U.S. debut for the Opera Company of Philadelphia and went on to sing at Santa Fe Opera. Elsewhere he has sung for La Scala (Milan), Opera Nationale de Montpellier, Liceu (Barcelona), Deutsche Oper Berlin, Cologne Opera, Leipzig Opera, the Royal Swedish Opera, Nationale Reisoper (Enschede), Israeli Opera and New Zealand Opera.\n\nIn 2016 he premiered the role of The Count in Elena Langer's opera ''Figaro Gets a Divorce'', at the welsh National Opera.\n\nHe appears regularly in concert, having sung with the London Symphony Orchestra, the Hall\u00e9 Orchestra, the Academy of Ancient Music, the Oxford Lieder Festival, the Philharmonia Orchestra, the BBC Concert Orchestra, the City of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra, the Bamberg Symphony Orchestra, the Munich Radio Orchestra, the Danish National Symphony Orchestra, the Berlin Radio Symphony Orchestra (East Berlin), the Orquesta Sinf\u00f3nica de Castilla y L\u00e9on and the Orquesta Sinf\u00f3nica de Galicia.\n\n===Record producing===\nIn 2008 he formed the CD label Stone Records. Originally created to release his own recordings, the label expanded, as Stone began to release discs from other artists, and the catalogue now includes vocal, choral, orchestral and instrumental music.\n"	"Repertoire"	"\n===Operatic===\n\n\n Composer\n Opera\n Role\n Performed\n\n\n Adams\n Nixon in China\n Chou En-lai\n English National Opera\n\n\n Ad\u00e8s\n The Tempest\n Sebastian\n Concertgebouw\n\n\n Alfano\n Cyrano de Bergerac\n Valvert\n Royal Opera House\n\n\n Argento\n The Aspern Papers\n The lodger\n Guildhall School of Music and Drama\n\n\n Bellini\n La straniera\n Valdeburgo\n Opera Rara\n\n Berlioz\n B\u00e9atrice et B\u00e9n\u00e9dict\n Claudio\n Welsh National Opera\n\n Les Troyens\n Chef grec\n London Symphony Orchestra\n\n\n Bernstein\n Candide\n Maximillian\n English National Opera\n\n Bizet\n Carmen\n Escamillo\n Opera North\n\n Djamileh\n Splendiano\n Opera North\n\n Britten\n Albert Herring\n Sid\n British Youth Opera, Kammeroper Schloss Rheinsberg\n\n A Midsummer Night's Dream\n Demetrius\n Opera North\n\n Billy Budd\n Bosun\n London Symphony Orchestra\n\n Curlew River\n Ferryman\n Barbican Centre,\n\n Gloriana\n Mountjoy\n Opera North, Royal Opera House\n\n Peter Grimes\n Ned Keane\n London Philharmonic Orchestra\n\n The Rape of Lucretia\n Junius\n Britten-Pears Orchestra\n\n\n De Falla\n La vida breve\n Manuel\n Opera North\n\n Donizetti\nIl campanello\nEnrico\nBuxton Festival\n\n L'elisir d'amore\n Belcore\n Welsh National Opera\n\n Lucia di Lammermoor\n Enrico\n Opera Holland Park, English National Opera,\n\n\n Dove\n Man on the moon\n Gene Kranz\n Channel 4\n\n Gluck\n Iphig\u00e9nie en Tauride\n Oreste\n Pina Bausch\n\n Alceste\n High Priest\n Woodbridge Festival\n\n Handel\n Acis and Galatea\n Polyphemus\n Gabrieli Consort\n\n La resurezzione\n Lucifero\n Opera Atelier\n\n Serse\n Elviro\n Royal Swedish Opera\n\n Tolomeo\n Araspe\n Broomhill Opera\n\n\n Haydn\n La fedelt\u00e0 premiata\n Melibeo\n Guildhall School of Music and Drama\n\n\n Jan\u00e1\u010dek\n The Cunning Little Vixen\n Hara\u0161ta\n Opera North\n\n\n Willem Jeths\n H\u00f4tel de P\u00e9kin\n Baritone\n Concertgebouw\n\n\n Leh\u00e1r\n Die lustige Witwe\n Danilo\n Op\u00e9ra national de Montpellier\n\n\n Martin\u016f\n Ariane\n Thes\u00e9e\n Guildhall School of Music and Drama\n\n\n Leoncavallo\n I pagliacci\n Silvio\n Opera North, English National Opera\n\n\n Mascagni\n Cavalleria rusticana\n Alfio\n English Touring Opera\n\n\n Massenet\n Manon\n Lescaut\n Opera North\n\n\n Messager\n Veronique\n Florestan\n Buxton Festival\n\n Mozart\n Cos\u00ec fan tutte\n Guglielmo\n British Youth Opera, Opera Holland Park, Grange Park Opera, Santa Fe Opera, English National Opera\n\n Die Zauberfl\u00f6te\n Papageno\n Opera Company of Philadelphia,\n\n Don Giovanni\n Don Giovanni\n Opera Company of Philadelphia, Op\u00e9ra national de Montpellier, Dartington Festival, Opera North, English National Opera, Deutsche Oper Berlin, Hamburg Opera, The NBR New Zealand Opera\n\n Le nozze di Figaro\n Il Conte d'Almaviva\n Opera Holland Park, English National Opera, Classical Opera Company, Cologne OperaTampere Opera\n\n Le nozze di Figaro\n Figaro\n Garsington Opera, The NBR New Zealand Opera\n\n Le nozze di Figaro\n Bartolo\n Britten-Pears Orchestra\n\n\n Prokofiev\n The Gambler\n Mr Astley\n Royal Opera House\n\n Puccini\n Gianni Schicchi\n Gianni Schicchi\n Opera Company of Philadelphia\n\n La boh\u00e8me\n Marcello\n Opera North, Grange Park Opera, English National Opera\n\n La fanciulla del West\n Sonora\n Royal Opera House\n\n Madama Butterfly\n Yamadori\n English National Opera\n\n Manon Lescaut\n Lescaut\n Leipzig Opera\n\n Rossini\n Guillaume Tell\n Guillaume Tell\n Orquesta Sinf\u00f3nica de Castilla y L\u00e9on\n\n Il barbiere di Siviglia\n Figaro\n Guildhall School of Music and Drama, English National Opera, Opera Holland Park\n\n Il campanello\n Enrico\n Buxton Festival\n\n L'occasione fa il ladro\n Parmenione\n Opera North\n\n Il turco in Italia\n Prosdocimo\n Garsington Opera\n\n\n Sawer\n Skin Deep\n Luke Pollock\n Opera North\n\n\n Saint-Sa\u00ebns\n Samson et Dalila\n Second Philistine\n London Symphony Orchestra\n\n\n Sondheim\n Sweeney Todd\n Sweeney Todd\n Munich Radio Orchestra\n\n\n Strauss, J\n Die Fledermaus\n Eisenstein\n Welsh National Opera\n\n Strauss, R\nAriadne auf Naxos\nMusiklehrer\nDartington Festival\n\nIntermezzo\nRobert Storch\nGarsington Opera\n\nDer Rosenkavalier\nFaninal\nCity of Birmingham Symphony Orchestra\n\n\n Sullivan\n The Yeomen of the Guard\n Jack Point\n BBC Proms\n\n Tchaikovsky\n Eugene Onegin\n Onegin\n Glyndebourne, Israeli Opera, Opera Holland Park\n\n\n Iolanta\n Robert\n Opera Holland Park\n\n\n Pique dame\n Yeletsky\n Op\u00e9ra national de Montpellier, Opera Holland Park\n\n\n Tippett\n King Priam\n Hector\n Nationale Reisopera, Brighton Festival\n\n Verdi\n Falstaff\n Ford\n Opera Company of Philadelphia\n\n La forza del destino\n Don Carlo\n Opera Holland Park\n\n La traviata\n Germont\n Opera Company of Philadelphia\n\n\n Wagner\n Die Feen\n Morald\n Chelsea Opera Group\n\n\n Weber\n Der Freisch\u00fctz\n Ottokar\n Op\u00e9ra national de Montpellier\n\n\n===Concert===\n\n\n\n Composer\n Works\n\n\n Ad\u00e8s\nTotentanz\n\n\n Auerbach\nDresden Requiem\n\n\n Bach, J.S.\nB minor mass, Christmas Oratorio, John Passion, Matthew Passion\n\n\n Bach, C.P.E.\nMagnificat\n\n\n Brahms\nRequiem\n\n\n Britten\nWar Requiem\n\n\n Carr\nRequiem For An Angel\n\n\n Corp\nAnd all the Trumpets Sounded\n\n\n Delius\nSea drift\n\n\n Durufl\u00e9\nRequiem\n\n\n Elgar\nThe Apostles, Coronation Ode, Dream of Gerontius\n\n\n Faur\u00e9\nRequiem\n\n\n Glass\nSymphony 5\n\n\n Handel\nMessiah\n\n\n Haydn\nNelson Mass\n\n\n MacMillan\nJohn Passion\n\n\n Mahler\nSymphony 8\n\n\n Martin\nGolgotha\n\n\n Mendelssohn\nElijah\n\n\n Mozart\nMass in C, Mass in C minor, Requiem\n\n\n Orff\nCarmina Burana\n\n\n Rachmaninov\nThe bells\n\n\n Rossini\nPetite Messe Solenelle, Stabat Mater\n\n\n Puccini\nMessa di Gloria\n\n\n Tippett\nA child of our time\n\n\n Vaughan Williams\nSea Symphony, Serenade to music\n\n\n Walton\nBelshazzar's Feast\n\n"	" Discography "	"\n\n\n Year\n Title\n With\n Label\n\n 2014\n The complete Quilter songbook Vol.II\n Stephen Barlow\n Stone Records\n\n The complete John Ireland songbook Vol.I\n Sholto Kynoch\n Stone Records\n\n 2013\n The complete Quilter songbook Vol.I\n Stephen Barlow\n Stone Records\n\n Roxanna Panufnik's Love Abide\n London Mozart Players, Lee Ward\n Warner Classics\n\n 2012\nSondheim's Sweeney Todd\nM\u00fcnchner Rundfunkorchester, Ulf Schirmer\nBR-Klassik\n\nThe runaway bunny\nCatherine Zeta-Jones, Michael Douglas, Glen Roven\nGPR Records\n\n Requiem \u00c6ternam (Durufl\u00e9's Requiem)\n The Choir of Somerville College Oxford, David Crown\n Stone Records\n\n The complete C.W. Orr songbook - volume 2\n Simon Lepper\n Stone Records\n\n Britten's War Requiem\n Radio Filharmonisch Orkest, Jaap van Zweden\n Challenge Classics\n\n The complete Havergal Brian songbook - volume 1\n Sholto Kynoch\n Stone Records\n\n 2011\n The complete C.W. Orr songbook - volume 1\n Simon Lepper\n Stone Records\n\n The complete Delius songbook - volume 2\n Stephen Barlow\n Stone Records\n\n Ronald Corp's And all the Trumpets Sounded\n Bournemouth Symphony Orchestra, Ronald Corp\n Dutton\n\n The complete Delius songbook - volume 1\n Stephen Barlow\n Stone Records\n\n Time to Time\n Onyx Brass\n Meridian Records\n\n 2010\n In my craft or sullen art\n Glen Roven\n GPR Records\n\n Paul Carr: Requiem For An Angel\n Bath Philharmonia, Gavin Carr\n Stone Records\n\n The songs of Ronald Corp\n Simon Lepper\n Stone Records\n\n The complete Butterworth songbook\n Stephen Barlow\n Stone Records\n\n Offenbach's Vert Vert\n Philharmonia Orchestra, David Parry\n Opera Rara\n\n 2009\n Gibbs' Odysseus\n BBC Concert Orchestra, David Drummond\n Dutton\n\n English love\n Stephen Barlow\n Stone Records\n\n 2008\n Britten's Billy Budd\n London Symphony Orchestra, Daniel Harding\n Virgin Records\n\n Bellini's La Straniera\n Philharmonia Orchestra, David Parry\n Opera Rara\n\n 2007\n The complete Quilter songbook Vol.I\n Stephen Barlow\n Sony BMG\n\n Entre Nous (Offenbach compilation)\n Philharmonia Orchestra, David Parry\n Opera Rara\n\n The A to Z of Mozart opera\n Classical Opera Company, Ian Page\n Sony BMG\n\n Tchaikovsky Overtures and Fantasies\n Orchestra dell'Accademia Nazionale di Santa Cecilia, Antonio Pappano\n EMI\n\n La Serenata\n David Harper\n Opera Rara\n\n\n 2006\n Ora Divina\n David Harper\n Opera Rara\n\n\n 2001\n Berlioz's Les Troyens\n London Symphony Orchestra, Sir Colin Davis\n LSO Live\n\n\n 2000\n The Magic of Inspector Morse\n Exeter College Choir, Barrington Pheloung\n Virgin Records\n\n\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"*  Artist's website\n*  Management website\n*  CD label website\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Matt Bird"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Matt Bird''' is an Australian film director.\n"	" Biography "	"Matt Bird is a Sydney-based director who in February 2013 became the first filmmaker to be selected as a Tropfest finalist for 3 consecutive years, the world\u2019s largest short film festival.\n\nThe three films were \u2018Taser\u2019 (2013) starring Firass Dirani, \u2018Min Min\u2019 (2012) and \u2018A Desperate Deed\u2019 (2011), which won Best Editing and Best Original Score.\n\nBird\u2019s notoriety as a director began in 2000 when he wrote, directed and produced the indie feature 'Blue Neon' during his final year of film studies at the University of Technology, Sydney. Triple J radio film critic Peter Castaldi declared at the time: \"Australian screens need a future and this is it!\"\nBird was then invited as one of eight award winning directors to make a film for POV 2002, from a script by celebrated writer Brendan Cowell. Bird's film 'The Doppelgangers' told the story of a woman haunted by horrific visions of her lover's double, and starred AFI Award Winner Pia Miranda.\n\nAfter meeting producer/MC Thes One of People Under The Stairs, Bird directed the Los Angeles hip-hop duo's debut music video \"The Wiz\" in 2008. He has also directed music videos for ARIA Award winner's Bliss N Eso and operates Chesterfilm, a film & TV production company based in Sydney.\n\nIn 2011, Bird's thriller 'Cold Sore', starring Saskia Burmeister and Henry Nixon, travelled the international film festival circuit and won Best Short Film at the Indie Spirit Film Festival, and Best Story Line at the Boston International Film Festival. The film had its UK Premiere at the 65th Edinburgh International Film Festival.\n\nIn addition to his 3 Tropfest films, Bird also made 'The Exchange' for the APRA Tropscore competition in 2013, in which composers were invited to write a score for Bird\u2019s film.\n"	"Filmography"	"* Taser (2013)\n* The Exchange (2013)\n* Min Min (2012)\n* A Desperate Deed (2011)\n* Cold Sore (2010)\n* Making the Wiz (2008)\n* The Fatal Blow (2005)\n* Stuffed Bunny (2002)\n* The Doppelgangers (2002)\n* Blue Neon (2001)\n"	"References"	"\n"	" External links "	"* \n*  Chesterfilm\n*  Min Min\n*  Cold Sore\n*  People Under the Stairs - \"The Wiz\" Music Video\n*  Bliss N Eso - \"The Sea is Rising\" Music Video\n\n\n\n"
"Matthieu Charneau"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Matthieu Charneau''' (born November 23, 1988, in France) is a French actor and model.\n \nHe debuted as a model at age 21 after being spotted by a photographer during a visit to Paris.\n\nIn 2011 Nicola Formichetti chose him to play in his short film  Brothers Of Arcadia for MUGLER. The film is directed by Branislav Jancik in New York and was broadcast at the opening of the Mugler show during Fashion Week in Paris. This collaboration launched Matthieu\u2019s success in the fashion industry and in late 2011 he made his move to Paris.\n\nIn 2012 he began training at the prestigious European Acting School Cours Florent. That same year he became a muse for the famous French artists Pierre & Gilles. He posed in three of their photographs entitled ''Johnny Guitar'', ''Narcissus'' and ''Oh\u00e9 Matelot''. After various publications, including the cover of the British magazine Yearbook by Laurent Humbert and an exclusive portrait for Butt Magazine by Luis Venegas, he was chosen as part of the jury for the French Film Festival Ch\u00e9ries-Ch\u00e9ris together with Spanish actress Rossy de Palma and French writer and screenwriter Philippe Besson.\n\nIn 2013 the young actor appeared on the cover of the French cultural and political magazine Les Inrockuptibles for their special issue, \u201cHomophobie, c\u2019est pas Bient\u00f4t Fini?!\u201d He also posed for fashion photographer Damon Baker. While training at Cours Florent he landed the role of Samson in the short film  Coup de Gr\u00e2ce directed by Justin Wu \u2013 a contemporary adaptation of Delilah Myth from the Bible. The film has been selected for the San Jose International Film Festival 2013 in California as well as for the Fashion Film Festival ASVOFF 2013 at the Georges Pompidou Center Art Museum in Paris.\n\nIn late 2013 Matthieu was cast for a leading role in the feature film 'Les Fran\u00e7ais du Jours J' -  a war film directed by C\u00e9dric Condon about the allied landing on June 6, 1944 with Commando Kieffer. He plays the role of Marcel Labas, a young Marine rifleman.\n\nIn 2014, after a couple of music video collaborations with the bands Gentle Republic and Hollydays, Matthieu portrayed Freddie Mercury for Sch\u00f6n Magazine. While traveling in Los Angeles and New York, he was featured as one of the 'OUT 100' in the prestigious OUT Magazine. The photos were shot in New York by photographers Therese & Joel.\n\nIn late 2014 Matthieu plays the lead in 'I'm Cornered', a short film written and directed by Nicolas Goergen which screened at the Nikon Film Festival. It tells the story of a young man demoralized by the aggressive questioning by his doctor after an HIV test.\nAlways keeping a foot in the modeling world, he was shot in Barcelona by photographer Carlos Puig Padilla for the exhibit Vanities Vanitatum Omnia Vanitas at the N2 Gallery.\n\nIn 2015 Matthieu will be featured in 'Arnaud fait son 2\u00e8me Film' - second film of the French director Arnaud Viard after 'Clara et Moi' in 2003. The film will be launched in French theaters April 2015.\n\nMatthieu joins Lee Jones, Stephen Moyer and Katey Sagal in new Kurt Sutter's Drama The Bastard Executioner as Ventris' Servant, also named Frenchie. The Pilot will be directed by Paris Barclay, President of the Directors Guild of America, and who has directed 15 episodes of Sons Of Anarchy.\n\nIn 2016 Matthieu plays in the fiction short-film 'Bad Bunny' directed by Carlos Concei\u00e7\u00e3o and produced by Primeira Idade, which was shot in Portugal and is set to be released in 2017.\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Mental disorders in film"	"Introduction"	"\n\nMany films have portrayed '''mental disorders''' or used them as backdrops for other themes.  This is a list of some of those '''films''', sorted by disorder, regardless of whether or not the disorder is portrayed accurately.  Thus, though ''50 First Dates'' presents a case of anterograde amnesia, the type depicted does not really exist.\n\nIn particular, owing to the nature of drama, extreme and florid manifestations of any given disorder tend to prevail over the more subtle ones typical of the average case. For example, people with agoraphobia are generally portrayed in drama as recluses who never, or almost never, venture from their homes; in reality this is rare and extreme, not typical of the agoraphobic population.\n"	"[[Amnesia]]"	"\n===Anterograde amnesia===\nA person with anterograde amnesia is unable to form new memories. \n \n*''Clean Slate'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Winter Sleepers'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Memento'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Finding Nemo'' \u2013 2003 \n*''50 First Dates'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Ghajini'' \u2013 2005 \n*''The Lookout'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Ghajini'' \u2013 2008 \n*''The Music Never Stopped'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Naduvula Konjam Pakkatha Kaanom'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Remember Sunday'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Medulla Oblongata'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Before I Go To Sleep'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Finding Dory'' \u2013 2016\n\n===Retrograde amnesia===\n\"A much-used plot device, retrograde amnesia occurs when a person forgets part or all of his or her past.\" \n \n*''I Love You Again'' \u2013 1940 \n*''Sullivan's Travels'' \u2013 1941 \n*''Random Harvest'' (1942), in which Ronald Colman's character suffers from the condition not once but twice. \n*''Crime Doctor'' \u2013 1943 \n*''Anastasia'' \u2013 1956 \n*''Paris, Texas'' \u2013 1984 \n*''The Muppets Take Manhattan'' \u2013 1984 \n*''Morning Patrol'' \u2013 1987 \n*''Overboard'' \u2013 1987 \n*''RoboCop'' \u2013 1987 \n*''Innale'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Regarding Henry'' \u2013 1991 \n*''The Addams Family'' \u2013 1991 \n*''The English Patient'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Anastasia'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Dark City'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Mulholland Drive'' \u2013 2001 \n*''The Majestic'' \u2013 2001 \n*''The Bourne Identity'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Finding Nemo'' \u2013 2003 \n*''The Number 23'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Rumba'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Unknown'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Jab Tak Hai Jaan'' \u2013 2012 \n*''The Vow'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Fast and Furious 6'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Mumbai Police'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Trance (2013 film)'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Furious 7'' \u2013 2015\n\n===Psychogenic amnesia===\n\"Psychogenic amnesia, also known as dissociative amnesia, is memory loss caused by psychological stress.\" \n \n*''Spellbound'' \u2013 1945 \n*''The Snake Pit'' \u2013 1948 \n*''Shadow on the Wall'' \u2013 1950 \n*''Marnie'' \u2013 1964 \n*''Mirage'' \u2013 1965 \n*''Mister Buddwing'' \u2013 1966 \n*''The Machinist'' (2004) \u2013 insomnia and PTSD inducing or co-morbid with hallucinations, delusions, paranoia, and dissociative disorder\n*''Shutter Island'' (2010) \u2013 considered dissociative disorders\n\n===Lacunar amnesia===\nLacunar amnesia is the loss of memory about one specific event. \n*''What Lies Beneath'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Mysterious Skin'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Trance'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Dream Lock'' \u2013 2015\n"	"[[Anxiety disorder]]s"	"*''Ordinary People'' \u2013 1980 \n*''Copycat'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Mrs Dalloway'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Elling'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Punch-Drunk Love'' \u2013 2002 \n*''White Oleander'' \u2013 2002 \n*''The Village'' \u2013 2004 \n*''2 Coelhos'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Nerve'' \u2013 2013\n\n===Agoraphobia===\n \n*''Grey Gardens'' \u2013 1975 \n*''On the Right Track'' \u2013 1981 \n*''What About Bob?'' \u2013 1991 \n*''The Fear Inside'' \u2013 1992 \n*''Copycat'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Naked Fear'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Frozen with Fear'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Finding Forrester'' \u2013 2000 \n*''I Am Sam'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Public Domain'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Ocean's Twelve'' \u2013 2004 \n*''The Aviator'' \u2013 2004 \n*''The Benchwarmers'' \u2013 2006 \n*''N.H.K. ni Y\u014dkoso!'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Nim's Island'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Restraint'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Tokyo!'' \u2013 2008 \n*''The Uninvited'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Bunny and the Bull'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Devil'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Columbus Circle'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Protect the Boss'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Citadel'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Los \u00daltimos D\u00edas'' \u2013 2013 \u2013 increasing numbers of people contract a form of agoraphobia, called \"the Panic\", which can be fatal if they venture outside\n*''Phobia'' \u2013 2016 \n*''Sparrows Dance'' \u2013 2012 \n*''The Best Offer'' \u2013 2013 \n*''The Last Days'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Shrew's Nest'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Big Sky'' \u2013 2015\n*''Within'' \u2013 2016\n\n===Social anxiety disorder===\n*''Elling'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Shrek'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Adaptation'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Bubble'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Ali's Eight Days'' \u2013 2009 \n*''The King's Speech'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Nerve'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Mr. Robot'' \u2013 2015 (TV series)\n"	"[[Antisocial personality disorder]]"	" \n*''A Guide to Recognizing Your Saints'' \u2013 2006 many characters experiencing extreme conduct behavior, this movie is one of the best portraits of non textbook antisocials seen today in society\n*''Rope'' \u2013 1948 \u2013 Brandon character \n*''Gaslight'' \u2013 1944 Gregory Anton, Charles Boyer \n*''Brighton Rock'' \u2013 1947 \n*''Caught'' \u2013 1949 \n*''Sudden Fear'' \u2013 1952 \n*''Dial M For Murder'' \u2013 1954 \n*''Les Diaboliques'' \u2013 1955 \n*''A Kiss Before Dying'' \u2013 1956 \n*''Midnight Lace'' \u2013 1960 \n*''Cape Fear'' \u2013 1962 \n*''Lolita'' \u2013 1962 \n*''What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?'' \u2013 1962 Baby-Jane Hudson, Bette Davis\n*''The Oscar'' \u2013 1966\n*''Rosemary's Baby'' \u2013 1968 \n*''The Italian Job'' \u2013 1969 \n*''A Clockwork Orange'' \u2013 1971 Alex DeLarge, Malcolm McDowell\n*''Dirty Harry'' \u2013 1971 \n*''Get Carter'' \u2013 1971 \n*''Frenzy'' \u2013 1972 \n*''Paper Moon'' \u2013 1973 \n*''Themroc'' \u2013 1973 \n*''Black Christmas'' \u2013 1974 \n*''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' \u2013 1975 Nurse Ratched, Louise Fletcher\n*''Halloween'' \u2013 1978 Michael Myers, Nick Castle \n*''Scum'' \u2013 1979 \n*''Pink Floyd \u2013 The Wall'' \u2013 1982 \n*''A Killer in the Family'' \u2013 1983 \n*''The Burning Bed'' \u2013 1984 \n*''Manhunter'' \u2013 1986 Hannibal Lecter, Brian Cox \n*''Poomukhappadiyil Ninneyum Kathu'' \u2013 1986 \n*''The Deliberate Stranger'' \u2013 1986 \n*''A Fish Called Wanda'' \u2013 1988 \n*''Dirty Rotten Scoundrels'' \u2013 1988 \n*''Small Sacrifices'' \u2013 1989 Diane Downs, Farrah Fawcett \n*''Goodfellas'' \u2013 1990 Tommy DeVito, Joe Pesci\n*''Henry: Portrait of a Serial Killer'' \u2013 1990 Henry Lee Lucas\n*''The Krays'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Beauty and the Beast'' \u2013 1991 Gaston, Richard White (actor) \n*''Cape Fear'' \u2013 1991 \n*''The Silence of the Lambs'' \u2013 1991 Hannibal Lecter, Anthony Hopkins \n*''Reservoir Dogs'' \u2013 1992 Mr. Blonde, Michael Madsen\n*''The Hand That Rocks the Cradle'' \u2013 1992 Peyton Flanders, Rebecca De Mornay\n*''Carlito's Way'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Kalifornia'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Natural Born Killers'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Speed'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Casino'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Copycat'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Escape from Terror: The Teresa Stamper Story'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Seven'' \u2013 1995 John Doe, Kevin Spacey\n*''Fargo'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Freeway'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Matilda'' \u2013 1996 Mrs. Trunchbull, Pam Ferris \n*''Primal Fear'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Raja Hindustani'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Scream'' \u2013 1996 \n*''In the Company of Men'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Lolita'' \u2013 1997 Humbert Humbert, Jeremy Irons \n*''American History X'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Clay Pigeons'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Lock, Stock and Two Smoking Barrels'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Wild Things'' \u2013 1998 \n*''In Too Deep'' \u2013 1999 \n*''The Talented Mr. Ripley'' \u2013 1999 Tom Ripley and Dickie Greenleaf, played by Matt Damon and Jude Law respectively\n*''American Psycho'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Sexy Beast'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Hannibal'' \u2013 Hannibal Lecter and Mason Verger, played respectively by Sir Anthony Hopkins and Gary Oldman, (2001) \u2013 2001 \n*''Shrek'' \u2013 2001 \n*''The Piano Teacher'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Training Day'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Catch Me If You Can'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Dahmer'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Red Dragon'' \u2013 2002 Hannibal Lecter, Anthony Hopkins \n*''Gacy'' \u2013 2003 John Wayne Gacy\n*''Monster'' \u2013 2003 Aileen Wuornos, Charlize Theron\n*''Adam & Paul'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Saw'' \u2013 2004 John Kramer the Jigsaw Killer, Tobin Bell\n*''Hostel'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Red Eye'' \u2013 2005 Jackson Rippner, Cillian Murphy\n*''The Business'' \u2013 2005 \n*''The Devil's Rejects'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Black Christmas'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Like Minds'' \u2013 2006 \n*''The Departed'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Halloween'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Hannibal Rising'' \u2013 2007 Hannibal Lecter (Gaspard Ulliel) and Vladis Grutas (Rhys Ifans\n*''No Country for Old Men'' \u2013 2007 Anton Chigurh, Javier Bardem\n*''Bigga than Ben'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Changeling'' \u2013 2008 Gordon Northcott\n*''Lakeview Terrace'' \u2013 2008 Abe, Samuel L. Jackson\n*''Madea Goes to Jail'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Orphan'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Precious'' \u2013 2009 \n*''The Disappearance of Alice Creed'' \u2013 2009 \n*''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'' \u2013 2009 Tony Shepherd, Heath Ledger, Johnny Depp, Jude Law and Colin Farrell\n*''The Stepfather'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Tony'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Brighton Rock'' \u2013 2010 \n*''The Killer Inside Me'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Drive (2011 film)'' \u2013 2011 \n*''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'' \u2013 2011 \n*''We Need to Talk About Kevin'' \u2013 2013 Kevin Katchadourian, Ezra Miller'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Starred Up\n*''Stoker'' \u2013 2013 Charlie (Matthew Goode) and India Stoker (Mia Wasikowska)\n*''The Sacrament'' \u2013 2013 Father, Gene Jones\n*''Birdman'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Escobar: Paradise Lost'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Gone Girl'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Miss Meadows'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Nightcrawler'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Rob the Mob'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Whiplash'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Be My Cat: A Film for Anne'' \u2013 2015 \n*''Premam'' \u2013 2015 \n*''True Story'' \u2013 2015 Christian Longo, James Franco \n \n\n"	"[[Asperger syndrome]]"	" \n*''Mozart and the Whale'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Snow Cake'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Ben X'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Adam'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Mary and Max'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Temple Grandin'' \u2013 2010 \n*''My Name Is Khan'' \u2013 2010 \n*''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close'' \u2013 2011 \n*''The Big Short'' \u2013 2015 \n\n"	"[[Autism]]"	" \n*''Together Brothers'' \u2013 1974 \n*''Being There'' \u2013 1979 \n*''The Boy Who Could Fly'' \u2013 1986 \n*''Rain Man'' \u2013 1988 \n*''House of Cards'' \u2013 1993 \n*''What's Eating Gilbert Grape'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Cube'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Mercury Rising'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Pi'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Molly'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Bless the Child'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Elling'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Miracle Run'' \u2013 2004 \n*''The 40-Year-Old Virgin'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Marathon'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Mozart and the Whale'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Snow Cake'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Ben X'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Her Name is Sabine (Elle s'appelle Sabine)'' \u2013 2007 \n*''The Big Bang Theory'' \u2013 2007 (TV series) Sheldon Cooper\n*''The Black Balloon'' \u2013 2008 \n*''The Daisy Chain'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Dark Floors'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Adam'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Mary and Max'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Alexander the Great'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Dear John'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Loving Lampposts'' \u2013 2010 (documentary)\n*''My Name Is Khan'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Ocean Heaven'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Simple Simon'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Temple Grandin'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Sherlock (TV series)'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Mabul (film)'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Drive'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Exodus Fall'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Dr. Pomerantz'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Extremely Loud and Incredibly Close'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Fly Away'' \u2013 2011 \n*''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Barfi!'' \u2013 2012 \n*''NightLights'' \u2013 2012 \n*''The Story of Luke'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Hannibal (TV series)'' \u2013 2013 \n*''The Drop'' \u2013 2014 \n*''The Imitation Game'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Nightcrawler'' \u2013 2014 \n*''A Brilliant Young Mind'' \u2013 2015 \n*''Jack of the Red Hearts'' \u2013 2015 \n*''Pawn Sacrifice'' \u2013 2015 \n*''The Big Short'' \u2013 2015 \n*''The Sense of Wonder'' \u2013 2015 \n*''The Darkness'' \u2013 2016 \n*''The Accountant'' \u2013 2016 \n\n"	"[[Avoidant personality disorder]]"	"*''Cul-de-Sac'' \u2013 1966 character of George \n*''The Godfather'' \u2013 1972 character of Fredo Corleone \n*''The Glass Menagerie'' \u2013 1973 \n*''The Godfather, Part II'' \u2013 1974 character of Fredo Corleone\n*''Zelig'' \u2013 1983 \n*''Back to the Future'' \u2013 1985 character of George McFly \n*''Fargo'' \u2013 1996 characters of Jerry Lundegaard and Mike Yanagita\n"	"[[Bipolar disorder]]"	" \n \n*''Home Before Dark'' \u2013 1958 \n*''Blaze'' \u2013 1989 \n*''Mr. Jones'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Running with Scissors'' \u2013 2006 \n*''The Hours'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Michael Clayton'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Observe and Report'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Shutter Island'' \u2013 2010 \n*''3'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Silver Linings Playbook'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Rocks in My Pockets'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Fear Strikes Out'' \u2013 1957 \n*''Splendor in the Grass'' \u2013 1961 \n*''A Woman Under the Influence'' \u2013 1974 \n*''Blind Date'' \u2013 1987 \n*''Mr. Jones'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Sidhartha'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Steal This Movie'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Manic'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Divine Secrets of the Ya-Ya Sisterhood'' \u2013 2002 \n*''The Hours'' \u2013 2002 \n*''The Devil and Daniel Johnston'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Margot at the Wedding'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Michael Clayton'' \u2013 2007 \n*''The Informant!'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Mr. Nobody'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Observe and Report'' \u2013 2009 \n*''The Big C'' \u2013 2010 (TV series)\n*''Biutiful'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Dad's in Heaven with Nixon'' \u2013 2010 \n*''OC87'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Shameless'' \u2013 2011 (TV series) \n*''Union Square'' \u2013 2011 \n*''3'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Aarohanam'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Homeland'' \u2013 2012 (TV series)\n*''Of Two Minds'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Surviving Family (Film)'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Call Me Crazy: A Five Film'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Filth'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Bipolar'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Infinitely Polar Bear'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Rocks in My Pockets'' \u2013 2014 \n*''To Write Love on Her Arms'' \u2013 2015 \n*''Touched with Fire'' \u2013 2015 \n*''Pink'' \u2013 2016\n\n"	"[[Borderline personality disorder]]"	" \n*''Leave Her to Heaven'' \u2013 1945 Ellen Berent, Gene Tierney \n*''Sunset Boulevard (film)'' \u2013 1950 Norma Desmond, Gloria Swanson \n*''A Streetcar Named Desire'' \u2013 1951 Blanche DuBois, Vivien Leigh \n*''Jules and Jim'' \u2013 1962 Catherine, Jeanne Moreau\n*''Play Misty for Me'' \u2013 1971 Evelyn Draper, Jessica Walter \n*''Looking for Mr. Goodbar'' \u2013 1977 \n*''Mommie Dearest'' \u2013 1981 \n*''Betty Blue'' \u2013 1986 \n*''Misery'' \u2013 1990 Annie Wilkes, Kathy Bates \n*''Ulladakkam'' \u2013 1991 \n*''Bitter Moon'' \u2013 1992 character of Mimi\n*''Single White Female'' \u2013 1992 Hedra Carlson, Jennifer Jason Leigh \n*''Aileen Wuornos: The Selling of a Serial Killer'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Darr'' \u2013 1993 character of Rahul\n*''Falling Down'' \u2013 1993 character of William \"D-Fens\" Foster\n*''Jeffrey Dahmer: The Secret Life'' \u2013 1993 Jeffrey Dahmer \n*''The Crush'' \u2013 1993 Darion/Adrian Forrester, Alicia Silverstone \n*''Casino'' \u2013 1995 character of Ginger\n*''Mad Love'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Breaking the Waves'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Fear'' \u2013 1996 David McCall, Mark Wahlberg \n*''Malicious'' \u2013 1996 \n*''The Cable Guy'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Cruel Intentions'' \u2013 1999 Katheryn Merteuil, Sarah Michelle Gellar \n*''Girl, Interrupted'' \u2013 1999 Susanna Kaysen, Winona Ryder \n*''Me, Myself & Irene'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Lost and Delirious'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Moksha'' \u2013 2001 character of Vikram Sehgal\n*''Original Sin'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Prozac Nation'' \u2013 2001 \n*''La Pianiste'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Dahmer'' \u2013 2002 \n*''One Hour Photo'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Swimfan'' \u2013 2002 \n*''White Oleander'' \u2013 2002 Starr Thomas, Robin Wright \n*''Monster'' \u2013 2003 Aileen Wuornos, Charlize Theron \n*''Monster'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Thirteen'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Head-On'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Wicker Park'' \u2013 2004 character of Alex Denver\n*''Ankahee'' \u2013 2006 \n*''My Super Ex-Girlfriend'' \u2013 2006 Jenny Johnson/G-Girl, Uma Thurman \n*''Notes on a Scandal'' \u2013 2006 \n*''The Tracey Fragments'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Borderline'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Vicky Cristina Barcelona'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Chloe'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Cracks'' \u2013 2009 character of Miss G\n*''Dev.D'' \u2013 2009 character of Dev Singh Dhillon\n*''Mr. Nobody (film)'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Black Swan'' \u2013 character of Nina Sayers and her mother Erica as well as Beth MacIntyre \u2013 2010\n*''No Strings Attached'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Scream 4'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Shame'' \u2013 2011  \n*''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo'' \u2013 2011 \n*''The Roommate'' \u2013 2011 Rebecca, Leighton Meester\n*''Silver Linings Playbook'' \u2013 2012 character of Tiffany Maxwell\n*''A Mother's Nightmare'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Blue Jasmine'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Filth'' \u2013 2013 character of Bruce Robertson\n*''Nautanki Saala!'' \u2013 2013 character of Mandar Lele\n*''Raanjhanaa'' \u2013 2013 character of Kundan Shankar\n*''Side Effects'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Truth'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Girlhood'' \u2013 2014 \n*''The Skeleton Twins'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Welcome to Me'' \u2013 2014 character of Alice Klieg\n*''Boy Next Door'' \u2013 2015 \n\n"	"[[Conduct disorder]]"	"*''The Bad Seed'' \u2013 1956 \n*''A Clockwork Orange'' \u2013 1971 \n*''The Crush'' \u2013 1993 \n*''The Good Son'' \u2013 1993 \n*''The Butterfly Effect'' \u2013 2004\n"	"[[Delusional disorder]]; and [[psychotic disorder not otherwise specified]]"	"*''Sunset Boulevard'' \u2013 1950 \n*''Repulsion'' \u2013 1965 \n*''The Ninth Configuration'' \u2013 1980 with an extreme introjective identification twist\n*''The King of Comedy'' \u2013 1983 \n*''Misery'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Singapore Sling'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Bulletproof Heart'' \u2013 1994 \n*''In the Mouth of Madness'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Invisible Child'' \u2013 1999 \n*''A Beautiful Mind'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Donnie Darko'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Swimfan'' \u2013 2002 \n*''The Machinist'' \u2013 2004 \n*''A Scanner Darkly'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Lars and the Real Girl'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Kumiko, The Treasure Hunter'' \u2013 2014 \n*''They Look Like People'' \u2013 2015\n"	"[[Dementia]]"	" \n*''Nebraska'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Remember'' \u2013 2015 \n\n\n===Alzheimer's disease===\n*''On Golden Pond'' \u2013 1981 \n*''Driving Miss Daisy'' \u2013 1989 \n*''Mars Attacks!'' \u2013 1996 \n*''El hijo de la novia'' (Son of the Bride) \u2013 2001 \n*''En s\u00e5ng f\u00f6r Martin'' (A Song For Martin) \u2013 2001\n*''Iris'' \u2013 2001 \n*''A Time to Remember'' \u2013 2003 \n*''De Zaak Alzheimer'' (The Memory of a Killer) \u2013 2003\n*''A Moment to Remember'' (''Nae meorisokui jiwoogae'') \u2013 2004 \n*''The Notebook'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Black'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Thanmatra'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Away from Her'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Lovely, Still'' \u2013 2008 \n*''U Me Aur Hum'' \u2013 2008 \n*''A Separation'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Before We Forget'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Rise of the Planet of the Apes'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Terri'' \u2013 2011 \n*''The Iron Lady'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Wrinkles'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Amour'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Robot and Frank'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Nebraska'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Honig im Kopf'' (Head Full Of Honey) \u2013 2014 \n*''Still Alice'' \u2013 2014\n"	"[[Major depressive disorder|Depression]]"	" \n*''It's a Wonderful Life'' \u2013 1946 \n*''The Wrong Man'' \u2013 1957 \n*''The Fire Within'' \u2013 1963 \n*''The Slender Thread'' \u2013 1965 \n*''Interiors'' \u2013 1978 \n*''Ordinary People'' \u2013 1980 \n*''Dead Ringers'' \u2013 1988 \n*''An Angel at My Table'' \u2013 1990 \n*''What's Eating Gilbert Grape'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Leaving Las Vegas'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Mazhayethum Munpe'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Kids in the Hall: Brain Candy'' \u2013 1996 \n*''The Butcher Boy'' \u2013 1997 \n*Sue \u2013 1997 \n*''Gods and Monsters'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Rushmore'' \u2013 1998 \n*''What Dreams May Come'' \u2013 1998 \n*''American Beauty'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Girl, Interrupted'' \u2013 1999 \n*''The Virgin Suicides'' \u2013 1999 \n*''On the Edge'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Prozac Nation'' \u2013 2001 \n*''The Royal Tenenbaums'' \u2013 2001 \n*''About a Boy'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Love Liza'' \u2013 2002 \n*''The Hours'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Ice Age'' \u2013 2002\n*''House of Sand and Fog'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Sylvia'' \u2013 2003 \n*''The Assassination of Richard Nixon'' \u2013 2004 \n*''The Butterfly Effect'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Little Miss Sunshine'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Wristcutters: A Love Story'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Downloading Nancy'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Goodbye Solo'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Revolutionary Road'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Wendy and Lucy'' \u2013 2008 \n*''A Single Man'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Antichrist'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Helen'' \u2013 2009 \n*''My Suicide'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Shrink'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Veronika Decides to Die'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Chatroom'' \u2013 2010 \n*''It's Kind of a Funny Story'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Remember Me'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Winter's Bone'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Detachment'' \u2013 2011 \n*''I Melt with You'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Melancholia'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Oslo, 31. august'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Suicide Room'' \u2013 2011 \n*''The Beaver'' \u2013 2011 \n*''We Have a Pope'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Tsure ga Utsu ni Narimashite'' (My SO Has Depression) \u2013 2011 \n*''Lincoln'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Rust and Bone'' \u2013 2012 \n*''The Perks of Being a Wallflower'' \u2013 2012 major depression with psychotic features\n*''Call Me Crazy: A Five Film'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Nymphomaniac'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Side Effects'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Cake'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Rocks in My Pockets'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Two Days, One Night'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Inside Out'' \u2013 2015 \n*''The End of the Tour'' \u2013 2015 \n*''The Sea of Trees'' \u2013 2015 \n\n"	"[[Dysthymia]]"	"*''American Splendor'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Revolutionary Road'' \u2013 2008\n"	"[[Dissociative identity disorder]]"	"See also psychogenic amnesia (dissociative amnesia) \n \n*''Hangover Square'' \u2013 1945 \n*''A Double Life'' \u2013 1947 \n*''Lizzie'' \u2013 1957 \n*''The Three Faces of Eve'' \u2013 1957 \n*''Psycho'' \u2013 1960 \n*''David and Lisa'' \u2013 1962 \n*''Persona'' \u2013 1966 \n*''Persona'' \u2013 1966 \n*''Sybil'' \u2013 1976 \n*''The Tenant'' \u2013 1976 \n*''Dressed to Kill'' \u2013 1980 \n*''Happy Birthday to Me'' \u2013 1981 \n*''My Bloody Valentine'' \u2013 1981 \n*''Birdy'' \u2013 1984 \n*''Angel Heart'' \u2013 1987 \n*''The Fisher King'' \u2013 1991 \n*''Raising Cain'' \u2013 1992 \n*''Manichitrathazhu'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Color of Night'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Never Talk to Strangers'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Primal Fear'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Shattered Mind'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Perfect Blue'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Psycho'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Fight Club'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Fight Club'' \u2013 1999 \n*''The Hurricane'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Me, Myself and Irene'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Nurse Betty'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Passion of Mind'' \u2013 2000 \n*''The Hours'' \u2013 2002 \n*''The Lord of the Rings: The Two Towers'' \u2013 2002 \n*''A Tale of Two Sisters'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Identity'' \u2013 2003 \n*''The Lord of the Rings: The Return of the King'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Secret Window'' \u2013 2004 \n*''The Machinist'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Anniyan'' \u2013 2005 (Tamil)\n*''Chandramukhi'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Hide and Seek'' \u2013 2005 \n*''2:37'' \u2013 2006 \n*''X-Men: The Last Stand'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Bhool Bhulaiyaa'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Mad Detective'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Numb'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Sybil'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Thr3e'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Dark Floors'' \u2013 2008 \n*''My Bloody Valentine 3D'' \u2013 2009 \n*''The Uninvited'' \u2013 2009 \n*''United States of Tara'' \u2013 2009 (TV series)\n*''Black Swan'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Frankie and Alice'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Peacock'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Shutter Island'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Dream House'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Sucker Punch'' \u2013 2011 \n*''The Ward'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Wilfred'' \u2013 2011 (TV series)\n*''The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Birdman'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Rhodora X'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Bates Motel'' \u2013 2013 (TV series)\n*''Split'' \u2013 2016\n\n"	"[[Eating disorder]]s"	"*''La Grande Bouffe'' \u2013 1973 \n*''The Best Little Girl in the World'' \u2013 1981 \n*''Kate's Secret'' \u2013 1986 \n*''Superstar: The Karen Carpenter Story'' \u2013 1987 \n*''An Anorexic's Tale: The Brief Life of Catherine'' \u2013 1988 \n*''The Karen Carpenter Story'' \u2013 1989 \n*''Life Is Sweet'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Uncle Bun'' \u2013 1991 (Malayalam)\n*''For the Love of Nancy'' \u2013 1994 \n*''301, 302'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Dying to be Perfect: The Ellen Hart Pena Story'' \u2013 1996 \n*''When Friendship Kills'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Perfect Body'' \u2013 1997 \n*''A Girl is a Girl'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Cruel Intentions'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Girl, Interrupted'' \u2013 1999 \n*''NOVA: Dying to Be Thin'' \u2013 2000 (documentary)\n*''Sharing the Secret'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Slender Existence'' \u2013 2000 (short film)\n*''Dying to Dance'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Love on a Diet'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Elephant'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Hunger Point'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Perfect Illusions: Eating Disorders and the Family'' \u2013 2003 (documentary)\n*''The Devil Wears Prada'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Thin'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Dana: The 8 Year Old Anorexic'' \u2013 2007 (documentary)\n*''Skins'' \u2013 2007 (TV series)\n*''To Be Fat Like Me'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Glee'' \u2013 2009 (TV series)\n*''Black Swan'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Pretty Little Liars'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Sharing the Secret'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Rigodon'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Compulsion'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Starving In Suburbia'' \u2013 2014 \n*''God Help The Girl'' \u2013 2015 \n*''The Road Within'' \u2013 2015\n"	"[[Erotomania]]"	"*''Fatal Attraction'' \u2013 1987 \n*''The Crush'' \u2013 1993 \n*''The In Crowd'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Obsessed'' \u2013 2002 \n*''He loves me... He loves me not'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Enduring Love'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Obsessed'' \u2013 2009\n"	"[[Folie \u00e0 deux]]"	"*''Bug'' \u2013 2006\n"	"[[Hypersexuality]]"	"*''Rathinirvedam'' \u2013 1978 \n*''Thakara'' \u2013 1979 \n*''Pink Floyd\u2014The Wall'' \u2013 1982 \n*''Desatanakkili Karayarilla'' \u2013 1986 \n*''Shame'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Silver Linings Playbook'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Nymphomaniac'' \u2013 2013\n"	"[[Histrionic personality disorder]]"	" \n*''Gone with the Wind'' \u2013 1939 Scarlett O'Hara, Vivien Leigh\n*''They Drive by Night'' \u2013 1940 Ida Lupino, Lana Carlse\n*''Mr. & Mrs. Smith'' \u2013 1941 \n*''A Streetcar Named Desire'' \u2013 1951 Blanche DuBois, Vivien Leigh\n*''Thaniyavarthanam'' \u2013 1987 \n*''Small Sacrifices'' \u2013 1989 Diane Downs, Farrah Fawcett \n*''Small Sacrifices'' \u2013 1989 \n*''Postcards from the Edge'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Beaches'' \u2013 1991 \n*''The Birdcage'' \u2013 1996 \n*''America's Sweethearts'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Chicago'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Being Julia'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Mean Girls'' \u2013 2004 character of Regina\n*''Forgetting Sarah Marshall'' \u2013 2008 \n*''My Week with Marilyn'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Young Adult'' \u2013 2011\n*''American Hustle'' \u2013 2013 character of Rosalyn Rosenfeld\n*''The Great Gatsby'' \u2013 2013 character of Daisy Buchanan\n*''Breathe'' \u2013 2014 \n\n"	"[[Intermittent explosive disorder]]"	"\n*''Anger Management'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Wedding Crashers'' \u2013 2005 Sack Lodge, Bradley Cooper\n*''Goodfellas'' \u2013 1990 Tommy Devito, Joe Pesci\n*''Raging Bull'' \u2013 1980 Jake Lamotta, Robert De Niro\n*''Teen Wolf'' \u2013  2011 Liam Dunbar, Dylan Sprayberry\n*''The Angry Birds Movie'' - 2016 Red, Jason Sudeikis\n*''Happy Gilmore''- 1996 Happy Gilmore, Adam Sandler\n"	"[[Malingering]], [[Munchausen syndrome]], [[factitious disorder]]"	" \n*''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' \u2013 1975 \n*''The Score'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Side Effects'' \u2013 2013 \n \n*\n"	"[[Munchausen syndrome by proxy]]"	" \n*''The Sixth Sense'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Glass House: The Good Mother'' \u2013 2006 \n*''The Bridge (2011 TV series)'' \u2013 2011\n\n"	"[[Narcissistic personality disorder]]"	"\n*''Citizen Kane'' \u2013 Charles Foster Kane\n*''Gaslight'' \u2013 1944 Ingrid Bergman\n*''Gaslight'' \u2013 1940 Diana Wynyard, the narcissistic character is Gregory Anton.\n*''Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs'' \u2013 1937 the Evil Queen, Lucille Bluth\n*''Ordinary People'' \u2013 1980 see in Beth Jarrett \u2013 1980 see in Beth Jarrett\n*''Arthur'' \u2013 1981 main character, played by Dudley Moore\n*''Mommie Dearest'' \u2013 1981 Joan Crawford, Faye Dunaway\n*''Scarface'' \u2013 1983 Tony Montana, Al Pacino\n*''The Quiet Earth'' \u2013 1985 \n*''Manhunter'' \u2013 1986 Hannibal Lecter, Brian Cox\n*''Wall Street'' \u2013 1987 Gordon Gekko, Michael Douglas\n*''Small Sacrifices'' \u2013 1989 Diane Downs, Farrah Fawcett\n*''Silence of the Lambs'' \u2013 1991 Hannibal Lecter, Anthony Hopkins\n*''Aladdin'' \u2013 1992 \n*''Basic Instinct'' \u2013 1992 Catherine Tramell, Sharon Stone\n*''Braindead'' \u2013 1992 \n*''To Die For'' \u2013 1995 Suzanne Stone Maretto, Nicole Kidman\n*''Election'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Magnolia'' \u2013 1999 \n*''The Talented Mr. Ripley'' \u2013 1999 Dickie Greenleaf, Jude Law\n*''American Psycho'' \u2013 2000 Patrick Bateman, Christian Bale\n*''The Emperors New Groove'' \u2013 2000 Emperor Kuzko, David Spade\n*''Hannibal'' \u2013 2001 Hannibal Lecter, Anthony Hopkins\n*''Zoolander'' \u2013 2001 Jacobim Mugatu, Will Ferrell\n*''Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets'' \u2013 2002 Gilderoy Lockhart (Kenneth Brannagh) and Tom Marvolo Riddle (Christian Coulson)\n*''Queen of the Damned'' \u2013 2002 Lestat de Lioncourt, Stewart Townsend\n*''Red Dragon'' \u2013 2002 Hannibal Lecter, Anthony Hopkins\n*''The Rules of Attraction'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Phone Booth'' \u2013 2003 Stuart Shepherd, Colin Farrell\n*''Mean Girls'' \u2013 2004 Regina George, Rachel McAdams\n*''Basic Instinct 2'' \u2013 2006 Catherine Tramell (Sharon Stone) and Michael Glass (David Morrissey)\n*''Hannibal Rising'' \u2013 2007 Hannibal Lecter, Gaspard Ulliel\n*''Norbit'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Forgetting Sarah Marshall'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Step Brothers'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Dorian Gray'' \u2013 2009 Dorian Gray (Ben Barnes) and Lord Henry Wotton (Colin Firth)\n*''Get Him to the Greek'' \u2013 2010 Aldous Snow, Russell Brand\n*''Arthur'' \u2013 2011 Arthur, Russell Brand\n*''Bad Teacher'' \u2013 2011 Elizabeth, Cameron Diaz\n*''Beastly'' \u2013 2011 Kyle Kingson, Alex Pettyfer\n*''Blue Jasmine'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Hits'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Men, Women & Children'' \u2013 2014 \n*''The Love Witch'' \u2013 2016 \n*''Repo! The Genetic Opera'' \u2013 the Largo siblings and their father \n \n*''New Jack City'' \u2013 1991 Nino Brown, Wesley Snipes\n"	"[[Obsessive-compulsive disorder]]"	" \n*''Secrets of a Soul'' \u2013 1926 \n*''Cat People'' \u2013 1942 \n*''David and Lisa'' \u2013 1962 \n*''The Collector'' \u2013 1965 \n*''The Odd Couple'' \u2013 1968 \n*''Mommie Dearest'' \u2013 1981 Joan Crawford, Faye Dunaway\n*''Turner and Hooch'' \u2013 1989 \n*''Sleeping with the Enemy'' \u2013 1991 \n*''What About Bob?'' \u2013 1991 \n*''As Good as It Gets'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Ormacheppu'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Girl, Interrupted'' \u2013 1999 \n*''K-PAX'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Matchstick Men'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Dirty Filthy Love'' \u2013 2004 \n*''The Aviator'' \u2013 2004 Howard Hughes, Leonardo DiCaprio\n*''Deuce Bigalow: European Gigolo'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Phoebe in Wonderland'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Black Swan'' \u2013 2010 Nina Sayers, Natalie Portman\n*''OC87'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Silver Linings Playbook'' \u2013 2012 \n*''North 24 Kaatham'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Run & Jump'' \u2013 2013 \n*''The Road Within'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Burnt'' \u2013 2015 \n\n"	"[[Paranoid personality disorder]]"	"*''Vadakkunokkiyantram'' \u2013 1989 \n*''Escobar: Paradise Lost'' \u2013 2014\n"	"[[Pedophilia]]"	"*''M'' \u2013 1931 \n*''Germany, Year Zero'' \u2013 1948 \n*''The Mark'' \u2013 1961 \n*''The Damned'' \u2013 1969 \n*''Sweet Movie'' \u2013 1974 \n*''Sal\u00f2, or the 120 Days of Sodom'' \u2013 1975 \n*''Pretty Baby'' \u2013 1978 \n*''Tras el cristal'' \u2013 1986 \n*''Singapore Sling'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Lolita'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Happiness'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Arayannangalude Veedu'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Donnie Darko'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Fat Girl'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Kill Bill Volume 1'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Mystic River'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Birth'' \u2013 2004 \n*''The Butterfly Effect'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Mysterious Skin'' \u2013 2004 \n*''The Woodsman'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Hard Candy'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Sin City'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Little Children'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Achchamundu! Achchamundu!'' \u2013 2009 \n*''5 Sundarikal'' \u2013 2013 (segment: Sethulakshmi)\n"	"[[Schizoid Personality Disorder]]"	"*''Taxi Driver'' \u2013 1976 \n\n"	"[[Pervasive developmental disorder]]"	"*''Charly'' \u2013 1968 \n*''The Hand That Rocks the Cradle'' \u2013 1992 \n*''I am Sam'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Radio'' \u2013 2003 \n*''In Her Shoes'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Taare Zameen Par'' \u2013 2007, Hindi\n*''Heavy Load'' \u2013 2008 \n*''The Reader'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Mission To Lars'' \u2013 2012\n"	"[[Posttraumatic stress disorder]]"	" \n*''The Best Years of Our Lives'' \u2013 1946 \n*''Mine Own Executioner'' \u2013 1947 \n*''Suddenly, Last Summer'' \u2013 1959 \n*''The Manchurian Candidate'' \u2013 1962 \n*''Captain Newman, M.D.'' \u2013 1963 \n*''Marnie'' \u2013 1964 \n*''Red Desert'' \u2013 1964 \n*''Chinatown'' \u2013 1974 \n*''Coming Home'' \u2013 1978 \n*''The Deer Hunter'' \u2013 1978 \n*''Ordinary People'' \u2013 1980 \n*''First Blood'' \u2013 1982 \n*''Pink Floyd \u2013 The Wall'' \u2013 1982 \n*''Sophie's Choice'' \u2013 1982 \n*''Sudden Impact'' \u2013 1983 \n*''Birdy'' \u2013 1984 \n*''Silent Night, Deadly Night'' \u2013 1984 \n*''Friday the 13th: A New Beginning'' \u2013 1985 \n*''Aliens'' \u2013 1986 \n*''Combat Shock'' \u2013 1986 \n*''Platoon'' \u2013 1986 \n*''Empire of the Sun'' \u2013 1987 \n*''A Nightmare on Elm Street 4: The Dream Master'' \u2013 1988 \n*''Friday the 13th Part VII: The New Blood'' \u2013 1988 \n*''Born on the Fourth of July'' \u2013 1989 \n*''Jacob's Ladder'' \u2013 1990 \n*''The Rookie'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Terminator 2: Judgment Day'' \u2013 1991 \n*''The Fisher King'' \u2013 1991 \n*''The Prince of Tides'' \u2013 1991 \n*''Fearless'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Above the Rim'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Forrest Gump'' \u2013 1994 \n*''The Client'' \u2013 1994 \n*''The Lion King'' \u2013 1994 \n*''The War'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Copycat'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Dead Presidents'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Seven'' \u2013 1995 \n*''The English Patient'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Good Will Hunting'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Saving Private Ryan'' \u2013 1998 \n*''The Big Lebowski'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Toy Story 2'' \u2013 1999 \n*''When Andrew Came Home'' \u2013 2000 \n*''X-Men'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Antwone Fisher'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Frida'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Finding Nemo'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Mystic River'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Mysterious Skin'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Speak'' \u2013 2004 \n*''The Machinist'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Harsh Times'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Jarhead'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Lucid'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Harsh Times'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Black Snake Moan'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Danika'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Hannibal Rising'' \u2013 2007 \n*''In the Valley of Elah'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Reign Over Me'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Shake Hands with the Devil'' \u2013 2007 \n*''7 Pounds'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Stop Loss'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Waltz with Bashir'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Brothers'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Precious'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Kung Fu Panda 2'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Martha Marcy May Marlene'' \u2013 2011 \n*''The Deep Blue Sea'' \u2013 2011 \n*''The Master'' \u2013 2012 \n*''The Perks of Being a Wallflower'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Call Me Crazy: A Five Film'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Captain Phillips'' \u2013 2013 \n*''How I Live Now'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Iron Man 3'' \u2013 2013 \n*''The Hunger Games: Catching Fire'' \u2013 2013 \n*''American Sniper'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Cake'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Wild'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Disorder'' \u2013 2015 \n*''Room'' \u2013 2015 \n*''Finding Dory'' - 2016\n*''Me Before You'' \u2013 2016\n*''Sully'' \u2013 2016\n\n"	"[[Sadistic personality disorder]]"	"*''Martha'' \u2013 1974 Helmut Salomn, Karlheinz B\u00f6hm\n*''The Green Mile'' \u2013 1999 Percy Wetmore, Doug Hutchinson\n*''Speed'' \u2013 1994 Howard Payne, Dennis Hopper\n"	"[[Schizoaffective disorder]]"	"*''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' \u2013 1966 \n*''Schramm: Into the Mind of a Serial Killer'' \u2013 1993 \n*''The Remains of the Day'' \u2013 1993 James Stephens, Anthony Hopkins\n*''Shine'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Chinthavishtayaya Shyamala'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Side Effects'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Love & Mercy'' \u2013 2014\n"	"[[Schizophrenia]]"	" \n*''Leave Her to Heaven'' \u2013 1945 \n*''The Snake Pit'' \u2013 1948 \n*''Psycho'' \u2013 1960 \n*''Through a Glass Darkly'' \u2013 1961 \n*''Lilith'' \u2013 1964 \n*''Images'' \u2013 1972 \n*''Black Christmas'' \u2013 1974 \n*''The Story of Adele H.'' \u2013 1975 \n*''I Never Promised You a Rose Garden'' \u2013 1977 \n*''Friday the 13th'' \u2013 1980 \n*''Die Ber \u00dfhrte'' \u2013 1981 \n*''Sophie's Choice'' \u2013 1982 \n*''Angst'' \u2013 1983 \n*''Promise'' \u2013 1986 \n*''Strange Voices'' \u2013 1987 \n*''Santa Sangre'' \u2013 1989 \n*''Nightbreed'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Drop Dead Fred'' \u2013 1991 \n*''The Fisher King'' \u2013 1991 \n*''Aham'' \u2013 1992 \n*''Benny & Joon'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Clean, Shaven'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Phir Teri Kahani Yaad Aayee'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Out of Darkness'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Angel Baby'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Bhoothakkannadi'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Conspiracy Theory'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Arlington Road'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Julien Donkey-Boy'' \u2013 1999 \n*''The Messenger: The Story of Joan of Arc'' \u2013 1999 \n*''The Cell'' \u2013 2000 \n*''A Beautiful Mind'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Donnie Darko'' \u2013 2001 \n*''K-PAX'' \u2013 2001 \n*''The Caveman's Valentine'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Das Weisse Rauschen (The White Sound)'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Igby Goes Down'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Spider'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Homeless to Harvard: The Liz Murray Story'' \u2013 2003 \n*''West 47th Street'' \u2013 2003 documentary\n*''Keane'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Spider Forest'' \u2013 2004 \n*''The Notebook'' \u2013 2004 \n*''15 Park Avenue'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Proof'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Shabd (film)'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Stateside'' \u2013 2005\n*''Bug'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Canvas'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Memoirs of My Nervous Illness'' \u2013 2006 \n*''I'm a Cyborg, But That's OK'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Reprise'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Woh Lamhe'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Mr. Brooks'' \u2013 2007 \n*''My Name Is Alan and I Paint Pictures'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Savage Grace'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Skins'' \u2013 2007 \n*''The Dark Knight'' - 2008\n*''Mirrors'' \u2013 2008 \n*''The Soloist'' \u2013 2009 \n*''The Uninvited'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Black Swan'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Karthik Calling Karthik'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Shutter Island'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Sucker Punch'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Take Shelter'' \u2013 2011 \n*''The Roommate'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Pattinte Palazhi'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Of Two Minds'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Call Me Crazy: A Five Film'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Magic Magic'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Filth'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Foxcatcher'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Goodnight Mommy'' \u2013 2014 \n*''It's Okay, That's Love'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Maps to the Stars'' \u2013 2014 \n*''The Voices'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Legend'' \u2013 2015 \n*''Mad Max: Fury Road'' \u2013 2015 \n*''Tamasha'' \u2013 2015 \n\n"	"[[Self-injury]]"	" \n*''The Piano Teacher'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Secretary'' \u2013 2002\n*''Thirteen'' \u2013 2003 \n*''The Loved Ones'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Chatroom'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Black Swan'' \u2013 2010 \n*''To Write Love on Her Arms'' \u2013 2012 \n\n"	"[[Substance use disorder]]"	"\"Drugs listed from most addictive, harmful or destructive to least (from most to least dangerous, based on a 2007 scientific research study.\" \n*''When a Man Loves a Woman'' \u2013 1994 alcohol \n*''The Lost Weekend'' \u2013 1945 alcohol\n*''Smash-Up, the Story of a Woman'' \u2013 1947 alcohol\n*''Night Into Morning'' \u2013 1951 alcohol\n*''Come Back, Little Sheba'' \u2013 1952 alcohol\n*''The Man with the Golden Arm'' \u2013 1955 heroin\n*''Bigger Than Life'' \u2013 1956 cortisol\n*''Monkey on My Back'' \u2013 1957 morphine \n*''Days of Wine and Roses'' \u2013 1962 alcohol\n*''Long Day's Journey Into Night'' \u2013 1962 morphine, alcohol\n*''Valley of the Dolls'' \u2013 1967 amphetamines (Dexedrine), pethidine/meperidine (Demerol), barbiturates (pentobarbital, secobarbital, amobarbital)\n*''More'' \u2013 1969 heroin, amphetamines, barbiturates, alcohol (absinthe), cannabis\n*''A Day at the Beach'' \u2013 1970 alcohol\n*''Trash'' \u2013 1970 heroin\n*''Jennifer on My Mind'' \u2013 1971 heroin\n*''The Panic in Needle Park'' \u2013 1971 heroin\n*''Pure Shit'' \u2013 1975 heroin\n*''Christiane F.'' \u2013 1981 heroin, PCP, methaqualone (Mandrax/Quaaludes), alcohol, temazepam, diazepam, MDMA, cannabis\n*''I'm Dancing as Fast as I Can'' \u2013 1982 Diazepam (Valium)\n*''Pink Floyd \u2013 The Wall'' \u2013 1982 marijuana, alcohol, tobacco, steroids\n*''Veronika Voss'' \u2013 1982 opiates \n*''Scarface'' \u2013 1983 heroin, cocaine, methaqualone (Quaaludes)\n*''8 Million Ways to Die'' \u2013 1986 alcohol \n*''Sid and Nancy'' \u2013 1986 heroin, cocaine, methadone\n*''Morning Patrol'' \u2013 1987 alcohol\n*''Drugstore Cowboy'' \u2013 1989 morphine, oxymorphone, hydromorphone, amphetamines, cocaine, alcohol, temazepam, triazolam, flurazepam, diazepam lorazepam, LSD\n*''Goodfellas'' \u2013 1990 heroin, cocaine, amphetamines\n*''Jungle Fever'' \u2013 1991 cocaine\n*''New Jack City'' \u2013 1991 cocaine\n*''Rush'' \u2013 1991 heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, cannabis\n*''Ed Wood'' \u2013 1994 morphine\n*''Fresh'' \u2013 1994 heroin, cocaine, alcohol\n*''The Crow'' \u2013 1994 morphine, cocaine, alcohol, cannabis\n*''Leaving Las Vegas'' \u2013 1995 alcohol\n*''The Basketball Diaries'' \u2013 1995 heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, barbiturates, alcohol, inhalants, cannabis\n*''Trainspotting'' \u2013 1996 heroin/morphine, dextromoramide, amphetamines, cocaine, pethidine/meperidine (Demerol), opium, methadone, pentobarbital, amobarbital, alcohol, buprenorphine, temazepam, diazepam, phenobarbital, MDMA, cannabis\n*''Playing God'' \u2013 1997 morphine, fentanyl, amphetamines\n*''Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas'' \u2013 1998 amphetamines, cocaine, barbiturates, alcohol, inhalants, mescaline, LSD, cannabis\n*''Gia'' \u2013 1998 heroin, cocaine, alcohol\n*''Permanent Midnight'' \u2013 1998 heroin, cocaine, methadone\n*''Broken Vessels'' \u2013 1999 methamphetamine, heroin\n*''Cruel Intentions'' \u2013 1999 cocaine, alcohol\n*''Jesus' Son'' \u2013 1999 heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, opium, alcohol, diazepam, LSD, psilocybin mushrooms\n*''Magnolia'' \u2013 1999 morphine, cocaine, MDMA\n*''28 Days'' \u2013 2000 Oxycodone, hydrocodone, codeine, benzodiazepines\n*''Almost Famous'' \u2013 2000 hydrocodone (Vicodin), methaqualone (Quaaludes), LSD, cannabis\n*''American Psycho'' \u2013 2000 cocaine, alcohol, temazepam, triazolam, alprazolam, MDMA, cannabis\n*''In Vanda's Room'' \u2013 2000 heroin\n*''Requiem for a Dream'' \u2013 2000 heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, barbiturates, alcohol, benzodiazepines, MDMA, LSD, cannabis\n*''Traffic'' \u2013 2000 heroin, cocaine, cannabis\n*''Blow'' \u2013 2001 cocaine, alcohol, LSD, cannabis\n*''Bully'' \u2013 2001 methamphetamine, LSD, cannabis\n*''Hannibal'' \u2013 2001 morphine, temazepam, midazolam, chloroform\n*''24 Hour Party People'' \u2013 2002 heroin, cocaine, methadone, MDMA\n*''Love Liza'' \u2013 2002 huffing gasoline\n*''Pure'' \u2013 2002 heroin, cocaine, alcohol, cannabis\n*''Spun'' \u2013 2002 methamphetamine, amphetamine\n*''The Loser Takes It All'' \u2013 2002 alcohol\n*''The Salton Sea'' \u2013 2002 methamphetamine, alcohol\n*''Party Monster'' \u2013 2003 heroin, cocaine, ketamine, MDMA, LSD\n*''Wonderland'' \u2013 2003 methamphetamine, heroin, cocaine, methaqualone (Quaaludes), cannabis\n*''One Perfect Day'' \u2013 2004 morphine, amphetamines, codeine, temazepam, MDMA, cannabis\n*''Get Rich or Die Tryin''' \u2013 2005 morphine, cocaine, alcohol, cannabis\n*''A Scanner Darkly'' \u2013 2006 amphetamines, methamphetamine, cannabis, cocaine\n*''Candy'' \u2013 2006 heroin/morphine, methadone, MDMA, cannabis\n*''Factory Girl'' \u2013 2006 heroin, amphetamines, oxycodone, hydrocodone, temazepam, lorazepam, cannabis\n*''Lights in the Dusk'' \u2013 2006 alcohol\n*''Love is the Drug'' \u2013 2006 cocaine, hydrocodone, alcohol, codeine, Viagra, cannabis\n*''Someone To Run With'' \u2013 2006 heroin, cocaine\n*''The Boys & Girls Guide to Getting Down'' \u2013 2006 heroin, amphetamines, cocaine, MDMA, Viagra, cannabis\n*''Across the Universe'' \u2013 2007 morphine, LSD, cannabis\n*''Enter the Void'' \u2013 2008 DMT, methamphetamine, cocaine, alcohol, MDMA, LSD, cannabis\n*''Anna Karenina'' \u2013 2012 morphine\n*''Flight'' \u2013 2012 heroin, cocaine, alcohol\n*''On the Road'' \u2013 2012 morphine, amphetamines, alcohol, cannabis\n*''The Wolf of Wall Street'' \u2013 2013 cocaine, alcohol, methaqualone\n*''I Smile Back'' \u2013 2015 cocaine, alcohol\n*''Nee-Na'' \u2013 2015 alcohol\n*''To Write Love on Her Arms'' \u2013 2015 alcohol, cocaine (other drugs not specified)\n"	"[[Suicide]]"	" \n*''Germany, Year Zero'' \u2013 1948 \n*''Dr. Strangelove'' \u2013 1964 \n*''The Damned'' \u2013 1969 \n*''Harold and Maude'' \u2013 1971 \n*''Vase de Noces'' \u2013 1974 \n*''Sal\u00f2, or the 120 Days of Sodom'' \u2013 1975 \n*''Ordinary People'' \u2013 1980 \n*''An Officer and a Gentleman'' \u2013 1982 \n*''The Big Chill'' \u2013 1983 \n*''Videodrome'' \u2013 1983 \n*''Better Off Dead'' \u2013 1985 \n*''Mishima: A Life in Four Chapters'' \u2013 1985 \n*'''night, Mother'' \u2013 1986 \n*''Full Metal Jacket'' \u2013 1987 \n*''Lethal Weapon'' \u2013 1987 \n*''Heathers'' \u2013 1988 \n*''Dead Poets Society'' \u2013 1989 \n*''Thelma and Louise'' \u2013 1991 \n*''The Client'' \u2013 1994 \n*''The Shawshank Redemption'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Leaving Las Vegas'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Breaking the Waves'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Hard Core Logo'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Romeo + Juliet'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Boogie Nights'' \u2013 1997 \n*''The Last Time I Committed Suicide'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Gods and Monsters'' \u2013 1998 \n*''What Dreams May Come'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Girl, Interrupted'' \u2013 1999 \n*''The Virgin Suicides'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Almost Famous'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Monster's Ball'' \u2013 2001 \n*''The Royal Tenenbaums'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Vanilla Sky'' \u2013 2001 \n*''The Good Girl'' \u2013 2002 \n*''The Hours'' \u2013 2002 \n*''The Rules of Attraction'' \u2013 2002 \n*''The Chumscrubber'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Wristcutters: A Love Story'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Seven Pounds'' \u2013 2008 \n*''A Single Man'' \u2013 2009 \n*''To Save a Life'' \u2013 2009 \n*''World's Greatest Dad'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Inception'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Black Swan'' \u2013 2010\n*''Detachment'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Shame'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Les Miserables'' \u2013 2012 \n*''A Long Way Down'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Ida'' \u2013 2014 \n*''The Skeleton Twins'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Two Days, One Night'' \u2013 2014 \n*''Rocks in My Pockets'' \u2013 2014\n"	"Ungrouped"	" \n*''The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari'' \u2013 1920 \n*''A Page of Madness'' \u2013 1926 \n*''Secrets of a Soul'' \u2013 1926 \n*''M'' \u2013 1931 \n*''The Testament of Dr. Mabuse'' \u2013 1933 \n*''Cat People'' \u2013 1942 \n*''Kings Row'' \u2013 1942 \n*''Spellbound'' \u2013 1945 \n*''Possessed'' \u2013 1947 \n*''Whirlpool'' \u2013 1949 \n*''Harvey'' \u2013 1950 \n*''Sunset Boulevard'' \u2013 1950 \n*''Autumn Leaves'' \u2013 1956 \n*''Lust for Life'' \u2013 1956 \n*''Head Against the Wall'' \u2013 1958 \n*''La T\u00eate Contre les Murs'' \u2013 1958 \n*''Vertigo'' \u2013 1958 \n*''Peeping Tom'' \u2013 1960 \n*''Splendor in the Grass'' \u2013 1961 \n*''Through a Glass Darkly'' \u2013 1961 \n*''Pressure Point'' \u2013 1962 \n*''What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?'' \u2013 1962 \n*''Shock Corridor'' \u2013 1963 \n*''Lilith'' \u2013 1964 \n*''Red Desert'' \u2013 1964 \n*''Bunny Lake is Missing'' \u2013 1965 \n*''Repulsion'' \u2013 1965 \n*''The Collector'' \u2013 1965 \n*''The Slender Thread'' \u2013 1965 \n*''Who's Afraid of Virginia Woolf?'' \u2013 1966 \n*''Marat/Sade'' \u2013 1967 \n*''Charly'' \u2013 1968 \n*''The Swimmer'' \u2013 1968 \n*''Le Boucher'' \u2013 1970 \n*''Oil Lamps'' \u2013 1971 \n*''Aguirre, the Wrath of God'' \u2013 1972 \n*''Frenzy'' \u2013 1972 \n*''Images'' \u2013 1972 \n*''A Woman Under the Influence'' \u2013 1974 \n*''Vase de Noces'' \u2013 1974 \n*''One Flew Over the Cuckoo's Nest'' \u2013 1975 \n*''Carrie'' \u2013 1976 \n*''Face to Face'' \u2013 1976 \n*''La casa del pel\u00edcano'' \u2013 1976 \n*''Taxi Driver'' \u2013 1976 \n*''The Tenant'' \u2013 1976 \n*''Apocalypse Now'' \u2013 1979 \n*''Being There'' \u2013 1979 \n*''The Wretches Are Still Singing'' \u2013 1979 \n*''Woyzeck'' \u2013 1979 \n*''Dressed to Kill'' \u2013 1980 \n*''The Shining'' \u2013 1980 \n*''Frances'' \u2013 1982 \n*''Pink Floyd: The Wall'' \u2013 1982 \n*''Sophie's Choice'' \u2013 1982 \n*''Zelig'' \u2013 1983 \n*''Birdy'' \u2013 1984 \n*''Brazil'' \u2013 1985 \n*''Blue Velvet'' \u2013 1986 \n*''The Boy Who Could Fly'' \u2013 1986 \n*''The Hitcher'' \u2013 1986 \n*''Housekeeping'' \u2013 1987 \n*''The Dead Pool'' \u2013 1987 \n*''Camille Claudel'' \u2013 1988 \n*''Dead Ringers'' \u2013 1988 \n*''My Left Foot'' \u2013 1989 \n*''The Dream Team'' \u2013 1989 \n*''Awakenings'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Crazy People'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Jacob's Ladder'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Misery'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Singapore Sling'' \u2013 1990 \n*''Raise the Red Lantern'' \u2013 1991 \n*''Soorya Manasam'' \u2013 1992 \n*''Germinal'' \u2013 1993 \n*''This Boy's Life'' \u2013 1993 \n*''What's Eating Gilbert Grape'' \u2013 1993 \n*''Blue Sky'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Forrest Gump'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Heavenly Creatures'' \u2013 1994 \n*''L'Enfer'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Natural Born Killers'' \u2013 1994 \n*''Nell'' \u2013 1994 \n*''12 Monkeys'' \u2013 1995 \n*''Don Juan DeMarco'' \u2013 1995 \n*''The Dentist'' \u2013 1996 \n*''Perfect Blue'' \u2013 1997 \n*''Patch Adams'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Patch Adams'' \u2013 1998 \n*''The Butcher Boy'' \u2013 1998 \n*''Girl, Interrupted (film)'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Instinct'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Julien Donkey-Boy'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Mifune's Last Song'' \u2013 1999 \n*''The Other Sister'' \u2013 1999 \n*''Angels of the Universe'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Memento'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Pollock'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Requiem for a Dream'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Secret Cutting'' \u2013 2000 \n*''Donnie Darko'' \u2013 2001 \n*''K-PAX'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Mulholland Dr.'' \u2013 2001 \n*''Session 9'' \u2013 2001 \n*''The Piano Teacher'' \u2013 2001 \n*''He Loves Me... He Loves Me Not'' \u2013 2002 \n*''May'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Oasis'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Punch-Drunk Love'' \u2013 2002 \n*''Oldboy'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Radio'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Sylvia'' \u2013 2003 \n*''The United States of Leland'' \u2013 2003 \n*''Garden State'' \u2013 2004 \n*''The Machinist'' \u2013 2004 \n*''Barfuss'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Keane'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Neverwas'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Proof'' \u2013 2005 \n*''Tideland'' \u2013 2005 \n*''A Scanner Darkly'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Black Christmas'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Bug'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Love Belongs to Everyone'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Solace'' \u2013 2006 \n*''The Night Listener'' \u2013 2006 \n*''Halloween'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Hannibal Rising'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Mad Detective'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Memory'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Running with Scissors'' \u2013 2007 \n*''The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford'' \u2013 2007 \n*''The Number 23'' \u2013 2007 \n*''Batman Unmasked \u2013 The Psychology of the Dark Knight'' \u2013 2008\n*''Codex Atanicus'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Dogtooth'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Franklyn'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Ghajini'' \u2013 2008 \n*''S_\u220fraphine'' \u2013 2008 \n*''The Black Balloon'' \u2013 2008 \n*''The Headless Woman'' \u2013 2008 \n*''Adam'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Antichrist'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Mother'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Observe and Report'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Under Our Skin'' \u2013 2009 \n*''Black Swan'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Inception'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Shutter Island'' \u2013 2010 \n*''The Happy Housewife'' \u2013 2010 \n*''The Perfect Host'' \u2013 2010 \n*''Martha Marcy May Marlene'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Take Shelter'' \u2013 2011 \n*''The Roommate'' \u2013 2011 \n*''Seven Psychopaths'' \u2013 2012 \n*'' Nerve'' \u2013 2012 \n*''Safelink'' \u2013 2013 short\n*'' Home'' \u2013 2013 \n*''Starry Eyes'' \u2013 2014 trichotillomania \n\n"	"See also"	"*Mental illness in fiction\n"	"Notes"	"\n"	"References"	"* Danny Wedding, Mary Ann Boyd and Ryan M. Niemiec, ''Movies and Mental Illness: Using Films to Understand Psychopathology'', 2nd ed., Cambridge, MA, Hogrefe & Hufer Publishing, 2005, ISBN 0-88937-292-6. http://www.hogrefe.com/program/movies-and-mental-illness.html\n* David J. Robinson, ''Reel Psychiatry: Movie Portrayals of Psychiatric Conditions'', Rapid Psychler Press, 2003, ISBN 1-894328-07-8.\n* Glen O. Gabbard and Krin Gabbard, ''Psychiatry and the Cinema'', American Psychiatric Publishing, Inc., 2nd ed., 1999, ISBN 0-88048-964-2.\n* Otto F. Wahl, ''Media Madness: Public Images of Mental Illness'', Piscataway, NJ, Rutgers University Press, 1997, ISBN 0-8135-2213-7.\n\n\n"
"Minako Kotobuki"	"Introduction"	"\n\n is a Japanese actress, voice actress and singer. She is best known for her role as Tsumugi Kotobuki in the anime series ''K-On!'' about a high school girl band. The show launched her music career as she performed the opening and ending themes and joined the three other voice actresses as the music group Sphere.\n"	"Acting career"	"At the age of three years, Kotobuki and her parents were caught up in the Kobe earthquake. Not long after having seen a 1997 Japanese film entitled ''Chikyuu ga Ugoita Hi'' (\"The Day the Earth Moved\"), all of these events inspired Kotobuki to pursue a career in voice acting.\n\nKotobuki's most notable role in the span of her voice acting career is Tsumugi Kotobuki from ''K-On!''. She has also played various popular voice roles such as Karina Lyle/Blue Rose from ''Tiger & Bunny'', Mitsuko Kong\u014d from the ''Index'' and ''Railgun'' anime series, Y\u016bko Nishi from ''A Channel'', and Natsumi Aizawa from ''Natsuiro Kiseki''.\n"	"Music career"	"Kotobuki began her musical career with the performance of the opening and ending themes of the 2009 anime series ''K-On!'' with fellow voice actresses Aki Toyosaki, Y\u014dko Hikasa, and Satomi Sat\u014d. Shortly after, she performed the opening theme of the 2009 ''Hatsukoi Limited'' series with Aki Toyosaki, Ayahi Takagaki, and Haruka Tomatsu. The four are affiliated with Music Ray'n, an artist management and publishing group of Sony Music Entertainment. They are currently known as the musical group Sphere and released their first single, \"Future Stream\", on April 22, 2009.\n\nCoupled with the release of her first album ''My Stride'', Kotobuki had her first solo Japan-wide concert tour entitled ''Our Stride'' in 2012 spanning across four dates and venues starting from November 18 in Kobe's International House Kokusai Hall and ending on December 9 in \u014cmiya's Sonic City Hall.\n\nKotobuki is said to be \"the fastest learner on how to dance\" among her peers as far as her being a member of Sphere goes so much that she even guides the other three members of Sphere on dancing. Even in singing, Kotobuki is said to learn just as fast, \"a pro in harmonization\" according to her fellow cast mate in K-On!, Satomi Sat\u014d and \"someone who has good sense in pitch\" according to one of K-On's staff members in charge of music.\n\nDuring her stint in both seasons of the K-On! anime series, she and her fellow cast members were involved in two live events, and just like the character she portrayed in K-On!, she was in charge of playing the keyboard in both occasions. She also played the keyboard on some of her own songs during her ''Our Stride'' solo concert tour and on Sphere's first 2013 live event, ''Music Rainbow 02''.\n\nShe also participated in the anime series, Aikatsu! and was the voice actress of Kanzaki Mizuki.\n"	"Discography"	"\n===Singles===\n*\"Shiny+\" (September 15, 2010)\n*\"Startline\" (November 24, 2010)\n*\"Dear my...\" (September 14, 2011)\n*\"Kokoro Sky\" (April 11, 2012)\n*\"Prism\" (June 19, 2013)\n*\"Pretty Fever\" (November 20, 2013)\n*\"Believe x\" (Believe Cross) (April 16, 2014)\n*\"black hole\" (April 8, 2015)\n*\"Candy Color Pop\" (September 16, 2015)\n*\"Bye Bye Blue\" (March 2, 2016)\n*\"Million Litmus\" (December 7, 2016)\n\n===Albums===\n* ''My Stride'' ()\n* ''Tick'' ()\n"	"Filmography"	"\n\n=== Live-action film ===\n;2005 \n*''Hibi'' - Young Kumiko Kamiyama\n;2006 \n*''Ghost of Yesterday'' - Fumiko\n*''Koufuku no Switch'' - Young Hitomi\n*''Hinami'' - Mina, Satsuki\n;2008 \n*''Bluebird'' - Michiru\n*''-x- (Minus Kakeru Minus)'' - Rin Fujimoto\n;2013\n*''Schoolgirl Complex: Broadcasting Club Edition'' - Ikumi Motonishi (School teacher)\n;2014\n*''Kiki's Delivery Service (2014 film)'' - Jiji\n*''Onodera no Ot\u014dto, Onodera no Ane'' - Asako Sait\u014d\n\n===Anime===\n;2006\n*''Red Garden'' (anime voice-over debut) - Student C, Grace A\n\n;2007\n*''Kamichama Karin'' - Kirika (5 years old)\n\n;2008\n*''Ky\u014dran Kazoku Nikki'' - Hijiri Yamaguchi\n*''Birdy the Mighty: Decode'' - Kanae Kitamura\n\n;2009\n*''Hatsukoi Limited'' - Rika Dobashi\n*''K-On!'' - Tsumugi Kotobuki\n*''Umi Monogatari: Anata ga Ite Kureta Koto'' - Kanon Miyamori\n*''A Certain Scientific Railgun'' - Mitsuko Kongou\n*''Yoku Wakaru Gendai Mah\u014d'' - Kaho Sakazaki\n*''Hell Girl: Triangle'' - Kaname Shimura\n*''Sora no Manimani'' - Emiri, Youko Matoba, Hachiman, Sayaka Akiyama\n*''Birdy the Mighty: Decode 02'' - Kanae Kitamura, Mirun\n*''Heaven's Lost Property'' - Tsukino Hououin\n*''Guin Saga'' - Alumina\n\n;2010\n*''Asobi ni iku yo!'' - Chaika\n*''Chu-Bra!!'' - Yako Jing\u016bji\n*''Hyakka Ry\u014dran Samurai Girls'' - Sen Tokugawa\n*''K-On!!'' - Tsumugi Kotobuki\n*''Otome Youkai Zakuro'' - Daidai\n*''Mayoi Neko Overrun!'' - Young Takumi\n*''Lilpri'' - Tenko Okamoto\n*''\u014ckami-san and Her Seven Companions'' - Chuutarou Nezumi\n*''A Certain Magical Index II'' - Mitsuko Kongou\n*''Demon King Daimao'' - Arnoul\n*''The Legend of the Legendary Heroes'' - Naia Knolles (Kiefer's sister)\n*''Yumeiro Patissiere'' - Dominic\n\n;2011\n*''A Channel'' - Y\u016bko Nishi\n*''Coicent'' (OVA) - Toto\n*''Guilty Crown'' - Kanon Kusama\n*''Dog Days'' - Vert Far Breton\n*''Many\u016b Hiken-ch\u014d'' - Chifusa Many\u016b\n*''Ro-Kyu-Bu!'' - Natsuhi Takenaka\n*''Softenni'' - Misaki Shidou\n*''Tiger & Bunny'' - Karina Lyle/Blue Rose\n*''Hanasaku Iroha'' - Eri Mizuno\n*''Tamayura: Hitotose'' - Chihiro Miyoshi\n*''Beelzebub'' - Yolda, Kaoru Umemiya\n*''Wandering Son'' - Kobayashi\n*''Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere'' - Gin Tachibana\n*''Un-Go'' - Sayo Izawa\n\n;2012\n*''Natsuiro Kiseki'': Natsumi Aizawa\n*''Mobile Suit Gundam AGE'' - Fram Nara\n*''Medaka Box'' - Nekomi Nabeshima\n*''Medaka Box Abnormal'' - Nekomi Nabeshima\n*''Dog Days`'' - Vert Far Breton\n*''Aikatsu!'' - Mizuki Kanzaki\n*''Inazuma Eleven Go: Chrono Stone'' - Jeanne d'Arc\n*''Hyouka'' - Henmi\n*''Tari Tari'' - Youko Mizuno\n*''Sukitte Ii na yo'' - Megumi Kitagawa\n*''Sket Dance'' - Akina\n*''Queen's Blade Rebellion'' - Izumi\n*''Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere II'' - Gin Tachibana, Matsu\n*''Pok\u00e9mon: Black & White'' - Stella\n\n;2013\n*''Dokidoki! PreCure'' - Rikka Hishikawa/Cure Diamond\n*''Hyakka Ry\u014dran Samurai Bride'' - Sen Tokugawa\n*''A Certain Scientific Railgun S'' - Mitsuko Kongou\n*''My Teen Romantic Comedy SNAFU'' - Minami Sagami\n*''Valvrave the Liberator'' - Takahi Ninomiya\n*''Tamayura: More Aggressive'' - Chihiro Miyoshi\n*''Ro-Kyu-Bu! SS'' - Natsuhi Takenaka\n*''Yuushibu'' - Herself\n\n;2014\n*''Go! Go! 575'' - Yuzu Yosano\n*''Saki: Zenkoku-hen'' - Ky\u014dko Suehara\n*''Sekai Seifuku: B\u014dryaku no Zvezda'' - Miki Shirasagi/White Egret\n*''Baby Steps'' - Natsu Takasaki\n*''Pok\u00e9mon: XY'' - Ellie\n*''Majin Bone'' - Tomoko Ry\u016bjin\n*''Gundam Reconguista in G'' - Noredo Nug\n*''Robot Girls Z'' - Imaichi Moenai Ko (Girl lacking in moe)\n*''Girl Friend Beta'' - Saya Kagurazaka\n*''Terra Formars'' - Rosa (Adolf's ex-wife)\n\n;2015\n*''Baby Steps Season 2'' - Natsu Takasaki\n*''Dog Days``'' - Vert Far Breton\n*''Hibike! Euphonium'' - Asuka Tanaka\n*''Punchline'' - Ito Hikiotani\n*''The Seven Deadly Sins'' - Vivian\n*''Your Lie in April'' - Izumi\n*''Tokyo Ghoul \u221aA'' - Ukina\n*''Akagami no Shirayukihime'' - Actress (ep 12)\n*''Kamisama Minarai: Himitsu no Cocotama'' - Elder sister\n\n==== 2016 ====\n*\"Time Travel Shoujou\"- Waka Mizuki\n*\"Ange Vierge\"- Saya S\u014dgetsu\n*\"Hibike! Euphonium 2''\"- Asuka Tanaka\n\n===Anime films===\n;2009 \n*''Redline'' - Hime\n\n;2011 \n*''K-On! The Movie'' - Tsumugi Kotobuki\n*''Towa no Quon'' - Cyborg Delta AKA Hizuru Asuka\n*''Heaven's Lost Property the Movie: The Angeloid of Clockwork'' - Tsukino Hououin\n\n;2012 \n*''Pok\u00e9mon the Movie: Black\u2014Victini and Reshiram and White\u2014Victini and Zekrom'' - Yorterrie\n*''Fuse Tepp\u014d Musume no Torimonoch\u014d'' - Hamaji\n*''Berserk Golden Age Arc I: The Egg of the King'' - Rickert\n*''Berserk Golden Age Arc II: The Battle for Doldrey'' - Rickert\n*''After School Midnighters'' - Mutsuko\n*''Tiger & Bunny: The Beginning'' - Karina Lyle/Blue Rose\n\n;2013\n*''A Certain Magical Index: The Movie -Miracle of Endymion-'' - Mitsuko Kongou\n*''Berserk Golden Age Arc III: Descent'' - Rickert\n*''Dokidoki! PreCure the Movie: Mana's Getting Married!!? The Dress of Hope Tied to the Future'' - Rikka Hishikawa/Cure Diamond\n*''Pretty Cure All Stars New Stage 2 : Kokoro no Tomodachi'' - Rikka Hishikawa/Cure Diamond\n\n;2014\n*''Tiger & Bunny: The Rising'' - Karina Lyle/Blue Rose\n*''Pretty Cure All Stars New Stage 3 : Eien no Tomodachi'' - Rikka Hishikawa/Cure Diamond\n*''Aikatsu!: The Movie'' - Mizuki Kanzaki\n\n;2015\n*''Cyborg 009 Vs. Devilman'' - Eva Maria Parallels\n*''Tamayura: Sotsugyou Shashin'' - Chihiro Miyoshi\n\n;2017\n*''Lu over the wall''\n\n===Video games===\n;2009\n*''Final Fantasy XIII'' (PS3) - Serah Farron\n\n;2010\n*''K-On! Houkago Live!!'' (PSP) - Tsumugi Kotobuki\n*''Suzunone Seven! ~Rebirth Knot~'' (PS2) - Mayo Shouno\n\n;2011\n*''Final Fantasy Type-0'' (PSP) - Kasumi Tobuki\n*''Final Fantasy XIII-2'' (PS3) - Serah Farron\n*''Ro-Kyu-Bu!'' (PSP) - Natsuhi Takenaka\n*''A Certain Magical Index'' (PSP) - Mitsuko Kongou\n\n;2012\n*''Devil Summoner: Soul Hackers'' (3DS) - Hitomi Tono, Nemissa\n*''YomeColle'' (Smartphone game) - Chifusa Many\u016b\n*''Girl Friend Beta'' (Smartphone game) - Saya Kagurazaka\n*''Mobile Suit Gundam AGE: Universe Accel / Cosmic Drive'' (PSP) - Fram Nara\n\n;2013\n*''Tiger & Bunny: Heroes' Day'' (PSP) - Karina Lyle/Blue Rose\n*''Horizon in the Middle of Nowhere Portable'' (PSP) - Gin Tachibana\n*''Lightning Returns: Final Fantasy XIII'' (PS3) - Serah Farron\n*''Aikatsu! Futari No My Princess'' (3DS) - Mizuki Kanzaki\n\n;2014\n*''Ro-Kyu-Bu!: Naisho no Shutter Chance'' (Vita) - Natsuhi Takenaka\n*''Suzunone Seven! Portable'' (PSP) - Mayo Shouno\n*''Hyrule Warriors'' (Wii U) - Lana, Cia\n*''Grimoire \u301cShiritsu Grimoire Mahou Gakuen\u301c'' (Smartphone game) - Senri Wagatsuma\n*''Heroes Placement'' (Smartphone game) - Obana Tonomine\n*''Aikatsu! 365 Idol Days'' (3DS) - Mizuki Kanzaki\n\n;2015\n*''Persona 4: Dancing All Night'' (Vita) - Kanami Mashita\n*''Girl Friend Note'' (Smartphone rhythm game) - Saya Kagurazaka\n*''Hyrule Warriors'' - Lana/Cia\n\n;2016\n*''Hyrule Warriors Legends'' (3DS) - Lana, Cia\n\n===Tokusatsu===\n;2016\n*''Doubutsu Sentai Zyuohger'' - Nalia\n\n===Theater===\n;2014\n* ''Tanin no Me'' - Belinda\n* ''Eclipse'' - Hanezu, Young Seimei\n\n===Overseas dubbing===\n*''Byzantium'' - Eleanor Webb\n*''Carrie'' - Nikki and Lizzi\n*''Gossip Girl'' - Ivy Dickens/Charlie Rhodes\n*''Hick'' - Luli McMullen\n*''How to Train Your Dragon'' - Astrid\n*''How to Train Your Dragon 2'' - Astrid\n*''Mindscape'' - Anna Greene (Taissa Farmiga)\n*''The Pillars of the Earth'' - Elizabeth\n*''Thunderbirds Are Go (TV series)'' - Tanusha \"Kayo\" Kyrano\n*''Priest'' - Lucy\n*''Safe'' - Mei\n*''Sucker Punch'' - Babydoll\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Mouse"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\nA '''mouse''' (plural: '''mice''') is a small rodent characteristically having a pointed snout, small rounded ears, a body-length scaly tail and a high breeding rate. The best known mouse species is the common house mouse (''Mus musculus''). It is also a popular pet. In some places, certain kinds of field mice are locally common. They are known to invade homes for food and shelter.\n\nDomestic mice sold as pets often differ substantially in size from the common house mouse. This is attributable both to breeding and to different conditions in the wild. The most well known strain, the white lab mouse, has more uniform traits that are appropriate to its use in research.\n\nThe American white-footed mouse (''Peromyscus leucopus'') and the ''deer mouse'' (''Peromyscus maniculatus''), as well as other common species of mouse-like rodents around the world, also sometimes live in houses. These, however, are in other genera.\n\nCats, wild dogs, foxes, birds of prey, snakes and even certain kinds of arthropods have been known to prey heavily upon mice. Nevertheless, because of its remarkable adaptability to almost any environment, the mouse is one of the most successful mammalian genera living on Earth today.\n\nMice, in certain contexts, can be considered vermin which are a major source of crop damage, causing structural damage and spreading diseases through their parasites and feces. In North America, breathing dust that has come in contact with mouse excrement has been linked to hantavirus, which may lead to hantavirus pulmonary syndrome (HPS).\n\nPrimarily nocturnal animals, mice compensate for their poor eyesight with a keen sense of hearing, and rely especially on their sense of smell to locate food and avoid predators.\n\nMice build intricate burrows in the wild. These burrows typically have long entrances and are equipped with escape tunnels or routes. In at least one species, the architectural design of a burrow is a genetic trait.\n"	" Reproduction "	"one-day-old pups\nBreeding onset is at about 50 days of age in both females and males, although females may have their first estrus at 25\u201340 days. Mice are polyestrous and breed year round; ovulation is spontaneous. The duration of the estrous cycle is 4\u20135 days and estrus itself lasts about 12 hours, occurring in the evening. Vaginal smears are useful in timed matings to determine the stage of the estrous cycle. Mating is usually nocturnal and may be confirmed by the presence of a copulatory plug in the vagina up to 24 hours post-copulation. The presence of sperm on a vaginal smear is also a reliable indicator of mating.\n\nFemale mice housed together tend to go into anestrus and do not cycle. If exposed to a male mouse or the pheromones of a male mouse, most of the females will go into estrus in about 72 hours. This synchronization of the estrous cycle is known as the Whitten effect. The exposure of a recently bred mouse to the pheromones of a strange male mouse may prevent implantation (or pseudopregnancy), a phenomenon known as the Bruce effect.\n\nThe average gestation period is 20 days. A fertile postpartum estrus occurs 14\u201324 hours following parturition, and simultaneous lactation and gestation prolongs gestation 3\u201310 days owing to delayed implantation. The average litter size is 10\u201312 during optimum production, but is highly strain-dependent. As a general rule, inbred mice tend to have longer gestation periods and smaller litters than outbred and hybrid mice. The young are called pups and weigh  at birth, are hairless, and have closed eyelids and ears. Cannibalism is uncommon, but females should not be disturbed during parturition and for at least 2 days postpartum. Pups are weaned at 3 weeks of age; weaning weight is . If the postpartum estrus is not utilized, the female resumes cycling 2\u20135 days post-weaning.\n\nNewborn male mice are distinguished from newborn females by noting the greater anogenital distance and larger genital papilla in the male. This is best accomplished by lifting the tails of littermates and comparing perineums.\n"	" Laboratory mice "	"\n\nKnockout mice\n\nMice are common experimental animals in laboratory research of biology and psychology fields primarily because they are mammals, and also because they share a high degree of homology with humans. They are the most commonly used mammalian model organism, more common than rats. The mouse genome has been sequenced, and virtually all mouse genes have human homologs. The mouse has approximately 2.7 billion base pairs and 20 chromosomes.\nThey can also be manipulated in ways that are illegal with humans, although animal rights activists often object. A '''knockout mouse''' is a genetically engineered mouse that has had one or more of its genes made inoperable through a gene knockout.\n\nReasons for common selection of mice are small size, inexpensive, widely varied diet, easily maintained, and can reproduce quickly. Several generations of mice can be observed in a relatively short time. Mice are generally very docile if raised from birth and given sufficient human contact. However, certain strains have been known to be quite temperamental. Mice and rats have the same organs in the same places, with the difference of size.\n"	" Subgenera "	"Field mouse of the subgenus Mus.\n\nAll members of the ''Mus'' genus are referred to as mice. However, the term ''mouse'' can also be applied to species outside of this genus. ''Mouse'' often refers to any small muroid rodent, while ''rat'' refers to larger muroid rodents. Therefore, these terms are not taxonomically specific. For simplicity, only the rodent subgenera belonging to the ''Mus'' genus are listed here.\n\nGenus '''''Mus''''' \u2013 Typical mice\n* Subgenus ''Coelomys'' (East Asia)\n* Subgenus ''Mus'' (Eurasia to North Africa, except for the house mouse which is worldwide.)\n* Subgenus ''Nannomys'' (Sub-Saharan Africa)\n* Subgenus ''Pyromys'' (East Asia)\n* Subgenus and species ''Mus lepidoides''\n"	" As pets "	"Pet mice\n\nMany people buy mice as companion pets. They can be playful, loving and can grow used to being handled. Like pet rats, pet mice should not be left unsupervised outside as they have many natural predators, including (but not limited to) birds, snakes, lizards, cats, and dogs. Male mice tend to have a stronger odor than the females.  However, mice are careful groomers and as pets they never need bathing.  Well looked-after mice can make ideal pets. Some common mouse care products are:\n* Cage \u2013 Usually a hamster or gerbil cage, but a variety of special mouse cages are now available. Most should have a secure door.\n* Food \u2013 Special pelleted and seed-based food is available. Mice can generally eat most rodent food (for rats, mice, hamsters, gerbils, etc.)\n* Bedding \u2013 Usually made of hardwood pulp, such as aspen, sometimes from shredded, uninked paper or recycled virgin wood pulp. Using corn husk bedding is avoided because it promotes ''Aspergillus'' fungus, and can grow mold once it gets wet, which is rough on their feet.\n"	" Diet "	"In nature, mice are largely herbivores, consuming any kind of fruit or grain from plants. However, mice adapt well to urban areas and are known for eating almost all types of food scraps. In captivity, mice are commonly fed commercial pelleted mouse diet. These diets are nutritionally complete, but they still need a large variety of vegetables. Food intake is approximately  per  of body weight per day; water intake is approximately  per 100 g of body weight per day.\n"	" As food "	"\"Pinkie\" mice for sale as reptile food\nMice are a staple in the diet of many small carnivores.  Humans have eaten mice since prehistoric times and still eat them as a delicacy throughout eastern Zambia and northern Malawi, where they are a seasonal source of protein. Mice are no longer routinely consumed by humans elsewhere.\n\nPrescribed cures in Ancient Egypt included mice as medicine. In Ancient Egypt, when infants were ill, mice were eaten as treatment by their mothers. It was believed that mouse eating by the mother would help heal the baby who was ill.\n\nIn various countries mice are used as food for pets such as snakes, lizards, frogs, tarantulas and birds of prey, and many pet stores carry mice for this purpose.\n\nCommon terms used to refer to different ages/sizes of mice when sold for pet food are \"pinkies\", \"fuzzies\", \"crawlers\", \"hoppers\", and \"adults\". Pinkies are newborn mice that have not yet grown fur; fuzzies have some fur but are not very mobile; hoppers have a full coat of hair and are fully mobile but are smaller than adult mice. Mice without fur are easier for the animal to consume; however, mice with fur may be more convincing as animal feed. These terms are also used to refer to the various growth stages of rats (see Fancy rat).\n"	" See also "	"* Genetically modified mouse\n* List of fictional mice and rats\n* Mousetrap\n* Musophobia (fear of mice)\n* Mouse brain development timeline\n* Vacanti mouse\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"\n\n*  Fancy Mice: extensive information about breeding mice and keeping them as pets\n*  High-resolution images of cross sections of mice brains\n*  History of the mouse (with focus on their use in genetics studies)\n*  Mouse tracks: How to identify mouse tracks\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"M. S. Narayana"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''M. S. Narayana''' (16 April 1951 \u2013 23 January 2015) was an Indian actor in Telugu films. He died on 23 January 2015 due to multiple organ failure in Hyderabad as a popular and respected comedian.\n"	"Filmography"	"\n\nBelow are the selected filmography of M. S. Narayana.\n\n* 1996: ''Pedarayudu''\n* 1997: ''Maa Nannaki Pelli''\n* 1999: ''Samarasimha Reddy''\n* 1999: ''Ramsakkanodu''\n* 2000: ''Sardukupodaam Randi''\n* 2001: ''Anandam'' as House owner\n* 2002: ''Aadi'' as Nagi Reddy Assistant\n* 2002: ''Indra'' as Thief\n* 2002: ''Sontham'' as Bhogeswara Rao\n* 2003: ''Sivamani''\n* 2003: ''Amma Nanna O Tamila Ammayi''\n* 2005: ''Bunny'' as Principal\n* 2006: ''Andarivaadu''\n* 2007: ''Chirutha'' as Charan's boss\n* 2008: ''Ready'' as Junior Sasthry\n* 2010: ''Darling'' as Appalanaidu\n* 2011: ''Dookudu'' as Bokka Venkateshwara Rao\n* 2011: ''Badrinath'' as Chupke\n* 2012: ''Julai'' as C.I. Valmiki\n* 2012: ''Daruvu'' as Chitragupta\n* 2012: ''Shadow)'' as Dr. Donga Srinivasa Rao alias Psycho Seenu\n* 2013: ''Kevvu Keka'' as Subbarao\n* 2013: ''Attarintiki Daredi'' as Balu\n* 2013: ''Baadshah'' as Revenge Nageshwara Rao\n* 2014: ''Aagadu''  as Database Daanaiah\n* 2014: ''Race Gurram'' as Teashop Owner (Lucky's adoptive uncle)\n* 2015: ''Pataas''\n* 2015: ''Sher'' as Lungi Baba\n* 2015: ''S/O Satyamurthy'' as Pallavi's paternal uncle\n\n"	"Awards and nominations"	";Nandi Awards\n* Best Male Comedian - ''Maa Nannaki Pelli'' (1997)\n* Best Male Comedian - ''Ramsakkanodu'' (1999)\n* Best Male Comedian - ''Sardukupodaam Randi'' (2000)\n* Best Male Comedian - ''Sivamani'' (2003)\n* Best Male Comedian - ''Dookudu'' (2011)\n\n;Filmfare Awards South\n* Best Supporting Actor \u2013 Telugu - ''Dookudu'' (2011)\n\n;CineMAA Awards\n* Best Actor (Jury) - ''Dookudu'' (2011)\n"	"Guinness record"	"Narayana became very popular for his comedian roles in Tollywood. During the promotion of Dileep Kumar and Priyal Gor starrer film Saheba Subramanyam, he claimed that he started his career in 1997, at the age of 46. Since then, he has acted in over 700 films in a short period of just 17 years. He thinks that he deserves guinness record, as Brahmanandam acted in 700 films in 20 years whereas he did it just in 15 years. His friends appealed to the Guinness Records Academy to recognise him.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Muppet Kids"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''Muppet Kids''''' (fully titled \"Muppet Kids Reading and Thinking Series\") is a series of educational video games developed by Jim Henson Interactive, published by Brighter Child and distributed on some CDs by Encore Software. The games were released in both US, UK and France. The games were reissued in 2004 and included video clips from The Muppet Show. Characters featured in the games are Kermit, Miss Piggy, Animal, Gonzo, Fozzie, Bean Bunny, Rolf, Janice, Skeeter and Scooter.\n"	"Games"	"*Volume 1 - Letters: Capital & Small\n*Volume 2 - Beginning Sounds: Phonics\n*Volume 3 - Sound Patterns: Phonics\n*Volume 4 - Thinking Skills\n*Volume 5 - Same & Different\n*Volume 6 - Sorting & Ordering\n"	"Releases"	"In addition to the individual games on separate CDs, the games were also released as compilations of multiple games on single CDs.\n\n*Muppets (Included in Fun to Learn CD-ROM Five Pack) - Volumes 1 & 2\n*Muppet Kids Reading Skills 1 - Volumes 1 to 3\n*Muppet Kids Reading Skills 2 - Volumes 4 to 6\n*Muppet Kids Kindergarten Deluxe - Volumes 3,4 & 6\n*Jim Henson's Muppet Kids (Ages 3-5) - Volumes 2 to 5\n*Muppets Reading Software Activity Kit - Volumes 1 to 6\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Mute Records discography"	"Introduction"	"\n\nThe following is a list of items with recorded Mute Records catalogue numbers, starting with label founder Daniel Miller's single as The Normal.\n\nThe discography is broken down by singles with a '''Mute''' catalogue number and albums with a '''Stumm''' catalogue number. Best of collections feature a '''Mutel''' catalogue number.\n\nThrough the years, various bands have been awarded their own personalised catalogue numbers, including Yazoo, Inspiral Carpets (through the purchase of the Cow Records imprint) and Depeche Mode, arguably the most prolific of the three for the label. Depeche Mode's singles, starting with \"Leave in Silence\", were issued with a '''Bong''' catalogue number.\n"	" Singles "	"\n===Mute 1 - 100===\n\n* Mute 1 - \"T.V.O.D./Warm Leatherette\", The Normal (November 1978) 7\", CD\n* Mute 2 - \"Back to Nature\", Fad Gadget (October 1979) 7\"\n* Mute 3 - \"Memphis Tennessee\", Silicon Teens (August 1979) 7\"\n* Mute 4 - \"Judy in Disguise\", Silicon Teens (January 1980) 7\"\n* Mute 5 - \"Kebabtr\u00e4ume\", Deutsch-Amerikanische Freundschaft (March 1980) 7\"\n* Mute 6 - \"Ricky's Hand\", Fad Gadget (March 1980) 7\"\n* Mute 7 - \"Soundtracks 1-5/Can't Look Straight/Flashcards\", Non/Smegma (1980) 7\"\n* Mute 8 - \"Just Like Eddie/Sun Flight\", Silicon Teens (July 1980) 7\"\n* Mute 9 - \"Insecticide/Fireside Favourite\", Fad Gadget (September 1980) 7\"\n* Mute 10 - \"Double Heart/On Location\", Robert Rental (1980) 7\"\n* Mute 11 - \"Tanz mit mir/Der R\u00e4uber und der Prinz\", Deutsch-Amerikanische Freundschaft (October 1980) 7\"\n* Mute 12 - \"Make Room/Lady Shave\", Fad Gadget (March 1981) 7\"\n* Mute 13 - \"Dreaming of Me\", Depeche Mode (February 1981) 7\", CD\n* Mute 14 - \"New Life\", Depeche Mode (June 1981) 7\", 12\", CD\n* Mute 15 - \"Rise\", NON (1982) 12\"\n* Mute 16 - \"Just Can't Get Enough\", Depeche Mode (September 1981) 7\", 12\", CD\n* Mute 17 - \"Saturday Night Special\", Fad Gadget (January 1982) 7\"\n* Mute 18 - \"See You\", Depeche Mode (January 1982) 7\", 12\", CD\n* Mute 19 - \"Fred vom Jupiter\", Die Doraus und die Marinas (1982) 7\"\n* Mute 20 - \"Only You\", Yazoo (1982) 7\", 12\", CD\n* Mute 21 - \"King of the Flies\", Fad Gadget (April 1982) 7\"\n* Mute 22 - \"The Meaning of Love\", Depeche Mode (April 1982) 7\", 12\", CD\n* Mute 23 - \"Los Ninos Del Parque\", Liaisons Dangereuses (1982) 7\"\n* Mute 24 - \"Life on the Line\", Fad Gadget (September 1982) 7\", 12\"\n* Mute 25 - \"Or so it Seems\", Duet Emmo (1983) 12\"\n* Mute 26 - \"For Whom the Bell Tolls\", Fad Gadget (January 1983) 7\", 12\"\n* Mute 27 - \"Mit Dir\", Robert G\u00f6rl (1983)\n* Mute 28 - \"I Discover Love\", Fad Gadget (October 1983) 7\", 12\"\n* Mute 29 - \"Mutiny! (EP)\", The Birthday Party (1983) 12\"\n* Mute 30 - \"Collapsing New People\", Fad Gadget with Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten (January 1984) 7\", 12\"\n* Mute 31 - \"Darling Don't Leave Me\", Robert G\u00f6rl with Annie Lennox (1984)\n* Mute 32 - \"In the Ghetto\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1984) 7\"\n* Mute 33 - \"One Man's Meat\", Fad Gadget (May 1984) 7\", 12\"\n* Mute 34 - \"Letters to a Friend\", I Start Counting (1984)\n* Mute 35 - \"Still Smiling\", I Start Counting (1985)\n* Mute 36 - \"The Dangling Man\", Crime & the City Solution (1985)\n* Mute 37 - \"Hypnotized\", Mark Stewart & The Maffia (1985)\n* Mute 38 - \"Tupelo\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1985) 7\"\n* Mute 39 - \"Luxury\", Frank Tovey (1985) 7\", 12\"\n* Mute 40 - \"Who Needs Love Like That\", Erasure (1985) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Mute 41 - \"Only One I\", He Said (1985)\n* Mute 42 - \"Heavenly Action\", Erasure (1985) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Mute 43 - \"Pump\", He Said (1986)\n* Mute 44 - \"Luddite Joe\", Frank Tovey (1986) 7\", 12\"\n* Mute 45 - \"Oh L'amour\", Erasure (1986) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Mute 46 - \"The Kentucky Click/Adventure\", Crime & The City Solution (1986)\n* Mute 47 - \"The Singer\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1986) 7\"\n* Mute 48 - \"Pulling 3 G's/Pale Feet\", He Said (1986)\n* Mute 49 - \"Catch That Look\", I Start Counting (1986)\n* Mute 50 - \"Just Talk\", A.C. Marias (1986)\n* Mute 51 - \"Sometimes\", Erasure (1986) 7\", 12\", L12\", C, CD\n* Mute 52 - \"The Mercy Seat\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1988) 7\", 12\", CD\n* Mute 53 - \"Snakedrill\", Wire (1986)\n* Mute 54 - \"My Translucent Hands\", I Start Counting (1987)\n* Mute 55 - \"Whippets\", Holger Hiller (1987)\n* Mute 56 - \"It Doesn't Have To Be\", Erasure (1987) 7\", D7\", 12\", L12\", Go-pak CD, CD\n* Mute 57 - \"Ahead\", Wire (1987)\n* Mute 58 - \"Let Your Body Learn\", Nitzer Ebb (1987) 7\", 12\"\n* Mute 59 - \"Stranger Than Love\", Mark Stewart (1987)\n* Mute 60 - \"Geburt einer Nation\", Laibach (1987)\n* Mute 61 - \"Victim of Love\", Erasure (1987) 7\", 12\", L12\", C, CD\n* Mute 62 - \"Life is Life\", Laibach (1987)\n* Mute 63 - \"Marry Me (Lie! Lie!)\", These Immortal Souls (1987)\n* Mute 64 - \"Join In The Chant\", Nitzer Ebb (1987) 7\", 12\"\n* Mute 65 - \"Dirty Sings\", Anita Lane (1988)\n* Mute 66 - \"The Circus\", Erasure (1987) 7\", 12\" (1), 12\" (2), 12\" (3), CD\n* Mute 67 - \"Kidney Bingoes\", Wire (1988)\n* Mute 68 - \"Immobilise\", Mkultra (1987)\n* Mute 69 - \"Lose Him\", I Start Counting (1988) 7\", 12\", L12\"\n* Mute 70 - \"Time Was\", A.C. Marias (1988)\n* Mute 71 - \"Control I'm Here\", Nitzer Ebb (1988) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Mute 72 - \"Ohi Ho Bang Bang\", Ohi Ho Bang Bang (1989)\n* Mute 73 - \"Could You?\", He Said (1988)\n* Mute 74 - \"Ship of Fools\", Erasure (1988) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Mute 75 - \"Double-Barrel Prayer\", Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (1988)\n* Mute 76 - \"On Every Train\", Crime & The City Solution (1988)\n* Mute 77 - \"The Man with the Golden Arm\", Barry Adamson (1988)\n* Mute 78 - \"Hearts & Minds\", Nitzer Ebb (1989)\n* Mute 79 - \"Bridge Street Shuffle\", Frank Tovey (1988)\n* Mute 80 - \"Sympathy for the Devil\", Laibach (1988)\n* Mute 81 - \"Ra! Ra! Rawhide\", I Start Counting (1988)\n* Mute 82 - \"Biting My Nails\", Renegade Soundwave (1988)\n* Mute 83 - \"Chains of Love\", Erasure (1988) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Mute 84 - \"Silk Skin Paws\", Wire (1988)\n* Mute 85 - \"A Little Respect\", Erasure (1988) 7\", 7\" postcard pack, 12\", L12\", CD\n* Mute 86 - \"Deanna\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1988) 12\"\n* Mute 87 - \"Eardrum Buzz\", Wire (1989)\n* Mute 88 - \"The Phantom\", Renegade Soundwave (1988)\n* Mute 89 - \"Drama!\", Erasure (1989) 7\", 12\", L12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Mute 90 - \"King of California\", These Immortal Souls (1992)\n* Mute 91 - \"Across the Universe\", Laibach (1988)\n* Mute 92 - \"Hysteria\", Mark Stewart (1990)\n* Mute 93 - \"Crackers International (EP)\", Erasure (1988) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD, LCD Christmas card, LCD\n* Mute 94 - \"The Shadow of No Man\", Crime & The City Solution (1989)\n* Mute 95 - \"Million Headed Monster\", I Start Counting (1989) 12\", CD\n* Mute 96 - \"Shame\", Nitzer Ebb (1989) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Mute 97 - \"The Taming of the Shrewd\", Barry Adamson (1989)\n* Mute 98 - \"In Vivo\", Wire (1989)\n* Mute 99 - \"You Surround Me\", Erasure (1989) 7\", 12\", L12\" XL12\" (Supernature), C, CD, LCD}\n* Mute 100 - \"Sam Hall\", Frank Tovey (1989) 12\", CD\n\n===Mute 101 - 200===\n\n* Mute 101 - \"Machineries of Joy\", Die Krupps (1989)\n* Mute 102 - \"Probably a Robbery\", Renegade Soundwave (1990)\n* Mute 103 - \"Los Ninos Del Parque\", Liaisons Dangereuses (1990)\n* Mute 104 - \" Space Gladiator / Phantom\", Renegade Soundwave (1989)\n* Mute 105 - \"One of Our Girls (Has Gone Missing)\", A.C. Marias (1990)\n* Mute 106 - \"Lightning Man\", Nitzer Ebb (1990) 12\", L12\", CD\n* Mute 107 - \"So & Slow it Grows\", Wir (1991)\n* Mute 108 - \"The Ship Song\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1990) 7\", 12\", CD\n* Mute 109 - \"Blue Savannah\", Erasure (1990) 7\", 12\", L12\", XL12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Mute 110 - \"Faith Healer\", Recoil (1992) 7\", 12\", C, CD\n* Mute 111 - \"Star\", Erasure (1990) 7\", 12\", L12\", C, CD\n* Mute 112 - \"Biting My Nails\", Renegade Soundwave (1990)\n* Mute 113 - \"Crazy Earth\", Fortran 5 (1990)\n* Mute 114 - \"I Have the Gun\", Crime & The City Solution (1990)\n* Mute 115 - \"Fun To Be Had / Getting Closer\", Nitzer Ebb (1990) 12\", L12\", CD\n* Mute 116 - \"Wirtschaft ist tot\", Laibach (1992)\n* Mute 117 - \"Final Countdown\", Laibach (1994)\n* Mute 118 - \"The Weeping Song\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1990) 7\", 12\", CD\n* Mute 119 - \"These Boots Were Made for Walking\", Barry Adamson  & Anita Lane (1991)\n* Mute 120 - \"Love Baby\", Fortran 5 (1990)\n* Mute 121 - \"The Liberty Tree\", Frank Tovey (1991)\n* Mute 122 - \"As Is EP\", Nitzer Ebb (1991) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Mute 123 - \"Gush Forth My Tears\", Miranda Sex Garden (1991)\n* Mute 124 - \"Thunder II\", Renegade Soundwave (1990)\n* Mute 125 - \"Chorus\", Erasure (1991) 7\", 12\", C, CD\n* Mute 126 - \"Groove\", Fortran 5 (1991)\n* Mute 127 - \"The Dolphins & The Sharks\", Crime & The City Solution (1991)\n* Mute 128 - \"Honky's Ladder EP\", Afghan Whigs (1996)\n* Mute 129 - \"Heart on the Line\", Fortran 5 (1991)\n* Mute 130 - \"Dream Kitchen\", Mark Stewart (1996)\n* Mute 131 - \"Love to Hate You\", Erasure (1991) 7\", 12\", C, CD\n* Mute 132 - \"Ab Ovo\", Bruce Gilbert (1996)\n* Mute 133 - \"I Give To You\", Nitzer Ebb (1991) 7\", 10\", 12\", CD\n* Mute 134 - \"Am I Right?\", Erasure (1991) 7\", 12\", L12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Mute 135 - \"Godhead\", Nitzer Ebb (1991) 12\" (1), 12\" (2), CD (1), CD (2)\n* Mute 136 - \"Look to the Future\", Fortran 5 (1992)\n* Mute 137 - \"Kray Twins\", Renegade Soundwave (1992)\n* Mute 138 - \"Cocaine Sex\", Renegade Soundwave (1992)\n* Mute 139 - \"Play\", Miranda Sex Garden (1993)\n* Mute 140 - \"Straight to You/Jack the Ripper\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1992)\n* Mute 141 - \"There Can Only Be One\", Simon Bonney (1992)\n* Mute 142 - \"Breath of Life\", Erasure (1992) 7\", 12\", C, CD\n* Mute 143 - \"Time To Dream\", Fortran 5 (1993)\n* Mute 144 - \"Abba-esque (EP)\", Erasure (1992) 7\", 12\", L12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Mute 145 - \"Ascend\", Nitzer Ebb (1992) 10\" (1), 10\" (2), C, CD\n* Mute 146 - \"Renegade Soundwave\", Renegade Soundwave (1994)\n* Mute 147 - \"Women Respond To Bass\", Renegade Soundwave (1992)\n* Mute 148 - \"I Had a Dream Joe\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1992) 7\", 12\", CD\n* Mute 149 - \"Cinema is King\", Barry Adamson (1992)\n* Mute 150 - \"Who Needs Love Like That (Hamburg Mix)\", Erasure (1992) 7\", 12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Mute 151 - \"What a Wonderful World\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds with Shane MacGowan (1992)\n* Mute 152 - \"Always\", Erasure (1994) 7\", 12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Mute 153 - \"Run to the Sun\", Erasure (1994) 7\", 12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Mute 154 - \"Sunshine\", Miranda Sex Garden (1993)\n* Mute 155 - \"Kick It\", Nitzer Ebb (1995)\n* Mute 156 - \"Push for the Love of Life\", Parallax (1993)\n* Mute 157 - \"Persian Blues\", Fortran 5 (1993)\n* Mute 158 - \"Move\", Moby (1993)\n* Mute 159 - \"Bullet Proof Zero\", Parallax (1993)\n* Mute 160 - \"Do You Love Me?\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1994)\n* Mute 161 - \"Hymn\", Moby (1994)\n* Mute 162 - \"Big Red Balloon\", Spell (1993)\n* Mute 163 - \"Peepshow\", Miranda Sex Garden (1994)\n* Mute 164 - \"I Thought\", Nitzer Ebb (1995) 12\", CD, LCD\n* Mute 165 - \" Brixton\", Renegade Soundwave (1995)\n* Mute 166 - \"I Love Saturday\", Erasure (1994) 12\", C, CD, EPCD, LCD\n* Mute 167 - \"Don't Walk Away From Love\", Simon Bonney (1996)\n* Mute 168 - \"Dun' Like a Kipper\", Hoodwink (1997)\n* Mute 169 - \"Loverman\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1994)\n* Mute 170 - \"In the Army Now/War\", Laibach (1995)\n* Mute 171 - \"Do You Take this Man?\", Diamanda Gal\u00e1s with John Paul Jones (1994)\n* Mute 172 - \"Red Right Hand\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1994)\n* Mute 173 - \"Feeling So Real\", Moby (1995)\n* Mute 174 - \"Stay with Me\", Erasure (1995)\n* Mute 175 - \"Komputer EP\", Komputer (1996)\n* Mute 176 - \"Everytime You Touch Me\", Moby (1995)\n* Mute 177 - \"The World's A Girl\", Anita Lane (1995)\n* Mute 178 - \"Fingers & Thumbs (Cold Summer's Day)\", Erasure (1995)\n* Mute 179 - \"Into the Blue\", Moby (1995)\n* Mute 180 - \"Rock Me Gently\", Erasure (1996)\n* Mute 181 - \"Go Further\", Armed Response (1995)\n* Mute 182 - \"Positive ID\", Renegade Soundwave (1996)\n* Mute 183 - \"Movieology\", Barry Adamson (1995)\n* Mute 184 - \"That's When I Reach for My Revolver\", Moby (1996)\n* Mute 185 - \"Where the Wild Roses Grow\", Nick Cave with Kylie Minogue (1995)\n* Mute 186 - \"The Big Bamboozle EP\", Barry Adamson (1995)\n* Mute 187 - \"Initials B.B.\", Mick Harvey (1995)\n* Mute 188 - \"Can't Get Loose\", Barry Adamson (1998)\n* Mute 189 - \"Henry Lee\", Nick Cave with PJ Harvey (1996)\n* Mute 190 - \"In My Arms\", Erasure (1997) 12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Mute 191 - \"Trip from the Hip\", Hoodwink (1997)\n* Mute 192 - \"Into My Arms\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1997)\n* Mute 193 - \"Mouthful of Pennies\", Toenut (1996)\n* Mute 194 - \"Harley Davidson\", Mick Harvey (1996)\n* Mute 195 - \"Don't Say Your Love Is Killing Me\", Erasure (1997)\n* Mute 196 - \"Adamantine\", Thirty Ought Six (1996)\n* Mute 197 - \"God is God\", Laibach (1996)\n* Mute 198 - \"On My Own\", Peach (1996) 12\", CD\n* Mute 199 - \"Going to Town\", Afghan Whigs (1996)\n* Mute 200 - \"Come on Baby\", Moby (1996)\n\n===Mute 201 - 300===\n\n* Mute 201 - \"From this Moment on\", Peach (1996) 12\", CD\n* Mute 202 - \"2 Kindsa Love\", Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (1996)\n* Mute 203 - \"Looking Down on London\", Komputer (1996)\n* Mute 204 - \"Wail\", Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (1997)\n* Mute 205 - \"Made in Vain\", Peach (1997) 12\", CD\n* Mute 206 - \"(Are You) The One that I've been Waiting For\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1997)\n* Mute 207 - \"Test Anxiety\", Toenut (1997)\n* Mute 208 - \"Rain\", Erasure (1997), 12\", CD\n* Mute 209 - \"Drifting\", Recoil (1997) 12\", CD\n* Mute 210 - \"James Bond Theme (Moby's re-version)\", Moby (1997)\n* Mute 211 - \"More Millionaires\", Hoodwink (1998)\n* Mute 212 - \"Valentina\", Komputer (1998)\n* Mute 213 - \"Consumed - The Remix Wars\", Mark Stewart (1998)\n* Mute 214 - \"Stalker\"/\"Missing Piece\", Recoil (1998)\n* Mute 215 - \"On My Own (Reissue)\", Peach (1998)\n* Mute 216 - \"Sorrow Town\", Peach (1998) 12\", L12\", CD\n* Mute 217 - \"Little Black Rocks In The Sun\", Add N to (X) (1997)\n* Mute 218 - \"Honey\", Moby (1998)\n* Mute 219 - \"What it Means\", Barry Adamson (1998)\n* Mute 220 - \"Terminus\", Komputer (1998)\n* Mute 221 - \"Run On\", Moby (1999)\n* Mute 222 - \"Magical Colours\", Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (1998)\n* Mute 223 - \"Black Amour\", Barry Adamson (192002)\n* Mute 224 - \"Metal Fingers In My Body\", Add N to (X) (1999)\n* Mute 225 - \"Bodyrock\", Moby (1999)\n* Mute 226 - \"Talk About the Blues\", Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (1999)\n* Mute 227 - \"Food Music\", Appliance (1999)\n* Mute 228 - \"Chirpy\", Komputer (2008) (promo only)\n* Mute 229 - \"Pacifica\", Appliance (1999)\n* Mute 230 - \"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?\", Moby (1999)\n* Mute 231 - \"Revenge Of The Black Regent\", Add N to (X) (1999)\n* Mute 232 - \"Strange Hours\", Recoil (2000)\n* Mute 233 - \"Jezebel\", Recoil (2000)\n* Mute 234 - \"Agartha-The City of Shamballa\", Afrika Bambaataa & Westbam (1999)\n* Mute 235 - \"Hilary, Last of the Pool Sharks\", Slick Sixty (1999)\n* Mute 236 - \"Beatbox Rocker\", Westbam (1999)\n* Mute 237 - \"Frances Says the Knife is Alive\", Echoboy (1999)\n* Mute 238 - \"Eyes Open\", SFT (1999)\n* Mute 239 - \"Heavy\", Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (1999)\n* Mute 240 - \"Total Eclipse of the Sun\", Einst\u00fc+rzende Neubauten (1999)\n* Mute 241 - \"Tanz mit Laibach\", Laibach (2003)\n* Mute 242 - \"Constantinople\", Echoboy (2000)\n* Mute 243 - \"D4\", Appliance (2000)\n* Mute 244 - \"Freedom\", Erasure (2000)\n* Mute 245 - \"A Gentle Cycle Revolution\", Appliance (2001)\n* Mute 246 - \"Kit and Holly\", Echoboy (2000)\n* Mute 247 - \"Lovely Head\", Goldfrapp (2000)\n* Mute 248 - \"Moon & the Sky\", Erasure (2001)\n* Mute 249 - \"As I Sat Sadly by Her Side\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2001)\n* Mute 250 - \"Solitude\", Non (2000)\n* Mute 251 - \"Natural Blues\", Moby (2000)\n* Mute 252 - \"Porcelain\", Moby (2000)\n* Mute 253 - \"Utopia\", Goldfrapp (2000)\n* Mute 254 - \"Plug Me In\", Add N To (X) (2000)\n* Mute 255 - \"Why Does My Heart Feel So Bad?/Honey feat. Kelis\", Moby (2000)\n* Mute 256 - \"Telstar Recovery\", Echoboy (2000)\n* Mute 257 - \"Turning on\", Echoboy (2001)\n* Mute 258 - \"The Poker Roll\", Add N to (X) (2001)\n* Mute 259 - \"Human\", Goldfrapp (2001)\n* Mute 260 - \"The Next Man That I See\", Anita Lane (2001)\n* Mute 261 - \"Nothing at All\", Luke Slater (2002)\n* Mute 262 - \"Fifteen Feet of Pure White Snow\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2001)\n* Mute 263 - \"She Said\", Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (2002)\n* Mute 264 - \"Utopia (Genetically Enriched)\", Goldfrapp (2001)\n* Mute 265 - \"Bring It On\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2003)\n* Mute 266 - \"Land, Sea and Air\", Appliance (2001)\n* Mute 267 - \"Pilots (On A Star)\", Goldfrapp (2001)\n* Mute 268 - \"We Are All Made of Stars\", Moby (2002)\n* Mute 269 - \"Fireside Favourite\"/\"Collapsing New People\", Fad Gadget (2001)\n* Mute 270 - \"Extreme Ways\", Moby (2002)\n* Mute 271 - \"Sweet and Sour\", Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (2002)\n* Mute 272 - \"Stars and Heroes\", Luke Slater (2002)\n* Mute 273 - \"The Snare\", Looper (2002)\n* Mute 274 - \"She's a Knife\", Looper (2002)\n* Mute 275 - \"Solsbury Hill\", Erasure (2003)\n* Mute 276 - \"In This World\", Moby (2002)\n* Mute 277 - \"Automatic Eyes\", Echoboy (2003)\n* Mute 278 - \"Take Me To Your Leader\", Add N To (X) (2002)\n* Mute 279 - \"45/45\", Pole (2003)\n* Mute 280 - \"Sunday (The Day Before My Birthday)\", Moby (2003)\n* Mute 281 - \"The Nasty Show\", Pink Grease (2003)\n* Mute 282 - \"Rough Trade Shops Electronic 01\", Various (2004)\n* Mute 283 - \"Whispering Streets\", Barry Adamson (2002)\n* Mute 284 - \"Love Letter\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2002)\n* Mute 285 - \"Do That Thing\", Anita Lane (2002)\n* Mute 286 - \"Go Native\", Appliance (2003)\n* Mute 287 - \"I Can Complete You\", Luke Slater (2002)\n* Mute 288 - \"Shakin' Rock'n'Roll Tonight\", Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (2002)\n* Mute 289 - \"Rough Trade Shops Rock'n'Roll\", Various (2002)\n* Mute 290 - \"He Wants You/Babe, I'm on Fire\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2003)\n* Mute 291 - \"Train\", Goldfrapp (2003)\n* Mute 292 - \"Make Me Smile (Come Up and See Me)\", Erasure (2003)\n* Mute 293 - \"Lately Lonely\", Echoboy (2003)\n* Mute 294 - \"Dirty Sticky Floors\", Dave Gahan (2003)\n* Mute 295 - \"Strict Machine\", Goldfrapp (2003)\n* Mute 296 - \"Stardust\", Martin L Gore (2003)\n* Mute 297 - \"Mountaineers\", Mountaineers (2003)\n* Mute 298 - \"Rough Trade Shops Post Punk 1\", Various (2003)\n* Mute 299 - \"90/90\", Pole (2003)\n* Mute 300 - \"Ripen\", Mountaineers (2003)\n\n===Mute 301 - 400===\n\n* Mute 301 - \"I Need You\", Dave Gahan (2003)\n* Mute 302 - \"Jam for the Ladies\", Moby vs. Princess Superstar (2003)\n* Mute 303 - \"Everyday It's 1989 / The Stars\", Moby (2007)\n* Mute 304 - \"Fever\", Pink Grease (2004)\n* Mute 305 - \"Shake the Dope Out\", The Warlocks (2003)\n* Mute 306 - \"Jam for the Ladies promo\", Moby vs. Princess Superstar (2003)\n* Mute 307 - \"Light is in Your Eyes\", Voodoo Child (2003)\n* Mute 308 - \"Baby Blue\", The Warlocks (2003)\n* Mute 309 - \"Take it Home\", Voodoo Child (2003)\n* Mute 310 - \"Bottle Living\", Dave Gahan (2003)\n* Mute 311 - \"Twist\", Goldfrapp (2004)\n* Mute 312 - \"Oh L'amour\", Erasure (2003)\n* Mute 313 - \"Good on TV\", Echoboy (2003)\n* Mute 314 - \"Come Save Us\", The Warlocks (2005)\n* Mute 315 - \"I Gotta Sing\", Mountaineers (2003)\n* Mute 316 - \"The Pink G.R. Ease\", Pink Grease (2004)\n* Mute 317 - \"There's Always Room on the Broom\", Liars (2004)\n* Mute 318 - \"Rock of Gibraltar\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2003)\n* Mute 319 - \"Das Spiel ist aus\", Laibach (2004)\n* Mute 320 - \"Black Cherry\", Goldfrapp (2004)\n* Mute 321 - \"We Fenced Other Gardens With the Bones of Our Own\", Liars (2004)\n* Mute 322 - \"Loverman EP\u00b2\", Martin L Gore (2003)\n* Mute 323 - \"Predator EP\", Modey Lemon (2004)\n* Mute 324 - \"Nature Boy\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2004)\n* Mute 325 - \"Strip\", Pink Grease (2005)\n* Mute 326 - \"3 Mount View\", Mountaineers (2004)(DVD only)\n* Mute 327 - \"Burn it Off\", Blues Explosion (2004)\n* Mute 328 - \"Crows\", Modey Lemon (2004)\n* Mute 329 - \"Breathless / There She Goes, My Beautiful World\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2004)\n* Mute 330 - \"Breathe\", Erasure (2005)\n* Mute 331 - \"Sleepwalkers\", Modey Lemon (2004)\n* Mute 332 - \"Hot Gossip\", Blues Explosion (2004)\n* Mute 333 - \"Make Love Fuck War\", Moby and Public Enemy (2004)\n* Mute 334 - \"It's Just Like Surgery\", The Warlocks (2005)\n* Mute 335 - \"Strict Machine 04\", Goldfrapp (2004)\n* Mute 336 - \"Crunchy\", Blues Explosion (2005)\n* Mute 337 - \"Don't Say You Love Me\", Erasure (2005)\n* Mute 338 - \"Rough Trade Shops Indiepop 1\", Various (2004)\n* Mute 339 - \"Get Ready for Love\", Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2005)\n* Mute 340 - \"Lift Me Up\", Moby (2005)\n* Mute 341 - \"Bucket Of Butterflies\", Modey Lemon (2005)\n* Mute 342 - \"Ooh La La\", Goldfrapp (2005)\n* Mute 343 - \"Peaches\", Pink Grease (2005)\n* Mute 344 - \"Here I Go Impossible Again / All This Time Still Falling Out of Love\", Erasure (2005)\n* Mute 345 - \"Raining Again\", Moby (2005)\n* Mute 346 - \"Out of time man\", Mick Harvey (2007) download only\n* Mute 347 - \"The Ocean\", Richard Hawley (2005)\n* Mute 348 - \"Trans Slovenia Express Vol.2: The Club Mixes\", Various (2005)\n* Mute 349 - \"It Fit When I Was a Kid\", Liars (2005)\n* Mute 350 - \"Spiders\", Moby (2005)\n* Mute 351 - \"Number 1\", Goldfrapp (2006)\n* Mute 352 - \"Coles Corner\", Richard Hawley (2005)\n* Mute 353 - \"Down In The Past\", Mando Diao (2005)\n* Mute 354 - \"The Other Side of Mt. Heart Attack\", Liars (2006)\n* Mute 355 - \"Dream About Me\", Moby (2005)\n* Mute 356 - \"Ride a White Horse\", Goldfrapp (2006)\n* Mute 357 - \"Just Like the Rain\", Richard Hawley (2006)\n* Mute 358 - \"Ordinary Girl\", Pink Grease (2006)\n* Mute 359 - \"Boy\", Erasure (2006)\n* Mute 360 - \"Beautiful\", Moby (2005)\n* Mute 361 - \"Fly Me Away\", Goldfrapp (2006)\n* Mute 362 - \"Born Under a Bad Sign\", Richard Hawley (2006)\n* Mute 363 - \"Alien\", Pink Grease (2006)\n* Mute 364 - \"Anglia\", Laibach (2006)\n* Mute 365 - \"Slipping Away\", Moby (2006)\n* Mute 366 - \"I Could Fall in Love with You\", Erasure (2007)\n* Mute 367 - \"Coles Corner\", Richard Hawley (2006)\n* Mute 368 - \"Satin Boys, Flaming Chic\", Goldfrapp (2006)\n* Mute 369 - \"Carlights\", Pink Grease (2007)\n* Mute 370 - \"Get It On\", Grinderman (2007)\n* Mute 371 - \"New York, New York\", Moby (2006)\n* Mute 372 - \"Prey\", Recoil (2007)\n* Mute 373 - \"No Pussy Blues\", Grinderman (2007)\n* Mute 374 - \"Headphones and Ringtones\", Komputer (2007)\n* Mute 375 - \"It Will Find You\", Maps (2007)\n* Mute 376 - \"Sunday Girl\", Erasure (2007)\n* Mute 377 - \"Dig, Lazarus, Dig!!!\", Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds (2008)\n* Mute 378 - \"You Don't Know Her Name\", Maps (2007)\n* Mute 379 - \"Hotel Room\", Richard Hawley (2007)\n* Mute 380 - \"Alice\", Moby (2008)\n* Mute 381 - \"(I Don't Need You to) Set Me Free\", Grinderman (2007)\n* Mute 382 - \"Tonight The Streets Are Ours\", Richard Hawley (2007)\n* Mute 383 - \"Plaster Casts Of Everything\", Liars (2007)\n* Mute 384 - \"Storm Chaser\", Erasure (2007)\n* Mute 385 - \"Serious\", Richard Hawley (2007)\n* Mute 386 - \"House Clouds\", Liars (2007)\n* Mute 387 - \"Disco Lies\", Moby (2008)\n* Mute 388 - \"Valentine\", Richard Hawley (2008)\n* Mute 389 - \"A&E\", Goldfrapp (2008)\n* Mute 390 - \"More News From Nowhere\", Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds (2008)\n* Mute 391 - \"I Love To Move In Here\", Moby (2008)\n* Mute 392 - \"Happiness\", Goldfrapp (2008)\n* Mute 393 - \"Kingdom\", Dave Gahan (2007)\n* Mute 394 - \"Like a Bird\", Komputer (2007)\n* Mute 395 - \"Hey Mr. DJ\", Tiny Masters Of Today (2007)\n* Mute 396 - \"To The Sky\", Maps (2007)\n* Mute 397 - \"Hologram World\", Tiny Masters Of Today (2008)\n* Mute 398 - \"Saw Something / Deeper and Deeper\", Dave Gahan (2008)\n* Mute 399 - \"Nitrogen Pink\", Polly Scattergood (2007)\n* Mute 400 - \"I Hate The Way\", Polly Scattergood (2008)\n\n===Mute 401 - 500===\n\n* Mute 401 - \"Caravan Girl\", Goldfrapp (2008)\n* Mute 402 - \"Rockabilly Radio (from the film 'Flick')\", Richard Hawley and The Feral Cats (2008)\n* Mute 403 - \"Midnight Man\", Nick Cave and The Bad Seeds (2008)\n* Mute 404 - \"How To Reduce The Chances Of Being A Terror Victim\", XX Teens (2008)\n* Mute 405 - \"Pop! Remixed\", Erasure (2009)\n* Mute 406 - The Way We Were\", XX Teens (2008)\n* Mute 407 - \"Disco Lies\", Moby (2008) UK release\n* Mute 408 - \"Only You\"\", XX Teens (2008)\n* Mute 409 - \"Ooh Yeah\", Moby (2008)\n* Mute 410 -\n* Mute 411 - \"Skeletons\", Tiny Masters of Today (2009)\n* Mute 412 - \"Other Too Endless\", Polly Scattergood (2009)\n* Mute 413 - \"Please don't touch\", Polly Scattergood (2009)\n* Mute 414 - \"Pop Chart\", Tiny Masters of Today (2009)\n* Mute 415 - \"I Dream Of Crystal\", Maps (2009)\n* Mute 416 - \"In Your Heart\", A Place To Bury Strangers (2009)\n* Mute 417 - \"For Your Lover Give Some Time\", Richard Hawley (2009)\n* Mute 418 - \"Real Good\", Tiny Masters of Today (2009)\n* Mute 419 - \"Bunny Club EP\", Polly Scattergood (2009)\n* Mute 420 - \"Phantom Bride EP\", Erasure (2009)\n* Mute 421 - \"Die Happy, Die Smiling\", Maps (2010)\n* Mute 422 - \"Keep Slipping Away\", A Place To Bury Strangers (2009)\n* Mute 423 - \"Open Up Your Door\", Richard Hawley (2009)\n* Mute 424 - \n* Mute 425 - \"Percussion Gun\", White Rabbits (2010)\n* Mute 426 - \"Will You Be There?\", MiM\u00f3 / Andy Bell (2010)\n* Mute 427 - \"Ambling Alp\", Yeasayer (2009)\n* Mute 428 - \"Scissor\", Liars (2010)\n* Mute 429 - \"They Done Wrong / We Done Wrong\", White Rabbits (2010)\n* Mute 430 - \"Rocket\", Goldfrapp (2010)\n* Mute 431 - \"Call on Me\", Andy Bell (2010)\n* Mute 432 - \"Alive\", Goldfrapp (2010)\n* Mute 433 - \"Ego Death EP\", A Place To Bury Strangers (2010)\n* Mute 434 - \"The Overachievers\", Liars (2010)\n* Mute 435 - \"O.N.E.\", Yeasayer (2010)\n* Mute 436 - \"Believer\", Goldfrapp (2010)\n* Mute 437 - \"False Lights From The Land EP\", Richard Hawley (2010)\n* Mute 438 - \"I Lived My Life To Stand In The Shadow Of Your Heart EP\", A Place To Bury Strangers (2010)\n* Mute 439 - \"Madder Red\", Yeasayer (2010)\n* Mute 440 - \"Endblood\", Yeasayer (2011)\n* Mute 441 - \"Heathen Child\", Grinderman (2010)\n* Mute 442 - \"15 Years\", Pull in Emergency (2010)\n* Mute 443 - \"The Salesman (Tramp Life)\", White Rabbits (2010)\n* Mute 444 - \"Proud Evolution\", Liars (2012)\n* Mute 445 - \"Non-Stop\", Andy Bell (2010)\n* Mute 446 - \"The Problem\", Pull in Emergency (2011)\n* Mute 447 - \"Worm Tamer\", Grinderman (2010)\n* Mute 448 - \"End Blood\", Yeasayer (2011)\n* Mute 449 - \"Palaces Of Montezuma\", Grinderman (2011)\n* Mute 450 - \"Sweetheart I Ain't Your Christ / Country Dumb\", Josh T. Pearson (2011)\n* Mute 451 - \"A Little Respect (HMI Redux)\", Erasure (2010)\n* Mute 452 - \"Mickey Mouse and the Goodbye Man\", Grinderman (2011)\n* Mute 453 - \"Amber Hands\", S.C.U.M (2011)\n* Mute 454 - \"Whitechappel\", S.C.U.M (2011)\n* Mute 455 - \"Woman when I've raised hell\", Josh T. Pearson (2011)\n* Mute 456 - \"Famous Last Words\", Mick Harvey (2011)\n* Mute 457 - \"Ash / Black veil\", Apparat (2011)\n* Mute 458 - \"Liliputt\", Beth Jeans Houghton & The Hooves of Destiny (2011)\n* Mute 459 - \"Chair\", Big Deal (2011)\n* Mute 460 - \"Song of Los\", Apparat (2011)\n* Mute 461 - \"Faith Unfolds\", S.C.U.M (2012)\n* Mute 462 - \"Distant neighborhood\", Big Deal (2011)\n* Mute 463 - \"Candil de la Calle\", Apparat (2012)\n* Mute 464 - \"When I Start To (Break It All Down)\", Erasure (2011)\n* Mute 465 - \"Sorry With a Song\", Josh T Pearson (2011)\n* Mute 466 - \"Black Water\" Apparat (2011)\n* Mute 467 - \"Monuments\", Yann Tiersen (2011)\n* Mute 468 - \"I'm Gonna Live Anyhow\", Yann Tiersen (2011)\n* Mute 469 - \"Sweet Tooth Bird\", Beth Jeans Houghton & The Hooves of Destiny (2012)\n* Mute 470 - \"Be With You\", Erasure (2011)\n* Mute 471 - \"Big Deal ep\", Big Deal (2011)\n* Mute 472 - \"Faith Unfolds\", S.C.U.M. (2012)\n* Mute 473 - \"Talk\", Big Deal (2012)\n* Mute 474 - \"Atlas\", Beth Jeans Houghton & The Hooves of Destiny (2012)\n* Mute 475 - \"EP1/Spock\", VCMG (2011)\n* Mute 476 - \"EP2/Single Blip\", VCMG (2012)\n* Mute 477 - \"Immigrant Song\", Karen O With Trent Reznor And Atticus Ross (2012)\n* Mute 478 - \"Amber Hands\", S.C.U.M (2012)\n* Mute 479 - \"Fill Us With Fire\", Erasure (2012)\n* Mute 480 -\n* Mute 481 - \"Transverse V2/V3 Edits\", Carter Tutti Void (2012)\n* Mute 482 - \"Dancing Coins EP\", Cold Specks (2012)\n* Mute 483 - \"Big Deal Vs S.C.U.M\", Big Deal / S.C.U.M. (2012)\n* Mute 484 - \"EP3/Aftermaths\", VCMG (2012)\n* Mute 485 - \"Blank Maps/Winter Solstice\", Cold Specks (2012)\n* Mute 486 - \"No.1 Against the Rush\", Liars (2012)\n* Mute 487 - \"Temporary\", White Rabbits (2012)\n* Mute 488 - \"Henrietta\", Yeasayer (2012)\n* Mute 489 - \n* Mute 490 - \"Longevity\", Yeasayer (2012)\n* Mute 491 - \"Dodecahedron\", Beth Jeans Houghton & The Hooves of Destiny (2012)\n* Mute 492 - \"Hector\", Cold Specks (2012)\n* Mute 493 - \"It's Not Me\", White Rabbits (2012)\n* Mute 494 - \"Reagan's Skeleton\", Yeasayer (2012)\n* Mute 495 - \"Brats\", Liars (2012)\n* Mute 496 - \"Godess\", Crime & The City Solution (2013)\n* Mute 497 - \"When The City Lights Dim\", Cold Specks (2012)\n* Mute 498 - \"Wanderlust\", Polly Scattergood (2013)\n* Mute 499 - \"I Heard Them Say\", Maps (2013)\n* Mute 500 - \"In Your Car\", Big Deal (2013)\n\n===Mute 501 - 600===\n\n* Mute 501 - \"Cocoon\", Polly Scattergood (2013)\n* Mute 502 - \"Subsequently Lost\", Polly Scattergood (2014)\n* Mute 503 - \"A.M.A.\", Maps (2013)\n* Mute 504 - \"Dream Machines\", Big Deal (2013)\n* Mute 505 - \"A.M.A.\", Maps (2013)\n* Mute 506 - \"You Will Find A Way\", Maps (2013)\n* Mute 507 - \"Swapping Spit\", Big Deal (2013)\n* Mute 508 - \"S\", Laibach (2013)\n* Mute 509 - \"Gaudete\", Erasure (2013)\n* Mute 510 - \"Make It Wonderful\", Erasure (2014)\n* Mute 511 - \"Mess On a Mission\", Liars (2014)\n* Mute 512 - \"Thea\", Goldfrapp (2014)\n* Mute 513 - \"In Your Car / Catch Up\", Big Deal (2014)\n* Mute 514 - \"Venter\", Ben Frost (2014)\n* Mute 515 - \"A Midsummer Evening\", Yann Tiersen (2014)\n* Mute 516 -\n* Mute 517 - \"Pro Anti Anti\", Liars (2014)\n* Mute 518 - \"Were You There? feat. Neil Tennant\", Diamond Version (2014)\n* Mute 519 - \"Sakura EP\", Big Deal (2014)\n* Mute 520 - \"Abisto\", Cold Specks (2014)\n* Mute 521 - \"Dangerous Days\", Zola Jesus (2014)\n* Mute 522 - \"Elevation\", Erasure (2014)\n* Mute 523 - \"Bodies At Bay\", Cold Specks (2014)\n* Mute 524 - \"Thievery\", Arca (2014)\n* Mute 525 - \"V A R I A N T\", Ben Frost (2014)\n* Mute 526 - \"I'm No Gold\", Liars (2014)\n* Mute 527 - \"Go (Blank Sea)\", Zola Jesus (2014)\n* Mute 528 - \"Reason\", Erasure (2014)\n* Mute 529 - \"Oxygen\", Swans (2014)\n* Mute 530 - \"EX Club Mixes\", Plastikman (2015)\n* Mute 531 - \"Swans\", Swans (2015) (Originally released on Labor Records 1982)\n* Mute 532 - \"Sacred\", Erasure (2015)\n* Mute 533 - \"Hunger\", Zola Jesus (2015)\n* Mute 534 - \"Black Flag\", Du Blonde (2015)\n* Mute 535 - \"Europa Hymn\", MG (2015)\n* Mute 536 - \"Living Signs\", Cold Specks (2015)\n* Mute 537 -\n* Mute 538 - \"MG EP\", MG (2015)\n* Mute 539 - \"Europa Hymn (Andy Stott Remix)\" / \"Pinking 'Christoffer Berg Remix)\", MG (2015)\n* Mute 540 - \"Blackbird\", On Dead Waves (2015)\n* Mute 541 - \"Restless\", New Order (2015)\n* Mute 542 - \"Tutti Frutti\", New Order (2015)\n* Mute 543 - \"Sometimes 2015\", Erasure (2015)\n* Mute 544 - \"Nail\", Zola Jesus (2015)\n* Mute 545 - \"Singularity\", New Order (2016)\n* Mute 546 - \"I Am Chemistry\", Yeasayer (2016)\n* Mute 547 - \"I&I\", LUH (2016)\n* Mute 548 - \"Porz Goret\", Yann Tiersen (2015)\n* Mute 549 -\n* Mute 550 - \"Blue Inside\", On Dead Waves (2016)\n* Mute 551 -\n* Mute 552 - \"California\", On Dead Waves (2016)\n* Mute 553 - \"People On The High Line\", New Order (2016)\n* Mute 554 - \"Beneath The Concrete\", LUH (2016)\n\n\n* Mute 666 - \"Evil\", Grinderman (2011)\n\n===Misc releases===\n\n* Tiny 1 - \"Never Never\", The Assembly (1983)\n* Tag 1 - \"One Day\", Vince Clarke  &  Paul Quinn (1985)\n* Little 15 - \"Little 15\", Depeche Mode (1988)\n* Sili 1 - \"Red River Rock\", Silicon Teens (1988)\n* JRH 1 - \"J R Hartley / Bass Degree Zero\", Fortran 5 (1992)\n* Nocar 1 - \"Go\", Moby (1994)\n* PGEP 1 - \"Sugarshit Sharp \", Pussy Galore (1998)\n* VTK 1 - \"VTK-1\", Komputer (1998)\n* JSBX 04 - \"Techno Animal Remixes\", The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (2000)\n* LUX 000 - \"Live at the Ocean Club 24.11.2000\", Various Artists (2000)\n* VAA001 - \"Freedom (Quake Mixes)\", V & A (2000)\n* VAA002 - \"Moon & The Sky / Perchance To Dream\" V & A (2001)\n* Train 1 - \"Wolf Lady\", Goldfrapp (2002)\n* Hotel 1 - \"Mulholland\", Moby (2005)\n* Hotel 2 - \"Put The Headphones On\", Moby (2005)\n* SEEDS 1 - \"The Mercy Seat\", Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds (2010)\n* DVMute1 - \"EP1\", Diamond Version (2012)\n* DVMute2 - \"EP2\", Diamond Version (2012)\n* DVMute3 - \"EP3\", Diamond Version (2012)\n* DVMute4 - \"EP4\", Diamond Version (2013)\n* DVMute5 - \"EP5\", Diamond Version (2013)\n\n===Misc only digital releases===\n* XLiSTUMM278 - \"Live From London (iTunes Exclusive EP)\", Richard Hawley (2008)\n* 5099952235559 - \"Pump Up The Volume\", Art Brut (2008)\n* 5099922614056 - \"Lady's Bridge EP\", Richard Hawley (2008)\n* 5099922648051 - \"Freak Out EP\", Liars (2008)\n* 5099922646255 - \"No Pussy Blues Remixes\", Grinderman (2008)\n* 5099996486955 - \"Please Don't Touch\", Polly Scattergood (2009)\n* 5099996513156 - \"Let Go Of The Fear\", Maps (2009)\n* 5099968652852 - \"iTunes Live: London Festival '09\", Polly Scattergood (2009)\n* 5099945785054 - \"Running Out\", MiM\u00f3 / Andy Bell (2009)\n* 742 552 - \"iTunes Festival: London 2010 EP\", Goldfrapp (2010)\n* 5099991898456 - \"Non-Stop\", Andy Bell (2010)\n* 5099990713057 - \"Proud Evolution\", Liars (2010)\n* 5099990744655 - \"The Problem\", Pull In Emergency (2010)\n"	" Albums "	"\n===Stumm 1 - 100===\n\n* Stumm 1 - ''Die Kleinen und die B\u00f6sen'', Deutsch Amerikanische Freundschaft (1980)\n* Stumm 2 - ''Music For Parties'', Silicon Teens (1980)\n* Stumm 3 - ''Fireside Favourites'', Fad Gadget (1980)\n* Stumm 4 - ''Boyd Rice'', Boyd Rice (1981) - first released in 1976 without a record label\n* Stumm 5 - ''Speak & Spell'', Depeche Mode (1981)\n* Stumm 6 - ''Incontinent'', Fad Gadget (1981)\n* Stumm 7 - ''Upstairs at Eric's'', Yazoo (1982)\n* Stumm 8 - ''Under the Flag'', Fad Gadget (1982)\n* Stumm 9 - ''A Broken Frame'', Depeche Mode (1982)\n* Stumm 10 - ''Physical Evidence'', NON (1982)\n* Stumm 11 - ''Or So It Seems'', Duet Emmo (1983)\n* Stumm 12 - ''You and Me Both'', Yazoo (1983)\n* Stumm 13 - ''Construction Time Again'', Depeche Mode (1983)\n* Stumm 14 - ''Strategies Against Architecture 80-83'' (compilation), Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten (1984)\n* Stumm 15 - ''Gag'', Fad Gadget (1984)\n* Stumm 16 - ''Night Full Of Tension'', Robert G\u00f6rl (1984)\n* Stumm 17 - ''From Her to Eternity'', Nick Cave Featuring The Bad Seeds (1984)\n* Stumm 18 - ''This Way'', Bruce Gilbert (1984)\n* Stumm 19 - ''Some Great Reward'', Depeche Mode (1984)\n* Stumm 20 - ''Easy Listening for the Hard of Hearing'', Boyd Rice  &  Frank Tovey (1984)\n* Stumm 21 - ''The Firstborn Is Dead'', Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1985)\n* Stumm 22 - ''Just South of Heaven'', Crime & The City Solution (1985)\n* Stumm 23 - ''Snakes & Ladders'', Frank Tovey (1985)\n* Stumm 24 - ''As the Veneer of Democracy Starts to Fade'', Mark Stewart (1985)\n* Stumm 25 - ''Wonderland'', Erasure (1986)\n* Stumm 26 - ''Black Celebration'', Depeche Mode (1986)\n* Stumm 27 - ''The Divine Punishment'', Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (1986)\n* Stumm 28 - ''Kicking Against the Pricks'', Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1986)\n* Stumm 29 - ''Hail'', He Said (1986)\n* Stumm 30 - ''My Translucent Hands'', I Start Counting (1986)\n* Stumm 31 - ''1+2'', Recoil (1986)\n* Stumm 32 - ''Blood & Flame'', NON (1983) \n* Stumm 33 - ''Saint of the Pit'', Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (1987)\n* Stumm 34 - ''Your Funeral, My Trial'', Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1986)\n* Stumm 35 - ''The Circus'', Erasure (1987)\n* Lstumm 35 - ''The Two Ring Circus'' (live and remix album), Erasure (1987)\n* Stumm 36 - ''Room of Lights'', Crime & The City Solution (1986)\n* Stumm 37 - ''The Fad Gadget Singles'' (compilation), Frank Tovey (1986)\n* Stumm 38 - ''Oben im Eck'', Holger Hiller (1986)\n* Stumm 39 - ''The Shivering Man'', Bruce Gilbert (1987)\n* Stumm 40 - ''International'' (compilation), Various (1991)\n* Stumm 41 - ''Nervous Systems'' (compilation), Various (1992)\n* Stumm 42 - ''The Ideal Copy'', Wire (1987)\n* Stumm 43 - ''Mark Stewart'', Mark Stewart (1987)\n* Stumm 44 - ''Opus Dei'', Laibach (1987)\n* Stumm 45 - ''That Total Age'', Nitzer Ebb (1987)\n* Stumm 46 - ''You Must Be Certain of the Devil'', Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (1988)\n* Stumm 47 - ''Music for the Masses'', Depeche Mode (1987)\n* Stumm 48 - ''Get Lost (Don't Lie)'', These Immortal Souls (1987)\n* Stumm 49 - ''Blue'', Simon Fisher Turner (1993)\n* Stumm 50 - ''Fused'', I Start Counting (1989)\n* Stumm 51 - ''Hydrology'', Recoil (1988)\n* Stumm 52 - ''Tender Prey'', Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1988)\n* Stumm 53 - ''Moss Side Story'', Barry Adamson (1989)\n* Stumm 54 - ''A Bell Is a Cup...Until It Is Struck'', Wire (1988)\n* Stumm 55 - ''The Innocents'', Erasure (1988)\n* Stumm 56 - ''Civilian'', Frank Tovey (1988)\n* Stumm 57 - ''Take Care'', He Said (1989)\n* Stumm 58 - ''Let it be'', Laibach (1988)\n* Stumm 59 - ''Shine'', Crime & The City Solution (1988)\n* Stumm 60 - ''As is'', Holger Hiller (1991)\n* Stumm 61 - ''Belief'', Nitzer Ebb (1989)\n* Stumm 62 - ''Metatron'', Mark Stewart (1990)\n* Stumm 63 - ''Soundclash'', Renegade Soundwave (1990)\n* Stumm 64 - ''Violator'', Depeche Mode (1990)\n* Stumm 65 - ''The Bride Ship'', Crime & The City Solution (1989)\n* Stumm 66 - ''IBTABA'', Wire (1989)\n* Stumm 67 - ''Counterfeit e.p.'', Martin L Gore (1989)\n* Stumm 68 - ''One of Our Girls (Has Gone Missing)'', A.C. Marias (1989)\n* Stumm 69 - ''Easy Listening for the Iron Youth - The Best of NON'' (compilation), NON (1991)\n* Stumm 70 - ''Macbeth'', Laibach (1990)\n* Stumm 71 - ''Insiding'', Bruce Gilbert (1991)\n* Stumm 72 - ''Showtime'', Nitzer Ebb (1990)\n* Stumm 73 - ''Tyranny & The Hired Hand'', Frank Tovey (1989)\n* Stumm 74 - ''The Drill'', Wire (1991)\n* Stumm 75 - ''Wild!'', Erasure (1989)\n* Stumm 76 - ''The Good Son'', Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1990)\n* Stumm 77 - ''Music for Fruit'', Bruce Gilbert (1991)\n* Stumm 78 - ''Paradise Discotheque'', Crime & The City Solution (1990)\n* Stumm 79 - ''Blues'', Fortran 5 (1991)\n* Stumm 80 - ''Manscape'', Wire (1990)\n* Stumm 81 - ''Dirty Pearl'', Anita Lane (1993)\n* Stumm 82 - ''Kapital'', Laibach (1992)\n* Stumm 83 - ''Plague Mass'' (live album), Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (1991)\n* Stumm 84 - ''Grand Union'', Frank Tovey (1991)\n* Stumm 85 - ''In Dub'', Renegade Soundwave (1990)\n* Stumm 86 - ''Hag Seed'', Thirty Ought Six (1996)\n* Stumm 87 - ''The First Letter'', Wir (1991)\n* Stumm 88 - ''Ebbhead'', Nitzer Ebb (1991)\n* Stumm 89 - ''Information'', Toenut (1996)\n* Stumm 90 - ''The Next Chapter Of Dub'', Renegade Soundwave (1995)\n* Stumm 91 - ''Madra, Miranda Sex Garden (1991)\n* Stumm 92 - ''Henry's Dream'', Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1992)\n* Stumm 93 - ''Control Data'', Mark Stewart (1996)\n* Stumm 94 - ''Bloodline'', Recoil (1992)\n* Stumm 95 - ''Chorus'', Erasure (1991)\n* Stumm 96 - ''Our Likeness'', Phew (1992)\n* Stumm 97 - ''Iris'', Miranda Sex Garden (1992)\n* Stumm 98 - ''I'm Never Gonna Die Again'', These Immortal Souls (1992)\n* Stumm 99 - ''Forever'', Simon Bonney (1992)\n* Stumm 100 - ''Howyoudoin?'', Renegade Soundwave (1994)\n\n===Stumm 101 - 200===\n\n* Stumm 101 - ''101'' (live album), Depeche Mode (1989)\n* Stumm 102 - ''Demixed'', Holger Hiller (1992)\n* Stumm 103 - ''The Singer'', Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (1992)\n* Stumm 104 - ''Bad Head Park'', Fortran 5 (1993)\n* Stumm 105 - ''Soul Murder'', Barry Adamson (1992)\n* Stumm 106 - ''Songs of Faith and Devotion'', Depeche Mode (1993)\n* LStumm 106 - ''Songs of Faith and Devotion Live'' (live album), Depeche Mode (1993)\n* Stumm 107 - ''Worried Men in Second Hand Suits'', Frank Tovey (1992)\n* Stumm 108 - ''Little Present'', Holger Hiller (1995)\n* Stumm 109 - ''Holger Hiller'', Holger Hiller (2000)\n* Stumm 110 - ''The Adversary - Live'' (live album), Crime & The City Solution (1993)\n* Stumm 111 - ''Possessed'', Balanescu Quartet (1992)\n* Stumm 112 - ''Suspiria'', Miranda Sex Garden (1993)\n* Stumm 113 - ''In the Shadow of the Sword'', NON (1992)\n* Stumm 114 - ''Everyman'', Simon Bonney (1996)\n* Stumm 115 - ''I Say I Say I Say'', Erasure (1994)\n* Stumm 116 - ''The A List'', Wire (1993)\n* Stumm 117 - ''Ab Ovo'', Bruce Gilbert (1995)\n* Stumm 118 - ''Big Hit'', Nitzer Ebb (1995)\n* Stumm 119 - ''Vena Cava'', Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (1993)\n* Stumm 120 - ''The Negro Inside Me'', Barry Adamson (1993)\n* Stumm 121 - ''NATO'', Laibach (1994)\n* Stumm 122 - ''Live Seeds'' (live album), Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1993)\n* Stumm 123 - ''Let Love In'', Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1994)\n* Stumm 124 - ''Luminitza'', Balanescu Quartet (1994)\n* Stumm 125 - ''Moving Pictures'', Holger Czukay (1993)\n* Stumm 126 - ''Seasons In The Sun'', Spell (1993)\n* Stumm 127 - ''The Sporting Life'', Diamanda Gal\u00e1s with John Paul Jones (1994)\n* Stumm 128 - ''Receive the Flame'', NON (1999)\n* Stumm 129 - ''Fairytales of Slavery'', Miranda Sex Garden (1994) \n* Stumm 130 - ''Everything Is Wrong'', Moby (1995)\n* XLStumm 130 - ''Everything Is Wrong: Non-Stop DJ Mix Album'' (remix album), Moby (1995)\n* Stumm 131 - ''Trans Slovenia Express'' (compilation), Various (1994)\n* Stumm 132 - ''Now I Got Worry'', Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (1996)\n* Stumm 133 - ''Avocado Suite'', Fortran 5 (1995)\n* Stumm 134 - ''Oedipus Schmoedipus'', Barry Adamson (1996)\n* Stumm 135 - ''Lost and Foundered'', Citizens Utilities (1996)\n* Stumm 136 - ''Jesus Christ Superstars'', Laibach (1996)\n* Stumm 137 - ''Kalte Sterne'' (compilation), Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten (2004)\n* Stumm 138 - ''Murder Ballads'', Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1995)\n* Stumm 139 - ''Might!'', NON (1995)\n* Stumm 140 - ''Rhythmicon'', John Came (1995)\n* Stumm 141 - ''180'' (compilation), Various (1995)\n* Stumm 142 - ''The Boatman's Call'', Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (1997)\n* Stumm 143 - ''Black Love'', Afghan Whigs (1996)\n* Stumm 144 - ''Intoxicated Man'', Mick Harvey (1995)\n* Stumm 145 - ''Erasure'', Erasure (1995)\n* Stumm 146 - ''Schrei X'', Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (1996)\n* Stumm 147 - ''Angels & Insects'', Balanescu Quartet (1995)\n* Stumm 148 - ''Ultra'', Depeche Mode (1997)\n* Stumm 149 - ''Live Blue Roma'', SFT (1995)\n* Stumm 150 - ''Animal Rights'', Moby (1996)\n* Stumm 151 - ''Shwarma'', SFT (1996)\n* Stumm 152 - ''RSW 1987-1995'' (compilation), Renegade Soundwave (1996)\n* Stumm 153 - ''Audiopeach'', Peach (1998)\n* Stumm 154 - ''ACME'', Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (1998)\n* Stumm 155 - ''Cowboy'', Erasure (1997)\n* Stumm 156 - ''Tabula Rasa'' (reissue), Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten (2004)\n* Stumm 157 - ''Pink Elephants'', Mick Harvey (1997)\n* Stumm 158 - ''God & Beast'', NON (1997)\n* Stumm 159 - ''Unsound Methods'', Recoil (1997)\n* Stumm 160 - ''Two in the Pi\u00f1ata'', Toenut (1997)\n* Stumm 161 - ''As Above, So Below'', Barry Adamson (1998)\n* Stumm 162 - ''The World of Tomorrow'', Komputer (1998)\n* Stumm 163 - ''Malediction & Prayer'', Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (1998)\n* Stumm 164 - ''No More Shall We Part'', Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2001)\n* Stumm 165 - ''Market Led'', Komputer (2002)\n* Stumm 166 - ''No More Medicine'', Citizens Utilities (1997)\n* Stumm 167 -\n* Stumm 168 - ''I Like to Score'' (compilation), Moby (1997)\n* Stumm 169 - ''Oh Venus'', SFT (1994)\n* Stumm 170 - ''Avant Hard'', Add N To (X) (1999)\n* Stumm 171 - ''In Esse'', Bruce Gilbert (1997)\n* Stumm 172 - ''Play'', Moby (1998)\n* Stumm 173 - ''Liquid'', Recoil (2000)\n* Stumm 174 - ''The Murky World of Barry Adamson'' (compilation), Barry Adamson (1999)\n* Stumm 175 - ''Loveboat'', Erasure (2000)\n* Stumm 176 - ''The King of Nothing Hill'', Barry Adamson (2002)\n* Stumm 177 - ''Manual'', Appliance (1999)\n* Stumm 178 -\n* Stumm 179 - ''We'll Never Stop Living This Way'', Westbam (1999)\n* Stumm 180 - ''Volume One'', Echoboy (2000)\n* Stumm 181 - ''Pretentions'', The Clarke & Ware Experience (1999)\n* Stumm 182 - ''Silence is Sexy'', Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten (2000)\n* Stumm 183 - ''Sex o'clock'', Anita Lane (2001)\n* Stumm 184 - ''ACME Plus'' (remix album), Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (1999)\n* Stumm 185 - ''Nibs and Nabs'', Slick Sixty (1999)\n* Stumm 186 - ''Six Modular Pieces'', Appliance (2000)\n* Stumm 187 - ''Add Insult to Injury'', Add N To (X) (2000)\n* Stumm 188 - ''Felt Mountain'', Goldfrapp (2000)\n* Stumm 189 - ''Imperial Metric'', Appliance (2001)\n* Stumm 190 - ''Exciter'', Depeche Mode (2001)\n* Stumm 191 - ''Rough Trade Shops: 25 Years'' (compilation), Various (2001)\n* Stumm 192 - ''Volume Two'', Echoboy (2000)\n* Stumm 193 -\n* Stumm 194 - ''Spectrum Pursuit Vehicle'', Vincent Clarke & Martyn Ware (2001)\n* Stumm 195 - ''The Snare'', Looper (2003)\n* Stumm 196 - ''Black Cherry'', Goldfrapp (2004)\n* Stumm 197 - ''Swift'', SFT (2002)\n* Stumm 198 - ''Alright on Top'', Luke Slater (2002)\n* Stumm 199 - ''Plastic Fang'', Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (2002)\n* Stumm 200 - ''Giraffe'', Echoboy (2003)\n\n===Stumm 201 - 300===\n\n* Stumm 201 - ''Strategies Against Architecture III'' (compilation), Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten (2001)\n* Stumm 202 - ''18'', Moby (2002)\n* Stumm 203 - ''Rough Trade Shops: Electronic 01'' (compilation), Various (2002)\n* Stumm 204 - ''Loud Like Nature'', Add N To (X) (2002)\n* Stumm 205 - ''Defixiones Will and Testament'', Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (2003)\n* Stumm 206 - ''La Serpenta Canta'', Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (2003)\n* Stumm 207 - ''Nocturama'', Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2003)\n* Stumm 208 - ''Pole'', Pole (2003)\n* Stumm 209 - ''Zeitlupenkino'', Katharina Franck (2002)\n* Stumm 210 - ''Are You Earthed?'', Appliance (2003)\n* Stumm 211 - ''Pre Set'' (compilation), Various (2003)\n* Stumm 212 - ''Rough Trade Shops: Rock 'N' Roll 1'' (compilation), Various (2001)\n* Stumm 213 - ''Children of the Black Sun'', NON (2002)\n* Stumm 214 - ''Counterfeit\u00b2'', Martin L Gore (2003)\n* Stumm 215 - ''Other People's Songs'', Erasure (2003)\n* Stumm 216 - ''Paper Monsters'', Dave Gahan (2003)\n* Stumm 217 - ''Hitparade'', Station 17 (2001)\n* Stumm 218 - ''Rough Trade Shops: Counter Culture 2002'' (compilation), Various (2003)\n* Stumm 219 - ''Terra Incognita: Ambient Works 1975 to Present'' (compilation), Boyd Rice/NON (2004)\n* Stumm 220 - ''The Wire. 20 Years: 1982-2002'' (compilation), Various (2002)\n* Stumm 221 - ''Perpetuum Mobile'', Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten (2004)\n* Stumm 222 - ''Messy Century'', Mountaineers (2003)\n* Stumm 223 - ''WAT'', Laibach (2003)\n* Stumm 224 - ''Rough Trade Shops: Post Punk 1'' (compilation), Various (2003)\n* Stumm 225 - ''They Were Wrong, So We Drowned'', Liars (2004)\n* Stumm 226 - ''Rough Trade Shops: Country 1'' (compilation), Various (2003)\n* Stumm 227 - ''Phoenix'', The Warlocks (2003)\n* Stumm 228 - ''Synthetik'', Komputer (2007)\n* Stumm 229 - ''S\u00f3nar 2003'' (compilation), Various (2003)\n* Stumm 230 - ''This Is for Real'', Pink Grease (2004)\n* Stumm 231 - \n* Stumm 232 - ''Thunder + Lightning'', Modey Lemon (2004)\n* Stumm 233 - ''Abattoir Blues/The Lyre of Orpheus'', Nick Cave and the Bad Seeds (2004)\n* Stumm 234 - ''Rough Trade Shops: Counter Culture 03'' (compilation), Various (2004)\n* Stumm 235 - ''Union Street'', Erasure (2006)\n* Stumm 236 - ''Damage'', Blues Explosion (2004)\n* Stumm 237 - ''Surgery'', The Warlocks (2003)\n* Stumm 238 - ''The Curious City'', Modey Lemon (2005)\n* Stumm 239 - ''Rough Trade Shops: Indiepop 1'' (compilation), Various (2004)\n* Stumm 240 - ''Hotel'', Moby (2005)\n* Stumm 241 -\n* Stumm 242 - ''Maria T'', Balanescu Quartet (2005)\n* Stumm 243 - ''The Commercial Album 25th Anniversary Special Edition'', The Residents (2004)\n* Stumm 244 - ''Play - The B-sides'' (compilation), Moby (2004)\n* Stumm 245 - ''Nightbird'', Erasure (2005)\n* Stumm 246 - ''Drum's Not Dead'', Liars (2006)\n* Stumm 247 - ''Animal Lover'', The Residents (2005)\n* Stumm 248 - ''Rough Trade Shops: Counter Culture 2004'' (compilation), Various (2004)\n* Stumm 249 - ''One Man's Treasure'', Mick Harvey (2005)\n* Stumm 250 - ''Supernature'', Goldfrapp (2005)\n* Stumm 251 - ''Coles Corner'', Richard Hawley (2005)\n* Stumm 252 - \n* Stumm 253 - ''The Third Reich 'n' Roll'' (re-release), The Residents (2005)\n* Stumm 254 - ''Lana Lara Lata'', Simon Fisher Turner (2005)\n* Stumm 255 - ''The Proposition (soundtrack)'', Nick Cave & Warren Ellis (2006)\n* Stumm 256 - ''Trans Slovenia Express Vol. 2'' (compilation), Various (2005)\n* Stumm 257 - ''Two of Diamonds'', Mick Harvey (2005)\n* Stumm 258 - ''Mark of the Mole + Intermission'' (re-release), The Residents (2005)\n* Stumm 259 - ''The Tunes of Two Cities + The Big Bubble'' (re-release), The Residents (2005)\n* Stumm 260 - ''Playing the Angel'', Depeche Mode (2005)\n* Stumm 261 - ''Mute Audio Documents: Volume 1: 1978-1981'' (compilation), Various (2007)\n* Stumm 262 - ''Mute Audio Documents: Volume 2: 1982'' (compilation), Various (2007)\n* Stumm 263 - ''Mute Audio Documents: Volume 3: 1983'' (compilation), Various (2007)\n* Stumm 264 - ''Mute Audio Documents: Volume 4: 1984'' (compilation), Various (2007)\n* Stumm 265 -\n* Stumm 266 -\n* Stumm 267 -\n* Stumm 268 -\n* Stumm 269 -\n* Stumm 270 -\n* Stumm 271 - ''Mechanical Heart, Pink Grease (2006) unreleased album\n* Stumm 272 - ''Grinderman'', Grinderman (2007)\n* Stumm 273 - ''Rough Trade Shops - Singer Songwriter 1'' (compilation), Various (2006)\n* Stumm 274 - ''Guilty! Guilty! Guilty!'' - Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (2008)\n* Stumm 275 - ''Last Night'', Moby (2008)\n* LStumm 275 - ''Last Night Remixed'' (remix album), Moby (2008)\n* Stumm 276 - ''Volk'' - Laibach (2006)\n* Stumm 277 - ''Dig, Lazarus, Dig!!!'' - Nick Cave And The Bad Seeds (2008)\n* Stumm 278 - ''Lady's Bridge'', Richard Hawley (2007)\n* Stumm 279 - ''subHuman'', Recoil (2007)\n* Stumm 280 - ''Seventh Tree'', Goldfrapp (2008)\n* Stumm 281 - ''We Can Create'', Maps (2007)\n* Stumm 282 - ''Tweedles'', The Residents (2006)\n* Stumm 283 - ''Freak Show'' (re-release), The Residents (2006)\n* Stumm 284 - ''Sue\u00f1a La Alhambra'', Morente (2006)\n* Stumm 285 - ''Light at the End of the World'', Erasure (2007)\n* Stumm 286 - ''Mujeres'', Estrella Morente (2006)\n* Stumm 287 - ''Liars'', Liars (2007)\n* Stumm 288 - ''Hourglass'', Dave Gahan (2007)\n* Stumm 289 - ''Bang Bang Boom Cake'', Tiny Masters Of Today (2007)\n* Stumm 290 - ''Polly Scattergood'', Polly Scattergood (2009)\n* Stumm 291 - ''The Voice of Midnight'', The Residents (2007)\n* Stumm 292 -\n* Stumm 293 - ''Welcome To Goon Island'', XX Teens (2008)\n* Stumm 294 - ''The Assassination of Jesse James by the Coward Robert Ford (soundtrack)'', Nick Cave & Warren Ellis (2007)\n* Stumm 295 - ''Duck Stab'' (re-release), The Residents (2008)\n* Stumm 296 - ''Eskimo'' (re-release), The Residents (2008)\n* Stumm 297 - ''Laibachkunstderfuge'', Laibach (2008)\n* Stumm 298 - ''Turning the Mind'', Maps (2009)\n* Stumm 299 - ''Grinderman 2'', Grinderman (2010)\n* XStumm 299 - ''Grinderman 2 RMX'' (remix album), Grinderman (2012)\n* Stumm 300 - ''Sounds of the Universe'', Depeche Mode (2009)\n\n===Stumm 301 - 400===\n\n* Stumm 301 - ''The Bunny Boy'', The Residents (2008)\n* Stumm 302 - ''Skeletons'', Tiny Masters Of Today (2009)\n* Stumm 303 - ''Autobahn'' (remastered), Kraftwerk (2009)\n* Stumm 304 - ''Radio-Activity'' (remastered), Kraftwerk (2009)\n* Stumm 305 - ''Trans-Europe Express'' (remastered), Kraftwerk (2009)\n* Stumm 306 - ''The Man-Machine'' (remastered), Kraftwerk (2009)\n* Stumm 307 - ''Computer World'' (remastered), Kraftwerk (2009)\n* Stumm 308 - ''Techno Pop'' (remastered), Kraftwerk (2009)\n* Stumm 309 - ''The Mix'' (remastered), Kraftwerk (2009)\n* Stumm 310 - ''Tour de France'' (remastered), Kraftwerk (2009)\n* Stumm 311 - ''Exploding Head'', A Place To Bury Strangers (2009)\n* Stumm 312 - ''Truelove's Gutter'', Richard Hawley (2009)\n* Stumm 313 - ''White Lunar'', Nick Cave & Warren Ellis (2009)\n* Stumm 314 - ''It's Frightening'', White Rabbits (2010)\n* Stumm 315 - ''Sisterworld'', Liars (2010)\n* Stumm 316 - ''Non Stop'', Andy Bell (2010)\n* Stumm 317 -\n* Stumm 318 - ''La ballade of Lady & Bird'', Lady & Bird (2010)\n* Stumm 319 - ''The Road (Original Film Score)'', Nick Cave & Warren Ellis (2009)\n* Stumm 320 - ''Head First'', Goldfrapp (2010)\n* Stumm 321 - ''Odd Blood'', Yeaseyer (2010)\n* Stumm 322 - ''Reconnected Live'' (live album), Yazoo (2010)\n* Stumm 323 - ''Pull in Emergency'', Pull in Emergency (2010)\n* Stumm 324 - ''Dust Lane'', Yann Tiersen (2010)\n* Stumm 325 - ''Strategies Against Architecture IV'' (compilation), Einsturzende Neubauten (2010)\n* Stumm 326 - ''Last Of The Country Gentlemen'', Josh T. Pearson (2011)\n* Stumm 327 - ''Again Into Eyes'', S.C.U.M. (2011)\n* Stumm 328 - ''Arrows'', Polly Scattergood (2013)\n* Stumm 329 - ''Sketches from the Book Of The Dead'', Mick Harvey (2011)\n* Stumm 330 - ''Soundescapes'', Simon Fisher Turner / Espen J. Jorgensen (2011)\n* Stumm 331 - ''Intoxicated Man / Pink Elephants'' (re-release), Mick Harvey (2014)\n* Stumm 332 - ''Lights Out'', Big Deal (2011)\n* Stumm 333 - ''clarapandy'', paul a. taylor (conceptual and tbc)\n* Stumm 334 - ''The Devil's Walk'', Apparat (2011)\n* Stumm 335 - ''Tomorrow's World'', Erasure (2011)\n* Stumm 336 - ''Yours Truly, Cellophane Nose'', Beth Jeans Houghton & The Hooves of Destiny (2011)\n* Stumm 337 - ''Skyline'', Yann Tiersen (2011)\n* Stumm 338 - ''Back To Mono'', NON / Boyd Rice (2012)\n* Stumm 339 - ''American Twilight'', Crime and the City Solution (2013)\n* Stumm 340 - ''Transverse'', Carter Tutti Void (2012)\n* Stumm 341 - ''Milk Famous'', White Rabbits (2012)\n* Stumm 342 - ''I Predict a Graceful Expulsion'', Cold Specks (2012)\n* Stumm 343 - ''WIXIW'', Liars (2012)\n* Stumm 344 - ''Iron Sky (The Original Film Soundtrack)'', Laibach (2012)\n* Stumm 345 - ''Roman Roads IV-XI'', Land Observations (2012)\n* Stumm 346 - ''Fragrant World'', Yeasayer (2012)\n* Stumm 347 - ''Sheet One'' (remastered), Plastikman (2012)\n* Stumm 348 - ''Recycled Plastik'' (remastered), Plastikman (2012)\n* Stumm 349 - ''Musik'' (remastered), Plastikman (2012)\n* Stumm 350 - ''Artifakts (bc)'' (remastered), Plastikman (2012)\n* Stumm 351 - ''House of Illustrious'', The Clarke & Ware Experiment (2012)\n* Stumm 352 - ''Krieg und Frieden (Music for Theatre)'', Apparat (2013)\n* Stumm 353 - ''Four (Acts of Love)'', Mick Harvey (2013)\n* Stumm 354 - ''Vicissitude'', Maps (2013)\n* Stumm 355 - ''June Gloom'', Big Deal (2013)\n* Stumm 356 - ''Tales of Us'', Goldfrapp (2013)\n* Stumm 357 - ''The Epic of Everest'', Simon Fisher Turner (2013)\n* Stumm 358 - ''Spectre'', Laibach (2014)\n* Stumm 359 - ''Mess'', Liars (2014)\n* Stumm 360 - ''Music From Republik Der W\u00f6lfe'', The Ministry Of Wolves (2014)\n* LStumm 360 - ''Happily Ever After'', The Ministry Of Wolves (2014)\n* Stumm 361 - ''Break Line - The Musical'', Anand Wilder & Maxwell Kardon (2014)\n* Stumm 362 - ''The Seer'' (re-release), Swans (2014)\n* Stumm 363 - ''My Father Will Guide Me up a Rope to the Sky'' (re-release), Swans (2014)\n* Stumm 364 - ''To Be Kind'', Swans (2014)\n* Stumm 365 - ''Snow Globe'', Erasure (2013)\n* Stumm 366 - \n* Stumm 367 - ''\u221e (Infinity)'', Yann Tiersen (2014)\n* Stumm 368 - ''A U R O R A'', Ben Frost (2014)\n* Stumm 369 - ''The Grand Tour'', Land Observations (2014)\n* Stumm 370 - ''EX (Performed live at the Guggenheim, NYC)'', Plastikman (2014)\n* Stumm 371 - ''Neuroplasticity'', Cold Specks (2014)\n* Stumm 372 - ''Realigned'', Maps (2014)\n* Stumm 373 - ''Taiga'', Zola Jesus (2014)\n* Stumm 374 - ''Xen'', Arca (2014)\n* Stumm 375 - ''The Violet Flame'', Erasure (2014)\n* Stumm 376 - ''Filth'' (re-release), Swans (2014)\n* Stumm 377 - ''White Light From The Mouth Of Infinity'' / ''Love of Life'' (re-release), Swans (2015)\n* Stumm 378 - ''Up A Tree'' (re-release), Looper (2015)\n* Stumm 379 - ''The Geometrid'' (re-release), Looper (2015)\n* Stumm 380 - ''Offgrid:Offline'', Looper (2015)\n* Stumm 381 - ''MG'', MG (2015)\n* Stumm 382 - ''Welcome Back To Milk'', Du Blonde (2015)\n* Stumm 383 - ''On Dead Waves'', On Dead Waves (2016)\n* Stumm 384 - ''Love of Life'' (vinyl re-release), Swans (2016)\n* Stumm 385 -\n* Stumm 386 - ''Mutant'', Arca (2015)\n* Stumm 387 - ''Amen & Goodbye'', Yeasayer (2016)\n* Stumm 388 - ''Spiritual Songs for Lovers to Sing'', LUH (2016)\n* Stumm 389 - ''The Glowing Man'', Swans (2016)\n* Stumm 390 - ''Music Complete'', New Order (2015)\n* LStumm 390 - ''Complete Music'', New Order (2016)\n* Stumm 391 - ''Cop'' / ''Young God'' (re-release), Swans (2015)\n* Stumm 392 - ''Greed'' / ''Time Is Money (Bastard)'' (re-release), Swans (2015)\n* Stumm 393 - ''Holy Money'' / ''A Screw'' (re-release), Swans (2015)\n* Stumm 394 - ''Public Castration Is a Good Idea (Live)'' (re-release), Swans (2015)\n* Stumm 395 - ''Delirium Tremens'', Mick Harvey (2016)\n* Stumm 396 - ''Intoxicated Woman'', Mick Harvey (2016)\n* Stumm 397 - ''Eusa'', Yann Tiersen (2016)\n* Stumm 398 - ''The Texas-Jerusalem Crossroads'' (re-release) , Lift To Experience (2017)\n* Stumm 399 - ''Silver Eye'', Goldfrapp (2017)\n* Stumm 400 -\n\n===Stumm 401 - 500===\n\n* Stumm 401 -\n* Stumm 402 -\n* Stumm 403 -\n* Stumm 404 - ''Detroit House Guests'', ADULT. (2017)\n* Stumm 405 -\n* Stumm 406 -\n* Stumm 407 - ''To Each...'', A Certain Ratio (re-release) (2016)\n* Stumm 408 - ''Sextet'', A Certain Ratio (re-release) (2016)\n* Stumm 409 - ''I'd Like to See You Again'', A Certain Ratio (re-release) (2016)\n* Stumm 410 - ''Force'', A Certain Ratio (re-release) (2016)\n* Stumm 411 - ''Up In Downsville'', A Certain Ratio (re-release) (2016)\n* Stumm 412 - \n* Stumm 413 - ''Mind Made Up'', A Certain Ratio (re-release) (2016)\n* Stumm 440 - ''Vorw\u00e4rts '' (compilation), Various (2011)\n* Stumm 441 - ''Ssss'', VCMG (2012)\n* Stumm 442 - ''The Girl with the Dragon Tattoo (soundtrack)'', Trent Reznor / Atticus Ross (2011)\n\n===Misc releases===\n\n* Galas 1 - ''Masque Of The Red Death'' (anthology), Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (1988)\n* ISO 1 - ''The Litanies of Satan'' (re-release), Diamanda Gal\u00e1s (1989)\n* Eucrid 1 - ''And The Ass Saw The Angel'' (audiobook), Nick Cave, Mick Harvey And Ed Clayton-Jones (1998)\n* PGCD 1 - ''Right Now!'' (re-release), Pussy Galore (1998)\n* PGCD 2 - ''Dial 'M' for Motherfucker'' (re-release), Pussy Galore (1998)\n* Irreg 6/7 - ''14 Irregular Files - A Mute Accumulation'' (compilation), Various (1999)\n* JSBX 01 - ''Extra Width / Mo' Width'' (re-release), Blues Explosion (2000)\n* JSBX 02 - ''Orange'' (re-release), The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (2000)\n* JSBX 03 - ''Experimental Remixes'' (re-release), The Jon Spencer Blues Explosion (2000)\n* Idiot 2 - ''Baby Monkey'', Voodoo Child (2004)\n* 0094639631223 - ''It's A Bit Complicated'', Art Brut (2007)\n* AudioBox1 - ''Mute Audio Documents 1978-1984'' (boxset), Various (2007)\n* EBBBOX 1 - ''Catalogue'' (albums boxset), Nitzer Ebb (2010)\n* EBBBOX 2 - ''Compilation'' (compilations boxset), Nitzer Ebb (2010)\n* iEBBBOX 3 - ''In Order'' (singles with b-sides & remixes anthology), Nitzer Ebb (2010) (only digital release)\n* P3011672 - ''The Singles'' (compilation), Goldfrapp (2012)\n* P4636981 - ''Standing at the Sky's Edge'', Richard Hawley (2012)\n* DVMute12345 - ''EP 1-5'', Diamond Version (2013)\n* StummDV1 - ''CI'', Diamond Version (2014)\n* 538013752 - ''Lament'',  Einst\u00fcrzende Neubauten (2014)\n* LooperBX01 - ''These Things'' (boxset), Looper (2015)\n"	" Best of / Collections "	"\n===Mutel1 - 10===\n\n* Mutel1 - ''The Singles (81-85)'', Depeche Mode (1985)\n* Mutel2 - ''Pop! - the First 20 Hits'', Erasure (1992)\n* Mootel3 - ''The Singles'', Inspiral Carpets (1995)\n* Mutel4 - ''The Best Of'', Nick Cave & the Bad Seeds (1998)\n* Mutel5 - ''The Singles (86-98)'', Depeche Mode (1998)\n* Mutel6 - ''Only Yazoo - The Best Of'', Yazoo (1999)\n* Mutel7 - ''The Best Of Fad Gadget'', Fad Gadget (2001)\n* Mutel8 - ''Remixes 81 - 04'', Depeche Mode (2004)\n* Mutel9 - ''Body of Work'', Nitzer Ebb (2006)\n* Mutel10 - ''Hits!'', Erasure (2003)\n\n===Mutel11 - 20===\n\n* Mutel11 - ''B-Sides And Rarities'', Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds (2005)\n* Mutel12 - ''Anthems'', Laibach (2004)\n* Mutel13 - ''Fad Gadget By Frank Tovey'', Fad Gadget (2006)\n* Mutel14 - ''Go - The Very Best of Moby'', Moby (2006)\n* XMutel14 - ''Go \u2013 The Very Best of Moby: Remixed'', Moby (2006)\n* Mutel15 - ''The Best Of, Volume 1'', Depeche Mode (2006)\n* Mutel16 - ''Total Pop! - the First 40 Hits'', Erasure (2009)\n* XMutel16 - ''Pop2! - the Second 20 Hits'', Erasure (2009)\n* Mutel17 - ''Selected'', Recoil (2010)\n* Mutel18 - ''Remixes 2: 81-11'', Depeche Mode (2011)\n* Mutel19 - ''This Is The Balanescu Quartet'', Balanescu Quartet (2011)\n* Mutel20 - ''Konnecting...'', I Start Counting/Fortran 5/Komputer (2011)\n\n===Mutel21 - 30===\n\n* Mutel21 - ''A History of Crime. Berlin 1987-1991 - An Introduction to...'', Crime & The City Solution (2012)\n* Mutel22 - \n* Mutel23 - ''Reproduction Prohibited - An Introduction to...'', Laibach (2012)\n* Mutel24 -\n* Mutel25 -\n* Mutel26 - ''Always - The Very Best Of'', Erasure (2015)\n"	" Depeche Mode Bong releases "	"\n===Bong 1-10: 1982-1986===\n\n\n* Bong 1 - \"Leave in Silence\" (August 1982) 7\", 12\", CD\n* Bong 2 - \"Get the Balance Right\" (January 1983) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Bong 3 - \"Everything Counts\" (July 1983) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Bong 4 - \"Love In Itself\" (September 1983) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Bong 5 - \"People Are People\" (March 1984) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n\n* Bong 6 - \"Master and Servant\" (August 1984) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Bong 7 - \"Blasphemous Rumours / Somebody\" (October 1984) 7\", 7\" EP, 12\", CD\n* Bong 8 - \"Shake the Disease\" (April 1985) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Bong 9 - \"It's Called a Heart\" (September 1985) 7\", 12\", D12\", CD\n* Bong 10 - \"Stripped\" (February 1986) 7\", 12\", CD\n\n\n===Bong 11-20: 1986-1990===\n\n\n* Bong 11 - \"A Question of Lust\" (April 1986) 7\", 12\", C, CD\n* Bong 12 - \"A Question of Time\" (August 1986) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* Bong 13 - \"Strangelove\" (April 1987) 7\", 12\", L12\" CD\n* Bong 14 - \"Never Let Me Down Again\" (August 1987) 7\", 12\", L12\", C, CD\n* Bong 15 - \"Behind the Wheel\" (December 1987) 7\", 12\", L12\", C, CD\n\n* Bong 16 - \"Everything Counts\" (July 1989) 7\", 10\", 12\", L12\", CD, LCD\n* Bong 17 - \"Personal Jesus\" (August 1989) 7\", Gatefold 7\", 12\", L12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Bong 18 - \"Enjoy the Silence\" (February 1990) 7\", 12\", L12\", XL12\", C, CD, LCD, XLCD\n* Bong 19 - \"Policy of Truth\" (May 1990) 7\", 12\", L12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Bong 20 - \"World in My Eyes\" (September 1990) 7\", 12\", L12\", C, CD, LCD\n\n\n===Bong 21-30: 1990-2001===\n\n\n* Bong 21 - \"I Feel You\" (February 1993) 7\", 12\", L12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Bong 22 - \"Walking In My Shoes\" (April 1993) 12\", L12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Bong 23 - \"Condemnation\" (September 1993) 12\", L12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Bong 24 - \"In Your Room\" (January 1994) 12\", L12\", C, CD, LCD, XLCD\n* Bong 25 - \"Barrel of a Gun\" (February 1997) 12\", L12\", CD, LCD\n\n* Bong 26 - \"It's No Good\" (March 1997) 12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Bong 27 - \"Home\" (June 1997) 12\", C, CD, LCD\n* Bong 28 - \"Useless\" (October 1997) 12\", CD, LCD\n* Bong 29 - \"Only When I Lose Myself\" (September 1998) 12\", L12\", CD, LCD, XLCD\n* Bong 30 - \"Dream On\" (April 2001) 12\", CD, LCD\n\n\n===Bong 31-40: 2001-2009===\n\n\n* Bong 31 - \"I Feel Loved\" (July 2001) 12\", L12\", CD, LCD\n* Bong 32 - \"Freelove\" (November 2001) 12\", CD, LCD, DVD\n* Bong 33 - \"Goodnight Lovers\" (February 2002) 12\", CD\n* Bong 34 - \"Enjoy the Silence 04\" (October 2004) 12\", L12\", XL12\", CD, LCD, XLCD, download\n* Bong 35 - \"Precious\" (October 2005) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD, LCD, DVD, download\n\n* Bong 36 - \"A Pain That I'm Used To\" (December 2005) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD, LCD, DVD, download\n* Bong 37 - \"Suffer Well\" (March 2006) 7\", 12\", L12\", XL12\", CD, LCD, DVD, download\n* Bong 38 - \"John the Revelator / Lilian\" (June 2006) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD, LCD, DVD, download\n* Bong 39 - \"Martyr\" (October 2006) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD, LCD, DVD, download\n* Bong 40 - \"Wrong\" (April 2009) 7\", 12\", CD, LCD, download\n\n\n===Bong 41-50: 2009-2011===\n\n\n* Bong 41 - \"Peace\" (June 2009) 7\", CD, LCD, download\n* Bong 42 - \"Fragile Tension / Hole to Feed\" (December 2009) 12\", CD, download\n* Bong 43 - \"Personal Jesus 2011\" (April 2011) 12\", CD, download\n\n"	"Yazoo Releases"	"\n* YAZ 1 - \"Don't Go\" (1982) 7\", 12\", CD\n* YAZ 2 - \"The Other Side Of Love\" (1982) 7\", 12\", CD\n* YAZ 3 - \"Nobody's Diary\" (1983) 7\", 12\", L12\", CD\n* YAZ 4 - \"Situation (Remix)\" (1990) 7\", 12\", C, CD, LCD\n* YAZ 5 - \"Only You (1999 Mix)\" (1999) 12\", CD, LCD\n* YAZ 6 - \"Situation (Remixes)\" (1999) CD\n* YAZ 7 - \"Nobody's Diary EP\" (2008) 12\", download\n* YAZ 8 - \"Reconnected EP\" (2008) 12\", download\n"	"Inspiral Carpets Releases"	"\n===Dung 1 - 10===\n\n\n* Dung 1\n* Dung 2 - \"Trainsurfing EP\" (1989)\n* Dung 3 - \"Joe\" (1989)\n* Dung 4 - ''Dung 4'' (1989)\n* Dung 5 - \"Find Out Why\" (1989)\n\n* Dung 6 - \"Move\" (1989)\n* Dung 7 - \"This Is How It Feels\" (1990)\n* Dung 8 - ''Life'' (1990)\n* Dung 9 - \"Cool as **** EP\" (1990)\n* Dung 10 - \"She Comes In The Fall\" (1990)\n\n\n===Dung 11 - 20===\n\n\n* Dung 11 - \"Island Head EP\" (1990)\n* Dung 12 - \"21.7.90\" (1990) Video\n* Dung 13 - \"Caravan\" (1991)\n* Dung 14 - ''The Beast Inside'' (1991)\n* Dung 15 - \"Please Be Cruel\" (1991)\n\n* Dung 16 - \"Dragging Me Down\" (1992)\n* Dung 17 - \"Two Worlds Collide\" (1992)\n* Dung 18 - \"Generations\" (1992)\n* Dung 19 - ''Revenge of the Goldfish'' (1992)\n* Dung 20 - \"Bitches Brew\" (1992)\n\n\n===Dung 21 - 30===\n\n\n* Dung 21 - \"Smoking Her Clothes\" (1992) Promo\n* Dung 22 - \"How It Should Be\" (1993)\n* Dung 23 - \"Saturn 5\" (1994)\n* Dung 24 - \"I Want You\" (1994)\n* Dung 25 - ''Devil Hopping'' (1994)\n\n* Dung 26 - \"Uniform\" (1994)\n* Dung 27 - \"Joe\" (1995)\n* Dung 28\n* Dung 29\n* Dung 30 - ''Cool As'' (2003)\n\n\n===Dung 31 - 33===\n\n\n* Dung 31 - \"Come Back Tomorrow\" (2003)\n* Dung 32 - ''Greatest Hits'' (2003)\n* Dung 33 - ''Live at Brixton Academy'' (2003) Video\n* Dung 34\n* Dung 35 - \"You're so good for me\" (2013)\n\n\n\n===Misc===\n* 094638796954 - ''Keep the Circle: B-Sides and Udder Stuff'' (2007) digital only release\n"	"Depeche Mode Remastered Releases"	"\n===The Singles Boxsets===\n\n*DM BX 1 - ''Singles 1-6'' (1991)\n*DM BX 2 - ''Singles 7-12'' (1991)\n*DM BX 3 - ''Singles 13-18'' (1991)\n*DM BX 4 - ''Singles 19-24'' (2004)\n*DM BX 5 - ''Singles 25-30'' (2004)\n*DM BX 6 - ''Singles 31-36'' (2004)\n\n===The Collectors Editions===\n\n\n*DM CD 1 - ''Speak & Spell'' (2006)\n*DM CD 2 - ''A Broken Frame'' (2006)\n*DM CD 3 - ''Construction Time Again'' (2007)\n*DM CD 4 - ''Some Great Reward'' (2006)\n*DM CD 5 - ''Black Celebration'' (2007)\n\n*DM CD 6 - ''Music for the Masses'' (2006)\n*DM CD 7 - ''Violator'' (2006)\n*DM CD 8 - ''Songs of Faith and Devotion'' (2006)\n*DM CD 9 - ''Ultra'' (2007)\n*DM CD 10 - ''Exciter'' (2007)\n\n"	"Erasure Remastered Releases"	"\n* EBX1 - ''Singles Box Set 1'' (1999)\n* EBX2 - ''Singles Box Set 2'' (1999)\n* EBX3 - ''Singles Box Set 3'' (2001)\n* EBX4 - ''Singles Box Set 4'' (2001)\n* LCDSTUMM55 - ''The Innocents - 21st Anniversary Deluxe Edition'' (2009)\n* LCDSTUMM25 - ''Wonderland - 25th Anniversary Expanded Edition'' (2011)\n* CDXSTUMM35 - ''The Circus - Special Expanded Edition'' (2011)\n* EBX5 - ''From Moscow To Mars - An Erasure Anthology'' (2016)\n"	"Yazoo Remastered Releases"	"\n* YAZBOX 1 - ''In Your Room'' Anthology Boxset (2008)\n"	"Nick Cave & The Bad Seeds Remastered Releases"	"\n\n* CDSEEDS1 - ''From Her To Eternity'' (2009)\n* CDSEEDS2 - ''The Firstborn Is Dead'' (2009)\n* CDSEEDS3 - ''Kicking Against The Pricks'' (2009)\n* CDSEEDS4 - ''Your Funeral\u2026 My Trial'' (2009)\n* CDSEEDS5 - ''Tender Prey'' (2010)\n* CDSEEDS6 - ''The Good Son'' (2010)\n* CDSEEDS7 - ''Henry's Dream'' (2010)\n\n* CDSEEDS8 - ''Let Love In (2011)\n* CDSEEDS9 - ''Murder Ballads (2011)\n* CDSEEDS10 - ''The Boatman's Call '' (2011)\n* CDSEEDS11 - ''No More Shall We Part'' (2011)\n* CDSEEDS12 - ''Nocturama'' (2012)\n* CDSEEDS13 - ''Abattoir Blues/The Lyre of Orpheus'' (2012)\n* CDSEEDS14 - ''Dig, Lazarus, Dig!!!'' (2012)\n\n* 12SEEDS1 - \"The Mercy Seat\" (2010)\n\n\n\n"
"Napoleon (disambiguation)"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Napoleon''' (1769\u20131821) also known as Napoleon Bonaparte or Napoleon I, was a French military leader and emperor.\n\n'''Napoleon''' (English) or '''Napol\u00e9on''' (French) or '''Napole\u00f3n''' (Spanish) or '''Napoleone''' (Italian) may also refer to:\n\n"	"In people"	"* Napoleone, Italian masculine given name\n\n===Bonaparte family===\n* Napoleon II (1811\u20131832), son of Napoleon I\n* Napoleon III (1808\u20131873), last monarch and first president of France, son of Napoleon I's brother Louis\n* Napol\u00e9on Charles Bonaparte (1802\u20131807), prince of Holland and son of Napoleon I's brother Louis\n* Napol\u00e9on Louis Bonaparte (1804\u20131831), King of Holland and son of Napoleon I's brother Louis\n* Prince Napol\u00e9on Bonaparte (1822\u20131891), son of Napoleon I's brother Jerome\n* Napol\u00e9on Charles Bonaparte, 5th Prince of Canino (1839\u20131899), grandson of Napoleon I's brother Lucien\n* Napol\u00e9on, Prince Imperial (1856\u20131879), the only child of Emperor Napoleon III\n* Victor, Prince Napol\u00e9on, (1862\u20131929), pretender to the Imperial Throne of France\n* Louis, Prince Napol\u00e9on (1914\u20131997), pretender to the Imperial Throne of France\n* Charles, Prince Napol\u00e9on (born 1950)\n* Jean-Christophe, Prince Napol\u00e9on (born 1986)\n\n===Other people===\n\n====Athletes====\n* Napole\u00f3n Calzado (born 1977), baseball player from Dominican Republic.\n* Napoleon Einstein (born 1989), Indian cricketer\n* Napoleon Harris (born 1979), American football player\n* Napoleon Kaufman (born 1973), American football player\n* Napoleon Lajoie (1874\u20131959), American baseball player\n* Napoleon McCallum (born 1963), American football player\n\n====Artists====\n* Napoleon (actor) (born 1963), Tamil film actor\n* Napoleon (rapper) (born 1977), American rapper\n* Napoleon XIV (born 1938), American singer-songwriter\n* Napoleon D'umo (born 1968), American choreographer\n* Napoleon Murphy Brock (born 1943), American singer and musician\n* Napoleon Orda (1807\u20131883), Belorussian-Polish musician and artist\n* Napoleon Perdis (born 1970), Australian make-up artist\n\n====Military officials====\n* Napoleon Bonaparte Buford (1807\u20131883), U.S. Army officer and railroad executive\n* Napoleon Collins (1814\u20131875), U.S. Navy admiral\n* Napoleon J.T. Dana (1822\u20131905), U.S. Army officer\n* Napoleon Zervas (1891\u20131957), Greek general\n* Napoleone Orsini (1420\u20131480), Italian warlord\n\n====Politicians and other leaders====\n* Napoleon B. Broward (1857\u20131910), American governor of Florida\n* Napoleon Bonaparte Brown (1834\u20131910), American businessman and politician\n* Jos\u00e9 Napole\u00f3n Duarte (1925\u20131990), President of El Salvador\n* Napoleon Wapasha (1854\u20131925), Sioux chief\n\n====Other====\n* Napoleon Chagnon (born 1938), American anthropologist\n* Napoleone Orsini Frangipani (1263\u20131342), Italian cardinal\n* Napoleon Hill (1883\u20131970), American personal-success author\n* Napoleon LeBrun (1821\u20131901), American architect\n* Napol\u00e9on Peyrat (1809\u20131881), French author and historian\n* Charles, Prince Napol\u00e9on (Charles Marie J\u00e9r\u00f4me Victor Napol\u00e9on) (born 19 October 1950) \n* Napol\u00e9on Coste (1805\u20131883), French guitarist \n* Napol\u00e9on Joseph Ney (1803\u20131857), French politician\n* Napol\u00e9on, comte Daru (1807\u20131890), French soldier and politician. godson of Napol\u00e9on \n* Napol\u00e9on La C\u00e9cilia (1835\u20131878), French general\n* Napoleone Boni (1863\u20131927), Italian painter\n* Napoleone Nani (1841\u20131899), Italian painter\n\n===Nicknames===\n::see also Napoleon of India\n* P. G. T. Beauregard (1818\u201393), Confederate general, \"Little Napoleon\"\n* Jean-Martin Charcot (1825\u201393), neurologist, \"Napoleon of the Neuroses\"\n* Neal Dow (1804\u201397), temperance activist, \"Napoleon of Temperance\"\n* Toyotomi Hideyoshi (1536/7-98), Japanese general, \"Napoleon of Japan\"\n* Kamehameha I (c.1758-1819), Hawaiian king, \"Napoleon of the Pacific\"\n* Francisco Solano L\u00f3pez (1827\u201370), Paraguayan president, \"Napoleon of South America\"\n* Antonio L\u00f3pez de Santa Anna (1794\u20131876), Mexican president, \"Napoleon of the West\"\n* Toussaint Louverture (c.1743\u20131803), Haitian revolutionary, \"Napoleon of Haiti\"\n* Douglas MacArthur (1880\u20131964), U.S. Army general, \"Napoleon of Luzon\"\n* George B. McClellan (1826\u201385), U.S. Army general, \"Young Napoleon\"\n* John McGraw (1873-1934), U.S. major league baseball player and manager, \"Little Napoleon\"\n* Mirambo (r.1860\u201384), Nyamwezi warlord, \"Napoleon of Central Africa\"\n* James K. Polk (1795\u20131849), U.S. president, \"Napoleon of the Stump\"\n* Qin Shi Huang (259\u2013210 BC), Chinese emperor, \"Napoleon of China\"\n* Nader Shah (1688/98\u20131747), Iranian shah, \"Napoleon of Persia\"\n* Shaka (1787\u20131828), Zulu king, \"Napoleon of Africa\"\n* Te Rauparaha (1760s\u20131849), Maori chief, \"Napoleon of the South Pacific\"\n* Thutmose III (1479\u20131425 BC), Egyptian pharaoh, \"Napoleon of Egypt\"\n* Adam Worth (1844\u20131902), American criminal, \"Napoleon of Crime\"\n"	"In places"	";Poland\n* Napoleon, Silesian Voivodeship\n;United States\n* Napoleon, Arkansas\n* Napoleon, Indiana\n*Napoleon, Kentucky\n* Napoleon, Michigan\n* Napoleon, Mississippi\n* Napoleon, Missouri\n* Napoleon, North Dakota\n* Napoleon, Ohio\n"	"In entertainment and media"	"\n===Comics===\n* ''Napoleone'', a comics series  published by Sergio Bonelli Editore\n* Napoleon and Uncle Elby, a syndicated comic strip\n\n===Fictional characters===\n* Napoleon (Animal Farm), a character in George Orwell's novel\n* Napoleon Bonaparte (fictional detective), a character created by Arthur Upfield\n* Napoleon Solo, a ''The Man from U.N.C.L.E.'' character\n* ''Napoleon and Uncle Elby'', a syndicated American comic strip by Clifford McBride\n* Napoleone Di Carlo, a detective created by Italian comic book writer Carlo Ambrosini for the series of the same name published by Sergio Bonelli Editore\n* Napoleon, a bloodhound in ''The Aristocats'' and ''Aristocats 2''\n* Napoleon, the protagonist of the novel ''My Uncle Napoleon''\n* Napoleon Dynamite, the protagonist of the film ''Napoleon Dynamite''\n* Napoleon Wilson, an ''Assault on Precinct 13'' character\n\n===Gaming===\n* Napoleon (card game)\n* ''Napoleon'' (game), a classic board game (1974) about the Waterloo campaign\n* Age of Napoleon (board game), a board game (2003) about the Napoleonic Wars in Europe\n* ''Napoleon'' (GBA game)\n* Napoleon Gambit, a variation of the Scotch Game chess opening\n* Napoleon Opening, a chess opening named for Napoleon I\n* ''Napoleon: Total War'', a turn based/real time strategy game for the PC\n* ''Napoleon'', a real-time strategy game for Windows\n* ''Napoleon'', a video game published by Enix, see List of Enix home computer games\n\n===Music===\n* \"Napoleon\", a song by Ani DiFranco from the album ''Dilate''\n* Napoleonic (EP), an EP by The Four Hundred\n\n===Stage and screen===\n* ''Napoleon, the Man of Destiny'' (1909 film), an American silent film directed by J. Stuart Blackton\n* ''Napol\u00e9on'' (1927 film), a French silent film by Abel Gance\n* ''Napol\u00e9on'' (1955 film), a French historical epic by Sacha Guitry\n* ''Napoleon'' (1995 film), an Australian film by Mario Andreacchio\n* ''Napoleon'' (2007 film), a British made-for-TV film\n* ''Napol\u00e9on'' (miniseries), a 2002 historical miniseries\n* ''Napoleon'' (musical)\n* ''Napoleon Bunny-Part'', a 1956 Looney Tunes animated short featuring Bugs Bunny\n"	"In food and drink"	"* Napoleon, a grade of cognac\n* Napoleon (pastry), a French pastry, also called Mille-feuille\n"	"In transportation"	"* ''Napol\u00e9on'' (ship), a French ship commissioned in 1850\n* ''Corse'' (ship), another French ship originally named ''Napol\u00e9on'' and then renamed\n* , a British ship\n"	"In nature"	"* Napoleon fish, another name for humphead wrasse\n"	"Other uses"	"* Napol\u00e9on (coin)\n* Napoleon complex, a psychological condition affecting short people\n* 12-pounder Napoleon, a cannon\n* Napoleonite, a variety of igneous rock\n\n\n"
"Nihon SF Taikai"	"Introduction"	"\nThe  is an annual science fiction convention held in Japan. Each of these conventions is officially the , but they are more popularly known by the official nicknames given to them based on their locations, e.g. TOKON (when it is held in Tokyo) or DAICON (when it is held in Osaka).\n\nEach year the Nihon SF Taikai attracts between 1,000 and 1,500 science fiction fans. Events at the convention include panel discussions, lectures, readings, screenings, parties, games, concerts, and a dealing room for the sale of rare books, magazines, and other items related to science fiction.\n\nA number of prizes are awarded at the convention, most notably the Seiun Award for the best science fiction of the year as voted by attendees of the convention.\n\nOutside Japan, the Nihon SF Taikai is most famous for the  animation for the opening ceremonies of DAICON IV, which was produced by the animators that later became Gainax. The DAICON IV opening video features a girl in a Playboy Bunny suit with cameos from many science fiction films and stories. \n"	"List of Taikai locations"	"# 1962 - Tokyo - MEG-CON\n# 1963 - Tokyo - TOKON\n# 1964 - Osaka -  DAICON\n# 1965 - Tokyo -  TOKON 2\n# 1966 - Nagoya -  MEICON\n# 1967 - Tokyo -  TOKON 3\n# 1968 - Tokyo -  TOKON 4\n# 1969 - Kumamoto-ken -  KYUKON\n# 1970 - Tokyo -  TOKON 5\n# 1971 - Osaka -  DAICON 2\n# 1972 - Nagoya -  MEICON 2\n# 1973 - Hokkaid\u014d -  EZOCON\n# 1974 - Kyoto -  MIYACON\n# 1975 - Kobe -  SHINCON\n# 1976 - Tokyo -  TOKON 6\n# 1977 - Yokohama -  HINCON\n# 1978 - Kanagawa-ken -  ASHINOCON\n# 1979 - Nagoya -  MEICON 3\n# 1980 - Tokyo -  TOKON 7\n# 1981 - Osaka -  DAICON 3\n# 1982 - Tokyo -  TOKON 8\n# 1983 - Osaka -  DAICON 4\n# 1984 - Hokkaid\u014d -  EZOCON 2\n# 1985 - Niigata-ken -  GATACON Special Summer Fest\n# 1986 - Osaka -  DAICON 5\n# 1987 - Ishikawa-ken -  URACON '87\n# 1988 - Gunma-ken -  MiG-CON\n# 1989 - Nagoya -  DAINA CON EX\n# 1990 - Tokyo -  TOKON 9\n# 1991 - Kanazawa -  i-CON\n# 1992 - Yokohama -  HAMACON\n# 1993 - Osaka -  DAICON 6\n# 1994 - Okinawa -  RYUCON\n# 1995 - Shizuoka(Hamamatsu) -  \u306f\u307e\u306a\u3053\u3093 (Hamanacon)\n# 1996 - Kitakyushu -  \u30b3\u30af\u30e9\u30ce\u30df\u30b3\u30f3 (Kokuranomicon)\n# 1997 - Hiroshima -  \u3042\u304d\u3053\u3093 (Akicon)\n# 1998 - Nagoya (Mars) -  CAPRICON 1\n# 1999 - Nagano-ken -  \u3084\u306d\u3053\u3093 (Yanecon)\n# 2000 - Yokohama -  Zero-CON\n# 2001 - Makuhari Messe, Chiba -  SF2001 \n# 2002 - Tamayu, Shimane -  \u3086\uff5e\u3053\u3093 (Y\u016bcon)\n# 2003 - Shiobara, Tochigi -  T-con 2003\n# 2004 - Gifu -  G-CON\n# 2005 - Yokohama -  HAMACON 2\n# 2006 - Matsushima - \u307f\u3061\u306e\u304fSF\u796d\u305a\u3093\u3053\u3093 (Michinoku SF Matsuri Zuncon)\n# 2007 - Yokohama - Nippon2007 65th World Science Fiction Convention\n# 2008 - Osaka - DAICON 7\n# 2009 - Shiobara, Tochigi - T-con 2009\n# 2010 - Edogawa, Tokyo -  TOKON 10\n# 2011 - Shizuoka - DONBURACON-L\n# 2012 - Y\u016bbari, Hokkaid\u014d - VARICON\n# 2013 - Hiroshima - KOICON\n# 2014 - Tsukuba, Ibaraki - NUTS-CON\n# 2015 - Yonago, Tottori - COMECON\n# 2016 - Toba, Mie - ISESHIMACON\n# 2017 - Shizuoka - DONBURACON-LL\n# 2018 - Minakami - JURACON\n"	"External links"	"*  Official Nihon SF Taikai homepage in Japanese\n\n\n\n\n"
"Nip"	"Introduction"	"\nUsage of the term ''Nips'' in the American cartoon ''Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips'' (1944)\n'''Nip''' is an ethnic slur against people of Japanese descent and origin, similar to the ethnic slur ''Jap''.\n"	"Etymology"	"The word ''Nip'' is an abbreviation from ''Nippon'', the Japanese name for Japan.\n"	"History"	"The earliest occurrence of the ethnic slur was probably in the ''Time'' magazine of 5 January 1942. The American, British, and Australian entry of the Pacific Ocean theatre of World War II heightened the use of racial slurs against the Japanese, such as ''Jap'' and ''Nip''. The word ''Nip'' became a frequently-used slang word amongst the British Armed Forces. The 1942 Royal Air Force journal made numerous references to the Japanese as ''Nips'', even making puns such as \"there's a nip in the air\". As part of American wartime propaganda, caricatures and slurs (including ''Nip'') against the Japanese diffused into entertainment, such as exemplified by the Warner Bros.' cartoon ''Bugs Bunny Nips the Nips'' (1944). In ''General Kenney Reports: A Personal History of the Pacific War'' (1949), George Kenney made racial statements about the Japanese, remarking for example that \"Nips are just vermin to be exterminated\".\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Norman Krasna"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Norman Krasna''' (November 7, 1909 \u2013 November 1, 1984) was an American screenwriter, playwright, producer, and film director. He is best known for penning screwball comedies which centered on a case of mistaken identity. Krasna also directed three films during a forty-year career in Hollywood. He garnered four Academy Award screenwriting nominations, winning once for 1943's ''Princess O'Rourke'', a film he also directed.\n"	"Career"	"Krasna was born in Queens, New York City. He attended Columbia University and St John's University School of Law, working at Macy's Department Store during the day. He wanted to get into journalism and talked his way into a job as a copy boy for the Sunday feature department of the ''New York World'' in 1928. He quit law school, worked his way up to being a drama critic, at first for ''The World'' then the ''New York Evening Graphic'' and  ''Exhibitors Herald World''. He was offered a job with Hubert Voight in the publicity department of Warner Bros and moved to Hollywood.\n\nHe decided to become a playwright after seeing ''The Front Page''. To learn the craft, he retyped the Ben Hecht-Charles MacArthur classic more than twenty times. Then while at Warners, at nights he wrote a play, ''Louder, Please!'', based on his job and heavily inspired by ''The Front Page''. He tried to sell it to Warners who were not interested but it was picked up by George Abbott who produced it on Broadway. The play had a short run, and Krasna was then offered a contract at Columbia Pictures as a junior staff writer.\n\nHe stayed at Columbia for five years, earning an Oscar nomination for ''The Richest Girl in the World''. He also wrote a second play, ''Small Miracle'', which was very successful and established him as a playwright. He would continue to alternate between Broadway and Hollywood throughout his career.\n\nBy the mid-1930s he was working at other studios, such as Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer and Universal, and had turned producer. By the 1940s he also began to direct. During this decade he wrote two very popular plays, ''Dear Ruth'' and ''John Loves Mary''.\n\nIn 1950 he and Jerry Wald formed Wald-Krasna Productions which worked out of RKO Studios for the next few years, announcing a $50 million slate of pictures. They made a number of films but both Wald and Krasna became frustrated at the meddling of Howard Hughes, who ran RKO at the time. Wald bought Krasna out and he returned to writing.\n\nAt one point, Krasna had actor John Forsythe under contract.\n\nKrasna spent many years living in  Switzerland but returned to Los Angeles before his death in 1984.\n"	"Personal life"	"From 1940 to 1950 Krasna was married to Ruth Frazee, with whom he had two children. He married Al Jolson's widow Erle in 1951, moving into the Palm Springs, California, home of Erle and Jolson. They remained married until Krasna's death in 1984. He had six children.\n"	"Selected filmography"	"\n\n\n* ''Hollywood Speaks'' (1932) \u2013 story, co-dialogue\n* ''That's My Boy'' (1932) \u2013 script\n* ''So This Is Africa'' (1933) \u2013 story\n* ''Parole Girl'' (1933) \u2013 uncredited contribution to script\n* ''Love, Honor, and Oh Baby!'' (1933) \u2013 uncredited contribution\n* ''Bombshell'' (1933, screenplay)\n* ''Meet the Baron'' (1933) \u2013 co-author of screenplay with Herman J. Mankiewicz\n* ''The Richest Girl in the World'' (1934) \u2013 story, script\n* ''Romance in Manhattan'' (1935) \u2013 co-story\n* ''Hands Across the Table'' (1935) \u2013 co-script\n* ''Four Hours to Kill!'' (1935) \u2013 script, adaptation of his play ''Small Miracle''\n* ''Wife vs. Secretary'' (1936) \u2013 script\n* ''Fury'' (1936) \u2013 story\n* ''The King and the Chorus Girl'' (1937, co-writer with Groucho Marx)\n* ''As Good as Married'' (1937) \u2013 story\n* ''Big City'' (1937) \u2013 story, producer\n* ''The First Hundred Years'' (1938) \u2013 story, producer\n* ''You and Me'' (1938) \u2013 story, co-script\n* ''Bachelor Mother'' (1939) \u2013 script\n* ''It's a Date'' (1940) \u2013 script\n* ''The Flame of New Orleans'' (1941) \u2013 story, script\n* ''Mr. & Mrs. Smith'' (1941) \u2013 story, script\n* ''The Devil and Miss Jones'' (1941) \u2013 story, script, producer\n* ''It Started with Eve'' (1941) \u2013 co-script\n* ''Princess O'Rourke'' (1943) \u2013 story, script, director\n* ''Bride by Mistake'' (1944) \u2013 story (remake of ''The Richest Girl in the World'')\n* ''Practically Yours'' (1944) \u2013 story, script\n* ''The Big Hangover'' (1950) \u2013 story, script, director, producer\n* ''Two Tickets to Broadway'' (1951)\n* ''Behave Yourself!'' (1951) \u2013 producer\n* ''The Blue Veil'' (1951) \u2013 producer\n* ''Clash by Night'' (1952) \u2013 producer\n* ''The Lusty Men'' (1952) \u2013 producer\n* ''White Christmas'' (1954) \u2013 co-story/script\n* ''Bundle of Joy'' (1956) \u2013 co-script (remake of ''Bachelor Mother'')\n* ''The Ambassador's Daughter'' (1956) \u2013 script, director, producer\n* ''Indiscreet'' (1958) \u2013 script, based on his play\n* ''Who Was That Lady?'' (1960) \u2013 script, based on his play\n* ''Let's Make Love'' (1960) \u2013 story, script\n* ''My Geisha'' (1962) \u2013 story, script\n* ''Sunday in New York'' (1963) \u2013 script based on his play\n* ''I'd Rather Be Rich'' (1964) \u2013 co-story/script\n\n===Scripts for unrealized films===\n* ''Wonderful'' (circa 1936) \u2013 film for George Raft\n* ''Hello, Russky!'' (mid-1950s) \u2013 a comedy about the Moiseyev Ballet with director Rene Clair\n* ''Speak to Me of Love'' (1954)\n* ''High Dive'' (circa 1959) \u2013 film for Jerry Wald about a water clown at a water carnival\n* ''French Street'' (early 1960s)\n\n"	"Theatre credits"	"* ''Louder, Please'' (1932)\n* ''Small Miracle'' (1934)\n* ''The Man with Blond Hair'' (1941) \u2013 also directed\n* ''Dear Ruth'' (1945)\n* ''John Loves Mary'' (1947)\n* ''Time for Elizabeth'' (1949) \u2013 written with Groucho Marx, also directed\n* ''Kind Sir'' (1954)\n* ''Who Was That Lady I Saw You With?'' (1958)\n* ''Sunday in New York'' (1962)\n* ''Love in E-Flat'' (1967)\n* ''Watch the Birdie!'' (1969) (originally written in 1961)\n* ''Bunny'' (1970)\n* ''We Interrupt This Program'' (1975)\n* ''Off Broadway'' aka ''Full Moon'' (1976)\n* ''Lady Harry'' (1978)\n\n===Unproduced Plays===\n* ''Night Action'' (1940s) \u2013 film rights sold to Warner Bros as a vehicle for Helmut Dantine\n* ''Stars on My Shoulders'' (1948) \u2013 musical with Irving Berlin\n* ''French Street'' (circa 1962) based on Jacques Deval play ''Roman Saro'' about a priest and prostitute\n"	"Academy Awards"	"\n===Won===\n* Best Original Screenplay (''Princess O'Rourke'', 1943)\n\n===Nominated===\n* Best Original Story (''The Richest Girl in the World'', 1934)\n* Best Original Story (''Fury'', 1936)\n* Best Original Screenplay (''The Devil and Miss Jones'', 1941)\n"	"References"	"\n* McGilligan, Patrick, \"Norman Krasna: The Woolworth's Touch\", ''Backstory: Interviews with Screenwriters of Hollywood's Golden Age'', University of California Press,1986 p212-240\n"	"External links"	"* \n* \n*  Norman Krasna at Film Reference\n*  Norman Krasna at TCMDB\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Norm Berketa"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Norm Berketa''' (born 23 August 1963 in Toronto, Ontario) is a Canadian character actor and voice actor based in Ottawa.\n"	"Biography"	"Norman Mikeal Berketa was born in Toronto, Ontario in 1963, but came to Ottawa in 1969.\n\nHe is best known for his acting roles in television and films such as ''H20'', ''Beyond Borders'', ''Lost Junction'', ''Big Wolf on Campus'', ''Secret Agent Man'' and ''Are You Afraid of the Dark?''. More recently he has done voice-overs for animation such as ''Toad Patrol'', ''Hoze Houndz'' and ''Zeroman''.\n\nPrior to acting, Berketa was interested in music in the entertainment industry and started-out playing drums and guitar in rock bands Al's Garage and Silent Q respectively. After a successful summer with Silent Q, the band re-structured and became The Initiatives.\n\nAfter a short while Berketa began his solo music endeavor by purchasing some analog recording equipment and building an analog studio. To date he has over 300 original songs to his credit, and he has fully converted his studio to digital.\n\nEight years later, he left of retail management in 1996 and began doing dinner theatre and radio in Ottawa. In August 1998, he secured his first TV role and has been acting ever since.\n\nBerketa currently lives in Ottawa with his wife and two children.\n"	"Selected filmography"	"*''Sophie'' (2008) (TV)\n*''A Near Death Experience'' (2008) (TV)\n*''Jack Brooks: Monster Slayer'' (2007)\n*''My Daughter's Secret'' (2007) (TV)\n*''I Me Wed'' (2007) (TV)\n*''Rumours'' (2007) (TV series)\n*''Custody'' (2007) (TV)\n*''Proof of Lies'' (2006) (TV)\n*''Rumours'' (2006) (TV)\n*''Deadly Isolation'' (2005) (TV)\n*''A Taste of Jupiter'' (2005)\n*''Faireez'' (2005) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Mann to Mann'' (2004) (TV series)\n*''H2O'' (2004) (TV)\n*''Zeroman'' (2004) (TV series) (voice)\n*''The Secret World of Benjamin Bear'' (2003) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Beyond Borders'' (2003)\n*''Lost Junction'' (2003)\n*''The Sum of All Fears'' (2002)\n*''The Endless Grind'' (2002) (TV series)\n*''Toad Patrol'' (2002) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Fix and Foxi'' (2002) (TV series) (voice)\n*''After Amy'' (2001) (TV)\n*''Protection'' (2001)\n*''The Score'' (2001)\n*''House of Luk'' (2001)\n*''The Eggs'' (2001) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Untalkative Bunny'' (2001) (TV series) (voice)\n*''The Kiss of Debt'' (2000)\n*''Secret Agent Man'' (2000) (TV series)\n*''Jackie Bouvier Kennedy Onassis'' (2000) (TV)\n*''Nuremberg'' (2000) (TV miniseries)\n*''For Better or For Worse'' (2000) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Tommy and Oscar'' (1999) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Kevin Spencer'' (1999) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Hoze Houndz'' (1999) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Big Wolf on Campus'' (1999) (TV series)\n*''Are You Afraid of the Dark?'' (1999) (TV series)\n*''The Collectors'' (1999) (TV)\n*''Misguided Angels'' (1999) (TV series)\n*''Jim Button'' (1998) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Flight Squad'' (1998) (TV series) (voice)\n*''The Country Mouse and the City Mouse Adventures'' (1998) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Soldier of Fortune, Inc.'' (1997) (TV series)\n*''Freaky Stories'' (1997) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Princess Sissi'' (1997) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Patrol 03'' (1997) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Animal Crackers'' (1997) (TV series) (voice)\n*''Arthur'' (1996) (TV series) (voice)\n"	"External links"	"*\n* Official site\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Oxegen 2005"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Oxegen 2005''' was the '''second Oxegen festival''' to take place, following the dissolution of its predecessor Witnness in 2004. It took place on the weekend of Saturday 9 and Sunday 10 July at Punchestown Racecourse near Naas in County Kildare, Ireland.\n\n70,000 attended the festival, with 60,000 camping for the weekend. The headliners were Foo Fighters on the Sunday and Green Day on the Saturday.\n"	" Tickets "	"A limited number of tickets went on sale in December 2004 at a discount price and quickly sold out, the main bulk of tickets went on sale on Friday 18 February, costing \u20ac150 for the weekend with a camping pass, \u20ac125 for the weekend without a camping pass and \u20ac67 for a day pass for either day. The tickets sold out in record time on 3 June, six weeks prior to the event. Promoter Denis Desmond was chuffed:\n\"For Oxegen to sell out so far in advance in its short history is an incredible achievement. It goes to show that the event has already established itself as one of the most important events in the Irish music calendar.\"  \n"	" Festival "	"\n=== Performances ===\nThere were five stages on which over eighty acts performed during the course of the two-day event. Sunday night headliners Foo Fighters, as well as Ian Brown, The Prodigy, The Frames, Keane, and The Killers  were some of the first acts to be announced for the festival. Also playing were Saturday night headliners Green Day, New Order, James Brown, Queens of the Stone Age, Feeder, Kasabian, Nine Black Alps, The Departure, Razorlight, LCD Soundsystem, Echo & the Bunnymen, The La's, The Revs, Snoop Dogg and The Futureheads  are some of the acts that performed at the festival.\n\nKaiser Chiefs made their Oxegen debut on the Main Stage.\n\nKaiser Chiefs made their Oxegen debut as the third act on the Main Stage on the Saturday, a feat they would surpass on the Sunday of the following year when they were third headliners. They later went on to become second headliners on the Sunday of the 2008 festival. Other bands to make their Oxegen debut included Bloc Party, The Bravery and Rodrigo y Gabriela. Bloc Party frontman Kele Okereke received a cold reception from the crowd after saying that it was great to be \"back in the UK\" before trying to back out of it by saying that he meant \"familiar territory\".\n\nAudioslave played on the Main Stage on the Sunday of Oxegen 2005, their only Irish festival performance before their split in 2007. They performed much of their own material and also previous songs by Soundgarden (\"Spoonman\" and \"Black Hole Sun\") and Rage Against the Machine (\"Killing in the Name\"). The band minus Chris Cornell went on to headline Oxegen 2008 with Zack de la Rocha as the reformed Rage Against the Machine, with \"Killing in the Name\" performed in its original style.\n\nThe scheduled appearance of Bright Eyes in the Green Room on the Saturday was cancelled at the last minute; they were replaced on the bill by Irish band 66e who were asked to step in on that same afternoon. Bright Eyes did however later go on to make an appearance on the Pet Sounds Stage on the Sunday of the 2007 festival. Ian Brown headlined the Green Room on the Saturday of Oxegen 2005 before going on to repeat this on the Sunday of Oxegen 2008. Flogging Molly performed in the Green Room on the Saturday of Oxegen 2005 before oddly going on to perform on the New Band Stage on the Sunday of Oxegen 2008.\n\nThe Magic Numbers, Future Kings of Spain, The Go! Team, Humanzi, Director and The Blizzards were amongst the bands that performed on the New Band Stage. Editors too performed on the New Band Stage, making the first of what, as of 2008, was four consecutive appearances on four different stages at Oxegen. They performed on the NME Stage in 2006, the Green Room in 2007 and the Main Stage in 2008.\n\n=== Transport ===\nDublin Bus operated a shuttle service to Punchestown from Parnell Square West with buses departing every 20 minutes.\n\n=== Health ===\nThe Order of Malta had 70 personnel and ambulance crews on site to deal with any problems in the arena over the weekend, while Civil Defence provided over 120 personnel and emergency vehicles for the campsite. However, the hot weather on Sunday did result in a dose of severe sunstroke for some revellers.\n\n=== Crime ===\nDozens of garda\u00ed, drug enforcement officers, sniffer dogs and security officers policed the grounds.\nThere was no serious trouble with less than 100 arrests for drug offences, generally for possession of cannabis.\n"	" Awards "	"Oxegen was voted fifth best British or Irish music festival of 2005 in an NME poll of 10,000 people. It was placed below Glastonbury, Reading, Live 8 and V Festival. Oxegen headliners Foo Fighters were also voted best band in the same poll.\n"	" Broadcasting rights "	"MTV broadcast the festival across Europe.\n"	" 2005 Line-up "	"''The main acts that played the festival:'' \n\n\n \n\n'''Saturday 9 July'''\n\n''Oxegen Stage''\n\n* Bj\u00f6rn Again\n* '''Green Day'''\n* The Frames\n* Queens of the Stone Age\n* Snoop Dogg\n* Razorlight\n* Kaiser Chiefs\n* The Saw Doctors\n* The Stands\n\n''Ticket Stage''\n\n* '''The Prodigy'''\n* Kasabian\n* Bloc Party\n* The Bravery\n* Echo & the Bunnymen\n* Kerbdog\n* Eagles of Death Metal\n* Nine Black Alps\n* The Departure\n* Angels of Mons\n* The Marshall Stars\n\n''Green Room''\n\n* '''Ian Brown'''\n* Interpol\n* Athlete\n* Bright Eyes*\n* 66e\n* KT Tunstall\n* HAL\n* Stephen Fretwell\n* Biffy Clyro\n* Flogging Molly\n* Countermine\n\n''New Band Stage''\n* '''The Tears'''\n* The Go! Team\n* Future Kings of Spain\n* The Dears\n* yourcodenameis:milo\n* Joe Chester\n* Engineers\n* The Black Velvets\n* Blue Van\n* Mainline\n* Red Organ Serpent\n* The 747s\n* Director\n* The Gurriers\n\n''Dance Stage''\n* '''Erick Morillo'''\n* Mylo\n* Two Lone Swordsmen\n* Slam\n* Blackstrobe\n* A Gibbs / Hugh Scully / P Taylor / Ivano / S McNaughton\n* Johnny Moy\n* Fish Go Deep & Tracey K\n* Conor G\n* Brother J\n\n \nThe Oxegen 2005 Logo\nThe Oxegen 2005 Poster\n'''Sunday 10 July'''\n\n''Oxegen Stage''\n\n* '''Foo Fighters'''\n* Keane\n* Kaiser Chiefs\n* The Killers\n* The Streets\n* Audioslave\n* Feeder\n* The Beautiful South\n* The Revs\n\n''Ticket Stage''\n\n* '''New Order'''\n* Doves\n* Josh Ritter\n* Jimmy Eat World\n* Mundy\n* The Ordinary Boys\n* Rooster\n* Max\u00efmo Park\n* Fightstar\n\n''Green Room''\n\n* '''James Brown'''\n* Rodrigo y Gabriela\n* Embrace\n* The La's\n* The Futureheads\n* Alabama 3\n* Suzanne Vega\n* Josh Rouse\n* Rilo Kiley\n* Bronagh Gallagher\n* The Perishers\n\n''New Band Stage''\n* '''Super Furry Animals'''\n* Brendan Benson\n* The Magic Numbers\n* Death from Above 1979\n* Editors\n* Tom Vek\n* Humanzi\n* The Longcut\n* Jackson United\n* Leaves\n* The Blizzards\n* Tony Fitzpatrick\n\n''Dance Stage''\n* '''Deep Dish'''\n* LCD Soundsystem\n* Jacques Lu Cont\n* Death in Vegas\n* Silicone Soul\n* Infadels\n* Nic Fanciulli\n* Brother J\n\n* denotes cancelled performance\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  '''Official Oxegen Website'''\n*  MCD, Oxegen's Promoters\n*  MCD Photos ''(includes photos of the festival)''\n*  Jimmy Eat World/Green Day/ABBA Tribute controversy\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Palomino rabbit"	"Introduction"	"right\nThe '''Palomino rabbit''' is a breed of rabbit,  normally 8-12 pounds in weight, which is generally colored gold or lynx. It was first bred in Washington State, United States, by Mark Youngs, who wanted to make a  breed of rabbit. As with the palomino horse, the rabbit gets its name from its color.\n"	" Creation "	"The Palomino rabbit was created by Mark Youngs, in Washington State, United States. They were first presented in 1952 at the American Rabbit Breeders Association's national convention. The name \"Palomino\" was adopted in 1953 and, in the 1960s, Palominos became more common.\n"	" See also "	"\n*List of rabbit breeds\n*Palomino\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* Rabbit Breeds Chart\n* Palomino Rabbit Co-Breeders Association\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Peter Cottontail"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Peter Cottontail''' is a name temporarily assumed by a fictional rabbit named Peter Rabbit in the works of Thornton Burgess, an author from Springfield, Massachusetts. In 1910, when Burgess began his ''Old Mother West Wind'' series, the cast of animals included Peter Rabbit. Four years later, in ''The Adventures of Peter Cottontail'', Peter Rabbit, unhappy at his plain-sounding name, briefly changed his name to Peter Cottontail because he felt it made him sound more important. He began putting on airs to live up to his important-sounding name, but after much teasing from his friends, soon returned to his original name, because, as he put it, \"There's nothing like the old name after all.\" In the 26-chapter book, he takes on the new name partway through chapter 2, and returns to his \"real\" name, Peter Rabbit, at the end of chapter 3. Burgess continued to write about Peter Rabbit until his retirement in 1960, in over 15,000 daily syndicated newspaper stories, many of them featuring Peter Rabbit, and some of them later published as books, but \"Peter Cottontail\" is never mentioned again.\n\nWhen Thornton Burgess began making up bedtime stories with named animals for his 4 year old son, the boy was already familiar with Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit character, and would not allow his father to give his stories' rabbit character any other name. Later when the boy stayed with grandparents for a month while widower Burgess (his wife had died in childbirth) worked, he wrote stories down and mailed them to be read to the boy. Later still, the magazine where Burgess worked published a few of those stories. Then a representative of publisher Little, Brown came by asking the magazine editor about children's stories, and the editor pointed him to Burgess. Little, Brown then published some of Burgess' stories as the book ''Old Mother West Wind''. The name of Burgess' rabbit character was never changed along the way.\n\nThe laws governing usage of published character names were less strict back then than they are today. Burgess was not the only author to reuse the name Peter Rabbit, though with the huge popularity of ''Old Mother West Wind'', he became the most known. A fuller treatment on this topic can be found in ''Nature's Ambassador: The Legacy of Thornton W. Burgess'' by Christie Palmer Lowrance.  \n\nHarrison Cady, who illustrated Burgess' books, wrote and drew the syndicated ''Peter Rabbit'' comic strip from 1920 to 1948.\n\nThe 1971 Easter television special ''Here Comes Peter Cottontail'' was based on a 1957 novel by Priscilla and Otto Friedrich entitled ''The Easter Bunny That Overslept''.  In 1950, Gene Autry recorded the holiday song, \"Here Comes Peter Cottontail\"\nwhich became popular on the Country and Pop charts and informally gave the Easter Bunny a name.\n"	" References "	" \n"	"External links"	"* Thornton Burgess' ''Peter Cottontail'', abridged Dover edition (1996), illustrated by Pat Stewart\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Philippine Rabbit"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Philippine Rabbit Bus Lines, Inc.''' ('''PRBL''') is a provincial bus company in the Philippines. It was founded in 1946.\n\nThe company's area of coverage extends from Metro Manila to Baguio and northern provinces of Pampanga, Tarlac, Pangasinan. Its main terminal in Metro Manila is along Avenida Rizal in Sta. Cruz, Manila.\n\nPhilippine Rabbit at Tarlac Terminal\n"	"Etymology"	"\nMr. Ricardo L. Paras, the company's general manager, explains that the Company was named ''Philippine Rabbit'' in reference to the actual animal because of its speed and agility, not to mention how fast they pro-create. Secondly, the first acquisition of buses by the company then showed that the main body feature of the bus was shaped like the Rabbit. The Company was known then as ''PHILIPPINE RABBIT BUS COMPANY'' in 1948 until it was incorporated in August 1958 as the ''PHILIPPINE RABBIT BUS LINES, INCORPORATED'' or simply PRBL.\n"	"History"	"\nPhilippine Rabbit was founded on August 28, 1946 with a trip to Divisoria, Manila with a stopover in San Fernando, Pampanga. It was then named Philippine Rabbit Bus Company. In 1952, they acquired front-engined International Harvester buses which operated from Manila to Moncada, Camiling, Victoria, La Paz, Concepcion and Tarlac City. The company was incorporated on August 28, 1957 with the business name Philippine Rabbit Bus Lines, Incorporated.\n\nPhilippine Rabbit was continuously expanding in growth and operation in the 1960s. It has acquired interest in distributing Mitsubishi brand of motor vehicle engines and spare parts in the country. On March 25, 1963, the PRBL incorporators organized the Bupar Motors Corporation as the exclusive distributor of Mitsubishi Fuso engines and spare parts in the country. The Corporation also included a bus body building plant and a tire recapping facility.\n\nPhilippine Rabbit was the first to introduce First Class bus accommodations in Western Luzon with the two-seater MAN White Rabbits, and the more innovative Philippine Rabbit Mini-Bus for short distance or local passengers. These PRBL Mini-buses were called the PRBL Mosquito Fleet.\n\nIn 1977 PRBL opened its Rabbitours Division in its Caloocan Terminal on 2nd Avenue to handle chartered trips for domestic tours. With the tax incentives the government gives to Tourism oriented companies, PRBL started acquiring air-conditioned buses. In the start of the 1980s, the Company started modernizing its bus fleet with air-conditioned buses servicing the routes to Baguio City, Balanga, Bataan, Laoag, Ilocos Norte, and Tarlac.\n\nIn January 1992, PRBL started its bus fleet rehabilitation. They announced the acquisition of 150 brand new air conditioned buses for its 3-year modernization program to meet the demands for safe and convenient travel on air conditioned buses. Twenty Mitsubishi De Luxe (2001 series) were commissioned in 1992; another thirty Nissan Diesel (Aero Bus Series) in 1993; Fifty Nissan Diesel (Flexi Series) in 1994, and another fifty Nissan Diesel (Euro Bus Series 3015) in 1995.\n\n===Labor dispute and losses===\n\nOn April 5, 2004, the company's employees went on strike and demanded for the prompt payment of salaries and benefits, their 13th Month Pay, Retirement benefits, and service incentive pays, including the immediate updating of employees' SSS premium contributions and collected SSS Salary loan deductions. On April 7, 2004, DOLE Secretary Patricia Sto. Tomas issued a Return-to-Work Order with PRBL Management promising to settle its obligations to the employees. The Company defaulted.\n\nIn order to regain losses after the strike, the company had to sell many of its assets, including bus units, franchises, and real properties. Its area of coverage was narrowed, since the company had to give up in favor of other players some of its routes.\n\n===Today===\n\nThe company resumed full operations in 2005 fielding its legacy platforms, the NDPC Euro and the newly refurbished 8500s DMMC units, together with a handful of surviving ordinary units. However its trips were limited as manifested by the closure and the sale of its Balintawak terminal which catered to most of its trips to Northern Luzon leaving only its Avenida Rizal terminal as its only terminal in Metro Manila.\n\nIt is also during this period that the management tried to supplant its aging fleet by acquiring surplus Korean buses.\n\nThe company faced another challenge when the Land Transportation Franchising and Regulatory Board in 2014, mandated that all PUBs that are 15 years of age shall be phased out imposing heavy penalties for violations. This decision severely affected PRBL's operations since the bulk of its fleet were acquired from 1994-1998. This forced the management to phased out its old units and stop its trips to Baguio, Abra, and Alaminos. Trips to Alaminos andCamiling is later resumed in 2015.\n\nBrand new units started to arrive in 2014 with the arrival of 5 new bus units and followed by several others. Re-fleeting is still on-going and is expected to continue.\n\n\nOn October 21, 2016 Philippine Rabbit acquired 4 new Daewoo BV115 buses from Santarosa Motors and is planning to use it to return to its Avenida - Baguio route.\n\nAnother batch of HIGER BUS (fleet numbers;1109-1133) composed of twelve  (12) were delivered at PRBL early in December 2016. These buses bore superficial resemblance to the 2nd batch of Higer (V91 series) but are powered by more powerful engines (YCGL310-30). They are intended to ply Manila-Baguio route alongside the Daewoo BV115 they acquired earlier.\n"	"Fleet"	"\nPhilippine Rabbit Bus Lines, Inc. currently maintains a fleet of Daewoo, Hyundai, Kia, Sunlong and Higer buses.\n"	"Destinations"	"\n*'''Metro Manila'''\n**Avenida, Manila\n*'''Provincial Destinations'''\n**Baguio City, Benguet\n**Angeles, Pampanga \n**City of San Fernando, Pampanga\n**Mabalacat, Pampanga (Dau Bus Terminal)\n**Alaminos City, Pangasinan \n**Camiling, Tarlac \n**Tarlac City, Tarlac\n"	"Former destinations"	"*Baguio City, Benguet\n*Balanga, Bataan\n*Mariveles, Bataan\n*Santa Cruz, Zambales (via Alaminos, Pangasinan)\n*Bolinao, Pangasinan\n*Dagupan City, Pangasinan\n*Laoag, Ilocos Norte \n*Vigan, Ilocos Sur\n*Aparri, Cagayan\n\n"
"Pig"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\nA '''pig''' is any of the animals in the genus '''''Sus''''', within the Suidae family of even-toed ungulates. Pigs include the domestic pig and its ancestor, the common Eurasian wild boar (''Sus scrofa''), along with other species; related creatures outside the genus include the peccary, the babirusa, and the warthog. Pigs, like all suids, are native to the Eurasian and African continents. Juvenile pigs are known as piglets. Pigs are highly social and intelligent animals.\n\nWith around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domesticated pig is one of the most numerous large mammals on the planet. Pigs are omnivores and can consume a wide range of food, similar to humans.  Pigs can harbour a range of parasites and diseases that can be transmitted to humans.  Because of the similarities between pigs and humans, pigs are used for human medical research.\n"	" Etymology "	"\nThe ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' provides anecdotal evidence as well as linguistic, saying that the term derives\n\nprobably from Old English *''picg'', found in compounds, ultimate origin unknown. Originally \"young pig\" (the word for adults was ''swine''). Apparently related to Low German ''bigge'', Dutch ''big'' (\"but the phonology is difficult\" -- ''OED''). ... Another Old English word for \"pig\" was ''fearh'', related to ''furh'' \"furrow,\" from PIE *''perk''- \"dig, furrow\" (source also of Latin ''porc-us'' \"pig,\" see ''pork''). \"This reflects a widespread IE tendency to name animals from typical attributes or activities\" Roger Lass. Synonyms ''grunter'', ''porker'' are from sailors' and fishermen's euphemistic avoidance of uttering the word pig at sea, a superstition perhaps based on the fate of the Gadarene swine, who drowned.\n\nThe ''Online Etymology Dictionary'' also traces the evolution of '''''sow''''', the term for a female pig, through various historical languages:\n\nOld English ''sugu'', ''su'' \"female of the swine,\" from Proto-Germanic *''su''- (cognates: Old Saxon, Old High German ''su'', German ''Sau'', Dutch ''zeug'', Old Norse ''syr''), from PIE root *''su''- (cognates: Sanskrit ''sukarah'' \"wild boar, swine;\" Avestan ''hu'' \"wild boar;\" Greek ''hys'' \"swine;\" Latin ''sus'' \"swine\", ''suinus'' \"pertaining to swine\"; Old Church Slavonic ''svinija'' \"swine;\" Lettish ''sivens'' \"young pig;\" Welsh ''hucc'', Irish ''suig'' \"swine; Old Irish ''socc'' \"snout, plowshare\"), possibly imitative of pig noise; note that Sanskrit ''sukharah'' means \"maker of (the sound) ''su''.\n\nIt is entirely likely that the word to call pigs, \"soo-ie,\" is similarly derived.\n"	"Description and behaviour"	"Skull of domestic pig. (Sus scrofa domesticus).\nA typical pig has a large head with a long snout which is strengthened by a special prenasal bone and by a disk of cartilage at the tip. The snout is used to dig into the soil to find food and is a very acute sense organ.  There are four hoofed toes on each trotter (foot), with the two larger central toes bearing most of the weight, but the outer two also being used in soft ground.\n\nThe dental formula of adult pigs is , giving a total of 44 teeth. The rear teeth are adapted for crushing.  In the male, the canine teeth form tusks, which grow continuously and are sharpened by constantly being ground against each other.\n\nOccasionally, captive mother pigs may savage their own piglets, often if they become severely stressed. Some attacks on newborn piglets are non-fatal.  Others may cause the death of the piglets and sometimes, the mother may eat the piglets. It is estimated that 50% of piglet fatalities are due to the mother attacking, or unintentionally crushing, the newborn pre-weaned animals.\n\nScientists have recently discovered that pigs can exhibit a cognitive bias and are optimists or pessimests, similar to humans. In a study by the University of Lincoln, 36 pigs were tested. They were placed in a room with two food bowls at each end of the room. One food bowl contained sugar-coated chocolate sweets and the other contained coffee beans. Optimistic pigs were likely to check if there was a third bowl filled with sweets. However pessimistic pigs would not even bother checking if the bowl was filled with sweets or not. It was said that \"Pro-active pigs were willing to see whether there was a positive outcome in the mystery bowl\". The study shows that non-human animals can share similar traits with humans.\n"	"Distribution and evolution"	"Domesticated pigPig in a bucket\nWith around 1 billion individuals alive at any time, the domesticated pig is one of the most numerous large mammals on the planet.\n\nThe ancestor of the domesticated pig is the wild boar, which is one of the most numerous and widespread large mammals.  Its many subspecies are native to all but the harshest climates of continental Eurasia and its islands and Africa as well, from Ireland and India to Japan and north to Siberia.\n\nLong isolated from other pigs on the many islands of Indonesia, Malaysia, and the Philippines, pigs have evolved into many different species, including wild boar, bearded pigs, and warty pigs. Humans have introduced pigs into Australia, North and South America, and numerous islands, either accidentally as escaped domestic pigs which have gone feral, or as wild boar.\n"	"Habitat and reproduction"	"The wild pig (''Sus scrofa'') can take advantage of any forage resources. Therefore, it can live in virtually any productive habitat that can provide enough water to sustain large mammals such as pigs. If there is increased foraging of wild pigs in certain areas, it can cause a nutritional shortage which can cause the pig population to decrease. If the nutritional state returns to normal, the pig population will most likely rise due to the pigs' naturally increased reproduction rate.\n"	"Diet and foraging"	"Pigs are omnivores, which means that they consume both plants and animals. In the wild, they are foraging animals, primarily eating leaves, grasses, roots, fruits, and flowers.  In confinement, pigs are fed mostly corn and soybean meal with a mixture of vitamins and minerals added to the diet. Traditionally they were raised on dairy farms and called \"mortgage lifters\" due to their ability to use the excess milk as well as whey from cheese and butter making combined with pasture. Older pigs will consume three to five gallons of water per day.\n"	"Relationship with humans"	"A pig trained to find truffles.\nDomesticated pigs, called swine, are raised commercially for meat (generally called pork, hams, gammon or bacon), as well as for leather. Their bristly hairs are also used for brushes. Due to their common use as livestock, adult swine have gender specific names: the males are ''boars'' and the females are ''sows''. In Britain, the word ''hog'' can refer to a castrated adult male pig. Young swine are called ''piglets'' or ''pigs''. Pork is one of the most popular forms of meat for human consumption, accounting for 38% of worldwide meat production.\n\nPigs that are allowed to forage may be watched by swineherds. Because of their foraging abilities and excellent sense of smell, they are used to find truffles in many European countries.\n\nBoth wild and feral pigs are commonly hunted. Some breeds of pig, such as the Asian pot-bellied pig, are kept as pets. There are two instances in the 2000s where farm hogs ate human beings. The first was in 2004 in Romania, where a woman died after her ears, half of her face and her fingers were consumed; the other in 2012 in Oregon\u2014whether the farmer was killed by his hogs or died of another cause before being consumed is unknown.\n\nThe relatively short, stiff, coarse hairs of the pig are called bristles, and were once so commonly used in paintbrushes that in 1946 the Australian Government launched Operation Pig Bristle. In May 1946, in response to a shortage of pig bristles for paintbrushes to paint houses in the post-World War II construction boom, the Royal Australian Air Force (RAAF) flew in 28 short tons of pig bristles from China, their only commercially available source at the time.\n"	"Species"	"\nBearded pigs (''Sus barbatus'')\nSkeleton of foot.\nThe genus ''Sus'' is currently thought to contain ten living species. A number of extinct species (\u2020) are known from fossils.\n*''Sus ahoenobarbus''  Huet, 1888 \u2013 Palawan bearded pig\n*\u2020''Sus australis'' Han, 1987 \u2013 Early Pleistocene of China\n*''Sus barbatus'' M\u00fcller, 1838 \u2013 Bornean bearded pig\n*\u2020''Sus bijiashanensis'' Han ''et al.'', 1975 \u2013 Early Pleistocene of China\n*''Sus bucculentus'' Heude, 1892 \u2013 Heude's Pig or Indo-Chinese (or Vietnam) warty pig\n*''Sus cebifrons'' Heude, 1888 \u2013 Visayan warty pig\n*''Sus celebensis'' M\u00fcller & Schlegel, 1843 \u2013 Celebes warty pig or Sulawesi warty pig\n*\u2020''Sus falconeri'' \u2013 Pleistocene of the Siwalik region, India\n*\u2020''Sus houi'' Qi ''et al.'', 1999 \u2013 Pleistocene of China\n*\u2020''Sus hysudricus''\n*\u2020''Sus jiaoshanensis'' Zhao, 1980 \u2013 Early Pleistocene of China\n*\u2020''Sus liuchengensis'' Han, 1987 \u2013 Early Pleistocene of China\n*\u2020''Sus lydekkeri'' Zdansky, 1928 \u2013 Pleistocene of China\n*\u2020''Sus offecinalis'' Koenigswald, 1933 \u2013 China\n*''Sus oliveri'' Groves, 1997 \u2013 Oliver's warty pig or Mindoro warty pig\n*\u2020''Sus peii'' Han, 1987 \u2013 Early Pleistocene of China\n*''Sus philippensis'' Nehring, 1886 \u2013 Philippine warty pig\n*''Sus scrofa'' \u2013 Wild boar Linnaeus, 1758\n**''Sus scrofa domestica'' Erxleben, 1777 \u2013 Domestic pig (sometimes treated as a full species)\n*\u2020''Sus subtriquetra'' Xue, 1981\n*\u2020''Sus strozzi''\n*''Sus verrucosus'' Boie, 1832 \u2013 Javan warty pig\n*\u2020''Sus xiaozhu'' Han ''et al.'', 1975 \u2013 Early Pleistocene of China\n\nThe pygmy hog, formerly ''Sus salvanius'' is now placed in the monotypic genus ''Porcula''.\n"	"Domestic pigs"	"Swedish pig farmer with piglet. Early 20th century\nGreen glazed toilet with pigsty model. China, Eastern Han dynasty 25\u2013220 CE\n\n\nPigs have been domesticated since ancient times in the Old World. Archaeological evidence suggests that pigs were being managed in the wild in a way similar to the way they are managed by some modern New Guineans from wild boar as early as 13,000\u201312,700 BP in the Near East in the Tigris Basin. Remains of pigs have been dated to earlier than 11,400 BP in Cyprus that must have been introduced from the mainland which suggests domestication in the adjacent mainland by then. A separate domestication also occurred in China.\n\nIn India, pigs have been domesticated for a long time mostly in Goa and some rural areas for pig toilets. This was also done in China. Though ecologically logical as well as economical, pig toilets are waning in popularity as use of septic tanks and/or sewerage systems is increasing in rural areas.\n\nPigs were brought to southeastern North America from Europe by Hernando de Soto and other early Spanish explorers. Pigs are particularly valued in China and on certain oceanic islands, where their self-sufficiency allows them to be turned loose, although the practice is not without its drawbacks (see environmental impact).\n\nThe domestic pig (''Sus scrofa domesticus'') is usually given the scientific name ''Sus scrofa'', although some authors call it ''S. domesticus'', reserving ''S. scrofa'' for the wild boar. It was domesticated approximately 5,000 to 7,000 years ago. Their coats are coarse and bristly. They are born brownish coloured and tend to turn more grayish coloured with age. The upper canines form sharp distinctive tusks that curve outward and upward. Compared to other artiodactyles, their head is relatively long, pointed, and free of warts. Their head and body length ranges from  and they can weigh between .\n\nIn August 2015, a study looked at over 100 pig genome sequences to ascertain their process of domestication. The process of domestication was assumed to have been initiated by humans, involved few individuals and relied on reproductive isolation between wild and domestic forms. The study found that the assumption of reproductive isolation with population bottlenecks was not supported. The study  indicated that pigs were domesticated separately in Western Asia and China, with Western Asian pigs introduced into Europe where they crossed with wild boar. A model that fitted the data included admixture with a now extinct ghost population of wild pigs during the Pleistocene. The study also found that despite back-crossing with wild pigs, the genomes of domestic pigs have strong signatures of selection at DNA loci that affect behavior and morphology. The study concluded that human selection for domestic traits likely counteracted the homogenizing effect of gene flow from wild boars and created domestication islands in the genome. The same process may also apply to other domesticated animals.\n\n\nPigs are intelligent and can be trained to perform numerous tasks and tricks. Recently, they have enjoyed a measure of popularity as house pets, particularly the dwarf breeds.\n"	"Cultural and religious reference to pigs"	"\nPigs appear in the traditional and popular arts, media, and cultures of many societies, where they sometimes carry religious symbolism. In Asia the wild boar is one of 12 animal images comprising the Chinese zodiac, while in Europe the boar represents a standard charge in heraldry. In Islam and Judaism pigs and those who handle them are viewed negatively, and the consumption of pork is forbidden. Pigs are frequently alluded to in folk art, idioms, metaphors, and proverbs, and also occasionally in parables (e.g. Parable of the Prodigal Son). \"the three little pigs\" is a folk-tale and \"Peppa Pig\" is a popular British television show.\n"	"Environmental impacts"	"Domestic pigs that have escaped from farms or were allowed to forage in the wild, and in some cases wild boars which were introduced as prey for hunting, have given rise to large populations of feral pigs in North and South America, Australia, New Zealand, Hawaii, and other areas where pigs are not native. Accidental or deliberate releases of pigs into countries or environments where they are an alien species have caused extensive environmental change. Their omnivorous diet, aggressive behaviour, and their feeding method of rooting in the ground all combine to severely alter ecosystems unused to pigs. Pigs will even eat small animals and destroy nests of ground nesting birds. The Invasive Species Specialist Group lists feral pigs on the list of the world's 100 worst invasive species and says:\nFeral pigs (razorbacks) in Florida\n\n"	"Health issues"	"Pigs can harbour a range of parasites and diseases that can be transmitted to humans. These include trichinosis, ''Taenia solium'', cysticercosis, and brucellosis. Pigs are also known to host large concentrations of parasitic ascarid worms in their digestive tract. According to the USDA fact sheet modern pork can be enjoyed cooked rare at 145\u00a0\u00b0F (63\u00a0\u00b0C) with pink in the middle. Today trichinellosis infections from eating undercooked pork are rare in more technologically developed countries due to refrigeration, health laws, and public awareness. Some religious groups have dietary laws that make pork an \"unclean\" meat, and adherents sometimes interpret these health issues as validation of their views.\n\nPigs have health issues of their own. Pigs have small lungs in relation to their body size and are thus more susceptible than other domesticated animals to fatal bronchitis and pneumonia. Some strains of influenza are endemic in pigs (see swine influenza). Pigs also can acquire human influenza.\n\nPigs can be aggressive in defending themselves and their young. Pig-induced injuries are thus not unusual in areas where pigs are raised or where they form part of the wild or feral fauna.\n\nIn November 2012 scientists managed to sequence the genome of the domestic pig. The similarities between the pig and human genomes mean that the new data may have wide applications in the study and treatment of human genetic diseases.\n"	"See also"	"\n\n*Wild boar\n*Domestic pig  \n*Peccary (domestication)  \n*Truffle hog\n*Pot-bellied pig\n*Babirusa\n*Red river hog\n*Bushpig\n*Fetal pig\n*Hog-baiting\n*List of fictional pigs\n*List of pigs\n*Pig Olympics\n*Enviropig\n*Pig Beach\n\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n*  Pig genome resources\n*  Swine breeds, with pictures\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Pirates World"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Pirates World''' was a  pirate-themed amusement park in Dania, Florida that opened April 8, 1967. Developed by Recreation Corporation of America, it was located on the north side of Stirling Road, east of I-95.\n"	"Attractions"	"The park featured \"The Crows Nest\" observation tower, which had originally \"been the Belgian Aerial Tower at the 1964/1965 New York World's Fair\". This structure \"was bought second hand after the fair\" and transported to the site, where it was re-erected. It consisted of a central post from which was suspended four metal cages by cables, designed \"to carry several standing passengers.\" \"To balance the structure, two cages would be in the air while two were being loaded on the ground,\" and the cages would be raised and lowered simultaneously.\n\nAnother feature was the pirate ship ride - an actual life-sized pirate ship. The ship, piloted by park personnel, cruised along a \"river\" through a barrage of cannon fire and \"enemy\" pirates shooting at the ship, while the pirates that were aboard the ship were firing back at them, protecting their passengers from harm.\n\nAlso at Pirates World was the \"Grand National Steeplechase,\" which was originally from Coney Island, along with a Wild Mouse roller coaster, a log flume (also bought second-hand from the New York World Fair), \"various carnival flat rides including a paratrooper, a sky ride, some carny games, a skee-ball arcade, (and) spiral slides.\"\n"	"Rock music concerts"	"In the late-1960s and early-1970s, Pirates World was the venue for several rock music concerts, playing host to such artists as Jeff Beck Group (1969), Led Zeppelin (1969), Iron Butterfly (1970), The Faces (1970, 1971), The Grateful Dead (1970), Traffic (1970), Black Sabbath (1971), Blood, Sweat, and Tears (1971), Deep Purple (1971), Jethro Tull (1971), Grand Funk Railroad (1971), Steve Miller Band (1971), The Guess Who (1971), The Moody Blues (1971), Three Dog Night (1971), David Bowie (1972), The Doors (1972), Wishbone Ash (1973), Santana (1973), Alice Cooper (1973), and The Beach Boys (1973). The Johnny Winter album ''Live Johnny Winter And'' (1971) was a live album partly recorded at Pirates World in fall 1970. It was not uncommon for crowd control problems to break out at some of these concerts. In March 1971, police clashed with concert goers at a Grand Funk Railroad concert. Eleven people were arrested and two policemen were injured.\n"	"Films"	"Over the years, several film and television programs were also filmed on the site, including ''Jack and the Beanstalk'' (1970), ''Thumbelina'' (1970), ''Musical Mutiny'' (1970) and ''Santa and the Ice Cream Bunny'' (1972).\n"	"History"	"Pirates World was successful in its early years, but in 1971 Walt Disney World opened in Florida, which took much business away from the theme park. By 1973 it was in bankruptcy and finally closed its doors in 1975. Norman Kaufman, a venturing carnival rides owner back in Coney Island, bought some of the steeplechase's fiberglass horses and eventually gave one of them to the \"Coney Island, USA\" museum more than 20 years later. The fate of the others is unknown.\n\nIn 1978, a biblical theme park was to have been developed on the site, but that fell through. The land was sold, zoned residential and condominiums were built over the last traces of the park.\n\nThere were amusement park games owned and run by Cindy and Joe Dickman along with the petting zoo and seal pond.  Members of the Miami Dolphins played the Football Toss.  There was also a shooting gallery. The games at Pirates World were a Hi-Striker, Tip the Cats, Tic Tac Toe, ring toss, Football Toss, Can Can and a Watergun game.  The petting zoo had an elephant (in 1972 there were deer instead as the elephant had grown too large for the enclosure) and a seal pond where one could feed fish to the seals.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  Reunion site, with memories and pictures\n*  Grateful Dead Recording 1 on archive.org\n*  Grateful Dead Recording 2 on archive.org\n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Plan 9 from Bell Labs"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Plan 9 from Bell Labs''' is a distributed operating system, originally developed by the Computing Sciences Research Center at Bell Labs between the mid-1980s and 2002. It takes some of the principles of Unix, developed in the same research group, but extends these to a networked environment with graphical terminals.\n\nIn Plan 9, virtually all computing resources, including files, network connections, and peripheral devices, are represented through the file system rather than specialized interfaces. A unified network protocol called 9P ties a network of computers running Plan 9 together, allowing them to share all resources so represented.\n\nThe name ''Plan 9 from Bell Labs'' is a reference to the Ed Wood 1959 cult science fiction Z-movie ''Plan 9 from Outer Space''.  Also, Glenda, the Plan 9 Bunny, is presumably a reference to Wood's film ''Glen or Glenda''. The system continues to be used and developed by operating system researchers and hobbyists.\n"	" History "	"Plan 9 from Bell Labs was originally developed, starting mid-1980s, by members of the Computing Science Research Center at Bell Labs, the same group that originally developed Unix and C. The Plan 9 team was initially led by Rob Pike, Ken Thompson, Dave Presotto and Phil Winterbottom, with support from Dennis Ritchie as head of the Computing Techniques Research Department.  Over the years, many notable developers have contributed to the project including Brian Kernighan, Tom Duff, Doug McIlroy, Bjarne Stroustrup and Bruce Ellis.\n\nPlan 9 replaced Unix as Bell Labs's primary platform for operating systems research. It explored several changes to the original Unix model that facilitate the use and programming of the system, notably in distributed multi-user environments. After several years of development and internal use, Bell Labs shipped the operating system to universities in 1992. Three years later, in 1995, Plan 9 was made available for commercial parties by AT&T via the book publisher Harcourt Brace. With source licenses costing $350, AT&T targeted the embedded systems market rather than the computer market at large; Ritchie commented that the developers did not expect to do \"much displacement\" given how established other operating systems had become.\n\nBy early 1996, the Plan 9 project had been \"put on the back burner\" by AT&T in favor of Inferno, intended to be a rival to Sun Microsystems' Java platform.\nIn the late 1990s, Bell Labs' new owner Lucent Technologies dropped commercial support for the project and in 2000, a third release was distributed under an open source license. A fourth release under a new free software license occurred in 2002.\n\nA user and development community, including current and former Bell Labs personnel, produced minor daily releases in form of ISO images. Bell Labs hosted the development. The development source tree is accessible over the 9P and HTTP protocols and is used to update existing installations. In addition to the official components of the OS included in the ISOs, Bell Labs also hosts a repository of externally developed applications and tools.\n\n\n\n Date\n Release\n Comment\n\n 1992\n Plan 9 1st edition\n Released by Bell Labs to universities\n\n 1995\n Plan 9 2nd edition\n Released by Bell Labs for non-commercial purposes\n\n 2000\n Plan 9 3rd ed. (''Brazil'')\n Released by Lucent Technologies under an open source license\n\n 2002\n Plan 9 4th edition\n Released by Lucent Technologies under a new free software license\n\n"	" Design concepts "	"\nPlan 9 is a distributed operating system, designed to make a network of heterogeneous and geographically separated computers function as a single system. In a typical Plan 9 installation, users work at terminals running the window system rio, and they access CPU servers which handle computation-intensive processes. Permanent data storage is provided by additional network hosts acting as file servers and archival storage.\n\nIts designers state that:\n\n\n\nThe first idea means that, unlike on most operating systems, processes (running programs) each have their own view of the ''namespace'', corresponding to what other operating systems call the file system; a single path name may refer to different resources for different processes. The potential complexity of this setup is controlled by a set of conventional locations for common resources.\n\nThe second idea means that processes can offer their services to other processes by providing virtual files that appear in the other processes' namespace. The client process's input/output on such a file becomes inter-process communication between the two processes. This way, Plan 9 generalizes the Unix notion of the filesystem as the central point of access to computing resources. It carries over Unix's idea of device files to provide access to peripheral devices (mice, removable media, etc.) and the possibility to mount filesystems residing on physically distinct filesystems into a hierarchical namespace, but adds the possibility to mount a connection to a server program that speaks a standardized protocol and treat its services as part of the namespace.\n\nFor example, the original window system, called 8\u00bd, exploited these possibilities as follows. Plan 9 represents the user interface on a terminal by means of three pseudo-files: , which can be read by a program to get notification of mouse movements and button clicks, , which can be used to perform textual input/output, and , writing to which enacts graphics operations (see bit blit). The window system multiplexes these devices: when creating a new window to run some program in, it first sets up a new namespace in which ,  and  are connected to itself, hiding the actual device files to which it itself has access. The window system thus receives all input and output commands from the program and handles these appropriately, by sending output to the actual screen device and giving the currently focused program the keyboard and mouse input. The program does not need to know if it is communicating directly with the operating system's device drivers, or with the window system; it only has to assume that its namespace is set up so that these special files provide the kind of input and accept the kind of messages that it expects.\n\nPlan 9's distributed operation relies on the per-process namespaces as well, allowing client and server processes to communicate across machines in the way just outlined. For example, the  command starts a remote session on a compute server. The command exports part of its local namespace, including the user's terminal's devices (, , ), to the server, so that remote programs can perform input/output using the terminal's mouse, keyboard and display, combining the effects of remote login and a shared network filesystem.\n\n=== 9P protocol ===\n\n\nAll programs that wish to provide services-as-files to other programs speak a unified protocol, called 9P. Compared to other systems, this reduces the number of custom programming interfaces. 9P is a generic, medium-agnostic, byte-oriented protocol that provides for messages delivered between a server and a client. The protocol is used to refer to and communicate with processes, programs, and data, including both the user interface and the network. With the release of the 4th edition, it was modified and renamed 9P2000.\n\nUnlike most other operating systems, Plan 9 does not provide special application programming interfaces (such as Berkeley sockets, X resources or ioctl system calls) to access devices. Instead, Plan 9 device drivers implement their control interface as a file system, so that the hardware can be accessed by the ordinary file input/output operations ''read'' and ''write''. Consequently, sharing the device across the network can be accomplished by mounting the corresponding directory tree to the target machine.\n\n=== Union directories and namespaces ===\nPlan 9 allows the user to collect the files (called ''names'') from different directory trees in a single location. The resulting ''union directory'' behaves as the concatenation of the underlying directories (the order of concatenation can be controlled); if the constituent directories contain files having the same name, a listing of the union directory ( or ) will simply report duplicate names. Resolution of a single path name is performed top-down: if the directories  and  are unioned into  with  first, then  denotes  if it exists,  only if it exists ''and  does not exist'', and no file if neither exists. No recursive unioning of subdirectories is performed, so if  exists, the files in  are not accessible through the union.\n\nA union directory can be created by using the  command:\n\n\n; bind /arm/bin /bin\n; bind -a /acme/bin/arm /bin\n; bind -b /usr/alice/bin /bin\n\n\nIn the example above,  is mounted at , the contents of  replacing the previous contents of . Acme's  directory is then union mounted after , and Alice's personal  directory is union mounted before. When a file is requested from , it is first looked for in , then in , and then finally in .\n\nThe separate process namespaces thus replace the notion of a search path in the shell. Where Unix shells have a list of directories to search for programs when given a command, the Plan 9 shell only looks in the directory ; adding commands is done by binding several directories together to appear as a single .\n\nFurthermore, the kernel can keep separate mount tables for each process, and can thus provide each process with its own file system namespace. Processes' namespaces can be constructed independently, and the user may work simultaneously with programs that have heterogeneous namespaces. Namespaces may be used to create an isolated environment similar to chroot, but in a more secure way.\n\nPlan 9's union directory architecture inspired 4.4BSD and Linux union file system implementations, although the developers of the BSD union mounting facility found the non-recursive merging of directories in Plan 9 \"too restrictive for general purpose use\".\n\n\n=== Special virtual filesystems ===\n\n==== /proc ====\nlist contents of directory (ls, lc) command in \n\nInstead of having system calls specifically for process management, Plan 9 provides the  file system. Each process appears as a directory containing information and control files which can be manipulated by the ordinary file IO system calls.\n\nThe file system approach allows Plan 9 processes to be managed with simple file management tools such as ls and cat; however, the processes cannot be copied and moved as files.\n\n==== /net ====\nPlan 9 does not have specialised system calls or ioctls for accessing the networking stack or networking hardware. Instead, the  file system is used. Network connections are controlled by reading and writing control messages to control files.  Sub-directories such as  and  are used as an interface to their respective protocols.\n\n=== Unicode ===\n\nTo reduce the complexity of managing character encodings, Plan 9 uses Unicode throughout the system. The initial Unicode implementation was ISO 10646. Ken Thompson invented UTF-8, which became the native encoding in Plan 9. The entire system was converted to general use in 1992. UTF-8 preserves backwards compatibility with traditional null terminated strings, enabling more reliable information processing and the chaining of multilingual string data with Unix pipes between multiple processes.  Using a single UTF-8 encoding with characters for all cultures and regions eliminates the need for switching between code sets.\n\n=== Combining the design concepts ===\nThough interesting on their own, the design concepts of Plan 9 were supposed to be most useful when combined together. For example, to implement a network address translation (NAT) server, a union directory can be created, overlaying the router's  directory tree with its own . Similarly, a virtual private network (VPN) can be implemented by overlaying in a union directory a  hierarchy from a remote gateway, using secured 9P over the public Internet. A union directory with the  hierarchy and filters can be used to sandbox an untrusted application or to implement a firewall. In the same manner, a distributed computing network can be composed with a union directory of  hierarchies from remote hosts, which allows interacting with them as if they are local.\n\nWhen used together, these features allow for assembling a complex distributed computing environment by reusing the existing hierarchical name system.\n"	" Software for Plan 9 "	"\nAs a benefit from the system's design, most tasks in Plan 9 can be accomplished by using ls, cat, grep, cp and rm utilities in combination with the rc shell (the default Plan 9 shell).\n\nFactotum is an authentication and key management server for Plan 9. It handles authentication on behalf of other programs such that both secret keys and implementation details need only be known to Factotum.\n\n=== Graphical programs ===\nacme and rc\nUnlike Unix, Plan 9 was designed with graphics in mind. After booting, a Plan 9 terminal will run the rio windowing system, in which the user can create new windows displaying rc. Graphical programs invoked from this shell replace it in its window.\n\nThe plumber provides an inter-process communication mechanism which allows system-wide hyperlinking.\n\nSam and acme are Plan 9's text editors.\n\n=== Storage system ===\nPlan 9 supports the Kfs, Paq, Cwfs, FAT, and Fossil file systems. The last was designed at Bell Labs specifically for Plan 9 and provides snapshot storage capability. It can be used directly with a hard drive or backed with Venti, an archival file system and permanent data storage system.\n\n=== Software development ===\nThe distribution package for Plan 9 includes special compiler variants and programming languages, and provides a tailored set of libraries along with a windowing user interface system specific to Plan 9. The bulk of the system is written in a dialect of C (ANSI C with some extensions and some other features left out). The compilers for this language were custom built with portability in mind; according to their author, they \"compile quickly, load slowly, and produce medium quality object code\".\n\nA concurrent programming language called Alef was available in the first two editions, but was then dropped for maintenance reasons and replaced by a threading library for C.\n\n=== Unix compatibility ===\nThough Plan 9 was supposed to be a further development of Unix concepts, compatibility with preexisting Unix software was never the goal for the project. Many command line utilities of Plan 9 share the names of Unix counterparts, but work differently.\n\nPlan 9 can support POSIX applications and can emulate the Berkeley socket interface through the ANSI/POSIX Environment (APE) that implements an interface close to ANSI C and POSIX, with some common extensions (the native Plan 9 C interfaces conform to neither standard). It also includes a POSIX-compatible shell. APE's authors claim to have used it to port the X Window System (X11) to Plan 9, although they do not ship X11 \"because supporting it properly is too big a job\". Some Linux binaries can be used with the help of a \"linuxemu\" (Linux emulator) application; however, it is still a work in progress. Vice versa, the vx32 virtual machine allows a slightly modified Plan 9 kernel to run as a user process in Linux, supporting unmodified Plan 9 programs.\n"	" Reception "	"\n=== Comparison to contemporary operating systems ===\nIn 1991, Plan 9's designers compared their system to other early nineties operating systems in terms of size, showing that the source code for a minimal (\"working, albeit not very useful\") version was less than one-fifth the size of a Mach microkernel without any device drivers (5899 or 4622 lines of code for Plan 9, depending on metric, vs. 25530 lines). The complete kernel comprised 18000 lines of code. (According to a 2006 count, the kernel was then some 150,000 lines, but this was compared against more than 4.8 million in Linux.)\n\nWithin the operating systems research community, as well as the commercial Unix world, other attempts at achieving distributed computing and remote filesystem access were made concurrently with the Plan 9 design effort. These included the Network File System and the associated vnode architecture developed at Sun Microsystems, and more radical departures from the Unix model such as the Sprite OS from UC Berkeley. Sprite developer Welch points out that the SunOS vnode architecture is limited compared to Plan 9's capabilities in that it does not support remote device access and remote inter-process communication cleanly, even though it could have, had the preexisting UNIX domain sockets (which \"can essentially be used to name user-level servers\") been integrated with the vnode architecture.\n\nOne critique of the \"everything is a file\", communication-by-textual-message design of Plan 9 pointed out limitations of this paradigm compared to the typed interfaces of Sun's object-oriented operating system, Spring:\n\n\n\nA later retrospective comparison of Plan 9, Sprite and a third contemporary distributed research operating system, Amoeba, found that\n\n\n\n=== Impact ===\nThe wmii X window manager was inspired by acme, a text editor from the Plan 9 project.\nPlan 9 demonstrated that an integral concept of Unix\u2014that every system interface could be represented as a set of files\u2014could be successfully implemented in a modern distributed system. Some features from Plan 9, like the UTF-8 character encoding of Unicode, have been implemented in other operating systems. Unix-like operating systems such as Linux have implemented 9P, Plan 9's file system, and have adopted features of rfork, Plan 9's process creation mechanism. Additionally, in Plan 9 from User Space, several of Plan 9's applications and tools, including the sam and acme editors, have been ported to Unix and Linux systems and have achieved some level of popularity. Several projects seek to replace the GNU operating system programs surrounding the Linux kernel with the Plan 9 operating system programs. The 9wm window manager was inspired by 8\u00bd, the older windowing system of Plan 9; wmii is also heavily influenced by Plan 9.\nIn computer science research, Plan 9 has been used as a grid computing platform and as a vehicle for research into ubiquitous computing without middleware.\nIn commerce, Plan 9 underlies Coraid storage systems.\nHowever, Plan 9 has never approached Unix in popularity, and has been primarily a research tool:\n\n\nOther factors that contributed to low adoption of Plan 9 include the lack of commercial backup, the low number of end-user applications, and the lack of device drivers.\n\nPlan 9 proponents and developers claim that the problems hindering its adoption have been solved, that its original goals as a distributed system, development environment, and research platform have been met, and that it enjoys moderate but growing popularity. Inferno, through its hosted capabilities, has been a vehicle for bringing Plan 9 technologies to other systems as a hosted part of heterogeneous computing grids.\n\nSeveral projects work to extend Plan 9, including 9atom and 9front. These forks augment Plan 9 with additional hardware drivers and software, including an improved version of the Upas e-mail system, the go compiler, Mercurial version control system support, and other programs. Plan 9 was ported to the Raspberry Pi single-board computer. The Harvey project attempts to replace the custom Plan 9 C compiler with GCC, to leverage modern development tools such as GitHub and Coverity and speed up development.\n\n==== Derivatives and forks ====\nInferno is a descendant of Plan 9, and shares many design concepts and even source code in the kernel, particularly around devices and the Styx/9P2000 protocol.\nInferno shares with Plan 9 the Unix heritage from Bell Labs and the Unix philosophy. Many of the command line tools in Inferno were Plan 9 tools that were translated to Limbo.\n\n''9atom'' augments the Plan 9 distribution with the addition of a 386 PAE kernel, an amd64 cpu and terminal kernel, nupas, extra pc hardware support, IL and Ken's fs.\n\n''9front'' is a fork of Plan 9. It was started to remedy a perceived lack of devoted development resources inside Bell Labs, and has accumulated various fixes and improvements.\n\n''9legacy'' is an alternative distribution. It includes a set of patches based on the current Plan 9 distribution.\n\n''Akaros'' is designed for many-core architectures and large-scale SMP systems.\n\n''Harvey OS'' is an effort to get the Plan 9 code working with gcc and clang.\n\n''JehanneOS'' is an experimental OS derived from Plan 9. Its userland and modules are mostly derived from 9front, its build system from Harvey OS, and its kernel is a fork of the  Plan9-9k 64-bit Plan9 kernel.\n\n''NIX'' is a fork of Plan9 aimed at multicore systems and cloud computing. The  Google Code project page contains more information.\n"	" License "	"Starting with the release of Fourth edition on April 2002, the full source code of Plan 9 from Bell Labs was freely available under Lucent Public License 1.02, which is considered to be open source license by the Open Source Initiative (OSI), free software license by the Free Software Foundation, and it passes the Debian Free Software Guidelines.\n\nIn February 2014, the University of California, Berkeley, has been authorized by the current Plan 9 copyright holder \u2013 Alcatel-Lucent \u2013 to release all Plan 9 software previously governed by the Lucent Public License, Version 1.02 under the GNU General Public License, Version 2.\n\n"	" See also "	"\n* Alef (programming language)\n* Rendezvous (Plan 9)\n* Inferno (operating system)\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"\n*  Mirror of official website.\n* GPL  Source code and  git repo\n*  git mirror of Plan 9 from Bell Labs repo.\n*  9front, a plan9 fork.\n*  9fans, the Plan 9 mailing list hosted by http://9fans.net\n*  Ninetimes Plan 9, Inferno, Unix, and Bell Labs operating systems news\n* , the Plan 9 IRC channel hosted by freenode\n*  Cat-v.org Random Contrarian Insurgent Organization, the Plan 9 user and developer community\n*  Glendix Bringing the beauty of Plan9 to Linux.\n*  Glenda, the Plan 9 bunny\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Pointfest"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Pointfest''' is a large outdoor rock music festival held once a year by radio station KPNT in St. Louis, Missouri at the Hollywood Casino Amphitheatre (formerly known as Verizon Wireless Amphitheater, UMB Bank Pavilion, and Riverport Amphitheater)\nThe festival has featured almost every popular alternative and hard rock group in America. Local music favorites The Urge, Gravity Kills, Story of the Year, Ludo, and Greek Fire have made several appearances as well.\n\nTraditionally, there is a main stage where the larger acts and headliners perform, and two or more stages off to the sides of the lawn for other bands (one of them usually reserved for local bands). The side stages will play from the start of the concert (generally around 10\u00a0am) to when the main stage will start playing (generally around 6\u00a0pm).\n"	"Pointfest 1"	"Known then as ''Pointfest'' or ''Pointfest '93'', it was held on September 11, 1993\n* Matthew Sweet\n* They Might Be Giants\n* Hothouse Flowers\n* Aimee Mann\n* Midnight Oil\n* Dramarama\n"	"Pointfest 2"	"Known as ''Pointfest '94'', it was held on Saturday, August 20, 1994.\n* 311\n* The Urge\n* Lisa Loeb\n* MC 900 Ft. Jesus\n* The Smithereens\n* Material Issue\n* They Might Be Giants\n* Violent Femmes\n* The SKoubies\n"	"Pointfest 3"	"Originally known as ''Pointfest '95'', it ended up being the first of two Pointfests in 1995. It was held on May 26, 1995.\n* Toad the Wet Sprocket\n* Bush\n* Faith No More\n* Blues Traveler\n* Sponge\n* Collective Soul\n* The Stone Roses\n"	"Pointfest 4"	"This Pointfest was known as ''Pointfest 4'', the first numbering of Pointfests, it was the second festival in 1995, held on August 19, 1995\n* Ramones\n* Everclear\n* The Urge\n* They Might Be Giants\n* Big Audio Dynamite\n* Matthew Sweet\n* Better Than Ezra\n* The Nixons\n* Ben Folds Five\n* Gren\n* Jewel- played a short acoustic set\n* Blink-182\n* The Dambuilders\n* New World Spirits\n* Great Big Everything\n* Phunk Junkeez\n* Dishwalla\n* Stir\n"	"Pointfest 5"	"Held on May 27, 1996\n* Candlebox\n* Gravity Kills\n* Garbage\n* Cracker\n* No Doubt\n* Jars of Clay\n* Everclear\n* Love & Rockets\n* Seven Mary Three\n* Luster\n* God Lives Underwater\n* Pulp\n* Poe\n* Triplefast Action\n* Goldfinger\n"	"Pointfest 6"	"Held on September 8, 1996\n* 311\n* The Urge\n* Soul Asylum\n* Cheap Trick\n* Descendents\n* Stir\n* The Nixons\n* They Might Be Giants\n* Dishwalla\n* Nada Surf\n* The Refreshments\n* Reacharound\n* I Mother Earth\n* New World Spirits\n* Primitive Radio Gods\n"	"Pointfest 7"	"Held on May 17, 1997, the first of two festivals in 1997\n* Matchbox Twenty\n* Bloodhound Gang\n* L7\n* Soul Kiss\n* Stir\n* Social Distortion\n* The Offspring\n* Reel Big Fish\n* Jungle Dogs\n* Red Five\n* That Dog\n* AFI\n* Ultrafink\n* Recliners\n* Radio Iodine\n"	"Pointfest 8"	"Held on May 26, 1997 (show #2)\n* Third Eye Blind\n* The Verve Pipe\n* Beck\n* Rollins Band\n* Orbit\n* Cunninghams\n* K's Choice\n* Local H\n* Echo & the Bunnymen\n* Better Than Ezra\n* The Mighty Mighty Bosstones\n* Pave The Rocket\n* Skunk Anansie\n* Cowboy Junkies\n* Cowboy Mouth\n"	"Pointfest 9"	"Held on May 24, 1998\n\nGreen Day smashed their guitars, and burned their drum kit on stage. Hosted by Matt Pinfield of MTV.\n* Foo Fighters\n* Green Day\n* Creed\n* Deftones\n* Semisonic\n* Econoline Crush\n* Big Wreck\n* The Reverend Horton Heat\n* Soul Kiss\n* Gravity Kills\n* Rocket from the Crypt\n* Atomic Fireballs\n* Wank\n* Anthenaeum\n* God Lives Underwater\n"	"Pointfest 10"	"Held on September 5, 1998\n* Candlebox \n* The Urge\n* Seven Mary Three\n* Fuel\n* Reel Big Fish\n* Local H\n* K's Choice\n* They Might Be Giants\n* Fragile Porcelain Mice\n* Smash Mouth\n* Stabbing Westward\n* Feeder\n* Stella Soleil\n* Monster Magnet\n"	" Pointfest 11<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.1057thepoint.com/blogs/20-years-pointfest-0/pointfest-11|website=1057thepoint.com|accessdate=2015-09-23}}</ref> "	"Just prior to their set, Courtney Love of Hole encouraged the crowd from the lawn seating area to rush towards the stage saying, \"We aren't playing one fucking note until you let them come up here!\"  Love also stripped her band's bassist of her shirt during a bass solo, invoking some outrage among the audience.\n\nHeld on May 23, 1999 (all times St. Louis local)\n\n'''Main Stage'''\n* Red Hot Chili Peppers at 9:30\u00a0p.m.\n* Hole at 8:00\u00a0p.m. \n* Silverchair at 6:45 p.m\n* Blink-182 at 5:35 p.m\n* Orgy at 4:25 p.m\n* 2 Skinnee J's at 3:15\u00a0p.m.\n* Modern Day Zero (performing as Mesh) at 2:05 p.m\n'''Front Stage'''\n* Lit at 7:30\u00a0p.m. \n* Econoline Crush at 6:15\u00a0p.m. \n* Bellyfeel at 4:55\u00a0p.m. \n* Citizen King at 3:55\u00a0p.m. \n* Die Symphony at 2:35\u00a0p.m.  \n* Thisway at 1:05\u00a0p.m.\n\nNote: On the 1057 The Point website, Imperial Teen and the The Flys are listed as performing, but were not billed on the original lineup.\n"	"Pointfest 12"	"Held on May 21, 2000\n\n311, Goldfinger, the Mighty Mighty Bosstones, and Everclear all encouraged fans on the lawn to climb down and fill the empty reserved-seat sections, which led to a confrontation between Everclear's Art Alexakis and a security guard during Everclear's set.\n\nSlipknot and Mudvayne were scheduled to perform at Pointfest 12 but cancelled on the day of the show for unknown reasons.\n\n* 311\n* The Mighty Mighty Bosstones\n* Everclear\n* Our Lady Peace\n* Goldfinger\n* The Nixons\n* Stir\n* MxPx\n* Die Symphony\n* Toadies\n* Mesh\n* Blue October\n* 8stops7\n* Colony\n"	"Pointfest 13"	"Held on May 20, 2001\n* Weezer\n* Run-D.M.C.\n* Staind\n* Fuel\n* Our Lady Peace\n* Toadies\n* Alien Ant Farm\n* Mesh\n* Hed PE\n* Lucky Boys Confusion\n* Puddle of Mudd\n* Tantric\n* Cold\n* Saliva\n* Monster Magnet\n"	"Pointfest 14"	"Held on May 19, 2002\nBig Blue Monkey won the contest for the opening slot on the bill at Pointfest 14, and managed to get one of their videos onto the tour bus of Goldfinger. The video immediately grabbed the attention of vocalist John Feldmann, which paid off in a spot touring with Goldfinger, a major record deal, and a name change to Story of the Year.\n\n'''Main Stage'''\n* Sevendust\n* Our Lady Peace\n* The X-Ecutioners\n* Mesh STL\n* Hoobastank\n* Reel Big Fish\n* Tenacious D\n* Local H\n\n'''Second Stage'''\n* Goldfinger\n* Unwritten Law\n* The Apex Theory\n* Dashboard Confessional\n* Quarashi\n* Trik Turner\n* Lostprophets\n\n'''Third Stage'''\n* 3rd Strike\n* Ash\n* Greenwheel\n* Headstrong\n* Moth\n* Pressure 4-5\n* Big Blue Monkey\n"	"Pointfest 15"	"Held in 2003\n\nNew Empire was the local band contest winner, which earned them a spot in the lineup.\n\n'''Main Stage'''\n* Staind\n* Hed PE\n* Breaking Benjamin\n* Cold\n* The Used\n* The All-American Rejects\n* Seether\n* Socialburn\n\n'''Second Stage'''\n* Trapt\n* Finch\n* Ra\n* Smile Empty Soul\n* Cavo\n* New Empire\n* Ripd\n"	"Pointfest 16"	"Held on June 5, 2004,\n\nRumors had circulated before the official lineup was announced that it would include Tool or A Perfect Circle, but neither band was ever announced for the show. The Von Bondies were scheduled to perform but failed to arrive due to problems with their tour bus.\n\n'''Main Stage'''\n* The Urge\n* Breaking Benjamin\n* Papa Roach\n\n'''Side Stages'''\n* Story of the Year\n* Lit\n* Sugarcult\n* Flaw\n* Thornley\n* The Adored\n* Auf de Maur\n* Crossfade\n* Apartment 26\n* Modern Day Zero\n* Shaman's Harvest\n* Adair\n"	"Pointfest 17"	"Held on May 15, 2005\n\nThe Exies were scheduled to perform but did not play due to an illness. TRUSTcompany was also scheduled but canceled their performance amid personal issues with band members and issues with their record label. They officially announced their breakup a couple months later.\n* Breaking Benjamin\n* Mudvayne\n* Story of the Year\n* Modern Day Zero\n* Sum 41\n* Unwritten Law\n* Life of Agony\n* American Head Charge\n* Mudworm\n* Blood Simple\n* Mourningside\n* Ultra Blue\n* Hed PE\n* Apartment 26\n"	"Pointfest 18"	"Held on May 6, 2006. Blue October was scheduled to play. However, as a result of lead singer Justin Furstenfeld broken leg, the band did not play.\n\n* Coheed and Cambria\n* Avenged Sevenfold\n* Shinedown\n* Trapt\n* 10 Years\n* Hurt\n* People in Planes\n* Bril\n* Autovein\n* Rock Kills Kid\n* Bullets and Octane\n* Eighteen Visions\n* Damone\n* ThreeSixtySmile\n"	"Pointfest 19"	"Held on August 5, 2006.\n* Staind\n* Breaking Benjamin\n* Hurt\n* Blue October\n* Three Days Grace\n* Buckcherry\n* Evans Blue\n* Black Stone Cherry\n* Inimical Drive\n"	"Pointfest 20"	"Held on Saturday, May 12, 2007 at the newly renamed amphitheater ''Verizon Wireless Amphitheater St. Louis''\n\n'''Mainstage'''\n* Lye (mainstage winner)\n* Red Romance\n* The Red Jumpsuit Apparatus\n* Wolfmother\n* The Killers\n\n'''Side Stages'''\n* Bullet for My Valentine\n* Say Anything\n* Modern Day Zero\n* Papa Roach\n* The Exies\n* Flyleaf\n* Smile Empty Soul\n* Dropping Daylight\n* Autovein\n* Madina Lake\n* Blackpool Lights\n* Straylight Run\n* Operator\n* DeFunkt\n* In Fear and Faith\n\n'''Local Bands'''\n* Ava, Wait\n* The New Embrace\n* In Fear & Faith\n* Lye (main stage winner)\n* Dead By Tuesday\n* Bi-Level\n* Murder in a Tuxedo\n* Cavo\n* Shaman's Harvest\n* Sonic Reducer\n* 360 Smile\n* Arythma\n"	"Pointfest 21"	"\nSeptember 30, 2007 - Verizon Wireless Amphitheater\n\n* Hed PE was originally scheduled to play but they were removed from the line-up. The band cited issues getting one of their members a passport to make it back from their European dates. Reported issues were linked to the member's past encounters with law enforcement officials. Pointfest was to be the first date of their US tour.\n\n'''Main Stage'''\n* Breaking Benjamin\n* Three Days Grace\n* Seether\n* Finger Eleven was originally scheduled to play but the lead singer lost his voice.\n* 13 Days(mainstage winner)\n\n'''Iron Age Studios Stage'''\n* Copperview\n* The Daybreak Boys\n* 12 Stones\n* Evans Blue\n* Hurt\n* Saliva\n* Chevelle\n\n'''Main Street Bistro Stage'''\n* Shaman's Harvest\n* Lapush\n* Sick Puppies\n* The Starting Line\n* Mutemath\n* Sum 41\n\n'''Pop's Local Stage'''\n* Behind the Blindfold\n* Brookroyal\n* D-railed\n* Blinded Black\n* Allusive\n* Soul Descenders\n* Social Slave\n* Leo\n* eclectic fusion\n"	"Pointfest 22"	"\nSunday, May 18, 2008- Verizon Wireless Amphitheater\n\nAtreyu was scheduled to play the main stage, but they were forced to cancel, because the band's flight from LA was grounded. Sick Puppies canceled due to a death in the family. Blind Melon was scheduled to play the J\u00e4germeister Stage, but the band canceled. Rogers Stevens of Blind Melon explained the cancellation on the band's website by stating \"There are some political things afoot that it's best for me not to go into. In addition, we were mistakenly booked for 5 shows in a row, which we didn't know about until last week.\" Local band Severed Ties also had to cancel due to their drummer sustaining an injury from a car accident.\n\n''Final Lineup''\n'''Main Stage'''\n* Serj Tankian\n* Shinedown\n* Killswitch Engage\n* Filter\n\n'''New Amsterdam Stage'''\n* Coheed & Cambria\n* Hurt\n* Ludo\n* 10 Years\n* RED\n* Safetysuit\n* Cavo\n\n'''J\u00e4germeister Stage'''\n* Finger Eleven\n* Copperview\n* Cavo\n* Theory of a Deadman\n* Scary Kids Scaring Kids\n* LucaBrasi\n\n'''Pop's Local Stage'''\n* Iron Fist Dillusion\n* The New Translation\n* Soul Descenders\n* Sunday but Summer\n* Course of Nature\n* Strych 9 Hollow\n* Bare Knuckle Conflict\n* Feed the Flame\n* Inimical Drive\n* Severed Ties (canceled due to injury of the drummer)\n* Never My Silence\n* Fivefold\n"	"Pointfest 23"	"Saturday, September 20, 2008 at 10:00\u00a0am - Verizon Wireless Amphitheater\n\nAvenged Sevenfold was scheduled but canceled citing Vocalist M. Shadows (Matt Sanders) needed to rest his ailing voice. The band would resume its tour dates on October 15. Toryn Green, the lead singer for Fuel, sang for Apocalyptica. This was the first Pointfest to feature the two side stages to be next to each other. So after a band on the Black Stage would get done, then a band on the White stage would start almost immediately.\n\nMain Stage\n* Seether\n* Shinedown\n* Puddle of Mudd\n* Bullet for My Valentine\n* Apocalyptica\n\nBlack Stage\n* The Upright Animals\n* Ava, Wait\n* Miser\n* Copperview\n* Sick Puppies\n* Local H\n* Story of the Year\n\nWhite Stage\n* Red Line Chemistry\n* Brookroyal\n* Black Tide\n* Saving Abel\n* Ludo\n\nPops Stage\n* Ready the Cannons\n* Tell Tale Heart\n* 12 Summers Old\n* Soul Descenders\n* Minutes to Midnight\n* Everyday Drive\n"	"Pointfest 24"	"\n05/23/09 Verizon Wireless Amphitheater\nThe New Translation was the Pop's local show winner to open up on the side stages.\n\n'''Lineup:'''\n\n\nMain Stage\n\n* The Offspring\n* Chevelle\n* Taking Back Sunday\n* Sick Puppies\n* The Used\n\nWhite Stage\n\n* The New Translation\n* Inimical Drive\n* The Parlor Mob\n* Hed PE\n* Cavo\n* Anberlin\n* Ludo\n\nBlack Stage\n\n* Street Dogs\n* Greek Fire\n* Framing Hanley\n* Shiny Toy Guns\n* Hurt\n* Blue October\n\nLocal Stage\n\n* Isabella\n* Killer Me Killer You\n* Sunday But Summer\n* Arythma\n* Opposites Attack\n* All Fall Down\n* Fer De Lance\n* Stone Dog Diaries\n* Defiance Pointe\n* Amorath\n* The Gorge\n"	"Pointfest 25"	"\nPointfest 25 was on August 23, 2009 and boasted \"35 bands for $35.00.\"\nKiller Me Killer You won the Pop's Battle to Open Pointfest and greeted the crowd at 10\u00a0am by showering them with Pop Tarts for breakfast.\n\n'''Lineup:'''\n\nMain Stage  Start\n* Our Lady Peace 5:30\u00a0pm\n* Atreyu   6:25\u00a0pm\n* Chevelle  7:30\u00a0pm\n* Shinedown   8:30\u00a0pm\n* Staind   9:45\u00a0pm\n\nThe Phoenix / Monster\nEnergy Side Stage  Start\n* Killer Me Killer You  10:00\u00a0am\n* Burn Halo          11:00\u00a0am\n* Billy Boy on Poison  12:10\u00a0pm\n* Brookroyal          1:20\u00a0pm\n* Living Things  1:20\u00a0pm\n* Trapt          3:40\u00a0pm\n* Hollywood Undead  5:00\u00a0pm\n\nBuckle Up Arrive Alive Stage  Start\n* Copperview                 10:25\u00a0am\n* Veer Union                 11:35\u00a0am\n* Halestorm                 12:45\u00a0am\n* Evans Blue                 1:55\u00a0pm\n* All That Remains         3:05\u00a0pm\n* Street Sweeper Social Club 4:15\u00a0pm\n\nBest Buy Musical Instruments Stage  Start\n* Aranda                         11:00\u00a0am\n* Janus                         12:00\u00a0pm\n* Red Line Chemistry                 1:00\u00a0pm\n* Lucabrasi                         2:00\u00a0pm\n* Shaman's Harvest                 3:00\u00a0pm\n* Messe                         4:00\u00a0pm\n\nPop's Stage            Start\n* Allusive          10:10\u00a0am\n* Iron Fist Dillusion  11:10\u00a0am\n* Make Me Break Me  11:30\u00a0am\n* Life Among The Dead  12:10\u00a0pm\n* Strata-G          12:50\u00a0pm\n* Final Drive          1:30\u00a0pm\n* From Mars To Venus  2:10\u00a0pm\n* Arythma          2:50\u00a0pm\n* Persona Crown  3:30\u00a0pm\n* Exit 714          4:10\u00a0pm\n* Saence          4:50\u00a0pm\n"	"Pointfest 26"	"Pointfest 26 was on June 6, 2010 at Verizon Wireless Amphitheater in Maryland Heights, Mo. Hurt was originally scheduled to play but canceled due to illness. Autovein played in their place.\n* Three Days Grace\n* Seether\n* Papa Roach\n* Coheed & Cambria\n* Saliva\nSide Stages\n* Hollywood Undead\n* Story of the Year\n* Janus\n* Brookroyal\n* Crash Kings\n* Flobots\n* Motion City Soundtrack\n* Shaman's Harvest\n* Greek Fire\n* Autovein\n* Jonathan Tyler and the Northern Lights\n* Pop's Nightclub Winner: Opposites Attack\nPop's Local Stage\n* Delta\n* Inimical Drive\n* Option Control\n* Count the Lies\n* Make Me Break Me\n* Sonic Candy\n* From Skies of Fire\n* Killer Me Killer You\n* Fivefold\n* Break These Walls\n* Breakdances with Wolves\n"	"Pointfest 27"	"Pointfest 27 took place on August 14, 2010, at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheater located in Maryland Heights, Missouri.\n\nMain Stage\n* Hurt\n* Flyleaf\n* Puddle of Mudd\n* Stone Sour\n* Avenged Sevenfold\nU.S. Marines Side Stage\n* Sonic Candy\n* My Darkest Days\n* Red line chemistry\n* Hail the Villain\n* Halestorm\n* Cavo\n* Sick Puppies\nAir Force Side Stage\n* LucaBrasi\n* Autovein\n* Violent Soho\n* American Bang\n* 10 Years\n* Ludo\nPop's Local Stage\n* Me Verse You\n* Outrageous\n* Option Control\n* Last Nights Vice\n* Opposites Attack\n* Killer Me Killer You\n* Fer De Lance\n* The Gorge\n* Parallel 33\n* Break These Walls\n* Sicfaist\n"	"Pointfest 28"	"\nPointfest 28 was held on Sunday May 15, 2011 at Verizon Wireless Amphitheater in Maryland Heights, MO.\n\n* Korn\n* Papa Roach\n* Hollywood Undead\n* Sevendust\n* Finger Eleven\n* Sick Puppies\n* Alter Bridge\n* All that Remains\n* 10 Years\n* Damned Things\n* Drive A (cancelled due to tour bus breaking down)\n* Breakdances With Wolves\n* Greek Fire\n* RED\n* Jonathan Tyler and the Northern Lights\n* Adelitas Way\n* Hail The Villain (cancelled due to medical reasons. Posted on the Facebook page of 105.7 The Point)\n* Pop Evil\n* Red Line Chemistry\n* Last Nights Vice\n* Isabella won a battle of the bands to be the opening band for this pointfest\n* From Skies of Fire\n* Days Taken\n\nhttp://www.1057thepoint.com/Pointfest28/index.aspx\n"	"Pointfest 29"	"Pointfest 29 was held September 10, 2011 at Verizon Wireless Amphitheater. Exit 714 won the final Pop's Local Show \"Battle for Pointfest\" and was the opening act for Pointfest.\n\nChevy Main Stage\n* Middle Class Rut 5:15\n* Cake 6:15\n* Chevelle 7:30\n* The Urge 8:45\n* Bush 10:00\n\nBig St Charles Motorsports White Stage\n* Exit 714 11:00\n* Luca Brasi 11:50\n* Red Line Chemistry 1:00\n* Brookroyal 2:10\n* Janus 3:20\n* 10 Years 4:30\n\nMarines Black Stage\n* Last Nights Vice 11:25\n* Kyng 12:25\n* Shaman's Harvest 1:35\n* Greek Fire 2:45\n* Hurt 3:55\n\nPops/Prime Sole Stage\n* Something Heroic 11:00\n* Gateway Getaway 11:40\n* Corvus 12:20\n* Saence 1:00\n* Deny the Gravity 1:40\n* Opposites Attack 2:20\n* From Skies of Fire 3:00\n* Hollow Point Heroes 3:40\n* Fivefold 4:20\n* Connibal Road 5:00\n"	"Pointfest 30"	"Pointfest 30 was on May 19 and 20, 2012, at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheater.\n\nSat, May 19:\n* Rob Zombie\n* Megadeth\n* 10 Years\n* Trapt\n* Hurt\n* Janus\n* Taproot\n* Greek Fire\n* Shaman's Harvest\n* Killer Me Killer You\n* Inimical Drive\n* Fungonewrong (Battle for Pointfest Co-Winner)\n* Mesoterra\n* Iron Fist Dillusion\n* Make Me Break Me\n* Carthage\n* Outcome of Betrayal\n* Midnight Hour\n* Hollow Point Heroes\n\nSun, May 20:\n* Incubus\n* Chevelle\n* Cypress Hill\n* P.O.D.\n* Middle Class Rut\n* Awolnation\n* Neon Trees\n* Foxy Shazam\n* Cavo\n* Kyng\n* Machree\n* Ghost in the Machine (Battle for Pointfest Co-Winner)\n* Connibal Road\n* Strata G\n* 30 Aut 6\n* From Skies of Fire\n* Lori's Puppets\n* Between The Rivers\n* Tear Out The Heart\n"	"Pointfest 31<ref>http://www.1057thepoint.com/pointfest/</ref>"	"Pointfest was held Sunday, May 12, 2013 at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheater.\n\n* Alice in Chains\n* Three Days Grace\n* Papa Roach\n* Bullet for My Valentine\n* Volbeat\n* Hollywood Undead\n* Sick Puppies\n* Halestorm\n* P.O.D.\n* Stardog Champion\n* Bloodnstuff\n* City Avenue\n* Lye\n* Evading Azrael\n* River City Sound\n* Fivefold\n* Love Me Leave Me\n* Brokeneck\n* Mercury Descends\n* Seven Year Nightmare\n* Make Me Break Me\n"	"Pointfest 32"	"This Pointfest was held May 10, 2014 at the Verizon Wireless Amphitheater.\n\n*Queens of the Stone Age\n*The Offspring\n*AFI\n*Blue October\n*Neon Trees\n*The Head and the Heart\n*Crosses (\u2020\u2020\u2020)\n*Band of Skulls\n*The Airborne Toxic Event\n*Morning Parade\n*The Orwells\n*Chelsea Wolfe\n* Hollow Point Heroes\n* Arythma\n* D-Railed\n* Peze\n* OATM\n* Midnight Hour\n* Evading Azreal\n* Spacetrain\n* Facing Infamy\n* The Weekend Routine\n"	"Pointfest 33"	"This Pointfest was held on May 23, 2015 at the Hollywood Casino Amphitheater.\n\n*Breaking Benjamin\n*Seether\n*Chevelle\n*The Used\n*Greek Fire\n*Yelawolf\n*Meg Myers\n*Young Guns\n*Shaman's Harvest \n*Highly Suspect\n*Lori's Puppets\n*Nervous Pudding\n*Soundtrapp\n*Hollow Point Heroes\n*Rev Nation (Battle for Pointfest 2015 winner)\n*City of Parks\n"	" Pointfest 34 "	"This Pointfest was held on May 21, 2016 at the Hollywood Casino Amphitheater.\n* Deftones\n* Coheed and Cambria\n* Holy White Hounds\n* Story of the Year\n* Chevelle\n* Highly Suspect\n* Flogging Molly\n* Bring Me The Horizon\n* The Struts\n* Sick Puppies\n* The Hush List\n*City Of Parks\n*Conquer As They Come\n*Disguise The Limit\n"	" References "	"\n\n"
"Popstars Live"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''Popstars Live''''' was an Australian talent quest television program similar to ''Australian Idol'' that aired on the Seven Network in early 2004. It also spawned a spin-off single and album that made the ARIA charts in April that year. The show itself was an evolution of the original ''Popstars'' series which aired between 2000 and 2002 on Seven. It was the first appearance of Dean Podmore on a nationally syndicated television show.\n\n''Popstars Live'' premiered on the Seven Network in February 2004. It was scheduled to run for 16 weeks and was originally slated to air on Sunday and Wednesday nights. During its short run ''Popstars Live'' had a troubled history, with two key personnel, Christine Anu and John Paul Young, leaving the program in April 2004 while others have publicly expressed their own concerns about the show. The show was also a ratings failure.\n"	"Origins"	"''Popstars Live'' was based on the original ''Popstars'', a reality television program that was broadcast on the Seven Network between 2000 and 2002. The aim of that program was to select members for a pop group or a pop singer and follow the process of recording a single and/or album and the subsequent promotion of the record made by the artists.\n\nThe Australian series saw the creation of three acts which enjoyed initial success:\n\n* Bardot (2000) a girl group number one single and album;\n* Scandal'us (2001) a mixed pop group, number one single, number two album;\n* Scott Cain (2002) a male singer, number one single.\n\nWhile the 2000 series of ''Popstars'' was one of the most popular programs on Australian television in that year, its popularity steadily declined in later seasons. In 2003, the Seven Network rested the concept. However, the success of ''Australian Idol'', a show that became the most popular program on Australian television that year, soon led to the Seven Network revisiting the ''Popstars'' format. \n\nRecord sales for ''Idol'' contestants also played a role in the resurrection of ''Popstars'' with ''Australian Idol'' winner Guy Sebastian releasing an album ''Just as I Am'' that went six times platinum in Australia and runner up Shannon Noll's ''That's What I'm Talking About'' striking up sales of five times platinum. Hoping to emulate the success of BMG Records, which had signed on Sebastian and Noll, Universal Music quickly signed up for the new series.\n"	"Format"	"The first five programs featured the selection of the finalists by the judges. The finalists would then sing live in front of an audience with one finalist being eliminated each week until the final winner is selected. The program aimed to attract a large proportion of voters under 25, a similar as ''Australian Idol''.\n"	"Cast"	"\nThe ''Popstars'' Team consisted of:\n\n* Luke Jacobz host;\n* Ian \"Molly\" Meldrum judge;\n* Christine Anu judge;\n* Shauna Jensen judge;\n* Tania Doko artist mentor;\n* John Paul Young artist mentor;\n\nThe judges initially said that they would offer constructive criticism to the contestants unlike the strong and sometimes personal criticism offered by Mark Holden and Ian \"Dicko\" Dickson of rival series Australian Idol.\n"	"Finalists"	"\nThe finalists were (in order of elimination):\n\n* '''Tarryn Wall'''\n* '''Renee Simone'''\n* '''Kiki Courtidis'''\n* '''Don Pancho'''\n* '''Daniel Hamill'''\n* '''Arrnott Olssen'''\n* '''Eleven (Luke and Nick)'''\n* '''Sarah Gardner''' - who made it into the top 63 in Australian Idol 2007 - see image 10 of the top 63 at http://www.australianidol.com.au/photos.html?xmlFile=830.xml\n* '''Miranda Murphy''', from Perth, Western Australia. On 12 July 2004, her debut single debuted at number 19 on the Australian singles charts on 22 July 2004. After an unusually lengthy hiatus from the music scene, and a general lack of activity, it is widely suspected she has been dropped by her record company, due to poor single sales, and a national declining interest in 'bubblegum pop' products of talent quest programs. She now works at \"Jaanz school of singing\".\n* '''Kayne Taylor''', from Melbourne, Victoria who won the 2004 Australian series.\n\nContestants ''Bunny and Xy'' were axed from the program in controversial circumstances. Kayne Taylor ended up winning the series, defeating Miranda Murphy in the final.\n"	"Reception and controversies"	"The first live performance attracted disappointing ratings when broadcast, attracting only 850,000 in Australian mainland capitals, finishing behind ''American Idol'' on Network Ten and shows on the Nine Network. David Leckie, the managing director of the Seven Network, blamed the disappointing ratings on what he considered to be the bland comments of the judges and pressured the producers to ensure that the judges made stronger comments.\n\nChristine Anu refused to offer harsh criticism of the contestants resigning in April 2004. In a statement issued on her departure, she said: \"I chose to play a positive role model and wanted to encourage these young people in their endeavours, rather than criticise them. Although leaving ''Popstars Live'' was a difficult decision for me to make, I do feel somewhat relieved that I can now focus on my music.\" John Paul Young was sacked although the producers claimed that his contract had finished. \n\nIan \"Molly\" Meldrum and Tania Doko were also criticising elements of the program in the media in early April. Trevor Steel, a UK record producer and the former lead singer of eighties pop group The Escape Club, was brought in by Universal Music as a replacement judge to offer stronger criticism of contestants. \n\nRatings for ''Popstars Live'' continued to decline for the next episode. With 2003 Australian ratings blockbuster ''The Block'' due to commence its 2004 season on the Nine Network and ''American Idol'' performing well on Network Ten, the Seven Network executives shifted the program from Sunday night to Saturday night and scheduled wildlife documentaries to fill the slot. As Saturday night is the night of the week when the fewest people watch television in Australia and when members of the target audience for ''Popstars Live'' are most likely to go out, this shift was widely perceived as an admission of defeat by network executives. The Saturday night program was dropped altogether a few episodes later, leaving only the Wednesday program.\n"	"Album"	"Universal Music released an album ''Popstars Live: The Finalists'' featuring the finalists singing versions of well-known songs. The first single \"Stand Up Next To Me\" features the finalists singing on the track.\n\n===Sales Performance===\nIn their first week of sales from 5 April 2004, the single barely made the Australian Top 50 and the album could only debut at number 61. Although Universal Music shipped enough copies of both the single and the album to stores to achieve gold status in Australia (35,000 copies), the single and the album only sold one thousand copies. The single eventually reached #29 on the charts and the album reached the ARIA Top 50. Kayne Taylor's debut single ''Heartbreaker'' debuted in the top 10 of the Australian charts at the end of June 2004. Runner-up Miranda Murphy also had a debut single ''That Girl'' released, and it debuted in the top 20 a few weeks after. However, this didn't seem to boost the success of ''Popstars Live'' nor its contestants, with no others releasing singles, nor have Kayne or Miranda released a second single as of November 2004.\n\nThis contrasts with the sales success of artists appearing on ''Australian Idol'' and to a lesser extent the original ''Popstars''. With the television program being moved to a different timeslot less likely to catch the eyes of potential record buyers and the single failing to attract support of radio, it seems as though the album will disappoint the hopes of Universal Music who would have been hoping to match the success of BMG Records from ''Australian Idol'' contestants.\n\n===Track listing===\nThe track listing for the album is:\n\n# \"Stand Up Next To Me\" (all finalists)\n# \"Don't Dream It's Over\" - Kiki (hit for Crowded House)\n# \"Jealous Guy\" - Kayne Taylor (hit for John Lennon and later Roxy Music)\n# \"Killing Me Softly With His Song\" - Miranda Murphy (hit for Roberta Flack and later The Fugees)\n# \"Tainted Love\" - Don Pancho (hit for Gloria Jones and later Soft Cell)\n# \"Truly Madly Deeply\" - Tarryn (originally a hit for Savage Garden)\n# \"Beautiful\" - Arrnott Olssen (hit for Christina Aguilera)\n# \"Nothing Compares 2 U\" - Renee Simone (originally by Prince, hit for Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor)\n# \"The Air That I Breathe\" - Daniel Hamill (originally a hit for The Hollies)\n# \"Everybody Wants To Rule The World\" - Luke Parry and Nick de Silwa (originally a hit for Tears for Fears)\n# \"Everlasting Love\" - Sarah Gardner (originally a hit for a variety of artists including U2 and Gloria Estefan)\n# \"You Will Always Shine\" - Bunny and Xy written by Willie Allen\n"	"See also"	"\n* List of Australian music television shows\n"	"External links"	"*  Popstar Live webpage\n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Po\u00e9sie Noire"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Po\u00e9sie Noire''' are a Belgian band that rose to prominence in the mid-'80s. Their Belgian origins and tendency to develop a goth-oriented, synthetic, gloomy universe with low-pitched voices - '''Po\u00e9sie Noire''' could translate by ''\"Black/Dark Poetry\"'' - had them categorized as EBM such as other Belgian members of the 1980s electronic music scene like \u00c0;GRUMH... or A Split-Second. However, much in the manner of various renowned Belgian EBM bands like The Neon Judgement and, to some extent, Front 242, they declared, through their music,\na will to step away from the usual industrial aggressiveness that characterized Electronic body music and developed a more mainstream accessible dark pop sound that helped them to be regarded as plain new wave or Darkwave.\n"	"History"	"\n===Band Members===\n\nInitially based on seven members, Po\u00e9sie Noire rapidly boiled down to just three hardcore members so as to be finally incarnated by Johan Casters aka ''\"La B\u00eate Noire\"'' - ''\"The Black/Dark Beast\"'' - (writer, composer and main male singer of the band),  Marianne Valvekens (co-writer, female vocalist up to the 1991 '''''Marianne''''' album  - and then back on '''''Sense Of Purpose''''' - and keyboard player) and Herman Gillis (co-writer and mainly the band's guitar player.) As '''Po\u00e9sie Noire''' 's fanbase grew along the years, Johan and Marianne were soon to be given ''\"status nicknames\"'' (probably in tradition of some typically ''\"Goth-spirited\"'' symbolical hierarchy.) Consequently, it did not take long for Casters to be considered the band's ''\"Master\"'' to the fans whereas Marianne became their ''\"Goddess\"''.\n\nIn 1991, Irish vocalist Evanna would join the band for the needs of the  '''''Marianne''''' album - because producer Ludo Camberlin didn't feel Marianne's voice was right for the album and Evanna's had more warmth and soul to it.\n\n===Career summary===\n\nVery little is known about how the band actually started their career in music. Nevertheless, they are known to have won the 1985 Breekend Rock Festival (a long-lasting, reputed festival set in Bree, Belgium that hosted large amounts of prestigious bands such as The Smiths in 1984 or even Slade in 2009) This domestic victory probably played a part in giving the band a flattering reputation because the following year, Po\u00e9sie Noire started supporting Dead Can Dance\nand The Sisters of Mercy on tour, seizing this great opportunity of getting in touch with those huge post-punk, goth rock bands' audiences to display their own musical conception of darkness to them and have personal gigs set up in the meantime.\nAlong their years as Po\u00e9sie Noire, the band demonstrated qualities as a prolific act with intensive releases : in just seven years, Casters, Valvekens and Gillis offered their fans 9 albums and mini-albums, 2 official ''best of compilation'', 1 remix compilation and 15 singles which allowed them to appear on various EBM or new wave compilations and become genuine figures of the kind throughout their sphere of influence.\n\n===TBX===\n\nBy 1992, it seems the relations between '''Po\u00e9sie Noire''' and their label, Antler-Subway, were not as sound as they used to. Indeed, the record label promised the band they would release yet another album of the band's composition entitled '''''Delirious''''' but this never happened and Antler-Subway finally released Jo, Herman and newcomer Evanna from their recording contract instead.\n\nWith the help of Ludo Camberlin aka Carl S. Johansen, who had been their producer since the 1989 album '''''Love is Colder than Death''''', '''Po\u00e9sie Noire''' changed their name to TBX (''\"To Be eXcited\"'', that is) and signed to larger label EMI Belgium that enabled them to release this '''''Delirious''''' album which had been the source of so many issues and changes. But unfortunately for the band, this ''\"new beginning\"'' rapidly ended up unsuccessful - because the band's ''\"music was not meant for the mass consumption that ''EMI'' was used to aiming at\"'', their official site explains  - and led EMI Belgium to delete TBX from their catalog promptly afterwards. Consequently, for '''Po\u00e9sie Noire/TBX''', the bell tolled although they finally returned in 2010 with a new album, '''''Sense Of Purpose'''''.\n\n===Sense Of Purpose===\n\nMore than a decade after the band split, they formed again and started working on a new album, '''''Sense Of Purpose''''', finally released in October 2010 under the name that made them famous, '''Po\u00e9sie Noire'''.\n\nThe release of this new opus went along with '''Po\u00e9sie Noire''' taking part in the Sinner's Day festival, on October 31, 2010, together with such prestigious artists as Heaven 17, Nina Hagen, Marc Almond, The Psychedelic Furs, Echo & the Bunnymen, Peter Murphy, The Selecter, Department S, Marky Ramone, Jah Wobble or Young Gods.\n"	"Side-Projects and Aftermath"	"\nAfter '''Po\u00e9sie Noire''' disbanded, their members carried on musical projects they had been involved in while the band was active, developed new ones or radically turned over a new leaf.\n\n===Johan Casters===\n\nUsing different aliases (Morton, Joey Morton, Pateke Morton, Ilya Dimitrijevic,Jill (or Jille) Johnson or Alessandro Di Ravo), Johan Casters has extensively served as a writer, producer and even remixer or editor for various acts and artists. He has developed personal projects from the late 1980s onwards, either alone or with Herman Gillis.\n\nAs a producer or executive producer, Jo has been involved in several obscure projects such as The Passion of a Primitif, Company of State, Men 2nd, In Sotto Voce, Attrition, Ei Mori, Bulgarka, Danse Macabre, Pussy Jew, Dee Bass, Translator, Minimalistix, Orion Too feat. Caitlin, Roxane and Biba Binoche.\n\nAs a remixer or editor, once again, Jo has linked up with a large selection of artists from very obscure to popular favourites as proved by the following list : The Neon Judgement, Jean-Paul Gaultier, The Weathermen, Jean-Jacques Smoothie, Sin\u00e9ad O'Connor.\n\nThough Jo and Marianne seem to go on making music together, Jo was known, in the late 90's, to be working in the field of important musical events coordination and then as A&R for the Roadrunner turned Mostiko  division of Arcade/CNR.\n\n===Johan Casters and Herman Gillis (and sometimes, Marianne)===\n\nWhile '''Po\u00e9sie Noire''' was still active, Jo and Herman have been involved as writers and composers in the full or partial development of original or pre-existing projects (with the occasional help of Marianne). The two of them usually worked together though, every once in a while, only one of them would be involved. The massive list of projects the two happen to be behind includes In Sotto Voce, Brothers on Acid, Ei Mori, Bulgarka, Trio Balkana, Fruit of Life, Erotic Dissidents, Mission Impossible, The Brothers, Morton, Sherman and Bellucci, Danse Macabre, Opium Monks, Berliner Meisterschaft, The Secrets of China, Kings of Agreppo, Explorers of the Nile, Taste of Sugar feat. K. Finley, TNT Clan, The New Beat Sensation, Msb Sound System, Beat Professor, The Freak Brothers, Student Fashion, Mr. Horse, Subway's new Acid House Techno Beat, Balearic Beach, M.S.B., Supernova, Brotherhood of Sleep, The Moneymakers, The Airplane Crashers, Voor Den Broode, German Beat Syndrome, Neue Beat Collectione, Matt's Phantasy Club, Serious ft.JJ Maurie,  Boris Mikulic, J.E.T., Strictly Nervous.\n\n===Herman Gillis===\n\nSimilarly to Casters, while he was already busy co-writing '''Po\u00e9sie Noire''' tracks and playing the guitar on them, Herman made sure to develop parallel activities as a producer, writer, composer, programmer and musician using, like his fellow singer, multiple nicknames : Sherman, Herman Sherman, Boris Mikulic and Tessa Rossa. Those activities can be traced back to 1987 until 1994.\n\nAmong the projects he worked for as a writer or co-writer, one should note that he regularly assumed the position of a musician in some of them and took care of programming, keyboards and guitar-playing. Included in this category are The Passion of a Primitif (1987), Company of State (1987; 1988), In Sotto Voce - actually, a genuine '''Po\u00e9sie Noire''' side-project posing as a Yugoslavian act. It was incarnated by Jo and Herman, respectively pretending to be Ilya Dimitrijevic and Boris Mikulic. The point of creating those bogus identities and launching this project was to give a ''\"response to a belgian journalist who found Po\u00e9sie Noire too \"poppy\" \"'' (the official site claims)  - (1987; 1988; 1989), Boris Mikulic (1990), Volt (formerly known as Running Cow) (1993)...\n\nGillis, much like Casters, also remixed or edited recordings by various artists either with or without Jo : Jean-Paul Gaultier (1989), Take 6 and Take 7 (19??), DWF (1990), Wire...\n\nProducing records soon got Herman interested and he quickly had his own production company set up : Sherman Productions. Among the acts produced by him - either with or without Jo, once again - one can point out : Ei Mori (1988), Bulgarka (1988), Danse Macabre (1988), Boris Mikulic (1990), Spectralyzer (1991), Trance Too (1991), Volt (1993-1994) or Hypnotyz (199?).\n\nHerman Gillis is also reputed for working on a first hand-made filter known as the Sherman Filterbank used by many renowned artists such as Air, The Chemical Brothers, Madonna or The Rolling Stones. After the band Volt he was involved in split up, Gillis decided he would resign from the music scene and dedicate his energy to the conception of electronic filters and effect boxes of the same kind.\n\n===Marianne Valvekens===\n\n\nContrarily to Jo and Hermann, it seems that record production was never an ambition to Marianne which did not stop her from lending her voice to other '''Po\u00e9sie Noire'''-related projects - being sometimes credited as Marianne ''\"the Ice Queen\"'' Valvekens - and taking part in the writing and composing of other projects, as well.\n\nAs a vocalist, Marianne, along with Jo, took part in the 1986 '''''Mijn-Alarm''''' (''\"Mine-Alarm\"'' in Dutch) project which consisted in gathering the singers from 19 Belgian bands such as The Scabs, The Pop Gun or Siglo XX: each of them were to sing a couple lines from the project's song so as to produce a record whose goal was to raise money for the Limburg mineworkers. Later, in 2001, she also gave her voice to M&M Project feat.M's ''''''Wide anthem (Sometimes It Hurt)''''' - the final '\"M\"' stood for Marianne - one of the many Johan-related projects she contributed to also as a writer-composer.\n\nWhen she assumed those positions, Marianne used two pseudonyms - Laura Furia and Mateke Porton - which she signed several contributions to various projects with : '''''Strictly Nervous, A Collection Of Acid Jazz - Jazzy House - Jazz Dance''''' (1993), M&M Project feat.M's ''''''Wide anthem (Sometimes It Hurt)''''' (2001), Orion Too feat.Caitlin's '''''Hope and Wait''''' (2002), '''''So Shy''''' (2002),'''''Travelling''''' (2003) and '''''Making Love For The First Time''''' (2003), Biba Binoche's '''''Je Chante pour toi''''' (2004) and X3 vs Francis Goya's '''''Rain, the guitar song''''' (2003).\n\nAround 2003, she was also said to be writing a book but no further piece of news has ever surfaced about it since then.\n\nHowever, it seems that from the late 1990s onwards, Marianne's main occupation has been as a worker in some kind of employment agency.\n\n===Evanna===\n\nAfter her '''Po\u00e9sie Noire/TBX''' years, it seems Evanna has not been heard of again in the music-making business\n\n===Ludo Camberlin/Carl S. Johansen===\n\nWhile living the '''Po\u00e9sie Noire/TBX''' episode, Ludo Camberlin also worked as a producer on projects affiliated with Jo (Attrition) and has kept producing other influential members of the Belgian music scene such as The Lords of Acid ever since. He apparently now focusses on writing and producing house and techno records.\n"	"Discography"	"\n===Albums and Mini-Albums===\n\n\n* '''''The Gioconda Smile''''' (1985, ARS Records, LP)\n* '''''Hum And Haw''''' (1986, Antler-Subway, LP)\n* '''''Tales of Doom''''' (1987, Antler-Subway, LP/CD)\n* '''''Tetra''''' (1988, Antler-Subway, LP/CD)\n* '''''Existential Despair Methaphysical Distress Ontological Ungludation and Cosmic Meltdown''''' (1988, Antler-Subway, CD)\n* '''''En Grande Col\u00e8re (Seven Tales of Schizophrenia)''''' (1988, Antler-Subway, LP)\n* '''''(Untitled)''''' (1988, Antler-Subway, Cassette)\n* '''''Pity For The Self Or We'll Teach You To Dance''''' (1989, Antler-Subway, LP)\n* '''''En Grand Col\u00e8re & Pity For The Self Or We'll Teach You To Dance''''' (1989, Antler-Subway,CD)\n* '''''Love is Colder than Death''''' (1989, Antler-Subway, LP/CD/Cassette)\n* '''''Complicated - Compilated 84-89''''' (''Best Of Compilation'') (1990, Antler-Subway, LP/CD/Cassette)\n'' ''Stiletto'', a Brazilian record label, also released another LP version of this compilation with 5 songs less than the Antler-Subway one.''\n* '''''Marianne''''' (1991, Antler-Subway,LP/CD/Cassette)\n* '''''Tabula Rasa''''' (1991, Antler-Subway,CD)\n* '''''Delirious''''' (as '''TBX''') (1992, EMI Belgium/Creastars, CD/Cassette)\n* '''''The Sense Of Purpose''''' (2010)\n\n===Singles===\n\n\n* '''''The Noble Art''''' (1985, ARS Records, 12\")\n* '''''The Gioconda Smile''''' (1985, ARS Records, 12\")\n* '''''Starvation of a Mind''''' (1986, Antler-Subway, 7\")\n* '''''Radio-Active Flood''''' (1987, Antler-Subway, 12\")\n* '''''Timber''''' (1987, Antler-Subway, 12\")\n* '''''Tragedy''''' (1988, Antler-Subway, 7\")\n* '''''Taste of Candy''''' (1988, Antler-Subway, 7\")\n* '''''Love is Colder than Death''''' (1989, Antler-Subway, 12\")\n* '''''D\u00e9j\u00e0 Vu''''' (1989, Antler-Subway, 7\")\n* '''''Oblivion''''' (1989, Antler-Subway, 12\"/CDM)\n* '''''Toulouse''''' (1990, Antler-Subway, 7\"/12\"/CDM)\n* '''''I Didn't Ask''''' (1991, Antler-Subway, 7\"/12\")\n* '''''I've Lost A Friend''''' (1991, Antler-Subway, 7\"/12\")\n* '''''B-Wall''''' (1991, Antler-Subway, 7\")\n* '''''Timber (Remix)''''' (1991, Boy Records (Spain), 7\"/12\")\n* '''''Inspire Me''''' (as '''TBX''') (1992, EMI Belgium/Creastars, 7\"/12\"/CDS/CDM)\n* '''''Sea of Love''''' (as '''TBX''') (1992, EMI Belgium/Creastars, 7\"/CDS)\n* '''''Mercedes Benz''''' (as '''TBX''') (1992, EMI Belgium/Creastars, 7\"/CDS)\n\n===Bootleg Compilations===\n\n\n''It is to be noted that due to some apparent popularity in some parts of South America, Brazilian labels ''NovoDisc Brasil Industria Fonographica Ltda'' and ''CD+ Nordeste Digital Line/MPR Records'' released two \"'''Best Of Po\u00e9sie Noire'''\" Cds  between 2002 and 2005. Those CDs cover most of the band's career (exclusively focussing on the Antler-Subway years, that is) by use of randomly selected tracks made up of both singles and LP titles.''\n\n* '''''Best Of Vol.1''''' (2002, NovoDisc Brasil Industria Fonographica Ltda, Brazil, CD)\n* '''''Best Of Vol.2''''' (2005, CD+ Nordeste Digital Line/MPR Records, Brazil, CD)\n* '''''DJ Chesko - New Wave Mix Vol.8''''' (?, Not on Label, Belgium, CD) / Track : '''''Hiroshima Mon Amour'''''\n\n===Compilation Appearances===\n\n\n''Due to their domestic popularity, several Belgian new wave or EBM compilations have included songs by '''Po\u00e9sie Noire''' among their selections. Nevertheless, some of the compilations below are also German, Austrian, Swedish, Spanish, Dutch, British or even American ones thus vouching for the band's relative fame outside the Belgian borders.''\n\n* '''''Mad In Belgium 2''''' (1985, Mad Tapes & Records, Belgium, Cassette) / Track : '''''Mohenjodare'''''\n* '''''The New World Beat''''' (1987, New World Records, Belgium, Double LP) / Track : '''''Gioconda Smile (Album version)'''''\n* '''''O''ne Of A Number, Part Of A Whole''''' (1987, Antler, ? /  Energy Hot Stuff, Sweden, LP) / Track : '''Restraint'''''\n* '''''TotalBeatFactor''''' (1988, Big Nopise In Archgate, UK, EP) / Track : '''''Radio-Active Flood'''''\n* '''''World of Electronic Body Music''''' (1989, Antler, Austria, LP/CD/MC) / Track : '''''Adaptation'''''''\n* '''''Rep\u00e9rages Couleurs - Vol.3 - 1988''''' (1992, 150 BPM Record, ?, CD) / Track : '''Tragedy'''''\n* '''''Spring 1990 Promo Sampler''''' (1990, Antler-Subway, Belgium, Cassette/Sampler/Promo) / Track : '''''Taste of Candy'''''\n*'''''Studio Brussel - Update Live''''' (1992, ART, Austria, CD)  / Track : '''''Just To Be Me Again'''''\n*'' '''New Wave Club Class-X 3''''' (1992, Antler-Subway, Belgium, CD/MC) / Track : '''''Gioconda smile (Original)''''' (Also part of CD Box Set, '''''98 New Wave Club Class\u2022X Traxx!!!''''' released in 1996 by PIAS, Belgium)\n* '''''Guitars & Machines''''' (1995, Blanco Y Negro, Spain, Double LP/Double CD) / Track : '''''Pity For The Self'''''\n* '''''New Wave Belgian Class-X''''' (1997, Antler-Subway, Holland, CD) / Track : '''''Po\u00e9sie Noire: Gioconda Smile (Instrumental)'''''\n* '''''Sounds Of EBM''''' (1997, Never Records/Antler-Subway, USA, CD) / Track : '''''Adaptation'''''\n* '''''Voll Auf Die Zehn! ''''' (1997, Public Propaganda, ?, Double LP) / Track : '''''Timber'''''\n* '''''EBM Club Classics''''' (1998, Synthtic Symphony/SPV GmbH, ?, Double CD) / Track : '''''Compjutr Syntax Error'''''\n* '''''Club Wave 2''''' (1999, ARS Production, Belgium, Double CD) / Track '''''Gioconda Smile'''''\n* '''''Real Electronic Beats Classix''''' (2001, Roadrunner Arcade, ?, Double CD) / Track : '''''Gioconda Smile'''''\n'''''Pity For The Self''''' ''version of'' '''''Gioconda Smile''''' ''with the last minute missing''\n* '''''Date Caf\u00e9''''' (2001, Arcade, ?, Double CD) / Track : '''''Kju:T: All I Wanna Do'''''\n''A track previously known as'' '''''Kju:T:The Sea''''' ''when broadcast on Radio Studio Brussels in 1998 after an interview with ''Johan Casters'' ''\n* '''''Spook Factory''''' (2003, Contrase\u00f1a Records, Spain, Double CD) / Track : '''''Uncertain Smile'''''\n* '''''Bel80 1985''''' (2005, Universal Music, Germany,  CD) / Track : '''''Gioconda Smile'''''\n* '''''Bel80 1986''''' (2005, Universal Music, Germany, CD) / Track : '''''Starvation of the Mind'''''\n* '''''Bel80 1987''''' (2005, Universal Music, Germany,  CD) / Track : '''''Timber'''''\n* '''''Bel80 1991''''' (2006, EMI Music, ?, CD) / Track : '''''Just To Be Me Again'''''\n"	"See also"	"*List of new wave artists and bands\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n* Po\u00e9sie Noire Official Site\n* Po\u00e9sie Noire Composer and Singer Johan Casters' Myspace\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Psychiatric Quarterly"	"Introduction"	"\nThe '''''Psychiatric Quarterly''''' is a peer-reviewed medical journal that was established in 1915 as '''''The State Hospital Quarterly''''' ( and ). It obtained its current name in 1927.\n"	" Abstracting and indexing "	"The journal is abstracted and indexed in the Science Citation Index, PubMed, and EMBASE, among others. According to the ''Journal Citation Reports'', the journal has a 2010 impact factor of 1.327, ranking it 62nd out of 110 journals in the category \"Psychiatry\".\n"	" In popular culture "	"In the 2002 episode \"Surprise!\" of the program ''Greg the Bunny'', it is revealed that character Dottie Sunshine is a reader of ''Psychiatric Quarterly''.\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"* \n*  Online archive of ''The State Hospital Quarterly'' at the HathiTrust Digital Library\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Rabbit"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'''Rabbits''' are small mammals in the family Leporidae of the order Lagomorpha, found in several parts of the world. There are eight different genera in the family classified as rabbits, including the European rabbit (''Oryctolagus cuniculus''), cottontail rabbits (genus ''Sylvilagus''; 13 species), and the Amami rabbit (''Pentalagus furnessi'', an endangered species on Amami \u014cshima, Japan). There are many other species of rabbit, and these, along with pikas and hares, make up the order Lagomorpha. The male is called a ''buck'' and the female is a ''doe''; a young rabbit is a ''kitten'' or ''kit''. \n"	"Habitat and range"	"Outdoor entrance to a rabbit burrow\nRabbit habitats include meadows, woods, forests, grasslands, deserts and wetlands. Rabbits live in groups, and the best known species, the European rabbit, lives in underground burrows, or rabbit holes. A group of burrows is called a warren.\n\nMore than half the world's rabbit population resides in North America. They are also native to southwestern Europe, Southeast Asia, Sumatra, some islands of Japan, and in parts of Africa and South America. They are not naturally found in most of Eurasia, where a number of species of hares are present. Rabbits first entered South America relatively recently, as part of the Great American Interchange. Much of the continent has just one species of rabbit, the tapeti, while most of South America's southern cone is without rabbits.\n\nThe European rabbit has been introduced to many places around the world.\n"	"Terminology"	"Male rabbits are called ''bucks''; females are called ''does''.  An older term for an adult rabbit is ''coney'', while ''rabbit'' once referred only to the young animals.  Another term for a young rabbit is ''bunny'', though this term is often applied informally (especially by children) to rabbits generally, especially domestic ones. More recently, the term ''kit'' or ''kitten'' has been used to refer to a young rabbit. A young hare is called a ''leveret''; this term is sometimes informally applied to a young rabbit as well.\n\nA group of rabbits is known as a ''colony'', or ''nest'' (and occasionally a ''warren'', though this more commonly refers to where the rabbits live). A group of young rabbits with the same parentage is referred to as a ''litter'', and  a group of domestic rabbits is sometimes called a ''herd''.\n"	"Biology"	"A skin-skeletal preparation showing its incisors\n\n===Evolution===\nBecause the rabbit's epiglottis is engaged over the soft palate except when swallowing, the rabbit is an obligate nasal breather. Rabbits have two sets of incisor teeth, one behind the other. This way they can be distinguished from rodents, with which they are often confused. Carl Linnaeus originally grouped rabbits and rodents under the class Glires; later, they were separated as the scientific consensus is that many of their similarities were a result of convergent evolution. However, recent DNA analysis and the discovery of a common ancestor has supported the view that they share a common lineage, and thus rabbits and rodents are now often referred to together as members of the superorder Glires.\n\n===Morphology===\nVideo of a European rabbit, showing ears twitching and a jump\nSet of wax models showing development of the rabbit heart\nThe rabbit's long ears, which can be more than  long, are probably an adaptation for detecting predators. They have large, powerful hind legs. The two front paws have 5 toes, the extra called the dewclaw. The hind feet have 4 toes. They are plantigrade animals while at rest; however, they move around on their toes while running, assuming a more digitigrade form. Unlike some other paw structures of quadruped mammals, especially those of domesticated pets, rabbit paws lack pads. Their nails are strong and are used for digging; along with their teeth, they are also used for defense.\n\nWild rabbits do not differ much in their body proportions or stance, with full, egg-shaped bodies. Their size can range anywhere from  in length and 0.4\u00a0kg in weight to  and more than 2\u00a0kg. The fur is most commonly long and soft, with colors such as shades of brown, gray, and buff. The tail is a little plume of brownish fur (white on top for cottontails). Rabbits can see nearly 360 degrees, with a small blind spot at the bridge of the nose.\n\n===Ecology===\nRabbits are hindgut digesters. This means that most of their digestion takes place in their large intestine and cecum. In rabbits, the cecum is about 10 times bigger than the stomach and it along with the large intestine makes up roughly 40% of the rabbit's digestive tract. The unique musculature of the cecum allows the intestinal tract of the rabbit to separate fibrous material from more digestible material; the fibrous material is passed as feces, while the more nutritious material is encased in a mucous lining as a cecotrope. Cecotropes, sometimes called \"night feces\", are high in minerals, vitamins and proteins that are necessary to the rabbit's health. Rabbits eat these to meet their nutritional requirements; the mucous coating allows the nutrients to pass through the acidic stomach for digestion in the intestines. This process allows rabbits to extract the necessary nutrients from their food.\n\n A litter of rabbit kits (baby rabbits)A nest containing baby rabbits\nRabbits are prey animals and are therefore constantly aware of their surroundings. For instance, in Mediterranean Europe, rabbits are the main prey of red foxes, badgers, and Iberian lynxes. If confronted by a potential threat, a rabbit may freeze and observe then warn others in the warren with powerful thumps on the ground. Rabbits have a remarkably wide field of vision, and a good deal of it is devoted to overhead scanning. They survive predation by burrowing, hopping away in a zig-zag motion, and, if captured, delivering powerful kicks with their hind legs. Their strong teeth allow them to eat and to bite in order to escape a struggle. The longest-lived rabbit on record, a domesticated European rabbit living in Tasmania, died at age 18. The lifespan of wild rabbits is much shorter; the average longevity of an eastern cottontail, for instance, is less than one year. \n\n===Sleep===\n\nRabbits are crepuscular, most active at dawn and dusk. The average sleep time of a rabbit in captivity is said to be 8.4 hours. As with other prey animals, rabbits often sleep with their eyes open so sudden movements will wake the rabbit and alert it to dangers.\n"	"Diet and eating habits"	"A young rabbit looking through the grass.\nRabbits are herbivores that feed by grazing on grass, forbs, and leafy weeds. In consequence, their diet contains large amounts of cellulose, which is hard to digest. Rabbits solve this problem via a form of hindgut fermentation. They pass two distinct types of feces: hard droppings and soft black viscous pellets, the latter of which are known as caecotrophs and are immediately eaten (a behaviour known as ''coprophagy''). Rabbits reingest their own droppings (rather than chewing the cud as do cows and numerous other herbivores) to digest their food further and extract sufficient nutrients.\n\nRabbits graze heavily and rapidly for roughly the first half-hour of a grazing period (usually in the late afternoon), followed by about half an hour of more selective feeding. In this time, the rabbit will also excrete many hard fecal pellets, being waste pellets that will not be reingested. If the environment is relatively non-threatening, the rabbit will remain outdoors for many hours, grazing at intervals. While out of the burrow, the rabbit will occasionally reingest its soft, partially digested pellets; this is rarely observed, since the pellets are reingested as they are produced. Reingestion is most common within the burrow between 8 o'clock in the morning and 5 o'clock in the evening, being carried out intermittently within that period.\n\nHard pellets are made up of hay-like fragments of plant cuticle and stalk, being the final waste product after redigestion of soft pellets. These are only released outside the burrow and are not reingested. Soft pellets are usually produced several hours after grazing, after the hard pellets have all been excreted. They are made up of micro-organisms and undigested plant cell walls.\n\nThe chewed plant material collects in the large cecum, a secondary chamber between the large and small intestine containing large quantities of symbiotic bacteria that help with the digestion of cellulose and also produce certain B vitamins. The pellets are about 56% bacteria by dry weight, largely accounting for the pellets being 24.4% protein on average. The soft feces form here and contain up to five times the vitamins of hard feces. After being excreted, they are eaten whole by the rabbit and redigested in a special part of the stomach. The pellets remain intact for up to six hours in the stomach; the bacteria within continue to digest the plant carbohydrates. This double-digestion process enables rabbits to use nutrients that they may have missed during the first passage through the gut, as well as the nutrients formed by the microbial activity and thus ensures that maximum nutrition is derived from the food they eat. This process serves the same purpose within the rabbit as rumination does in cattle and sheep. \n\nRabbits are incapable of vomiting.\n"	"Rabbit diseases"	"\nRabbits can be affected by a number of diseases. These include pathogens that also affect other animals and/or humans, such as ''Bordetella bronchiseptica'' and ''Escherichia coli'', as well as diseases unique to rabbits such as rabbit haemorrhagic disease: a form of calicivirus, and myxomatosis.\n\nRabbits and hares are almost never found to be infected with rabies and have not been known to transmit rabies to humans.\n\nAmong the parasites that infect rabbits are tapeworms such as ''Taenia serialis'', external parasites like fleas and mites, coccidia species, and ''Toxoplasma gondii''.\n"	"Differences from hares"	"\nThe most obvious difference between rabbits and hares is how their kits are born. Rabbits are altricial, having young that are born blind and hairless. In contrast, hares are precocial, born with hair and good vision. All rabbits except cottontail rabbits live underground in burrows or warrens, while hares live in simple nests above the ground (as do cottontail rabbits), and usually do not live in groups. Hares are generally larger than rabbits, with longer ears, larger and longer hind legs and have black markings on their fur. Hares have not been domesticated, while European rabbits are both raised for meat and kept as pets.\n"	"Domesticated rabbits"	"Vase with rabbit below, made 1777 in Sweden.\n\nThe only rabbit to be widely domesticated is the European rabbit, which has been extensively bred for food and later as a pet. It was first widely kept in ancient Rome and has been refined into a wide variety of breeds during and since the Middle Ages.\n\nDomesticated rabbits have mostly been bred to be much larger than wild rabbits, though selective breeding has produced a range of  sizes from dwarf to giant, which are kept as pets and food animals across the world. They have as much colour variation among themselves as other livestock and pet animals. Their fur is prized for its softness; today, Angora rabbits are raised for their long, soft fur, which is often spun into yarn. Other breeds are raised for the fur industry, particularly the Rex, which has a smooth, velvet-like coat and comes in a wide variety of colors and sizes.\n"	"As food and clothing"	"\n\nRabbits - Kitchen, H\u00f4tel Dieu, Beaune\nTanned rabbit pelt; rabbit pelt is prized for its softness.\nAn Australian 'Rabbiter' circa 1900\nNew South Wales, Australia\n\nLeporids such as European rabbits and hares are a food meat in Europe, China, South America, North America, some parts of the Middle East.  By some estimates, world's annual rabbit meat production stands at around 200 million tons.\n\nRabbit is sold in UK butchers and markets, and some supermarkets sell frozen rabbit meat. Additionally, some have begun selling fresh rabbit meat alongside other types of game. At farmers markets and the famous Borough Market in London, rabbits will be displayed dead and hanging unbutchered in the traditional style next to braces of pheasant and other small game. The countries where rabbit meat consumption is highest are Malta (8.89\u00a0kg per inhabitant), Italy (5.71\u00a0kg per inhabitant), Cyprus (4.37\u00a0kg per inhabitant), France (2.76\u00a0kg per inhabitant), Belgium (2.73\u00a0kg per inhabitant), Spain (2.61\u00a0kg per inhabitant) and Portugal (1.94\u00a0kg per inhabitant).\n\nRabbit meat was once commonly sold in Sydney, Australia, the sellers of which giving the name to the rugby league team the South Sydney Rabbitohs, but it quickly became unpopular after the disease myxomatosis was introduced in an attempt to wipe out the country's large feral rabbit population.  Rabbit meat is also commonly used in Moroccan cuisine, where it is cooked in a tajine with \"raisins and grilled almonds added a few minutes before serving\".\n\nIn China, rabbit meat is particularly popular in Sichuan cuisine. Among popular dishes are stewed rabbit, spicy diced rabbit, BBQ-style rabbit, and even spicy rabbit heads, which have been compared to the duck neck. Rabbit meat is comparably unpopular elsewhere in the Asia-Pacific.\n\nWhen used for food, rabbits are both hunted and bred for meat. Snares or guns are usually employed when catching wild rabbits for food. In many regions, rabbits are also bred for meat, a practice called cuniculture. Rabbits can then be killed by hitting the back of their heads, a practice from which the term ''rabbit punch'' is derived. Rabbit meat is a source of high quality protein. It can be used in most ways chicken meat is used. In fact, well-known chef Mark Bittman says that domesticated rabbit tastes like chicken because both are blank palettes upon which any desired flavors can be layered. Rabbit meat is leaner than beef, pork, and chicken meat. Rabbit products are generally labeled in three ways, the first being Fryer. This is a young rabbit between  and up to 9 weeks in age. This type of meat is tender and fine grained. The next product is a Roaster; they are usually over  and up to 8 months in age. The flesh is firm and coarse grained and less tender than a fryer. Then there are giblets which include the liver and heart. One of the most common types of rabbit to be bred for meat is New Zealand white rabbit. The largest rabbit meat producing countries (100,000 tons or more per year) are China, Russia, Italy, France and Spain.\n\nIn efficient production systems, rabbits can turn 20 percent of the proteins they eat into edible meat, compared to 22 to 23 percent for broiler chickens, 16 to 18 percent for pigs and 8 to 12 percent for beef; rabbit meat is more economical in terms of feed energy than beef.\n\nCompared with the meat of other species (especially pork and beef), rabbit meat is richer in proteins and certain vitamins and minerals, while it has less fat; rabbit fat contains less stearic and oleic acids than other species and higher proportions of the essential polyunsaturated linolenic and linoleic fatty acids. The main health issues associated with the use of rabbits for meat are tularemia or rabbit fever which is an infection that may be contracted from close contact with rabbits and the so-called rabbit starvation.  Rabbit starvation is most likely due to the deficiency of fat in rabbit meat.  In comparison, pemmican is a meat-based food that is nutritionally complete but is composed of dry meat fibers and fat in a 1:1 ratio by weight.  Rabbit starvation is similar to other metabolic issues that arise in times of extreme starvation.  An analogous condition (though with different symptoms) occurs when carbohydrates are ingested in the absence of fat and protein.  These conditions are not well-documented by Western medicine because such total absence of fat and protein are relatively rare and not likely to occur where medical attention is available.  However, a slim variety of historical writings refer to rabbit starvation, for example,\nVilhjamur Stefansson in the late 19th century, and in the journals of Charles Darwin.\n\nRabbit pelts are sometimes used for clothing and accessories, such as scarves or hats. Angora rabbits are bred for their long, fine hair, which can be sheared and harvested like sheep wool. Rabbits are very good producers of manure; additionally, their urine, being high in nitrogen, makes lemon trees very productive. Their milk may also be of great medicinal or nutritional benefit due to its high protein content.\n"	"Environmental problems"	"\nRabbits have been a source of environmental problems when introduced into the wild by humans. As a result of their appetites, and the rate at which they breed, feral rabbit depredation can be problematic for agriculture. Gassing, barriers (fences), shooting, snaring, and ferreting have been used to control rabbit populations, but the most effective measures are diseases such as myxomatosis (myxo or mixi, colloquially) and calicivirus. In Europe, where rabbits are farmed on a large scale, they are protected against myxomatosis and calicivirus with a genetically modified virus. The virus was developed in Spain, and is beneficial to rabbit farmers. If it were to make its way into wild populations in areas such as Australia, it could create a population boom, as those diseases are the most serious threats to rabbit survival. Rabbits in Australia and New Zealand are considered to be such a pest that land owners are legally obliged to control them.\nDomestic rabbits can overpopulate rapidly, becoming a nuisance, as on this university campus.\nEuropean rabbit in Shropshire, England, infected with myxomatosis, a disease caused by the Myxoma virus\n"	"In culture and literature"	"\nRabbits are often used as a symbol of fertility or rebirth, and have long been associated with spring and Easter as the Easter Bunny. The species' role as a prey animal also lends itself as a symbol of innocence, another Easter connotation. They appear in folklore and modern children's stories, often but not invariably as sympathetic characters.\n\nAdditionally, rabbits are often used as symbols of playful sexuality, which also relates to the human perception of innocence, as well as its reputation as a prolific breeder.\n\n===Folklore and mythology===\nThe rabbit often appears in folklore as the trickster archetype, as he uses his cunning to outwit his enemies.\n* In Aztec mythology, a pantheon of four hundred rabbit gods known as Centzon Totochtin, led by Ometotchtli or Two Rabbit, represented fertility, parties, and drunkenness.\n* In Central Africa, the common hare (''Kalulu''), is \"inevitably described\" as a trickster figure.\n* In Chinese folklore, rabbits accompany Chang'e on the Moon. Also associated with the Chinese New Year (or Lunar New Year), rabbits are also one of the twelve celestial animals in the Chinese Zodiac for the Chinese calendar. It is interesting to note that the Vietnamese lunar new year replaced the rabbit with a cat in their calendar, as rabbits did not inhabit Vietnam.\n* A rabbit's foot is carried as an amulet believed to bring good luck. This is found in many parts of the world, and with the earliest use being in Europe around 600 B.C.\n* In Japanese tradition, rabbits live on the Moon where they make mochi, the popular snack of mashed sticky rice. This comes from interpreting the pattern of dark patches on the moon as a rabbit standing on tiptoes on the left pounding on an usu, a Japanese mortar (See also: Moon rabbit).\n* In Jewish folklore, rabbits (shfanim \u05e9\u05e4\u05e0\u05d9\u05dd) are associated with cowardice, a usage still current in contemporary Israeli spoken Hebrew (similar to English colloquial use of \"chicken\" to denote cowardice).\nTile with two rabbits, two snakes and a tortoise. Illustration for Zakariya al-Qazwini's book. Iran, 19th century.\n* In Korean mythology, as in Japanese, rabbits live on the moon making rice cakes (Tteok in Korean).\n* In Anishinaabe traditional beliefs, held by the Ojibwe and some other Native American peoples, Nanabozho, or Great Rabbit, is an important deity related to the creation of the world.\n* Among English speakers, the rabbit may be invoked at the start of the month out of apotropaic or talismanic superstition.\n* A Vietnamese mythological story portrays the rabbit of innocence and youthfulness. The Gods of the myth are shown to be hunting and killing rabbits to show off their power.\n\nOn the Isle of Portland in Dorset, UK, the rabbit is said to be unlucky and speaking its name can cause upset with older residents. This is thought to date back to early times in the quarrying industry, where piles of extracted stone (not fit for sale) were built into tall rough walls (to save space) directly behind the working quarry face; the rabbit's natural tendency to burrow would weaken these \"walls\" and cause collapse, often resulting in injuries or even death.\nThe name rabbit is often substituted with words such as \u201clong ears\u201d or \u201cunderground mutton\u201d, so as not to have to say the actual word and bring bad luck to oneself. It is said that a public house (on the island) can be cleared of people by calling out the word rabbit and while this was very true in the past, it has gradually become more fable than fact over the past 50 years.\nSee also Three hares.\n\n===Other fictional rabbits===\n\n\nThe rabbit as trickster appears in American popular culture; for example the Br'er Rabbit character from African-American folktales and Disney animation; and the Warner Bros. cartoon character Bugs Bunny.\n\nAnthropomorphized rabbits have appeared in a host of works of film, literature, and technology, notably the White Rabbit and the March Hare in Lewis Carroll's ''Alice's Adventures in Wonderland''; in the popular novels ''Watership Down,'' by Richard Adams, along with its film and television adaptations, ''Rabbit Hill'' by Robert Lawson, as well as in Beatrix Potter's Peter Rabbit stories, and Oswald the Lucky Rabbit, a 1920s cartoon character.\n\n===Urban legends===\n\nIt was commonly believed that pregnancy tests were based on the idea that a rabbit would die if injected with a pregnant woman's urine. This is not true. However, in the 1920s it was discovered that if the urine contained the hCG, a hormone found in the bodies of pregnant women, the rabbit would display ovarian changes. The rabbit would then be killed to have its ovaries inspected, but the death of the rabbit was not the indicator of the results. Later revisions of the test allowed technicians to inspect the ovaries without killing the animal. A similar test involved injecting Xenopus frogs to make them lay eggs, but animal tests for pregnancy have been made obsolete by faster, cheaper, and simpler modern methods.\nA black rabbit\n"	"Classifications"	"Eastern cottontail (''Sylvilagus floridanus'')\n\n\nRabbits and hares were formerly classified in the order Rodentia (rodent) until 1912, when they were moved into a new order Lagomorpha. This order also includes pikas.\n\nOrder '''Lagomorpha'''\n* Family '''Leporidae'''\n** Genus ''Pentalagus''\n*** Amami rabbit/Ry\u016bky\u016b rabbit, ''Pentalagus furnessi''\n** Genus ''Bunolagus''\n*** Bushman rabbit, ''Bunolagus monticularis''\n** Genus ''Nesolagus''\n*** Sumatran striped rabbit, ''Nesolagus netscheri''\n*** Annamite striped rabbit, ''Nesolagus timminsi''\n** Genus ''Romerolagus''\n*** Volcano rabbit, ''Romerolagus diazi''\n** Genus ''Brachylagus''\n*** Pygmy rabbit, ''Brachylagus idahoensis''\n** Genus ''Sylvilagus''\n*** Forest rabbit, ''Sylvilagus brasiliensis''\n*** Dice's cottontail, ''Sylvilagus dicei''\n*** Brush rabbit, ''Sylvilagus bachmani''\n*** San Jose brush rabbit, ''Sylvilagus mansuetus''\n*** Swamp rabbit, ''Sylvilagus aquaticus''\n*** Marsh rabbit, ''Sylvilagus palustris''\n*** Eastern cottontail, ''Sylvilagus floridanus''\n*** New England cottontail, ''Sylvilagus transitionalis''\n*** Mountain cottontail, ''Sylvilagus nuttallii''\n*** Desert cottontail, ''Sylvilagus audubonii''\n*** Omilteme cottontail, ''Sylvilagus insonus''\n*** Mexican cottontail, ''Sylvilagus cunicularis''\n*** Tres Marias rabbit, ''Sylvilagus graysoni''\n** Genus ''Oryctolagus''\n*** European rabbit, ''Oryctolagus cuniculus''\n** Genus ''Poelagus''\n*** Central African Rabbit, ''Poelagus marjorita''\n** Three other genera in family, regarded as hares, not rabbits\n"	"See also"	"\n\n* Animal track\n* Dwarf rabbit\n* Hare games\n* Jackalope\n* List of animal names\n* Rabbits in the arts\n* Rabbit show jumping\n\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Further reading"	"*Windling, Terri.  ''The Symbolism of Rabbits and Hares''\n"	"External links"	"\n\n* American Rabbit Breeders Association organization which promotes all phases of rabbit keeping\n*  House Rabbit Society an activist organization which promotes keeping rabbits indoors.\n*  RabbitShows.com an informational site on the hobby of showing rabbits.\n*  The (mostly) silent language of rabbits\n*  World Rabbit Science Association an international rabbit-health science-based organization\n*  The Year of the Rabbit \u2013 slideshow by ''Life magazine''\n*  House Rabbit Society- FAQ: Aggression\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Raffles (1930 film)"	"Introduction"	":''For other film versions, see Raffles the Amateur Cracksman, Raffles (1925 film) and Raffles (1939 film).''\n\n\n'''''Raffles''''' is a 1930 American Pre-Code comedy-mystery film produced by Samuel Goldwyn. It stars Ronald Colman as the title character, a proper English gentleman who moonlights as a notorious jewel thief, and Kay Francis as his love interest. It is based on the 1906 play ''Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman'' by E. W. Hornung and Eugene Wiley Presbrey, which was in turn adapted from the 1899 novel of the same name by Hornung.\n\nOscar Lagerstrom was nominated for an Academy Award for Sound, Recording.\n\nThe story had been filmed previously as ''Raffles, the Amateur Cracksman'' in 1917 with John Barrymore as Raffles, and again in 1925 by Universal Studios. A 1939 film version, also produced by Goldwyn, stars David Niven in the title role.\n"	"Plot"	"Gentleman jewel thief Raffles (Ronald Colman) decides to give up his criminal ways as the notorious \"Amateur Cracksman\" after falling in love with Lady Gwen (Kay Francis). However, when his friend Bunny Manders (Bramwell Fletcher) tries to commit suicide because of a gambling debt he cannot repay, Raffles decides to take on one more job for Bunny's sake. He joins Bunny and Gwen as guests of Lord and Lady Melrose, with an eye toward acquiring the Melrose necklace, once the property of Empress Jos\u00e9phine.\n\nComplications arise when a gang of thieves also decides to try for the necklace at the same time. Inspector Mackenzie of Scotland Yard (David Torrence) gets wind of their plot and shows up at the Melrose estate with his men. Burglar Crawshaw breaks into the house and succeeds in stealing the jewelry, only to have Raffles take it away from him. Crawshaw is caught by the police, but learns his robber's identity.\n\nMeanwhile, both Gwen and Mackenzie suspect that Raffles is the famous jewel thief. When the necklace is not found, Mackenzie insists that all the guests remain inside, then quickly changes his mind. Gwen overhears Mackenzie tell one of his men that he intends to let Crawshaw escape, expecting the crook to go after Raffles and thereby incriminate him. She follows Raffles back to London to warn him.\n\nCrawshaw does as Mackenzie anticipated. However, Raffles convinces Crawshaw that it is too dangerous to pursue his original goal with all the policemen around and helps him escape. Then, Raffles publicly confesses to being the Amateur Cracksman. When Lord Melrose shows up, Raffles reminds him of the reward he offered for the necklace's return (conveniently the same amount that Bunny owes) and produces the jewelry. Then, he outwits Mackenzie and escapes, after arranging with Gwen to meet her in Paris.\n"	"Cast"	"\n*Ronald Colman as A.J. Raffles\n*Kay Francis as Gwen\n*Bramwell Fletcher as Bunny\n*Frances Dade as Ethel Crowley\n*David Torrence as Inspector McKenzie\n*Alison Skipworth as Lady Kitty Melrose\n*Frederick Kerr as Lord Harry Melrose\n*John Rogers as Crawshaw\n*Wilson Benge as Barraclough\n\n"	"Production"	"According to Robert Osborne, host on Turner Classic Movies, ''Raffles'' was the last film that Samuel Goldwyn made in both a silent and talking version.\n"	"References"	"\n"	" External links "	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Rainbow Ruby"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''Rainbow Ruby''''' (; ) is a CGI animated television series aimed at children, produced by 38\u00a0\u00b0C Animation Studio and CJ E&M Corporation in South Korea, China Entertainment Corporation (a subsidiary of China ACG Group, which is an enterprise directly under the PRC Government's Ministry of Culture) in China, and DHX Media in Canada.\n"	"Characters"	"*'''Rainbow Ruby''' (voiced by Alyssya Swales) is a girl who can transform into various of jobs to help her toy friends.\n\n*'''Choco''' is Rainbow Ruby's teddy bear. \n*'''Gina''' (voiced by Shannon Chan-Kent) is a wooden puppet pirate.\n*'''Ling Ling''' (voiced by Johnny Yong Bosch), a stuffed elephant, is a mayor of Rainbow Village.\n*'''Jessy''' (voiced by Kate Davis) is a doll with red hair with brown eyes and pink freckles, and wears a yellow dress-shirt.\n*'''Daisy''' is a pink-coloured reindeer plush toy.\n*'''Princess Kiki''' (voiced by Olivia Charles) is a sweet young porcelain doll princess.\n*'''Ellie''' is a nature-loving stuffed sheep that sometimes glows.\n*'''Thunderbell''' (voiced by Brian Drummond) is a stuffed bunny playing scooter.\n*'''Felicia''' (voiced by Olivia Charles)\n*'''Paige''' (voiced by Kate Davis)\n*'''Mr. Sloth''' (voiced by Johnny Yong Bosch)\n*'''Chirpee'''\n"	"Release"	"''Rainbow Ruby'' was first showcased in the licensing market at MIPJunior 2015 in Cannes, France, as announced in September that year. At the market, the series was announced to be the first animated series to \"support girls' and women's education in partnership with UNESCO\". On March 12, 2016, at the 2016 Global Education Skills Forum held in UAE, the UNESCO and the CJ Group (the parent of CJ E&M) signed a partnership agreement to use ''Rainbow Ruby'': this agreement is a part of the Better Life for Girls campaign, which was launched in November 2014 by CJ E&M and UNESCO, and \"a share of the sales from Rainbow Ruby character products will be contributed to UNESCO's global fund for promoting girls' right to education\", according to UNESCO.\n\nDHX Media has the distribution rights of the series for Canada, United States and the EMEA regions except France. CPLG, a brand licensing agency which became a subsidiary of DHX Media in 2012, represents ''Rainbow Ruby'' worldwide except Asia and Latin America. Within the Mainland China, all the related rights of the series are exercised by China Entertainment Corporation.\n\n===Broadcast===\n\nIn Canada, the series was premiered on April 23, 2016 on Family Jr., a specialty television channel which DHX Media acquired in 2014; it was then broadcast on its regular slot on Mondays starting April 25.\n\nIn South Korea, the series is set to premiere in the first quarter of 2017: among terrestrial television broadcasters, the series will be broadcast by EBS; on multi-channel television platforms, the series will be broadcast on Tooniverse, a specialty television channel which was acquired by the CJ Group in 2009, before it was integrated into the then-newly formed company CJ E&M's broadcasting division in 2011. Previously, it was reported in January 2016 that the series would be launched between March and April that year on Tooniverse, and was reported in July 2016 that it would be within the year, but there have been no indication since.\n\nIn China, the series gained a governmental license of approval for distribution in the Mainland television market as a domestic animated production on April 19, 2016, and it was named as one of the ''Outstanding Domestic Animated Television Productions'' in the second quarter of 2016 which gives an advantage when selling such programmes to broadcasters (see Awards and recognition), but it is yet to be premiered as of January 2017.\n\n\nIn the Republic of Ireland, the series was broadcast on the 3Kids television strand, which was initially on 3e but was later moved to Be3 on January 9, 2017.\n"	"Awards and recognition"	"''Rainbow Ruby'' won a ''Grand Prize in Animations and Comics'' () at the 2015's '''' () presented by China Animation Association, being ranked at number 7. The ceremony was held on October 1, 2015 as a part of the year's edition of Shenzhen Gameshow.\n\nAs announced by the PRC Government's State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television on September 26, 2016, the series was named as one of nine ''Outstanding Domestic Animated Television Productions'' in the second quarter of 2016. Television broadcasters in Mainland China, especially nationwide generalist channels and animation and children's channels , and children's channels on terrestrial television, are recommended to give priority when broadcasting the series with such title.\n"	"References"	"\n"	" External links "	"*  ''Rainbow Ruby'' at DHX Media\n*  ''Rainbow Ruby'' at Family Jr.\n* \n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Raymond Scott"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Raymond Scott''' (born '''Harry Warnow''', September 10, 1908\u00a0\u2013 February 8, 1994) was an American composer, band leader, pianist, engineer, recording studio maverick, and electronic instrument inventor.\n\nAlthough Scott never scored cartoon soundtracks, his music is familiar to millions because of its adaptation by Carl Stalling in over 120 classic Bugs Bunny, Porky Pig, Daffy Duck and other Warner Bros. ''Looney Tunes'' and ''Merrie Melodies'' animated shorts. Scott's melodies may also be heard in contemporary shows like ''Ren and Stimpy'' (which use the original Scott recordings in twelve episodes), ''The Simpsons'', ''Duckman'', ''Animaniacs'', ''The Oblongs'', and ''Batfink''. The only music Scott actually composed to accompany animation were three 20-second electronic commercial jingles for County Fair Bread in 1962.\n"	"Early life and career"	"Scott was born in Brooklyn, New York to Russian Jewish immigrants, Joseph and Sarah Warnow. His older brother, Mark Warnow, a conductor, violinist, and musical director for the CBS radio program ''Your Hit Parade'', encouraged his musical career.\n\nA 1931 graduate of the Juilliard School of Music, where he studied piano, theory and composition, Scott, under his birth name, began his professional career as a pianist for the CBS Radio house band. His older (by eight years) brother Mark conducted the orchestra. Harry reportedly adopted the pseudonym \"Raymond Scott\" to spare his brother charges of nepotism when the orchestra began performing the pianist's idiosyncratic compositions. In 1935 he married Pearl Zimney (1910\u20132001).\n\nIn late 1936, Scott recruited a band from among his CBS colleagues, calling it the \"Raymond Scott Quintette.\"  It was a six-piece group, but the puckish Scott thought ''Quintette'' (his spelling) sounded \"crisper\"; he also told a reporter that he feared \"calling it a 'sextet' might get your mind off music.\" The original sidemen were Pete Pumiglio (clarinet); Bunny Berigan (trumpet, soon replaced by Dave Wade); Louis Shoobe (upright bass); Dave Harris (tenor sax); and Johnny Williams (father of the film composer) on drums. They made their first recordings in New York on February 20, 1937, for the Master Records label, owned by music publisher/impresario Irving Mills (who was also Duke Ellington's manager).\n\nThe Quintette represented Scott's attempt to revitalize Swing music through tight, busy arrangements and reduced reliance on improvisation. He called this musical style \"descriptive jazz,\" and gave his works unusual titles like \"New Year's Eve in a Haunted House,\" \"Dinner Music for a Pack of Hungry Cannibals\" (recorded by the Kronos Quartet in 1993), and \"Bumpy Weather Over Newark.\" While popular with the public, jazz critics disdained it as novelty music. Besides being a prominent figure in recording studios and on radio and concert stages, Scott wrote and was widely interviewed about his sometimes controversial music theories for the leading music publications of the day, including ''Down Beat'', ''Metronome'', and ''Billboard''.\n\nScott believed strongly in composing and playing by ear (quote: \"You give a better performance if you skip the eyes\"). He composed not on paper, but \"on his band\" \u2014 by humming phrases to his sidemen, or by demonstrating riffs and rhythms on the keyboard and instructing players to interpret his cues. It was all done by ear, with no written scores (a process known as \"head arrangements\"). Scott, who was also a savvy sound engineer, recorded the band's rehearsals on discs  and used the recordings as references to develop his compositions. He reworked, resequenced, or deleted passages, or added themes from other discs to construct finished works. During the developmental process, his players were allowed to improvise, but once complete, the piece became relatively fixed, with little further improvisation permitted \u2014 a practice that alienated some jazz purists and critics. Although Scott rigidly controlled the band's repertoire and style, he rarely took piano solos, preferring to direct the band from the keyboard and leaving solos and leads to his sidemen. He also had a penchant for adapting classical motifs in his compositions; this earned him the wrath of some serious music authorities who dismissed such practices as \"trivializing the classics.\" The public, who bought his records by the millions, seemed indifferent to any controversy.\n\nThe Quintette existed from 1937 to 1939, and racked up numerous big-selling discs, including \"Twilight in Turkey,\" \"Minuet in Jazz,\" \"War Dance for Wooden Indians,\" \"Reckless Night on Board an Ocean Liner,\" \"Powerhouse,\" and \"The Penguin.\" One of Scott's best-known compositions is \"The Toy Trumpet,\" a cheerful pop confection that is instantly recognizable to many people who cannot name the title or composer. In the 1938 film ''Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm'', Shirley Temple sings a version of the song with lyrics. Trumpeter Al Hirt's 1964 rendition with Arthur Fiedler and The Boston Pops has become a standard. Another oft-recorded Scott classic, \"In An Eighteenth-Century Drawing Room,\" is a pop adaptation of the opening theme from Mozart's Piano Sonata in C, K. 545.\n\nImage:ToyTrumpetFinale.PNG\nOpening bars of melody line of \"The Toy Trumpet\"\n\nIn 1939 Scott, seeking greater challenges during the swing era, folded his Quintette into a big band, including bass player Chubby Jackson. They were both a recording and touring success. When Scott was appointed music director of CBS radio in 1942, he made history by breaking the color barrier, organizing the first racially integrated radio band. Over the next two years, he hired some of the hottest black jazz heavyweights of the day, such as saxophonist Ben Webster, trumpeter Charlie Shavers, bassist Billy Taylor, trumpeter Emmett Berry, trombonist Benny Morton, and drummer Cozy Cole. In 1942, Scott\u2014who once told an interviewer he wouldn't hire himself to play piano in his own bands\u2014relinquished his keyboard duties with his bands, so he could focus more closely on hiring, composing, arranging and conducting. (He later returned to the keyboard with some of his bands.)\n\nIn 1941, Scott led a 13-piece orchestra to produce what he termed \"silent music\" in New York - making a great show of performing, with very little sound - one of the earliest performances of the silent or near-silent music canon.\n"	"Middle career"	"After serving as CBS radio music director for a number of variety programs (such as ''Broadway Bandbox'') from 1942 to 1944, Scott left the network to pursue other projects. He composed and arranged music (with lyrics by Bernie Hanighen) for the 1946 Broadway musical ''Lute Song'', starring Mary Martin and Yul Brynner.\n\nIn the late 1940s, contemporaneous with guitarist-engineer Les Paul's studio work with Mary Ford, Scott began recording pop songs using the layered multi-tracked vocals of his second wife, singer Dorothy Collins (1926\u20131994). A number of these were commercially released, but the technique failed to earn Scott the chart success of Les Paul and Mary Ford.\n\nIn 1948, Scott formed a new six-man \"quintet,\" which served for several months as house band for the CBS radio program, ''Herb Shriner Time''. The ensemble also made studio recordings, some of which were released on Scott's own short-lived Master Records label. (This was not the Irving Mills-owned label of the same name; Scott allegedly named his label in tribute to the by-then-defunct Mills enterprise.)\n\nWhen his brother Mark Warnow died in 1949, Scott succeeded him as orchestra leader on the popular CBS Radio show ''Your Hit Parade'' sponsored by Lucky Strike cigarettes. The following year, the show moved to NBC Television, and Scott continued to lead the orchestra until 1957. (Collins was a featured singer on ''Your Hit Parade''.)   Although the high-profile position paid well, Scott considered it strictly a \"rent gig,\" and used his lavish salary to finance his electronic music research and development, largely out of the public limelight.\n\nIn 1950 Scott composed his first\u2014and only known\u2014\"serious\" (classical) work, entitled ''Suite for Violin and Piano''. The five-movement suite  was performed at Carnegie Hall on February 7, 1950, by violinist Arnold Eidus and pianist Carlo Bussotti, who subsequently recorded the work. (Unreleased at the time, the archival recording was released on CD and digitally in November 2012 by Basta Audio-Visuals.)\n\nIn 1958, while serving as an A&R director for Everest Records, Scott produced singer Gloria Lynne's album ''Miss Gloria Lynne''. The sidemen included many of the same session players (e.g., Milt Hinton, Sam \"The Man\" Taylor, George Duvivier, Harry \"Sweets\" Edison, Eddie Costa, Kenny Burrell, Wild Bill Davis) who participated in Scott's 1959 Secret 7 recording project.\n"	"Electronics and research"	"\nScott, who attended Brooklyn Technical High School, was an early electronic music pioneer and adventurous sound engineer. During the 1930s and 1940s, many of his band's recording sessions found the bandleader in the control room, monitoring and adjusting the acoustics, often by revolutionary means.  As Gert-Jan Blom & Jeff Winner wrote, \"Scott sought to master all aspects of sound capture and manipulation.  His special interest in the technical aspects of recording, combined with the state-of-the-art facilities at his disposal, provided him with enormous hands-on experience as an engineer.\"\n\nIn 1946, Scott established Manhattan Research, a division of Raymond Scott Enterprises, Incorporated, which he announced would \"design and manufacture electronic music devices and systems.\"   As well as designing audio devices for his own personal use, Manhattan Research Inc. provided customers with sales & service for a variety of devices \"for the creation of electronic music and musique concrete\" including components such as ring modulators, wave, tone and envelope shapers, modulators and filters.  Of unique interest were instruments like the \"Keyboard theremin,\" \"Chromatic electronic drum generators,\" and \"Circle generators.\"  Scott often described Manhattan Research Inc. as \"More than a think factory - a dream center where the excitement of tomorrow is made available today.\"  Bob Moog, developer of the Moog Synthesizer, met Scott in the 1950s, designed circuits for him in the 1960s, and acknowledged him as an important influence.\n\nRelying on several instruments of his own invention, such as the Clavivox and Electronium, Scott recorded futuristic electronic compositions for use in television and radio commercials as well as records of entirely electronic music.  A series of three albums designed to lull infants to sleep, Scott's groundbreaking work ''Soothing Sounds for Baby'' was released in 1964 in collaboration with the Gesell Institute of Child Development.  The music did not find much favor with the record-buying public of the day.  Still, Manhattan Research, Inc. had considerable success in providing striking, ear-catching sonic textures for broadcast commercials.\n\nScott developed some of the first devices capable of producing a series of electronic tones automatically in sequence. He later credited himself as being the inventor of the polyphonic sequencer. (It should be noted that his electromechanical devices, some with motors moving photocells past lights, bore little resemblance to the all-electronic sequencers of the late sixties.) He began working on a machine he said composed using artificial intelligence.  The Electronium, as Scott called it, with its vast array of knobs, buttons and patch panels is considered the first self-composing synthesizer.\nSome of Raymond Scott's projects were less complex, but still ambitious.  During the 1950s and 1960s, he developed and patented a large number of consumer products that brought electronically produced sounds into the homes and lives of Americans.  Among these were electronic telephone ringers, alarms, chimes, and sirens, vending machines and ashtrays with accompanying electronic music scores, an electronic musical baby rattle and an adult toy that produced varying sounds dependent on how two people touched one another.  It was Scott's belief that these devices would \"electronically update the many sounds around us - the functional sounds.\"\n\nScott and Dorothy Collins divorced in 1964, and in 1967, he married Mitzi Curtis (1918\u20132012). During the second half of the 1960s, as his work progressed, Scott became increasingly isolated and secretive about his inventions and concepts; he gave few interviews, made no public presentations, and released no records. In 1966-67, Scott (under the screen credit \"Ramond Scott\") composed and recorded electronic music soundtracks for some early experimental films by Muppets impresario Jim Henson.\n\nDuring his jazz/big band period, Scott had often endured tense relationships with musicians he employed (quote: \"No one worked ''with'' Scott; everyone worked ''under'' Scott\"). However, when his career became immersed in electronic gadgetry, he made friends with and seemed to prefer the company of technicians, including Bob Moog, Herb Deutsch, Thomas Rhea, and Alan Entenmann. From time to time Scott welcomed curious visitors to his lab, among them the renowned French electronic music pioneer Jean-Jacques Perrey, in March 1960.\n\nIn 1969, Motown Records impresario Berry Gordy, tipped off about a mad musical scientist engaged in mysterious works, visited Scott at his Long Island labs to witness the Electronium in action. Impressed by the infinite possibilities, Gordy hired Scott in 1971 to serve as director of Motown's electronic music and research department in Los Angeles, a position Scott held until 1977. No Motown recordings using Scott's electronic inventions have yet been publicly identified.\n\nGuy Costa, Head of Operations and Chief Engineer at Motown from 1969 to 1987, said about Scott's hiring:\n:\"He started originally working on the Electronium out of Berry\u2019s house. They set up a room over the garages, and he worked there putting stuff together so Berry could get involved and see the progress. At one point Scott worked out of a studio. The unit never really got finalized\u2014Ray had a real problem letting go. It was always being developed. That was a problem for Berry. He wanted instant gratification. Eventually his interest started to wane after a period of probably two or three years. Finally Ray took the thing down to his house and kept working on it. Berry kind of lost interest. He was off doing Diana Ross movies.\"\n\nScott later said he \"spent 11 years and close to a million dollars developing the Electronium.\"  Scott was, thereafter, largely unemployed, though hardly inactive. He continued to modify his inventions, eventually adapting computers and primitive MIDI devices to his systems. He suffered a series of heart attacks, ran low on cash, and eventually became a mere \"Where Are They Now?\" subject.\n\nLargely forgotten by the public by the 1980s, Scott suffered a major stroke in 1987 that left him unable to work or engage in conversation.  His recordings were largely out of print, his electronic instruments were cobweb-collecting relics, and his once-abundant royalty stream had slowed to a trickle.\n"	"Secret Seven"	"In 1959, Scott organized a band of top-tier jazz session musicians and recorded an album entitled ''The Unexpected'', credited to The Secret Seven, and released on the Top Rank label. The secrecy extended to withholding the identity of the musicians in the album's liner notes. The players were later identified as Elvin Jones, Milt Hinton, Kenny Burrell, Eddie Costa, Sam \"The Man\" Taylor, Harry \"Sweets\" Edison, Wild Bill Davis and Toots Thielemans.\n"	"The cartoon connection"	"In 1943 Scott sold his music publishing to Warner Bros., who allowed Carl Stalling, music director for ''Looney Tunes'' and ''Merrie Melodies'', to adapt anything in the Warner music catalog.\n\nStalling immediately began peppering his cartoon scores with Scott quotes, such as in ''The Great Piggy Bank Robbery''. Besides being used in ''Looney Tunes'' and ''Merrie Melodies'', Scott's tunes have been licensed to propel the hijinks of ''The Simpsons'', ''Ren and Stimpy'', ''Animaniacs'', ''The Oblongs'', ''Batfink'', and ''Duckman'' cartoons. \"Powerhouse\" was quoted ten times in the Warner Brothers feature ''Looney Tunes: Back in Action'' (2003).\n"	"Obscurity and rediscovery"	"His legacy underwent a revival in the early 1990s after Irwin Chusid met Raymond and his wife Mitzi at their home in California and discovered a vast collection of unreleased recordings of rehearsals and studio sessions. In 1992, the release of ''Reckless Nights and Turkish Twilights'' on Columbia produced by Irwin Chusid (with Hal Willner as executive producer) was the first major-label CD compilation of his groundbreaking 1937\u201339 six-man quintet. A year earlier, Irwin Chusid and Will Friedwald produced a CD of live Scott quintet broadcasts titled ''The Man Who Made Cartoons Swing'' for the Stash label. Around this time, the director of ''The Ren & Stimpy Show'', John Kricfalusi, began hot-wiring his cartoon episodes with original Scott quintet recordings. In the late-1990s, The Beau Hunks (a Dutch ensemble originally formed to perform music created by Leroy Shield for the Laurel and Hardy movies) released two albums of Scott's sextet (a.k.a. \"Quintette\") repertoire, ''Celebration on the Planet Mars'' and ''Manhattan Minuet'' (both released on Basta Audio-Visuals). Various members of the Beau Hunks (reconfigured as a \"Saxtet\", then a \"Soctette\") also performed and recorded various Scott works, sometimes in collaboration with the Metropole Orchestra.\n\n\"Powerhouse\" has been used as a promotional bumper for the Cartoon Network, as well has having been interpreted by the rock band Rush in their 1978 song \"La Villa Strangiato\"  on their ''Hemispheres'' album. The same tune was reinterpreted as the song \"Bus to Beelzebub\" by the New York band Soul Coughing, who have used Scott samples in other compositions, such as Scott's \"The Penguin\" in their song \"Disseminated.\" They Might Be Giants have also incorporated \"Powerhouse\" into their music, briefly including it in their song \"Rhythm Section Want Ad\" from their self-titled 1986 debut album. In 1993, Warner Bros. music director Richard Stone scored an entire installment of ''Steven Spielberg Presents Animaniacs'' around \"Powerhouse\" (the episode, entitled \"Toy Shop Terror,\" notably had no dialogue except in the closing seconds, thus allowing Stone's Stalling-meets-Spike Jones arrangement to dominate the soundtrack).  In late 2006, \"Powerhouse\" began airing regularly as the soundtrack for a Visa check card TV commercial. It has also often been used as a bumper on \"Wait Wait... Don't Tell Me!,\" NPR's weekly quiz show. It also appeared in ''The Simpsons'', played over the ludicrous and allegedly true method by which bowling alleys assemble new pins.\n\nClarinetist Don Byron has recorded and performed Scott's music, as have the Kronos Quartet, Steroid Maximus (J. G. Thirlwell), Jon Rauhouse, The Tiptons (with Amy Denio), Jeremy Cohen's Quartet San Francisco, Skip Heller, Phillip Johnston, and others. Robert Wendel arranged  six Scott works and one medley for full symphony orchestra in the mid-1990s. The New York\u2013based septet The Raymond Scott Orchestrette recorded an album (produced by Chusid) of radically modernistic interpretations of Scott compositions (Evolver Records, 2002) and stages sporadic performances. Classical pianist Jenny Lin covered Scott's \"The Sleepwalker\" on her album ''InsomniMania'' (Koch Classics, 2008), and has performed Scott's \"Powerhouse\" in concert.\n\nThe posthumously released 2-CD set, ''Manhattan Research Inc.'' (Basta, 2000, co-produced by Gert-Jan Blom and Jeff Winner) showcases Scott's pioneering electronic works from the 1950s and 1960s on two CDs (the package includes a 144-page hardcover book).  ''Microphone Music'' (Basta, 2002, produced by Irwin Chusid with Blom and Winner as project advisors), explores the original Scott Quintette's work. The 2008 CD release ''Ectoplasm'' (Basta) chronicles a second (1948\u201349) incarnation of the six-man \"quintet\" format, with Scott's future wife Dorothy Collins singing on several tracks. In 2017, Basta plans to issue a 3-LP set entitled ''Three Willow Park: Electronic Music from Inner Space'', largely featuring unreleased electronic recordings made by Scott between 1965 and 1972.\n\nIn 2008, members of the West Point Concert Band and the band\u2019s Field Music Group, The Hellcats, formed the Quintette 7 to perform Raymond Scott sextet repertoire. In 2010 they recorded the album ''Quintette 7 Plays the Music of Raymond Scott'', which featured 21 Scott titles.\n\nDevo founding member Mark Mothersbaugh, through his company Mutato Muzika, purchased Scott's only (non-functioning) Electronium in 1996, with the intention of restoring it to working order. In November 2012, the restoration team was able to get the Electronium running and producing basic sounds.\n"	"Quotations"	"*\"Perhaps within the next hundred years, science will perfect a process of thought transference from composer to listener. The composer will sit alone on the concert stage and merely 'think' his idealized conception of his music.  Instead of recordings of actual music sound, recordings will carry the brainwaves of the composer directly to the mind of the listener.\"   \u2014Raymond Scott, 1949\n*\"The composer must bear in mind that the radio listener does not hear music directly. He hears it only after the sound has passed through a microphone, amplifiers, transmission lines, radio transmitter, receiving set, and, finally, the loud speaker apparatus itself.\" \u2014Raymond Scott, 1938\n*\"Being introduced to the music of Raymond Scott was like being given the name of a composer I feel I have heard my whole life, who until now was nameless. Clearly he is a major American composer.\"\u2014David Harrington, Kronos Quartet\n*\"It's those front-line types that go into uncharted areas, and pave the way for others. Life is short. Always go to the source, sources like Raymond Scott.\"\u2014Henry Rollins\n*\"I had a big thing for Raymond Scott loops -- 'Bus to Beelzebub' is also Raymond Scott -- hell, if Soul Coughing ended tomorrow I'd probably eke out a living producing hiphop records, using nothing but breakbeats, Raymond Scott, and Carl Stalling's Warner Bros. orchestra playing Raymond Scott compositions.\"\u2014Mike Doughty of Soul Coughing\n*\"Quirky, memorable Scott themes like 'Powerhouse' in Warner Bros. cartoons arguably helped shape the postwar musical aesthetic as much as anything Elvis or the Beatles did.\"\u2014John Corbett, Chicago Reader\n*\u201cRaymond Scott was definitely in the forefront of developing electronic music technology, and in the forefront of using it commercially as a musician.\u201d\u2014Bob Moog\n"	"Discography (LP and CD)"	"* ''Raymond Scott and His Orchestra Play'' (LP, MGM Records, 1953)\n* ''This Time With Strings'' (LP, Coral Records, 1957; CD, Basta Audio-Visuals, 2008)\n*''Rock 'n Roll Symphony'' (LP, Everest Records, 1958)\n*''The Secret 7: The Unexpected'' (LP, Top Rank Records, 1960; CD, Basta Audio-Visuals, 2003)\n*''Soothing Sounds for Baby'' volumes 1-3 (LP, Epic Records, 1963; CD, Basta Audio-Visuals, 1997)\n*''The Raymond Scott Project: Vol. 1: Powerhouse'' (CD, Stash Records, 1991)\n* ''The Music of Raymond Scott: Reckless Nights and Turkish Twilights'' (CD, Columbia Records, 1992; Columbia/Legacy, 1999)\n*''Manhattan Research Inc.'' (CD, Basta Audio-Visuals, 2000)\n* ''Microphone Music'' (CD, Basta Audio-Visuals, 2002)\n* ''Ectoplasm'' (CD, Basta Audio-Visuals, 2008)\n* ''Suite for Violin and Piano'' (CD, Basta Audio-Visuals, 2012)\n* ''Raymond Scott Songbook'' (CD, Li'l Daisy / Daisyworld, 2013)\n* ''Raymond Scott Rewired'' (remix album, CD, Basta Audio-Visuals, 2014)\n"	"Compositions"	"* \"Powerhouse\" - Frequently used by Warner Bros. cartoons as backing for 'industrial,' 'machinery in action,' or 'repetitive labor' sequences.\n* \"In an 18th Century Drawing Room\" - An adaptation of the first movement of Mozart's ''Piano Sonata No. 16 in C Major''.\n"	"Films and television"	"In addition to Warner Brothers cartoons (which were originally intended for theatrical screening), the following films include recordings and/or works composed or co-composed by Scott: ''Nothing Sacred'' (1937, various adapted standards); ''Ali Baba Goes to Town'' (1938, \"Twilight in Turkey\" and \"Arabania\"); ''Happy Landing'' (1938, \"War Dance for Wooden Indians\"); ''Rebecca of Sunnybrook Farm'' (1938, \"The Toy Trumpet\"; with special lyrics by Jack Lawrence); ''Just Around the Corner'' (1938, \"Brass Buttons and Epaulettes\" performed by Scott's Quintette, but not composed by Scott); ''Sally, Irene and Mary'' (1938, \"Minuet in Jazz\"); ''Bells of Rosarita'' (1945, \"Singing Down the Road\"); ''Not Wanted'' (1949, theme and orchestrations); ''The West Point Story'' (1950, \"The Toy Trumpet\"); ''Storm Warning'' (1951, \"Dinner Music for a Pack of Hungry Cannibals\");  ''The Trouble with Harry'' (1955, \"Flagging the Train to Tuscaloosa\"; words by Mack David); ''Never Love a Stranger'' (1958, score); ''The Pusher'' (1960, score); ''Clean and Sober'' (1988, \"Singing Down the Road\"); ''Honey, I Shrunk the Kids'' (1989, \"Powerhouse\" uncredited, affirmed in out-of-court settlement); ''Search and Destroy'' (1995, \"Moment Whimsical\"); ''Funny Bones'' (1995, \"The Penguin\"); ''Lulu on the Bridge'' (1998, \"Devil Drums\"); ''Looney Tunes: Back in Action'' (2003, \"Powerhouse\"); ''Starsky and Hutch'' (2005, \"Dinner Music for Pack of Hungry Cannibals\"); ''RocknRolla'' (2008, \"Powerhouse\").\n\nAn unreleased 1938 Scott recording and composition entitled \"Rococo\" was used at the conclusion of an episode of 30 Rock entitled \"Stride of Pride,\" which aired on October 18, 2012. The TV show ''Family Law'' used Don Byron's recording of \"Powerhouse\" in a February 2001 episode. ''Saturday Night Live'' has used \"Powerhouse\" numerous times, and Scott's 1960 recording and composition \"Twilight Zone\" was used in a 1993 sketch. In 2016, the popular Netflix TV series ''Narcos'' used Scott's electronic work \"Portofino\" in episode 10 of season 2.\n"	"Theater"	"*''Lute Song'' (1946) - musical - composer and orchestrator; the production included what was arguably Scott's most-recorded \"pop\" song, \"Mountain High, Valley Low\" (lyrics by Bernard Hanighen)\n* ''Peep Show'' (1950, produced by Mike Todd) - composed \"Desire\" to accompany the \"Cat Girl\" dance routine\n* ''Powerhouse'' (2009, produced by  Sinking Ship Productions), first staged during the New York International Fringe Festival, is a comedic biography of Scott choreographed with his music and recordings. It returned to the stage in 2014 for a three-week run at New York's New Ohio Theater.\n* ''Manhattan Research'', which premiered at Lincoln Center Out of Doors in August 2013, is a dance work choreographed by John Heginbotham which is set to Raymond Scott's music.\n"	"Covers and samples"	"*Gotye samples Scott's voice (from a 1962 electronic instrument demonstration) at the end of \"State of the Art,\" on his 2011 album ''Making Mirrors''\n* The Age of L.U.N.A. sampled Scott's electronic \"Don't Beat Your Wife Every Night\" on the 2015 track \"Boom\" \n*Doom, on his 2009 album ''Born Like This'', samples Scott's electronic recordings \"Bendix 1: The Tomorrow People\" and \"Lightworks\" on the track entitled \"Lightworks\" (which also samples a J Dilla beat)\n*Devo based an early song, \"Fraulein\", on Raymond Scott's \"Powerhouse\"\n*They Might Be Giants incorporate the bridge from \"Powerhouse\" in their song \"Rhythm Section Want Ad\".\n*Gorillaz: Self-titled album ''Gorillaz'' (2001), featured a track titled \"Man Research (Clapper)\" that uses a sample from \"In the Hall of the Mountain Queen\" from Scott's ''Manhattan Research, Inc.'' The sample was uncredited on the album and the infringement acknowledged in an out-of-court settlement.\n*J Dilla: Album ''Donuts'' (2006), featured \"Lightworks,\" a remix of the track of the same name on Scott's ''Manhattan Research, Inc.''. It also briefly sampled \"Bendix: The Tomorrow People.\"\n*El-P: Solo album \"Fantastic Damage\" (Def Jux 2002), features a track named \"T.O.J\"  that contains samples from \"Cyclic Bit,\" \"Ripples (Montage)\" and \"County Fair (Instrumental)\" from Raymond Scott's ''Manhattan Research, Inc.''.\n*Soul Coughing: Album Irresistible Bliss (1996), had a track titled \"Disseminated\" that used samples from \"The Penguin\" by the Raymond Scott Quintette (reissued version on the CD ''Microphone Music''); the group's album Ruby Vroom (1994) features a track titled \"Bus to Beelzebub\" that adapts a motif from Scott's composition \"Powerhouse\"; on the same album the track \"Uh, Zoom Zip\" uses an uncredited sample from Scott's \"The Toy Trumpet,\" although the tempo of the sample has been manipulated as to be near-unrecognizable\n* The Kleptones: Used a sample of \"IBM MT/ST: The Paperwork Explosion\" in their song \"Work\" off their album ''A Night At The Hip-Hopera.''\n* Freezepop: Recorded  cover of \"Melonball Bounce,\" electronic commercial jingle composed by Scott around 1960 for the soft drink Sprite.\n* The Boys: Early 1990s Motown R&B band based \"The Saga Continues\" on melody of Scott's \"Powerhouse\"\n* Venus Hum: Recorded cover of \"Lightworks,\" Scott electronic commercial jingle\n* Madlib: Hip-hop star has used numerous samples of Scott's work, including the voice in \"Baltimore Gas & Electric Co.\" for the track Electric Company, off his album Beat Konducta Vol 1-2: Movie Scenes.\n* Lee Press-on and the Nails: Covered Scott's \"Powerhouse\" on their album \"Jump-Swing From Hell\"; the band have also recorded the Scott compositions \"At An Arabian House Party\" and \"Devil Drums\"\n* moe.: Has frequently teased \"Powerhouse\" in various improvised jams during live performances, most notably Farmer Ben and Spine of a Dog.\n* The Coctails: Recorded a medley of \"The Penguin/Powerhouse\" for a 7\" single released by Bob Mould's Singles Only Label (SOL) in 1992. The disc was executive-produced by Irwin Chusid, who also plays percussion on the track.\n*TV on the Radio sampled a slowed version Scott's piece \"Night and Day\" for their track \"Say You Do.\"\n*Teengirl Fantasy sampled \"Portofino 2\" for their track \"Portofino.\"\n* American ska band Save Ferris riffed Powerhouse in their song, Superspy.\n* The Backyardigans episode To The Center Of The Earth\n* Simian Mobile Disco have referred to Scott as a major influence, and \"Scott\", the closing track on their debut album \"Attack Decay Sustain Release\", was named in his honour.\n"	"References"	"\n\n;Bibliography\n* Bloom, Ken. ''American song. The Complete Musical Theater Companion. 1877\u20131995\u2019\u2019, Vol. 2, 2nd edition, Schirmer Books, 1996.\n* \n* Kernfeld, Barry Dean. ''The New Grove Dictionary of Jazz'', Macmillan Press, 1988.\n* Larkin, Colin. ''The Encyclopedia of Popular Music'', 3rd edition, Macmillan, 1998.\n* Press, Jaques Cattell (Ed.). ''ASCAP Biographical Dictionary of Composers, Authors and Publishers'', 4th edition, R. R. Bowker, 1980.\n* Goldmark, Daniel, and Yuval Taylor, eds. ''The Cartoon Music Book'' (Chicago Review Press; 2002), ISBN 1-55652-473-0, ISBN 978-1-55652-473-8. Includes chapter by Irwin Chusid on how Scott's music has been adapted for cartoons\n"	"External links"	"*  The Raymond Scott Collection (audio) at the Marr Sound Archives, University of Missouri, Kansas City, Missouri\n*  The Raymond Scott Collection (documents) at the LaBudde Special Collections Department, University of Missouri, Kansas City\n*  ASCAP index of compositions by Raymond Scott\n* Chusid, Irwin.  \"Raymond Scott: The First 100 Years\", BoingBoing.net, September 10, 2008\n* Grimes, William.  \"Raymond Scott, 85, a Composer For Cartoons and the Stage, Dies\", ''The New York Times'', February 9, 1994 (Retrieved February 22, 2010)\n* Miller, Paul D., editor.  ''Sound Unbound: Sampling Digital Music and Culture'' (MIT Press, May 2008), ISBN 978-0-262-63363-5, ISBN 978-0-262-63363-5. Chapter 18: \"The World of Sound: A Division of Raymond Scott Enterprises,\" by Jeff E. Winner\n* \"Deconstructing Dad\", an award-winning documentary about Raymond Scott directed by his son, Stan Warnow, was released on DVD and premiered in July 2012 at the Quad Cinema on 13th Street, NYC. 1 hour 38 minutes. http://scottdoc.com/ \"An enthralling film. An essential view inside the wonders of creative genius, American-Style\"\u2014LA Weekly.\n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Rebecca Gethings"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Rebecca Gethings''' is an English actress best known for her roles in film and television comedies such as The Thick Of It, Extras, The Mimic and David Brent: Life On The Road.\n"	"Career"	"===Television===\nShe has collaborated several times with Armando Iannucci, improvising with the US cast of Veep at the character development stage of Season 1 and Season 3, in which she also appears. Iannucci later cast her as Helen Hatley, the ambitious special adviser to Nicola Murray in the fourth and final series of The Thick of It.\n\nShe played Lizzie Bunton, the daughter of camp pantomime director Bunny, in the fourth episode of the first series of Extras also starring Les Dennis. This episode was first broadcast in the UK on 11 August 2005. \n\n====Voice work====\nShe has voiced a number of animated characters for  children's television,  advertising campaigns,  documentaries and was the voice of  Maiya the Meerkat in the Compare The Market TV advertising campaign.\n\n===Film===\nShe worked  with Ricky Gervais, playing Miriam, the head of Human Resources in David Brent: Life On The Road, released in August 2016. Her film work also includes Casino Royal and '''Mad to be Normal'''.\n\n===Theatre===\nGethings' stage work includes Chicken Soup With Barley at the Royal Court Theatre and the West End theatre production of Maxim Gorky's Vassa.\n"	"Personal Life"	"Gethings' long time partner is the Emmy award winning animation director  Tom Brass. They have one daughter.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n*  Official website\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Rentboy.com"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nHustlaball in KitKatClub, Berlin\n\n'''Rentboy.com''' is a commercial social networking site which connects male sex workers and masseurs with potential clients. Rentboy.com is also the major organizer of the International Escort Awards and a traveling cabaret called \"Hustlaball.\"\n\nFormerly, Rentboy.com published a manifesto on their website intended for sex workers and clients. This statement promoted a philosophy of \"safer sex because the vast majority of sex-workers will not engage in unsafe sex\", and says, \"While this job may not be for everyone, it has its rightful place among honorable careers.\" On August 25, 2015, CEO Jeffrey Hurant and six others were arrested at Rentboy.com headquarters.\n"	"Company profile"	"Jeffrey Hurant founded Rentboy.com in 1997 making it the first male escorting website, and today it still is the largest website with this focus.  Since then Davids has acted as CEO with Sean Van Sant as company director. The company is based in Manhattan. Van Sant describes Rentboy.com as follows:\n\n\nRentboy.com is not an escort agency.  We are an ad listing service for male escorts, where men place their own ads and work for themselves, so that clients can contact them directly. Our mission is to create a non-judgmental space where anyone curious about exploring male-male companionship can hire a man by the hour.\n\n\n, rentboy.com employed 10 people in three offices and hosted 40,000 escort profiles. In 2009, 1.4 million unique clients visited the website.\n\nOn August 25, 2015, Federal agents from the Department of Homeland Security and members of the New York Police Department raided Rentboy.com's headquarters.\n"	"Sponsorships"	"Rentboy.com has sponsored its own float every year since 1998 in the New York City Gay Pride March.\n\n===International Escort Awards===\nThe International Escort Awards, also known as the \"Hookies\", were founded by rentboy.com's Jeff Davids and Sean Van Sant. The first ceremony was held at the Roxy in New York City in October 2006.\n\n===Hustlaball===\nHustlaball is a sex cabaret and dance party organized in part by rentboy.com as a party to destigmatize and honor sex workers. Since 2007, Rentboy.com has hosted Hustlaball three times yearly with a Las Vegas show in January, a London show in May, and a Berlin show in October. Part of the proceeds from this event go to charities such as the  Lambeth Hate Crime Initiative, the Terrence Higgins Trust, and the Gay Men's Health Crisis.\n\n====History====\nFounder Davids said of Hustlaball, \"This is a chance for sex workers to be open and proud of what they do.\"\n\n\n\n Summary of Hustlaball Events\n\n year\n location\n venue\n publicized attendees\n notes\n\n 1998\n Midtown Manhattan, New York City\n Stella's Nightclub\n  \n founding of event\n\n 1999\n New York City\n Lure Nightclub\n \n \n\n 2000\n San Francisco, Chicago\n Pleasuredome, San Francisco\n  \n \n\n 2001\n New York City\n \n  \n changed name from \"Hustler Ball\" to \"Hustlaball\" because of a lawsuit initiated by Larry Flynt due to similarity of name to Hustler Magazine\n\n 2002\n New York City, West Hollywood (Los Angeles)\n Factory nightclub, Los Angeles\n Christopher Ciccone\n  \n\n 2003\n Berlin\n KitKatClub, Berlin\n  \n first time outside US  Hustlaball in Berlin\n\n 2004\n Berlin\n KitKatClub, Berlin\n  \n attendance doubled from previous year  Hustlaball in Berlin\n\n 2005\n Berlin, Las Vegas\n KitKatClub, Berlin\n  Gioia Bruno, Chi Chi LaRue, Lady Bunny, Matthew Rush, Jeff Stryker, Michael Lucas\n  held in conjunction with AVN Award Ceremony  Hustlaball in Berlin\n\n 2006\n Berlin, Las Vegas\n KitKatClub, Berlin\n  Ari Gold, Marc Almond\n  show professionally video recorded and released  Hustlaball in Berlin\n\n 2007\n Berlin, New York City, Las Vegas\n KitKatClub, Berlin\n  Britney Spears\n   Hustlaball in Berlin\n\n 2008\n Berlin, London, Las Vegas\n KitKatClub, Berlin\n  Willam Belli, Jonny McGovern\n   Hustlaball in Berlin\n\n 2009\n Berlin, London, New York City\n The Old Mint (M\u00fcnze), Berlin\n  \n   Hustlaball in Berlin\n\n 2010\n Berlin\n KitKatClub, Berlin\n  \n  Hustlaball in Berlin\n\n 2011\n Berlin\n KitKatClub, Berlin\n  \n  Hustlaball in Berlin\n\n 2014\n Berlin, New York City, Las Vegas\n KitKatClub, Berlin\n  \n\n 2015\n Berlin, New York City, Las Vegas\n KitKatClub, Berlin\n  Britney Spears\n\n 2016\n Berlin, Las Vegas\n KitKatClub, Berlin\n"	"Federal and state investigation"	"On August 25, 2015, DHS and NYPD agents raided the Manhattan headquarters of Rentboy.com as part of a money laundering and state prostitution investigation. Seven people, including CEO Jeffrey Davids, were arrested. \"As alleged, Rentboy.com attempted to present a veneer of legality, when in fact this Internet brothel made millions of dollars from the promotion of illegal prostitution,\" acting U.S. Attorney for the Eastern District of New York Kelly Currie said in a statement. DHS was involved in the raid in part because the investigation involves transferring money across state lines. The seven defendants are charged with conspiring to violate the Travel Act by promoting prostitution.\n\nOn October 7, 2016, Hurant pleaded guilty in federal court of promoting prostitution. While the case had prompted allegations of anti-gay bias, U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement stated that \"any insinuation that a specific population was targeted is categorically false.\"\n"	"See also"	"* George Alan Rekers\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  rentboy.com\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Robert Costanzo"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Robert Jason Costanzo''' (born October 20, 1942) is an American actor. He has an acting career spanning over thirty years and is often found playing surly New York City types such as crooks, low level workers and policemen, and mixes both drama and comedy roles. Costanzo is also a prominent voice actor, and often serves as a voice double for fellow actor Danny DeVito.\n"	"Early life and career"	"Born in Brooklyn, New York, he is the son of actor Carmine Constanzo.\n\nHis first role was in the 1975 movie ''Dog Day Afternoon'' playing a cop, although this was an uncredited part. This was followed by a role as a paint store customer in the 1977 film ''Saturday Night Fever''.  Other movie roles  include ''Total Recall'', ''Die Hard 2'', ''Dick Tracy'', ''City Slickers'', and ''Down and Derby''. His television appearances are varied, with him appearing in ''Boston Legal'', ''Hannah Montana'', ''Friends'', ''Days of Our Lives'', ''The Golden Girls'' and numerous other series.  He also starred as Commissioner Stenchler in the Sega CD game ''Sewer Shark''.\n\nHe is also a cartoon voice actor and has done voices on shows including ''The Fairly OddParents'', ''The Zeta Project'', ''House of Mouse'', ''Duckman'', ''Bonkers'', and ''Random! Cartoons'', among others. He also did the voice of Detective Harvey Bullock on ''Batman: The Animated Series'', ''Superman: The Animated Series'', ''The New Batman Adventures'' and ''Static Shock'', as well as in the theatrical release ''Mask of the Phantasm'', and the video releases ''Batman & Mr. Freeze: SubZero'', and ''Mystery of the Batwoman''. He also played a vocal role in the 2006 video game ''The Sopranos: Road to Respect'' as Angelo and in the 2010 video game ''Mafia II'' as Joe Barbaro and Frederico \"Fat Derek\" Pappalardo.\n\nHe played softball in Los Angeles with actors Bruno Kirby and Leo Rossi in the late 1970s.\n\nRecently, he returned to the role of Harvey Bullock for the release of ''Batman: Arkham Origins'' in 2013.\n"	"Also credited as"	"*Robert Castanzo\n*Robert Constanzo\n*Robert Costanza\n*Rob Constanza\n*Bobby Costanzo\n*Bob Costanza\n*Robert P. Costanzo\n*Bob Castanze\n"	"Notable roles"	"*''Batman: The Animated Series'', ''Superman: The Animated Series'', ''Static Shock'' and ''Batman: Arkham Origins'' - Detective Harvey Bullock\n*''Hannah Montana'' - Al Blaine, Jersey Guy\n*''Family Guy'' - (voice)\n*''Mafia II'' - Joe Barbaro, Derek Pappalardo\n*''Kenan & Kel'' - Mr. Maniaci\n*''As Told by Ginger'' - Chief Bob\n*''The Fresh Prince Of Bel-Air'' - Duke\n*''Friends'' and ''Joey'' - Joseph Tribbiani Sr.\n*''Total Recall'' - Harry\n*''Dick Tracy'' - Lips' bodyguard\n*''Sewer Shark'' - Commissioner Stenchler\n*''Man's Best Friend'' - Detective Frank Kovacs\n*''NYPD Blue'' - Alfonse Giardella\n*''Castle'' - Sal\n*''Die Hard 2'' - Sgt. Vito Lorenzo\n*''Kingdom Hearts'' - Philoctetes (Phil)\n*''The Fairly OddParents'' - Easter Bunny\n*''Honeymoon in Vegas'' - Sidney Tomaschefsky\n*''Judy Moody and the Not Bummer Summer'' - Herb Birnbaum\n*''Forget Paris'' - Waiter\n*''NCIS'' - Jimmy Napolitano\n*''Foodfight!'' - Maximillus Moose\n*''Undisputed 3'' - Gio Farnatti\n*''Modern Family'' - Earl Chambers\n*''Last Days of Coney Island'' - Max (voice)\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Robot Rabbit"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Robot Rabbit''''' is a Warner Bros. animated short of the ''Looney Tunes'' series. Originally released to theaters on December 12, 1953, it stars Bugs Bunny and Elmer Fudd as its main characters.\n"	"Summary"	"Elmer Fudd is shown as a carrot farmer who is happily going about his chores singing \"In a Little Red Barn (On a Farm down in Indiana)\". Halfway through the song, he realizes Bugs has joined his singing. At the end of the chorus of the song, Bugs dives into his hole, and carrots fly into the air. Elmer angrily laments \"Ooooh, da wascal wabbit is in my cawwots again!\", and then rushes into his house to retrieve a shotgun. After shooting into an empty hole (Bugs had conveniently left the hole, then does his \"fake dying\" act, culminating in an actual metal bucket that materializes, which Bugs kicks), Elmer exclaims \"Howway! Da wabbit kicked da bucket!\", then he and Bugs start dancing as a result until Elmer begins to realize Bugs is still very much alive.\n\nThat prompts Fudd to call \"''ACME Pest Control''\": '''('''''\"Hewwo? ACME Pest Contwol? Weww, I've got a pest I want contwolled.\"''''')''' for a robot with the express purpose of evicting Bugs. The robot initially confuses a mule and Elmer \u2014 who was trying to explain to the robot what a rabbit looks like \u2014 for his intended target before getting the early upper-hand. Bugs quickly evens the score by luring his antagonist under a rotating water sprinkler, causing the robot to rust. Elmer however resolves this setback just as quickly by oiling the robot up and then warns him that he'll be sold for old scrap iron if he doesn't get the job done.\n\nLater, Bugs disguises himself as a female robot '''('''''where he literally throws a wrench into their'' \"''relationship''\"''')''', before finally causing the robot to follow him through a construction site and beneath a pile driver. Back at home, Elmer starts wondering how the robot fared, Bugs greets him and dumps the remains of the robot onto the floor; it proved that the robot was crushed underneath the pile driver. As Bugs walks off, he comments to himself: \"Ya know, someday, dese scientists are gonna invent something dat will \"outsmart\" a rabbit\".\n"	"Errors"	"When Bugs is speaking to the audience while running away from the robot, his mouth didn't move.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Rodeo"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Rodeo''' ( or ) is a competitive sport that arose out of the working practices of cattle herding in Spain, Mexico, and later Central America, the United States, Canada, South America, Australia and New Zealand. It was based on the skills required of the working vaqueros and later, cowboys, in what today is the western United States, western Canada, and northern Mexico. Today it is a sporting event that involves horses and other livestock, designed to test the skill and speed of the cowboys and cowgirls. American style professional rodeos generally comprise the following events: tie-down roping, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc riding, bareback bronc riding, bull riding and barrel racing.  The events are divided into two basic categories: the rough stock events and the timed events. Depending on sanctioning organization and region, other events such as breakaway roping, goat tying, or pole bending may also be a part of some rodeos.\n\nAmerican rodeo, particularly popular today within the Canadian province of Alberta and throughout the western United States, is the official state sport of Wyoming, South Dakota, and Texas.  The iconic silhouette image of a \"Bucking Horse and Rider\" is a federal and state-registered trademark of the State of Wyoming. The Legislative Assembly of Alberta has considered making American rodeo the official sport of that province. However, enabling legislation has yet to be passed.\n\nIn the United States, professional rodeos are governed and sanctioned by the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) and Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA), while other associations govern children's, high school, collegiate, and senior rodeos.  Associations also exist for Native Americans and other minority groups.  The traditional season for competitive rodeo runs from spring through fall, while the modern professional rodeo circuit runs longer, and concludes with the PRCA National Finals Rodeo (NFR) in Las Vegas, Nevada, now held in December.\n\nRodeo has provoked opposition from animal rights and animal welfare advocates, who argue that various competitions constitute animal cruelty. The American rodeo industry has made progress in improving the welfare of rodeo animals, with specific requirements for veterinary care and other regulations that protect rodeo animals. However, rodeo is opposed by a number of animal welfare organizations in the United States and Canada.  Some local and state governments in North America have banned or restricted rodeos, certain rodeo events, or types of equipment.  Internationally, rodeo is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, with other European nations placing restrictions on certain practices.\n"	"Etymology"	"The American English word \"rodeo\" is taken directly from Spanish ''rodeo'' (), which roughly translates into English as \"round up.\"\n\nThe Spanish word is derived from the verb ''rodear,'' meaning \"to surround\" or \"go around,\" used to refer to \"a pen for cattle at a fair or market,\" derived from the Latin ''rota'' or ''rotare,'' meaning to rotate or go around.\n\nIn Spanish America, the ''rodeo'' was the process that was used by vaqueros to gather cattle for various purposes, such as moving them to new pastures, separating the cattle owned by different ranchers, or gathering in preparation for slaughter (''matanza'').  The yearly rodeos for separating the cattle were overseen by the \"Juez del Campo,\" who decided all questions of ownership.  The term was also used to refer to exhibitions of skills used in the working ''rodeo''.  This evolved from these yearly gatherings where festivities were held and horsemen could demonstrate their equestrian skills.  It was this latter usage which was adopted into the cowboy tradition of the United States and Canada.\n\nThe term ''rodeo'' was first used in English in approximately 1834 to refer to a cattle round-up.  Today the word is used primarily to refer to a public exhibition of cowboy skills, usually in the form of a competitive event.\n"	"History of rodeo"	"\nBranding calves, 1888.\nMany rodeo events were based on the tasks required by cattle ranching.  The working cowboy developed skills to fit the needs of the terrain and climate of the American west, and there were many regional variations.  The skills required to manage cattle and horses date back to the Spanish traditions of the ''vaquero.''\n\nEarly rodeo-like affairs of the 1820s and 1830s were informal events in the western United States and northern Mexico with cowboys and ''vaqueros'' testing their work skills against one another. Following the American Civil War, rodeo competitions emerged, with the first held in Cheyenne, Wyoming in 1872. Prescott, Arizona claimed the distinction of holding the first professional rodeo, as it charged admission and awarded trophies in 1888. Between 1890 and 1910, rodeos became public entertainment, sometimes combined Wild West shows featuring individuals such as Buffalo Bill Cody, Annie Oakley, and other charismatic stars. By 1910, several major rodeos were established in western North America, including the Calgary Stampede, the Pendleton Round-Up, and the Cheyenne Frontier Days.\n\nRodeo-type events also became popular for a time in the big cities of the Eastern United States, with large venues such as Madison Square Garden playing a part in popularizing them for new crowds.  There was no standardization of events for a rodeo competition until 1929, when associations began forming.\n\nIn the 1970s, rodeo saw unprecedented growth. Contestants referred to as \"the new breed\" brought rodeo increasing media attention. These contestants were young, often from an urban background, and chose rodeo for its athletic rewards.  By 1985, one third of PRCA members had a college education and one half of the competitors had never worked on a cattle ranch. Today, some professional rodeos are staged in large, air-conditioned arenas; offer large purses, and are often telecast.  Many other professional rodeos are held outside, under the same conditions of heat, cold, dust or mud as were the original events.\n\n===Women===\n\nFannie Sperry Steele, Champion Lady Bucking Horse Rider, Winnipeg Stampede, 1913\nHistorically, women have long participated in rodeo. \"Prairie Rose\" Henderson debuted at the Cheyenne rodeo in 1901, and, by 1920, women were competing in rough stock events, relay races and trick riding. But after Bonnie McCarrol died in the Pendleton Round-Up in 1929 and Marie Gibson died in a horse wreck in 1933, women's competitive participation was curbed. Rodeo women organized into various associations and staged their own rodeos. Today, women's barrel racing is included as a competitive event in professional rodeo, with breakaway roping and goat tying added at collegiate and lower levels. They compete equally with men in team roping, sometimes in mixed-sex teams.  Women also compete in traditional roping and rough stock events at women-only rodeos.\n"	"Competitive events"	"Barrel racing\n\nProfessional rodeos in the United States and Canada usually incorporate both timed events and \"rough stock\" events, most commonly calf roping, team roping, steer wrestling, saddle bronc and bareback bronc riding, bull riding, and barrel racing.  Additional events may be included at the collegiate and high school level, including breakaway roping and goat tying.  Some events are based on traditional ranch practices; others are modern developments and have no counterpart in ranch practice.\n\nRodeos may also offer western-themed entertainment at intermission, including music and novelty acts, such as trick riding.\n\n===Timed events===\nTeam roping, here, the steer has been roped by the ''header,'' and the ''heeler'' is now attempting a throw.\n\n====Roping====\nRoping competitions are based on the tasks of a working cowboy, who often had to capture calves and adult cattle for branding, medical treatment and other purposes.  The cowboy must throw a type of rope with a loop, known as a lariat, ''riata'' or ''reata'', or lasso, over the head of a calf or onto the horns and around the hind legs of adult cattle, and secure the animal in a fashion dictated by its size and age.\n*Calf Roping, also called Tie-down roping, is based on ranch work in which calves are roped for branding, medical treatment, or other purposes. It is the oldest of rodeo's timed events. The cowboy ropes a running calf around the neck with a lariat, and his horse stops and sets back on the rope while the cowboy dismounts, runs to the calf, throws it to the ground and ties three feet together. (If the calf falls when roped, the cowboy must lose time waiting for the calf to get back to its feet so that the cowboy can do the work.) The job of the horse is to hold the calf steady on the rope.  A well-trained calf-roping horse will slowly back up while the cowboy ties the calf, to help keep the lariat snug.\n* Breakaway roping - a form of calf roping where a very short lariat is used, tied lightly to the saddle horn with string and a flag. When the calf is roped about the neck, the horse stops, the flagged rope breaks free of the saddle, and the calf runs on without being thrown or tied.  In most of the United States, this event is primarily for women of all ages and boys under 12.  In places where traditional \"tie-down\" calf roping is not allowed, riders of both genders compete.\n* Team roping, also called \"heading and heeling,\" is the only rodeo event where men and women riders compete together. Two people capture and restrain a full-grown steer. One horse and rider, the \"header,\" lassos a running steer's horns, while the other horse and rider, the \"heeler,\" lassos the steer's two hind legs. Once the animal is captured, the riders face each other and lightly pull the steer between them, so that it loses its balance and lies down.  This technique originated from methods of capture and restraint for treatment used on a ranch.\n\n====Other timed events====\n* Barrel racing - is a timed speed and agility event. In barrel racing, horse and rider gallop around a cloverleaf pattern of barrels, making agile turns without knocking the barrels over. In professional, collegiate and high school rodeo, barrel racing is an exclusively women's sport, though men and boys occasionally compete at local O-Mok-See competition.\nSteer wrestling\n* Steer wrestling - Also known as \"Bulldogging,\" is a rodeo event where the rider jumps off his horse onto a Corriente steer and 'wrestles' it to the ground by grabbing it by the horns.  This is probably the single most physically dangerous event in rodeo for the cowboy, who runs a high risk of jumping off a running horse head first and missing the steer, or of having the thrown steer land on top of him, sometimes horns first.\n*Goat tying is usually an event for women or pre-teen girls and boys; a goat is staked out while a mounted rider runs to the goat, dismounts,  grabs the goat, throws it to the ground and ties it in the same manner as a calf.  The horse must not come into contact with the goat or its tether.  This event was designed to teach smaller or younger riders the basics of calf roping without requiring the more complex skill of roping the animal.  This event is not part of professional rodeo competition.\n\n===\"Rough stock\" competition===\nSaddle bronc riding; in rough stock events, the animal usually \"wins.\"\nIn spite of popular myth, most modern \"broncs\" are not in fact wild horses, but are more commonly spoiled riding horses or horses bred specifically as bucking stock.  Rough stock events also use at least two well-trained riding horses ridden by \"pick up men\" (or women), tasked with assisting fallen riders and helping successful riders get safely off the bucking animal.\n* Bronc riding - there are two divisions in rodeo, bareback bronc riding, where the rider is only allowed to hang onto a bucking horse with a type of surcingle called a \"rigging\"; and saddle bronc riding, where the rider uses a specialized western saddle without a horn (for safety) and hangs onto a heavy lead rope, called a bronc rein, which is attached to a halter on the horse.\n* Bull riding - an event where the cowboys ride full-grown bulls instead of horses. Although skills and equipment similar to those needed for bareback bronc riding are required, the event differs considerably from horse riding competition due to the danger involved. Because bulls are unpredictable and may attack a fallen rider, rodeo clowns, now known as \"bullfighters\", work during bull-riding competition to distract the bulls and help prevent injury to competitors.\nBull riding\n\n====Less common events====\nSeveral other events may be scheduled on a rodeo program depending upon the rodeo's governing association.\n* Steer roping \u2014Not listed as an official PRCA event, and banned in several states, but quietly recognized by the PRCA in some areas.  It is rarely seen in the United States today because of the tremendous risk of injury to all involved, as well as animal cruelty concerns.  A single roper ropes the steer around the horns, throws the rope around the steer's back hip, dallies, and rides in a ninety-degree angle to the roped steer (opposite side from the aforementioned hip).  This action brings the steer's head around toward the legs in such a manner as to redirect the steer's head towards its back legs.  This causes the steer to \"trip\".  Steers are too big to tie in the manner used for calves.  Absent a \"heeler,\" it is very difficult for one person to restrain a grown steer once down.  However, the steer's \"trip\" causes it to be temporarily incapacitated allowing its legs to be tied in a manner akin to calf roping.  The event has roots in ranch practices north of the Rio Grande, but is no longer seen at the majority of American rodeos.  However, it is practiced at some rodeos in Mexico, and may also be referred to as \"steer tripping.\"\n* Steer daubing\u2014Usually seen at lower levels of competition, an event to help young competitors learn skills later needed for steer wrestling.  A rider carrying a long stick with a paint-filled dauber at the end attempts to run up alongside a steer and place a mark of paint inside a circle that has been drawn on the side of the animal. \n*Pole bending is a speed and agility competition sometimes seen at local and high school rodeos.  It is more commonly viewed as a gymkhana or O-Mok-See competition.  In pole bending, the horse and rider run the length of a line of six upright poles, turn sharply and weave through the poles, turn again and weave back, then return to the start.\n*Chute Dogging is an event to teach pre-teen boys how to steer wrestle. The competitor enters a bucking chute with a small steer. The boy will then place his right arm around the steer's neck and left hand on top of its neck. When ready, the gate is opened and steer and contestant exit the chute. Once they cross over a designated line, the competitor will grab onto the horns of the steer (colloquially, to \"hook-up\" to the steer) and wrestle it to the ground.\n\n===Other activities===\nGrand Entry at the Pendleton Round-Up\nOutside of competitive events, other activities are often associated with rodeos, particularly at local levels. A typical rodeo begins with a \"Grand Entry\", in which mounted riders, many carrying flags, including the American flag, state flags, banners representing sponsors, and others enter the arena at a gallop, circle once, come to the center of the arena and stop while the remaining participants enter.  The grand entry is used to introduce some of the competitors, officials, and sponsors.  It is capped by the presentation of the American flag, usually with a rendition of \"The Star-Spangled Banner,\" and, depending on region, other ceremonies. If a rodeo queen is crowned, the contestants or winner and runners-up may also be presented.\n\nVariety acts, which may include musicians, trick riders or other entertainment may occur halfway through the rodeo at intermission.  Some rodeos may also include novelty events, such as steer riding for preteens or \"mutton busting\" for small children.  In some places, various types of novelty races or events such as wild cow milking are offered for adults.  Such contests often are unregulated, with a higher risk of injury to human participants and poor treatment of animals than in traditionally-sanctioned events, particularly if consumption of alcoholic beverages by participants is permitted.\n"	"Governing organizations in the United States"	"Formal organizations and detailed rules came late to rodeo. Until the mid-1930s, every rodeo was independent and selected its own events from among nearly one hundred different contests.  Until World War I, there was little difference between rodeo and ''charreada''.  Athletes from the US, Mexico and Canada competed freely in all three countries.  Subsequently, ''charreada'' was formalized as an amateur team sport and the international competitions ceased.  It remains popular in Mexico and Hispanic communities of the U.S. today.\n\nNumerous organizations govern rodeo in the United States, each with slightly different rules and different events. The oldest and largest sanctioning body of professional rodeo is the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA) which governs about a third of all rodeos staged in the US annually. It was originally named the Cowboys Turtle Association, later became the Rodeo Cowboys Association, and finally the Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association in 1975. The PRCA crowns the World Champions at the National Finals Rodeo (NFR), in Las Vegas on the UNLV campus, featuring the top fifteen money-winners in seven events.\n\nThe Professional Bull Riders (PBR) is a more recent organization dedicated solely to bull riding.   Rodeo gender bias was a problem for cowgirls, and in response women formed the Girls Rodeo Association in 1948 (now the Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA)) and held their own rodeos. The Women's Professional Rodeo Association (WPRA) is open exclusively to women.   Women's barrel racing is governed by the WPRA, which holds finals for barrel racing along with the PRCA with the cowboys at the NFR.  There are associations governing children's, teen, and college level rodeos as well as associations governing rodeo for gays, seniors, Native Americans and others.\n\nThere are also high-school rodeos, sponsored by the National High School Rodeo Association (NHSRA).  Many colleges, particularly land grant colleges in the west, have rodeo teams.  The National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association (NIRA) is responsible for the College National Finals Rodeo (CNFR) held each June in Casper, WY. Other rodeo governing bodies in the United States include American Junior Rodeo Association (AJRA) for contestants under twenty years of age; National Little Britches Rodeo Association (NLBRA), for youths ages five to eighteen; Senior Pro Rodeo (SPR), for people forty years old or over; and the International Gay Rodeo Association. Each organization has its own regulations and its own method of determining champions.  Athletes participate in rodeos sanctioned by their own governing body or one that has a mutual agreement with theirs and their points count for qualification to their Association Finals. Rodeo committees must pay sanctioning fees to the appropriate governing bodies, and employ the needed stock contractors, judges, announcers, bull fighters, and barrel men from their approved lists. Other nations have similar sanctioning organizations.\n\nUntil recently, the most important was PRCA, which crowns the World Champions at the National Finals Rodeo (NFR), held since 1985 at Las Vegas, Nevada, featuring the top fifteen money-winners in seven events. The athletes who have won the most money, including NFR earnings, in each event are the World's Champions. However, since 1992, Professional Bull Riders, Inc. (PBR) has drawn many top bull riders, and holds its own multimillion-dollar finals in Las Vegas prior to the NFR.  Women's barrel racing is governed by the WPRA, and holds its finals along with the PRCA with the cowboys at the NFR.\n\nContemporary rodeo is a lucrative business. More than 7,500 cowboys compete for over thirty million dollars at 650 rodeos annually. Women's barrel racing, sanctioned by the WRPA, has taken place at most of these rodeos. Over 2,000 barrel racers compete for nearly four million dollars annually. Professional cowgirls also compete in bronc and bull riding, team roping and calf roping under the auspices of the PWRA, a WPRA subsidiary.  However, numbers are small, about 120 members, and these competitors go largely unnoticed, with only twenty rodeos and seventy individual contests available annually. The total purse at the PWRA National Finals is $50,000. Meanwhile, the PBR has 700 members from three continents and ten million dollars in prize money.\n"	"Canada"	"Stampede field with marching band onstage, 2007\nThe first rodeo in Canada was held in 1902 in Raymond, Alberta when Raymond Knight funded and promoted a rodeo contest for bronc riders and steer ropers called the Raymond Stampede.  Knight also coined the rodeo term \"stampede\" and built rodeo's first known shotgun style bucking chute.  In 1903, Knight built Canada's first rodeo arena and grandstand and became the first rodeo producer and rodeo stock contractor.\n\nIn 1912, Guy Weadick and several investors put up $100,000 to create what today is the Calgary Stampede. The Stampede also incorporated mythical and historical elements, including Native Indians in full regalia, chuckwagon races, the Mounted Police, and marching bands. From its beginning, the event has been held the second week in July, and since 1938, attendees were urged to dress for the occasion in western hats to add to the event's flavour.\n\nBy 2003, it was estimated that 65 professional rodeos involving 700 members of the Canadian Professional Rodeo Association (CPRA) took place in Western Canada, along with professionals from the United States. Many Canadian contestants were part-timers who did not earn a significant living from rodeo.\n\nCanadians made several significant contributions to the sport of rodeo.  In 1916, at the Bascom Ranch in Welling, Alberta, John W. Bascom and his sons Raymond, Mel, and Earl designed and built rodeo's first side-delivery bucking chute for the ranch rodeos they were producing.  In 1919, Earl and John made rodeo's first reverse-opening side-delivery bucking chute at the Bascom Ranch in Lethbridge, Alberta. This Bascom-style bucking chute is now rodeo's standard design. Earl Bascom also continued his innovative contributions to the sport of rodeo by designing and making rodeo's first hornless bronc saddle in 1922, rodeo's first one-hand bareback rigging in 1924, and the first high-cut rodeo chaps in 1928.  Earl and his brother Weldon also produced rodeo's first night rodeo held outdoors under electric lights in 1935.\n\nThe Canadian Pro Rodeo Hall Of Fame is located in Ponoka, Alberta.\n"	"Minority participation in the United States and Canada"	"Black rodeo star Bill Pickett on a handbill advertising the film ''The Bull-Dogger''\nMexican Americans have had a long history with both rodeo and ''charreada''. In spite of long association with southwestern culture, there has been significant assimilation and cross-acculturation\u00a0\u2014 Mexican Americans are so integrated into the southwestern cowboy culture that they are not visibly distinct.\n\nNative American and Hispanic cowboys compete in modern rodeos in small numbers.  African Americans constitute a smaller minority of rodeo contestants, though many early rodeo champions, such as Nat Love, were African American.  Bill Pickett and bronc rider Bill Stahl were both elected to the Cowboy Hall of Fame. During the 1940s and 1950s, African Americans created the Southwestern Colored Cowboys Association. Although the PRCA never formally excluded people of color, pre-1960s racism effectively kept many minority participants, particularly African Americans, out of white competitions. In the 1960s, bull rider Myrtis Dightman vied for national honors and qualified for the National Finals Rodeo. In the 1990s, the Black World Championship Rodeo was held in New York City and other locations across the United States.\n\nIn 1976, the first gay rodeo was held in Reno, Nevada as a charity fundraiser. Several regional gay rodeo organizations were formed in the following years, and, in 1985, the existing organizations formed the International Gay Rodeo Association as a national sanctioning body. The melding of homosexuality and straight cowboy culture in gay rodeo simultaneously embraces archetypal Cowboy Code traits and contemporary gay identity. Openly gay competitors stage their own rodeos because they are not welcomed in the straight circuit. \"We can ride with the best of them,\" one person stated, \"But they don't want us around.\"\n"	"Latin America"	"\n===Mexico===\n\n\n''El Paso de la Muerte'' (The Pass of Death), a charreada event.\nThe ''charreada'' is the national sport of Mexico. It is a display and contest of roping and riding with origins tracing to the cattle ranching life and culture of colonial Mexico. Over time, it became an event that included games, parades, foods, and contests involving humans, cattle, and horses. Following the Mexican Revolution of 1910, many rural Mexicans were displaced and took up residence in cities, where urban-based charros and others formed associations to establish and refine the charreada.\n\nDuring the \"Chicano Movement\" of the 1970s, Mexican Americans revitalized their heritage by establishing the event in the United States. The event historically enjoys greater prestige in Mexico, however, and due to animal cruelty concerns, some ''charreada'' events have been banned in the US.\n\nUnlike rodeos, most ''charreadas'' do not award money to the winners as ''charreada'' is considered an amateur sport, but trophies may be distributed. Until recently, the ''charreada'' was confined to men but a women's precision equestrian event called the ''escaramuza'' is now the tenth and final event in a ''charreada''. Unlike American rodeo, events are not timed, but judged and scored based on finesse and grace.\n\nColeo\n\n===Colombia and Venezuela===\nColeo is a traditional Venezuelan and Colombian sport, very similar to American rodeo, where a small group of llaneros (cowboys) on horseback pursue cattle at high speeds through a narrow pathway (called a manga de coleo) in order to drop or tumble them.\nColeos are usually presented as a side attraction to a larger event, such as a religious festival. They are very popular in Venezuela and in parts of Colombia, mostly in the plains (llanos).\nA coleo starts with the participants and a calf or bull (this depends on the age and stature of the competitors) locked behind a trap door. The trap door leads to a narrow earthen pathway about 100 metres long with high guard rails, open at the other end. When a judge gives a signal, the calf is set loose and starts running. A couple of seconds later, the riders are released and they race to grab the calf by its tail. The rider who accomplishes this first will increase speed, dragging the calf until it finally stumbles. The object is to accomplish this in the shortest time.\n\n===Brazil===\nBrazilian \"rodeios\" can be traced to the town of Barretos where the primary economic activities involved livestock and the transporting the livestock to other locations, where one of the ways the cowboys found to get some entertainment was riding the animals. In 1956 the first ever Festa do Pe\u00e3o de Boiadeiro was created and as the years went by this rodeo became the biggest in Brazil and in Latin America. Barretos is the most famous rodeo in Brazil. However, rodeos are very common in inner state towns in Brazil, especially in Rio Grande do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul and S\u00e3o Paulo state. Bull riding has become a significant niche sport in the country in recent years; PBR now runs a national circuit in Brazil, and Brazilian riders are a major presence on the main PBR circuit in the United States.\n\n===Argentina===\nIn the twentieth century, rodeo's popularity increased in Argentina. Buenos Aires, Rosario, and other major cities hosted rodeos. In 1909, the Sociedad Sportiva Argentina (Argentina Sports Society) announced a rodeo competition in which the winners would eventually compete in the United States against rodeo performers from other countries.\n\n===Chile===\n\n\nSecond to soccer, rodeo is the most popular sport in Chile, and became the national sport of Chile on January 10, 1962 by decree N\u00ba269 of the National Council of Sports and the Comit\u00e9 Ol\u00edmpico de Chile.\n\nChilean rodeo traces to the 16th century, beginning with the gathering together lost or stray cattle in the Plaza de Armas de Santiago for branding and selection. Rodeo began to see regulation in the 17th century and talented riders received honors and awards.\n\nIn Chilean rodeo, a team of two mounted men (called a ''collera'') attempt to pin a calf against large cushions lining the arena (medialuna). Points are earned for proper technique. Chilean Horses are employed to the exclusion of others and riders wear traditional ''huaso'' garb as a requirement. The sport has become so popular that in 2004, more spectators attended rodeo events than professional football matches.\n\nChilean rodeo has experienced financial woes, lack of political support and poor promotion. Unlike other Chilean sports, rodeo does not receive any of the revenue from ''Chiledeportes'' because only sports that represent Chile overseas receive funds. The Chilean Rodeo Federation has criticized the lack of governmental funding and has pointed out that rodeo reaches a part of the population that does not have access to other Chilean sports.\n"	"Australia"	"Alan Wood on the great bucking mare, Curio. Photo taken shortly before Alan regained his seat and went on to make the required time.\n\nRodeos have long been a popular competitor and spectator sport in Australia, but were not run on an organized basis until the 1880s. The National Agricultural Society of Victoria ran one of the earliest recorded events in 1888, when a roughriding competition was held at their annual show. Travelling tent rodeo shows increased the popularity of roughriding throughout much of Australia. However, by 1930, the depression left only a few of these travelling shows on the road.\n\nBushmen's Carnivals, the Australian equivalent of American rodeos, originated in Northern New South Wales in the 1920s and were well established by the 1930s. Australian rodeo continued to grow following WWII, and by September 1978 riders from the USA, Canada, New Zealand and Australia competed in the World Rodeo Titles there for prize money totaling $60,000.  In 1982, an Australian Bushmen's Carnival Association team competed in the North American Rodeo Commission's championships in Denver, Colorado, finishing sixth overall.\n\nIn August 1944 the Australian Bushmen's Carnival Association (ABCA) was formed by the Royal Agricultural Society of New South Wales, as a result of the increase in the number of bushmen's carnivals. The purpose of this formation was to standardize regulations and rules, but insufficient support was given and the association was terminated in 1947. The Australian Professional Rodeo Association (APRA) was also formed in 1944 and is the national governing body for professional rodeo competition. Also formed in 1944 was the Australian Rough-Riders Association (ARRA) in South Australia. On 28 March 1946 the Northern (N.S.W.) Bushmen's Carnival Association was founded at Maitland, New South Wales. These two associations are now the Australian Bushmen's Campdraft & Rodeo Association (ABCRA). The ABCRA is the largest rodeo and campdraft organization in Australia. In May 1992 the National Rodeo Council of Australia (NRCA) was formed to further the sport of rodeo and has represented ABCRA and several other associations.\n\nOriginal events included buckjumping (saddle broncs), bullock riding, campdrafting, bulldogging, wild-cow milking, wild bullock races, wild horse races and releasing the surcingle. Other common sporting events such as flag and bending races (similar to pole bending) were held for the competitors' horses.\n\nLater the term \"rodeo\" became more commonly used, with American saddles used and the events took on American naming patterns. The ABCRA now affiliates the sports of campdrafting, roughriding (saddle bronc and bareback riding, steer and bull riding) and timed rodeo events: barrel races (ladies and junior), rope and tie, steer undecorating (ladies), steer wrestling, junior calf riding, team roping and breakaway roping (ladies).\n\nThere are strict standards for the selection, care and treatment of rodeo livestock, arenas, plus equipment requirements and specifications.\n\nIn 1992 the National Rodeo Queen Quest was founded by the National Rodeo Council of Australia to promote and encourage young women into the sport of Rodeo.\n\nThe carnivals and rodeos typically take place during the spring and summer, and are usually arranged to avoid date clashes, so that competitors may take part in as many events as possible. The prize money is obtained from donations and entry fees, with the main prize money being for the open campdraft event.\n\nThe biggest rodeos are in Queensland. Some large events are also held in New South Wales, where Sydney has the rodeo during the Royal Agricultural Society show and Walcha holds a four-day campdrafting and rodeo competition annually. There also is a National Finals Rodeo.\n"	"Animal treatment controversies"	"\nProtests were first raised regarding rodeo animal cruelty in the 1870s, and, beginning in the 1930s, some states enacted laws curtailing rodeo activities and other events involving animals. In the 1950s, the then Rodeo Cowboys Association (RCA, later the PRCA) worked with the American Humane Association (AHA) to establish regulations protecting the welfare of rodeo animals that were acceptable to both organizations. The PRCA realized that public education regarding rodeo and the welfare of animals was needed to keep the sport alive.\n\nOver the years, conditions for animals in rodeo and many other sporting events improved. Today, the PRCA and other rodeo sanctioning organizations have stringent regulations to ensure rodeo animals' welfare. For example, these rules require, among other things, provisions for injured animals, a veterinarian's presence at all rodeos (a similar requirement exists for other equine events), padded flank straps, horn protection for steers, and spurs with dulled, free-spinning rowels.  Rodeo competitors in general value and provide excellent care to the animals with which they work. Animals must also be protected with fleece-lined flank straps for bucking stock and horn wraps for roping steers.\n\nLaws governing rodeo vary widely.  In the American west, some states incorporate the regulations of the PRCA into their statutes as a standard by which to evaluate if animal cruelty has occurred. On the other hand, some events and practices are restricted or banned in other states, including California, Rhode Island, and Ohio. St. Petersburg, Florida is the only locality in the United States with a complete ban on rodeo. Canadian Humane Societies are careful in criticizing Canadian rodeo as the event has become so indigenous to Western Canada that criticism may jeopardize support for the organization's other humane goals. The Calgary Humane Society itself is wary of criticizing the famous Calgary Stampede. Internationally rodeo itself is banned in the United Kingdom and the Netherlands, and other European nations have placed restrictions on certain practices.\n\nHowever, a number of humane and animal rights organizations have policy statements that oppose many rodeo practices and often the events themselves.  Some also claim that regulations vary from vague to ineffective and are frequently violated.\n\nIn response to these concerns, a number of cities and states, mostly in the eastern half of the United States, have passed ordinances and laws governing rodeo. Pittsburgh, for example, specifically prohibits electric prods or shocking devices, flank or bucking straps, wire tie-downs, and sharpened or fixed spurs or rowels. Pittsburgh also requires humane officers be provided access to any and all areas where animals may go\u2014specifically pens, chutes, and injury pens. The state of Rhode Island has banned tie-down roping and certain other practices.Other locales have similar ordinances and laws.\n\n\n===Positions taken by animal welfare organizations===\nThere are three basic areas of concern to various groups. The first set of concerns surround relatively common rodeo practices, such as the use of bucking straps, also known as flank straps, the use of metal or electric cattle prods, and tail-twisting. The second set of concerns surround non-traditional rodeo events that operate outside the rules of sanctioning organizations. These are usually amateur events such as mutton busting, calf dressing, wild cow milking, calf riding, chuck wagon races, and other events designed primarily for publicity, half-time entertainment or crowd participation. Finally, some groups consider some or all rodeo events themselves to be cruel.\n\nGroups such as PETA, SHARK, and the Humane Society of the United States generally take a position of opposition to all rodeos and rodeo events.  A more general position is taken by the ASPCA, only opposing rodeo events that \"involve cruel, painful, stressful and potentially harmful treatment of livestock, not only in performance but also in handling, transport and prodding to perform.\" The group singles out children's rodeo events such as goat tying, calf riding and sheep riding (\u201cmutton busting\u201d), \"which do not promote humane care and respect for animals.\"\n\nThe American Humane Association (AHA) does not appear to oppose rodeos per se, though they have a general position on events and contests involving animals, stating that \"when animals are involved in entertainment, they must be treated humanely at all times.\"  The AHA also has strict requirements for the treatment of animals used for rodeo scenes in movies, starting with the rules of the PRCA and adding additional requirements consistent with the association's other policies.\n\nUnique among animal protection groups, the ASPCA specifically notes that practice sessions are often the location of more severe abuses than competitions.  However, many state animal cruelty laws provide specific exemptions for \"training practices.\"  The American Humane Association is the only organization addressing the legislative issue, advocating the strengthening of animal cruelty laws in general, with no exceptions for \"training practices.\"\n\n===Myths and actual modern practice===\nSome accusations of cruelty are based on misunderstanding.  For example, it is a myth that a bucking horse is a wild, terrified animal.  The modern bronc is not a truly feral horse. A significant number of bucking horses are riding horses that learned to buck off their riders. Many bucking horses today are specifically bred for use in rodeos. A proven bucking horse can be sold for $8000 to $10,000, making \"rough stock\" a valuable investment worth caring for and keeping in good health for many years.  Likewise, bucking bulls are also selectively bred.  Most are allowed to grow up in a natural, semi-wild condition on the open range, but also have to be trained in order to be managed from the ground, safely loaded into trailers, vaccinated and wormed, and be loaded in and out of bucking chutes. \n\nYoung bucking horses are initially introduced to work with cloth dummies attached to the saddle. Others are already well-trained on the ground. Some champion bucking horses got their start as spoiled riding horses that learned to quickly and effectively unseat riders.  Due to the rigors of travel and the short bursts of high intensity work required, most horses in a bucking string are at least 6 or 7 years old before they are used extensively, and are expected to be sound performers for many years.  Awards are given to the owners of the best bucking horses, who are respected as equine athletes and perform for many years. Many are retired to pasture at the end of their careers. Many bucking horses understand their job well and reduce or stop their bucking, even while still wearing a flank strap, as soon as they either unseat the rider or hear the buzzer.  Likewise, some bulls appear to understand that their \"job\" is to throw the rider; they learned not to buck when in the chute and buck far less once the rider is thrown.\n\n===Industry position===\nModern rodeos in the United States are closely regulated and have responded to accusations of animal cruelty by instituting a number of rules to guide how rodeo animals are to be managed. In 1994, a survey of 28 sanctioned rodeos was conducted by on-site independent veterinarians.  Reviewing 33,991 animal runs, the injury rate was documented at 16 animals or 0.047 percent, less than five-hundredths of one percent or one in 2000 animals. A study of rodeo animals in Australia found a similar injury rate.  Basic injuries occurred at a rate of 0.072 percent, or one in 1405, with injuries requiring veterinary attention at 0.036 percent, or one injury in every 2810 times the animal was used, and transport, yarding and competition were all included in the study. A later PRCA survey of 60,971 animal performances at 198 rodeo performances and 73 sections of \"slack\" indicated 27 animals were injured, again approximately five-hundredths of 1\npercent\u20140.0004.\n\nHowever, accusations of cruelty in the USA persist.   The PRCA acknowledges that they only sanction about 30 percent of all rodeos, while another 50 percent are sanctioned by other organizations and 20 percent are completely unsanctioned. The PRCA opposes the general concept of animal rights, but supports animal welfare\u2014the view that humans have the right to use animals but are responsible for their humane treatment and care. The PRCA takes the position that the organization does this and even goes beyond expectation. Not all rodeos are governed by the PRCA however, though organizations governing collegiate and high school rodeos base their rules on those of the PRCA.  Nonetheless, certain amateur and \"backyard\" rodeos are unregulated, and do not follow PRCA rules.\n\nAdvocates for rodeo state that sick, injured, hungry, or severely abused animals cannot perform well in a given event.  Rough stock must be healthy and well fed to give the cowboy a powerful and challenging ride sufficient to obtain a high score.  The bucking strap has to be an incentive to an animal that already wants to buck off a rider, not a prod, or the animal will either flee the pain, not buck, quickly sour and refuse to work, regardless of any pain that might be inflicted.  Steers and roping calves will not break from the chute fast enough for ropers to achieve a fast time if they are lame or weak, and they are not generally used for more than a single season.\n\nHealth regulations mandate vaccinations and blood testing of animals crossing state lines, so rodeo stock receives routine care.  An injured animal will not buck well and hence a cowboy cannot obtain a high score for his ride, so sick or injured animals are not run through the chutes, but instead are given appropriate veterinary care so they can be returned to their usual level of strength and power. PRCA regulations require veterinarians to be available at all rodeos to treat both bucking stock and other animals as needed.\n\nThe PRCA emphasizes that they first promulgated rules for proper and humane treatment of livestock in 1947, a full 7 years before the founding of the Humane Society of the United States. Participants are fined for animal abuse, and a study of 21 PRCA rodeos found only 15 animals injured in 26,584 performances, a 0.06 percent rate.\n\nOn the other hand, there are occasions of rule violations and animal mistreatment at sanctioned rodeos.  However, the major national rodeos are also under the most intense scrutiny and are the most likely to rigorously follow the rules.  Rodeos not subject to the rules of the PRCA or other organizations, and rodeos outside of the United States and Canada, where animal cruelty laws are weaker, are more likely to be the sites of abusive practices.  However, animal rights groups are less likely to target these cases.\n"	"In mainstream culture"	"The largest state-of-the-art rodeos are professional, commercial athletic contests held in climate-controlled stadiums, with broadcasting by CBS Sports Network and other television networks.\n\nOutside of the rodeo world itself, there is disagreement about exactly what rodeo \"is.\"  Professional competitors, for example, view rodeo as a sport and call themselves professional athletes while also using the title of cowboy.  Fans view rodeo as a spectator sport with animals, having aspects of pageantry and theater unlike other professional sport.  Non-westerners view the spectacle as a quaint but exciting remnant of the Wild West while animal activists view rodeo as a cruel Roman circus spectacle, or an Americanized bullfight.\n\nAnthropologists studying the sport of rodeo and the culture surrounding it have commented that it is \"a blend of both performance and contest\", and that rodeo is far more expressive in blending both these aspects than attempting to stand alone on one or the other. Rodeo's performance level permits pageantry and ritual which serve to \"revitalize the spirit of the Old West\" while its contest level poses a man-animal opposition that articulates the transformation of nature and \"dramatizes and perpetuates the conflict between the wild and the tame.\" \"On its deepest level, rodeo is essentially a ritual addressing itself to the dilemma of man's place in nature.\"\n\nRodeo is a popular topic in country-western music, such as the 1991 Garth Brooks hit single \"Rodeo\", and has also been featured in numerous movies, television programs and in literature.  ''Rodeo'' is a ballet score written by Aaron Copland in 1942, and choreographer Agnes de Mille's ballet, ''Rodeo'' was commissioned by the Ballet Russe de Monte Carlo in 1942 with the Copeland score. The late country singer Chris Ledoux competed in bareback riding and wrote many of his songs based on his experiences.\n"	"Rodeos worldwide"	"\nThere are thousands of rodeos held worldwide each year.\n"	"Rodeo associations"	"*Australian Professional Rodeo Association\n*All Indian Rodeo Cowboys Association\n*Canadian Cowboys Association\n*Canadian Professional Rodeo Association\n*Championship Bull Riding\n*Cowboy's Professional Rodeo Association\n*European Rodeo Cowboy Association\n*Federaci\u00f3n Mexicana de Rodeo\n*International Professional Rodeo Association\n*International Gay Rodeo Association (IGRA)\n*National High School Rodeo Association\n*National Intercollegiate Rodeo Association\n*National Senior Pro Rodeo Association (NSPRA)\n* New Zealand Rodeo Cowboys Association (NZRCA)\n*Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association (PRCA)\n* Professional Roughstock Series\n*Professional Bull Riders (PBR)\n* United States Team Roping Championships\n* Southern Extreme Bull Riding Association\n*Women's Professional Rodeo Association\n*Working Ranch Cowboys Association\n"	"Related sports"	"*Bullfighting\n*Campdrafting\n*Charreada\n*Chilean rodeo\n*Cutting (sport)\n*O-Mok-See ''or'' Gymkhana\n*Ranch sorting\n*Reining\n*Team penning\n"	"See also"	"*Buckle bunny\n*Charreada\n*Chilean rodeo\n*Australian rodeo\n*Cowboy\n*Cowboy church\n*Cowboy hat\n*Equestrianism\n*Indian rodeo\n*Jineteada gaucha\n*Ranch\n*Rodeo bareback rigging\n*Rodeo clown\n*Western riding\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Sources"	"\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n\n"	"External links"	"\n* National Cowboy and Western Heritage Museum - Oklahoma City, Oklahoma\n* Professional Bull Riders (PBR) - 'The Toughest Sport on Earth!'\n* Autry National Center - online rodeo photographs from the Gene Autry Collection\n* National Cowgirl Museum & Hall of Fame - Fort Worth, Texas\n* Professional Rodeo Cowboys Association - Colorado Springs, Colorado\n* Texas Rodeo Cowboy Hall of Fame - Walnut Springs, Texas\n* Texas Rodeo Hall of Fame - Pecos, Texas\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Roland Alphonso"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Roland Alphonso''' OD or '''Rolando Alphonso'''  \"The Chief Musician\" (12 January 1931 \u2013 20 November 1998) was a Jamaican tenor saxophonist, and one of the founding members of the Skatalites.\n"	"Biography"	"Born in Havana, Cuba, Alphonso came to Jamaica at the age of two with his Jamaican mother, and started to learn saxophone at the Stony Hill Industrial School.\n\nIn 1948 he left school to join Eric Deans' orchestra and soon passed through other bands in the hotel circuit and first recorded as a member of Stanley Motta's group in 1952, going on to record frequently as a session musician.\nIn 1956 he first recorded for Clement \"Coxsone\" Dodd, although these early recordings were lost before they were mastered. By 1958, he was a part of the stage-act of comedians Bim and Bam, who toured Jamaica sponsored by \"McAulay liquor\". Alphonso's dynamic version of Louis Prima's \"Robin Hood\" was one of highlights of the act. Following this, Clement Dodd and Duke Reid made him a regular member of their in-house band of session musicians. In 1959 he joined the band of Cluett Johnson named Clue J & His Blues Blasters and backed many of Dodd's recording sessions in a typical Jamaican R&B style. He also acted as arranger at many of Dodd's recording sessions.\n\nBy 1960, he was recording for many other producers such as Duke Reid, Lloyd \"The Matador\" Daley and King Edwards, as well as continuing to work for Dodd, contributing alto, tenor, and baritone saxophones, and flute to recordings. During this period he played in many different bands, such as The Alley Cats, The City Slickers, and Aubrey Adams & The Dew Droppers. In 1963, after few months spent in Nassau, Bahamas, he took part in the creation of The Studio One Orchestra, the first session band at Dodd's newly opened recording studio. This band soon adopted the name of The Skatalites.\n\nWhen the Skatalites disbanded by August 1965, Alphonso formed the Soul Brothers (with Johnny \"Dizzy\" Moore, and Jackie Mittoo) to become The Soul Vendors in 1967. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, Alphonso led the Ruinaires, the resident band at Ruins restaurant/nightclub, this coming to an end when he suffered a stroke at the age of 41. He recovered quickly from this setback, and relocated to the United States in late 1972, soon returning to performing and recording. He released the first album under his name in 1973 on the Studio One record label.\n\nDuring the 1970s, \u203280s, and \u203290s, he kept on playing on numerous records coming out from Jamaican studios, especially for Bunny Lee, and he toured with many bands. In the late 1970s and early 1980s, he played with the band Jah Malla, performing regularly on the live circuit around New York.\n\nHe was awarded Officer of the Order of Distinction by the Jamaican government in 1977, and started to tour more often in the US. \nHe took part in the reformation of the Skatalites in 1983, with whom he toured and recorded constantly until he suffered a burst blood vessel in his head during a show at the Key Club in Hollywood on 2 November 1998. He died on 20 November 1998 at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, after suffering a second burst blood vessel, and spending four days in a coma.\n"	"Discography"	"*''I Cover The Waterfront'', 1962 \u2013 Port O Jam Hi-Fi \u2013 produced by Coxsone Dodd\n*''ABC Rock Steady'' (with The Originals Orchestra), 1968 \u2013 Gayfeet/High Note \u2013 produced by Sonia Pottinger\n*''The Best of Rolando Alphonso'', 1973 \u2013 Studio One (compilation) \u2013 produced by Coxsone Dodd\n*''King of Sax'', 1975 \u2013 Studio One (compilation) \u2013 produced by Coxsone Dodd\n*''Brighter Shade of Roots'', 1982 \u2013 Imperial \u2013 produced by Bunny Lee\n*''Roll On'', 1984 \u2013 Wackies \u2013 produced by Lloyd Barnes\n*''Something Special: Ska Hot Shots'', 2000 \u2013 Heartbeat (compilation) \u2013 produced by Coxsone Dodd\n"	"Notes"	"\n"	"References"	"*Kevin O'Brien Chang & Wayne Chen (1998), ''Reggae Routes: The Story of Jamaican Music'', Ian Randle Publishers, ISBN 976-8100-67-2\n*Steve Barrow & Peter Dalton (2004), ''The Rough Guide to Reggae, 3rd edn.'', Rough Guides, ISBN 1-84353-329-4\n*Moskowitz, David V. (2006), ''Caribbean Popular Music: an Encyclopedia of Reggae, Mento, Ska, Rock Steady, and Dancehall'', Greenwood Press, ISBN 0-313-33158-8\n*Dave Thompson (2002), ''Reggae & Caribbean Music'', Backbeat Books, ISBN 0-87930-655-6\n*Richie Unterberger, \" Roland Alphonso Biography\", ''Allmusic'', Macrovision Corporation\n*\" Really Randoms\", ''Rolling Stone'', 24 November 1988.\n"	"External links"	"* Complete bio\n* Obituary\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Royal Doulton"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Royal Doulton''' was an English company producing tableware and collectables, dating from 1815. Operating originally in London, its reputation grew in The Potteries, where it was a latecomer compared to Royal Crown Derby, Royal Worcester, Wedgwood, Spode and Mintons. Its products include dinnerware, giftware, cookware, porcelain, glassware, collectables, jewellery, linens, curtains and lighting.\n\nThree of its brands were Royal Doulton, Royal Albert and Mintons. These brands are now owned by WWRD Holdings Ltd (Waterford Crystal, Wedgwood, Royal Doulton), based in Barlaston near Stoke-on-Trent.  On 2 July 2015 the acquisition of WWRD by the Fiskars Corporation was completed.\n"	"History"	"Vase, 1874, Doulton Ceramic Factory V&A Museum no. 352-1874. decorated by Hannah Barlow \nThe Royal Doulton company began as a partnership between John Doulton, Martha Jones, and John Watts, with a factory at Vauxhall Walk, Lambeth, London trading as Jones, Watts & Doulton in 1815. After Martha Jones left the partnership in 1820, the trade name was changed to Doulton & Watts.  The business specialised in making stoneware articles, including decorative bottles and salt glaze sewer pipes. The company took the name Doulton & Co. in 1853 after the retirement of John Watts.\n\nBy 1871, Henry Doulton, John's son, launched a studio at the Lambeth pottery, and offered work to designers and artists from the nearby Lambeth School of Art. The first to be engaged was George Tinworth followed by artists such as the Barlow family (Florence, Hannah, and Arthur), Frank Butler, Mark Marshall and Eliza Simmance. In 1882, Doulton purchased the small factory of Pinder, Bourne & Co, at Nile Street in Burslem, Staffordshire, which placed Doulton in the region known as The Potteries.\n\nSt. Alban's Anglican Church in Copenhagen, Denmark, donated and manufactured by Doulton \nWhen the Anglican St. Alban's Church was built in Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1887 with Alexandra, Princess of Wales as one of the driving forces, Doulton donated and manufactured an altarpiece, a pulpit and a font. They were executed in terra cotta with glazed details to the design of Tinworth.\n\nBy this time Doulton was popular for stoneware and ceramics, under the artistic direction of John Slater, who worked with figurines, vases, character jugs, and decorative pieces designed by the prolific Leslie Harradine. Doulton products came to the attention of the Royal family. In 1901 King Edward VII sold the Burslem factory the Royal Warrant, allowing the business to adopt new markings and a new name, Royal Doulton. The company added products during the first half of the 20th century while manufacturing fashionable and high-quality bone china.\n\nThe headquarters building and factory of the Royal Doulton ceramics firm were in Lambeth, on the south bank of the Thames. This Art Deco building was designed by T.P.Bennett. In 1939 Gilbert Bayes created the friezes that showed the history of pottery through the ages. The Lambeth factory closed in 1956 due to clean air regulations preventing urban production of salt glaze. Following closure, work was transferred to The Potteries. The factory building was demolished in 1978 and the friezes transferred to the Victoria & Albert Museum. The office building in Black Prince Road survives, complete with a frieze of potters and Sir Henry Doulton over the original main entrance, executed by Tinworth.Backside of a Frost Pine plate of Royal Doulton with the seal\n\nIn 1971, S. Pearson & Son Ltd, a subsidiary of the Pearson industrial conglomerate acquired Doulton & Co.   Pearson & Son owned Allied English Potteries and merged operations into Doulton & Co.  All brands from Allied English Potteries and Doulton & Co. Ltd. including Royal Doulton, Minton, Beswick, Dunn Bennett, Booths, Colclough, Royal Albert, Royal Crown Derby, Paragon, Ridgway, Queen Anne, Royal Adderley and Royal Adderley Floral were moved under the umbrella of Royal Doulton Tableware LTD.  Royal Doulton Tableware Ltd was a subsidiary of Doulton & Co. Ltd, itself a subsidiary of the Pearson Group  Doulton & Co. became Royal Doulton plc in 1993.  Waterford Wedgwood completed a takeover of Royal Doulton in 2005, acquiring all assets and brands.\n\nOn 30 September 2005, the Nile Street factory closed. Royal Doulton Ltd., along with other Waterford Wedgwood companies, went into administration on 5 January 2009.  Royal Doulton is now part of WWRD Holdings Ltd. Some items are now made in the parent company, WWRD Holdings Ltd in Barlaston, south of the Potteries Conurbation. Further production is carried out in Indonesia  On 11 May 2015, in a deal expected to close July 2015, the Fiskars Corporation, a Finnish maker of home products, agreed to buy 100% of the holdings of WWRD.  On 2 July 2015 the acquisition of WWRD by Fiskars Corporation was completed including brands  Waterford, Wedgwood, Royal Doulton, Royal Albert and Roga\u0161ka.  The acquisition was approved by the US antitrust authorities.\n"	" Cultural references "	"* In the comedy television series ''Keeping Up Appearances'' her Royal Doulton china was frequently mentioned with great pride by the main character ''Hyacinth Bucket''.\n"	"Notable designers"	"* Leslie Harradine\n* Agnete Hoy\n* Charles Noke\n"	"Gallery"	"\n"	"See also"	"* Royal Doulton Bunnykins\n* List of Royal Doulton figurines\n* List of Bunnykins figurines\n"	"Notes and references"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n*  Official Royal Doulton website\n*  Collecting Doulton,  The independent magazine for collectors of Royal Doulton\n*  Examples in the collection of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Saucy Jack and the Space Vixens"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Saucy Jack and the Space Vixens''''' is a cult science fiction musical reminiscent of ''The Rocky Horror Show''.  The 2006 West End run starred Faye Tozer and was choreographed by Bruno Tonioli.  The cast interact with the audience as if the audience were patrons of the club in which the musical is set.\n"	"Story"	"\nThe story revolves around a cabaret club called \"Saucy Jack's\", at which the performers become the victims of a serial killer as they try to leave to better themselves elsewhere. Step in the Space Vixens in their role as investigators and upholders of the oath.\nAs well as Rocky Horror there are clearly influences of Barbarella as the Vixens' interrogation device the Vibratron appears to be similar to the Orgasmatron of that movie and the Vixens' characters more than a little like Jane Fonda's character in that movie.\nMusically the influences are predominantly Disco with a catchy original score.\n"	"Characters"	"* 'Saucy' Jack De 'Ath - proprietor of Saucy Jack's Cabaret Bar\n* Honey Tipps/Jubilee Climax - Leader of the Vixens\n*Bunny Lingus - Space Vixen\n*Anna Labia - Space Vixen\n* Booby Shevalle - Cocktail waitress at Saucy Jack's\n* Shirley Tristar/Chesty Prospects - Intergalactic smuggler\n* Sammy Sax - House saxophonist\n* Dr Wilhelm von Whackoff - Psychoanalyst\n* Mitch Maypole - Barman at Saucy Jack's.\n"	"History"	"In 1995 a group of four former students of the University of Kent, Johanna Allitt, Simon Curtis, Mike Fidler and Charlotte Mann, set out to stage a production at the Edinburgh Fringe festival. Their desired production Leonard Bernstein's \"Candide\" was already going to be playing and so instead they wrote their own piece.\n\nThe show was made available for amateur licence in 2004 through Samuel French Ltd., and continues to be played by amateur groups mainly in the UK and USA.\n"	" References "	"\n\nBack at the Edinburgh Fringe 2010, being performed for 26 nights at original venue C Too by  The Unlucky Theatre Company a group of talented teenagers from North London.\n\nIn September 2011 the  YOUtheatre Partnership production of ''Saucy Jack and the Space Vixens'' sold out an entire week's run at the  Epsom Playhouse.\n\nThe most recent production of ''Saucy Jack and the Space Vixens'' was in 2016 at the King's Head Theatre directed by Michael Fidler. The cast included Hugh Stubbins (Saucy Jack), Jamie Birkett (Jubilee Climax), Kristopher Bosch (Mitch Maypole), Casper Cordwell-James (Booby Shevalle), Lorna Hall (Anna Labia), Tom Whalley (Dr Willy von Whackoff), Ashton Charge (Sammy Sax) and Sophie Cordwell-James (Chesty/Vulva/Shirley). The show ran from 26th April to 21st May gaining five star critical acclaim.\n"	"External links"	"*  Official website\n*  Official Show Facebook page\n*  label\n\n\n\n"
"Scottish Greyhound Derby"	"Introduction"	"The '''Scottish Greyhound Derby''' is an original classic greyhound competition held at Shawfield Stadium.\n\nHeld at Carntyne Stadium from 1928 to 1968, after the closure of Carntyne the race appeared at Shawfield from 1970 until 1985.  \n\nIn 1988 the Greyhound Racing Association (GRA), moved the race to Powderhall Stadium in Edinburgh because they had the rights to the event and wanted it to take place at one of their tracks. After just two years it returned to Glasgow and Shawfield following the sale of Powderhall by the GRA.\n"	"Past winners"	"\n\n+\n\n Year !! Winning Greyhound !! Breeding !! Trainer !! Time !! SP !! Notes\n\n1928\n Glinger Bank \n Jamie-Wafer\nJohn Snowball (Powderhall) \n 30.39 sec \n 100\u20136\n\n\n1929\n Clevaralitz \n Irish Brigade II-Hall Queen\nAlf Mulliner (Wembley) \n 30.87 sec \n 3-1\n\n\n1930\n Captured Half \n Loafer-Rock Doe\nStanley Biss (West Ham) \n 30.30 sec \n 1\u20135f\n\n\n1931\n Sister Olive \n Lenin-Dulcinette\nUnknown trainer (White City Glasgow) \n 30.65 sec \n 3-1\n\n\n1932\n Laverock \n Golden Seal-Melksham Quite Happy\nUnknown trainer (White City Glasgow) \n 30.10 sec \n 8-1\n\n\n1933\n S.L.D \n Gaulsmill-Kitty Kelly\nJack Tallantire (Powderhall) \n 30.30 sec \n 4-9f\n\n\n1934\n Olives Best \n Deemster-Sister Olive\nArthur'Doc'Callanan (Wembley) \n 29.90 sec \n 7-4jf\n\n\n1935\n Olives Best \n Deemster-Sister Olive\nArthur'Doc'Callanan (Wembley) \n 30.16 sec \n 4-7f\n\n\n1936\n Diamond Glory \n Kilnagory-Ten Diamonds\nRonnie Melville (Private) \n 29.99 sec \n 1-1f\n\n\n1937\n Jesmond Cutlet \n Beef Cutlet-Lady Eleanor\nDal Hawkesley (Catford) \n 29.83 sec \n 9-4jf\n\n\n1938\n Roeside Scottie \n Creamery Border-Deemsters Olive\nM.Downey (Private) \n 29.53 sec \n 1-1f\n\n\n1939\n Misty Law II \n Dee Rock-Devon\u2019s Shade\nJames Anderson (Powderhall) \n 29.60 sec \n 5-1\n\n\n1940\n Ballycurren Soldier \n Noras Cutlet-Sergeants Wife\nH.Irving (Carntyne) \n 29.65 sec \n 4-5f\n\n\n1941\n Lights O'London \n Creamery Border-Life of Luxury\nJoe Harmon (Wimbledon) \n 29.75 sec \n 1-1f\n\n\n1942\n Ballycurren Soldier \n Noras Cutlet-Sergeants Wife\nMichael Conroy (Carntyne) \n 29.94 sec \n 1-1f\n\n\n1943\n Bilting Hawk \n Beef Cutlet-Bilting Talespin\nC.Askey (Catford) \n 29.25 sec \n 9-4\n\n\n1944\n Gladstone Brigadier \n Woodstock Darkie-Silver Gilt\nKen Newham (Warrington) \n 29.55 sec \n 2-1f\n\n\n1945\n Mondays Son \n Orlucks Best-Monday Next\nP.Moore (South Shields) \n 29.19 sec \n 5-2jf\n\n\n1946\n Lattin Pearl \n Melksham Nobody-Come On Biddy\nM.Gemmell (Shawfield) \n 29.53 sec \n 11-10f\n\n\n1947\n Trevs Perfection \n Trevs Despatch-Friar Tuck\nFred Trevillion (Private) \n 29.25 sec \n 9-4f\n\n\n1948\n Western Post \n Luck Post-Lonesome Sister\nFrank Davis (Private) \n 29.45 sec \n 8-1\n\n\n1950\n Behattans Choice \n Bahs Choice-Behattan\nBob Burls (Wembley) \n 29.35 sec \n 4-6f\n\n\n1951\n Rushton Smutty \n Mad Tanist-Summer Froc\nFrank Johnson (Private) \n 29.08 sec \n 9-4\n\n\n1954\n Rushton Mac \n Rushton News-Rushton Panda\nFrank Johnson (Private) \n 29.20 sec \n 5-2\n\n\n1956 \n Quick Surprise \n Champion Prince-Quick Enough\nPat Mullins (Portsmouth) \n 29.44 sec \n 1-1f\n\n\n1957\n Ballypatrick \n The Grand Champion - D West\nCyril Beaumont (Belle Vue) \n 29.53 sec \n 7-1\n\n\n1958\n Just Fame \n Colebreene Bell - More Fame\nTom Johnston Sr. (Carntyne) \n 29.36 sec \n 4-1\n\n\n1959\n Mile Bush Pride \n The Grand Champion - Witching Dancing\nJack Harvey (Wembley) \n 29.41 sec \n 2-7f\n\n\n1960\n Rostown Genius \n The Grand Genius - Rostown Lady\nJoe Pickering (White City) \n 28.92 sec \n 5-4f\n\n\n1961 \n Hey There Merry \n Hi There - Merry Champion\nHugo Spencer (Portsmouth) \n 29.11 sec \n 12-1\n\n\n1962\n Dromin Glory \n Hi There - Dromin Jet\nJohn Bassett (Clapton) \n 29.09 sec \n 4-1\n\n\n1963\n We'll See \n Knock Hill Chieftain - Bunnykins\nTom Johnston Jr. (Carntyne) \n 28.91 sec \n 6-1\n\n\n1964\n Hi Imperial \n Hi There - Last Of The Lassies\nTom Johnston Jr. (Carntyne) \n 29.13 sec \n 20-1\n\n\n1965\n Clonmannon Flash \n Prairie Flash - Dainty Sister\nRon Hookway (Owlerton) \n 29.00 sec \n 2-1f\n\n\n1966\n Dusty Trail \n Printers Present - Dolores Daughter\nPaddy Milligan (Private) \n 28.59 sec \n 4-5f\n\n\n1967\n Hi Ho Silver \n Hurry There - Silver Isle\nNorman Oliver (Brough Park) \n 28.90 sec \n 5-2\n\n\n1968\n Lisamote Precept \n Hi Spark - Lisamote Queen\nJoe Kelly (Leeds) \n 28.93 sec \n 5-1\n\n\n1970\n Brilane Clipper \n Faithful Hope - Brilane Parachute\nJoe Kelly (Leeds) \n 29.06 sec \n 9-4f\n\n\n1972\n Patricias Hope \n Silver Hope - Patsicia\nAdam Jackson (Clapton) \n 29.22 sec \n 9-2\n\n\n1973\n Dashalong Chief \n Monalee Champion - Hopeful Glen\nAdam Jackson (White City) \n 29.60 sec \n 11-2\n\n\n1974\n Cosha Orchis \n Own Pride - Monalee Wizard\nJimmy Meechan (Shawfield) \n 29.20 sec \n 12-1\n\n\n1975\n Dromlara Master \n Own Pride - Monalee Last\nBertie Gaynor (Perry Barr) \n 29.30 sec \n 7-1\n\n\n1976\n Flip Your Top \n Own Pride - Whittle Off\nBob Young (Private) \n 30.56 sec \n 11-10f\n\n\n1977\n Amber Sky \n Bright Lad - Quite Efficient\nPeter Beaumont (Private) \n 29.08 sec \n 6-4f\n\n\n1978\n Pat Seamur \n Tullig Rambler - Dainty Black\nGeoff De Mulder (Hall Green) \n 30.52 sec \n 11-4\n\n\n1979\n Greenville Boy \n Tullig Rambler - Greenville Lass\nPat Mullins (Cambridge) \n 30.49 sec \n 6-4f\n\n\n1980\n Decoy Sovereign \n Westmead County - Ka Boom\nJoe Cobbold (Ipswich) \n 30.68 sec \n 4-1\n\n\n1981\n Marbella Sky \n Weston Blaze - Maries Kate\nRay Andrews (Belle Vue) \n 30.66 sec \n 12-1\n\n\n1982\n Special Account \n Westmead County - Ka Boom\nNatalie Savva (Milton Keynes) \n 29.99 sec \n 1-1f\n\n\n1983\n On Spec \n Westmead County - On Pot\nHarry Crapper (Sheffield) \n 30.50 sec \n 2-1f\n\n\n1985\n Smokey Pete \n Smokey Flame - Smokey Cotton\nKen Linzell (Walthamstow) \n 30.29 sec \n 7-2\n\n\n1987\n Princes Pal \n Cronins Bar - Ballea Oshkosh\nMatt Travers (Ireland) \n 27.58 sec \n 1-1f\n\n\n1988\n Killouragh Chris \n Moreen Rocket - Moreen Honey\nPete Beaumont (Sheffield) \n 28.75 sec \n 6-4f\n\n\n1989 \n Airmount Grand \n Daleys Gold - Airmount Jewel\nGerald Kiely (Ireland) \n 30.03 sec \n 1-1f\n\n\n1990\n Westmead Harry \n Fearless Champ - Westmead Move\nNatalie Savva (Milton Keynes) \n 29.62 sec \n 5-4f \n Track Record\n\n1991\n Phantom Flash \n Flashy Sir - Westmead Seal\nPatsy Byrne (Wimbledon) \n 29.77 sec \n 1-4f\n\n\n1992\n Glideaway Silver \n Echo Spark - Cute Betty\nMichael Compton(Norton Canes) \n 30.26 sec \n 25-1\n\n\n1993\n New Level \n Murlens Slippy - Well Plucked\nHarry Williams (Sunderland) \n 30.22 sec \n 3-1\n\n\n1994\n Droopys Sandy \n Ardfert Sean - Droopys First\nFrancy Murray (Ireland) \n 29.39 sec \n 1-1f \n Track Record\n\n1995\n Solar Symphony \n Live Contender - Cill Dubh Villa\nStuart Ray (Stainforth) \n 28.97 sec \n 5-2jf \n Track Record\n\n1996\n Burnpark Lord \n Airmount Grand - Burnpark Lisa\nDave Hopper (Sheffield) \n 29.32 sec \n 5-2\n\n\n1997\n Some Picture \n Slaneyside Hare - Spring Season\nCharlie Lister OBE (Nottingham) \n 29.02 sec \n 1-1f\n\n\n1998\n Larkhill Jo \n Staplers Jo - Westmead Flight\nNick Savva (Milton Keynes) \n 29.01 sec \n 5-4f\n\n\n1999\n Chart King \n Trade Official - Clarinka Sand\nRalph & Karl Hewitt (Ireland) \n 28.98 sec \n 4-5f\n\n\n2000\n Knockeevan Star \n Slaneyside Hare - Rubys Bridge\nTom Flaherty (Private) \n 29.19 sec \n 3-1\n\n\n2001\n Sonic Flight \n Frightful Flash - Westmead Flight\nNick Savva (Private) \n 29.19 sec \n 5-4\n\n\n2002\n Priceless Rebel \n Staplers Jo - Tinas Beauty\nPaul Hennessy (Ireland) \n 29.08 sec \n 5-2\n\n\n2003\n Micks Mystic \n Come On Ranger - Tracys Lady\nCharlie Lister OBE (Private) \n 29.07 sec \n 4-6f\n\n\n2004\n Farloe Verdict \n Droopys Vieri - She Knew\nCharlie Lister OBE (Private) \n 28.79 sec \n 11-4 \n Track Record\n\n2005\n Droopys Marco \n Droopys Kewell - Little DiamondUK\nFrazer Black (Ireland) \n 29.05 sec \n 4-1\n\n\n2006\n Fear Me \n No Tail Told - Femme Fatale\nCharlie Lister OBE (Private) \n 29.21 sec \n 7-4jf\n\n\n2007\n Fear Haribo \nLarkhill Jo - Yamila Diaz\n Charlie Lister OBE (Private) \n 28.76 sec \n 10-11f \n Track Record\n\n2008\n Tyrur Kieran \n Honcho Classic \u2013 Tyrur Lee\nPaul Hennessy (Ireland) \n 29.02 sec \n 6-4jf\n\n\n2009\n Cabra Cool \n Big Daddy Cool \u2013 Cabra Dancer\nPat Buckley (Ireland) \n 28.83 sec \n 4-1\n\n\n2010\n Nambisco \n Big Daddy Cool \u2013 Airport Boss\nCarly Philpott (Private) \n 28.98 sec \n 7-4f\n\n\n2011\n Taylors Cruise \n Royal Impact-Dairyland Sue\nCharlie Lister OBE (Private) \n 28.99 sec \n 5-2\n\n\n2012\n Barefoot Allstar \n Droopy Scolari \u2013 Newmarket Way\nPaul Hennessy (Ireland) \n 28.76 sec \n 7-4f\n\n\n2013\n Ballymac Eske \n Burnpark Champ \u2013 Ballymac Penske\nBarrie Draper (Sheffield) \n 28.75 sec \n 4-7f\n\n\n2014\n Holdem Spy \n Hondo Black \u2013 Have One More\nCarol Weatherall (Private) \n 28.87 sec \n 2-1f\n\n\n2015\n Swift Hoffman \n Makeshift \u2013 Swift Erin\nPat Rosney (Private) \n 28.98 sec \n 6-4f\n\n\n2016\n Hot Pipe \n Head Bound - Sillott Mo \nJim 'Scotchie' Brown (Private) \n 29.09 sec \n 25-1\n\n\n"	"Venues & Distances"	"*1928\u20131968 (Carntyne 525\u00a0y)\n*1970\u20131974 (Shawfield 525\u00a0y)\n*1975 (Shawfield 485\u00a0m) \n*1976 (Shawfield 505\u00a0m)\n*1977 (Shawfield 480\u00a0m)\n*1978\u20131985 (Shawfield 500\u00a0m) \n*1987\u20131988 (Powderhall 465\u00a0m)\n*1989\u20131994 (Shawfield 500\u00a0m)\n*1995\u2013present (Shawfield 480\u00a0m)\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* British Greyhound Racing Board\n\n\n"
"Scruffy (1980 film)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\"'''Scruffy'''\" is a 1980 ''ABC Weekend Special'' three-part animated episode produced by Ruby-Spears Productions and based on the 1978 children's book ''Scruffy: The Tuesday Dog'' written by Jack Stoneley. It originally aired on ABC on October 4, 11, and 18, 1980 and was also the first animated television special to be shown in three parts on consecutive Saturday mornings.\n"	"Synopsis"	"\n===Part 1===\nScruffy (voiced by Nancy McKeon) is a puppy with beautiful eyes, a loving heart and an eager intelligence, born in a deserted house she shares with her mother, Duchess (voiced by June Foray). When a fire destroys their home and nearly destroys them, the dogs are briefly adopted by their kindly rescuers who cannot bear to send them to the animal shelter and a possible untimely death. Soon, however, Duchess insists that she and Scruffy set off to find her original owners. But tragedy strikes when two trigger-happy farmers mistake the dogs for sheep killers. They shoot Duchess, and Scruffy is left on her own in the countryside...\n\n===Part 2===\nThe orphaned pup, frightened and freezing, returns alone to the big city and finds an affectionate new master, a ragged but regal Shakespearean street performer named Joe Tibbles (voiced by Hans Conried). Scruffy successfully howls her way into his act and cleverly learns every trick the old man can teach. Unfortunately, their happiness is only fleeting \u2013 Mr. Tibbles collapses having a heart attack, and Scruffy, while chasing an ambulance, tumbles into a swirling river...\n\n===Part 3===\nButch, a big tough dog (voiced by Michael Bell) rescues the drowning Scruffy and takes her to join his motley family of strays; mistreated by humans, these dogs have set up a canine commune in an abandoned station wagon. Their names are Randy, Collie, Sam and Solo. Next, Scruffy and Butch are betrayed by a thief named Catlin and his dog Caesar (voiced by Frank Welker), caught by dog catchers and thrown in the pound to face their doom. Luckily, they are saved just in time to live happily ever after with their new adopted family and puppies of their own.\n"	"Voices"	"*Nancy McKeon as Scruffy the English Springer Spaniel\n*Hans Conried as Joe Tibbles/Solo the Scottish Terrier\n*June Foray as Duchess, Scruffy's mother\n*Alan Young as Narrator/Sam the Irish Terrier\n*Michael Bell as Butch the Bull Terrier mix/Randy the Boxer\n*Linda Gary as Collie the Rough Collie\n*Frank Welker as Caesar the Rottweiler/Ken\n*Janet Waldo as Alice\n*Michael Rye\n*Alan Dinehart\n*Walker Edmiston\n"	"Production credits"	"*'''Starring the Voices of''': Nancy McKeon, Hans Conried, Michael Bell, June Foray, Alan Young, Michael Rye, Alan Dinehart, Frank Welker, Linda Gary, Walker Edmiston, Janet Waldo\n*'''Executive Producers''': Joe Ruby & Ken Spears\n*'''Produced by''': Jerry Eisenberg\n*'''Directed by''': Charles A. Nichols\n*'''Written by''': Sheldon Stark\n*'''Based on the Book \"Scruffy\" by''': Jack Stoneley\n*'''Story Direction''': Ron Campbell\n*'''Character Design''': Ric Gonzalez\n*'''Voice Direction''': Alan Dinehart\n*'''Layout Supervisor''': Larry Huber\n*'''Background Layout Supervision''': David High\n*'''Layout''': Hak Ficq, William Lignante, John F. Guerin, Wallace Sides, Philip Norwood, Kathleen Vaslett, John Bruno, Barton Seitz, Bruce Zick, Fred Irvin, Kurt Conner, Jim Willoughby, John Ahern, Gerard Pointak, Debra Push, Greg Garcia, Karl Hepworth, Richard Graham, Guy Smith, Marcia Bales, Charles Hards, Dave Sharp, Stuart Heimdal, Doug VanDegrift\n*'''Animation Supervision''': Ed Solomon, Bill Reid\n*'''Production Manager''': John Ahern\n*'''Production Supervisor''': Natalie Shirpser\n*'''Studio Manager''': Jeff Cooke\n*'''Production Controller''': Jerry Goldman\n*'''Unit Auditor''': Henriette Pacile\n*'''Background Styling''': Eric Semones\n*'''Color Key''': Bunny Semones\n*'''Title Design & Lettering''': Bob Schaefer\n*'''Animation Stock''': Sandra Benenati\n*'''Assistants to the Executive Producers''': Jodi Berman, Janie Fields\n*'''Assistant to the Producer''': Erika Grossbart\n*'''Production Assistants''': Madlyn Goldberg, Kayte Kuch, Loretta High, Harry Karamanlian\n*'''Music Supervision''': Dean Elliott\n*'''Supervising Editor''': Chip Yaras\n*'''Effects Editors''': David Stone, Kevin Spears\n*'''Music Editor''': Mark Shiney\n*'''Post Production''': Lenore Nelson\n*'''Negative Cutting''': Mary Nelson\n*'''Camera''': Take One\n*'''Laboratory''': C.F.I.\n*'''Re-Recording''': Heider Scoring Service\n*'''Dubbing''': T.V. Recorders\n*'''\u00a91980 Ruby-Spears Productions, Inc.'''\n*'''A FILMWAYS COMPANY'''\n"	"Home video release"	"\"Scruffy\" was first released on VHS by Worldvision Home Video in the early 1980s and later re-released on VHS in association with Kids Klassics Home Video in 1989. To date, it has not been released on DVD by current rightsholder Warner Home Video.\n"	"See also"	"* List of Ruby-Spears productions\n* ABC Weekend Special\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n* \n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Seagull Screaming Kiss Her Kiss Her"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Seagull Screaming Kiss Her Kiss Her''' was a Japanese band formed by Aiha Higurashi in 1992. Their musical style contained elements of indie rock, experimental rock and, to a lesser extent, Shibuya-kei.\n"	"History"	"Seagull Screaming Kiss Her Kiss Her was formed in 1992 by Aiha Higurashi. Beginning as a two-girl band in New York City with her friend Sachiko Ito, it wasn't until after they had played a few shows that the band got its name, which was lifted from a track by the same name on British new wave pioneer XTC's The Big Express. Aiha returned to Tokyo solo in 1994 where she enlisted bassist and vocalist Nao Koyama and drummer Takaharu Karashima (a.k.a. Takape).\n\nTakaharu \"Takape\" Karashima left the band after recording Pretty In Pink in 1999.\n"	"Discography"	"===Losey Is My Dog (1993)===\n'''Label''': Trumpet Trumpet Records\n'''Serial''': TT007\n# Losey Is My Dog\n# A Prince Happy\n# Davy Baby\n\n===Seagull To Hell (1993)===\n'''Playtime''': 16:27\n'''Label''': Trumpet Trumpet Records\n'''Serial''': TT502\n# Losey Is My Dog\n# A Prince Happy\n# Davy Baby\n# Seagull's Theme\n# Thurston & Kim & Me\n# Mon Amour (4-Track Demo)\n\n===Swallow Up (1994)===\n'''Playtime''': 16:03\n'''Label''': Cardinal Records\n'''Serial''': BDCAR-CS0001\n# Swallow Up\n# Stand Still\n# Sing It For You\n# Dreamer Goes Anywhere Else\n# N.Y. Nite Fever (4 Track Special)\n\n===Fly (1996)===\n'''Playtime''': 20:50\n'''Label''': Polystar Co., Ltd.\n'''Serial''': PSCR-5431\n# It's Good It's Real\n# Fitting (Motorhead and Fuck Version) / Extensive Experience (not listed)\n# I'm A Diva\n# Choking\n# If I Happen To Fall Down (In Your Arms) / Creepy (not listed)\n\n===Give Them Back To Me (1996)===\n'''Playtime''': 56:42\n'''Label''': Hate It, Damn It Records\n'''Serial''': HDR-001CD\n# Gimmie\n# You Come To Me, And Give Them Back To Me\n# Hawaiian Bed\n# You And Me, Now\n# Outa Head (8-Track Version)\n# No Bed Of Roses\n# Naked\n# If I Happen To Fall Down...\n# Gimmie (Brilliant Shit)\n# Good-bye Blues\n# Fly\n# Happy Pills (Service Version)\n# Mid Summer N.Y.\n# Evil\n# Long\n# Evil Reprise (Eat Shit And Die Version)\n# Blind (Yo Yo Session)\n# Darling, Here I Am (Mono Version)\n# Watch Me Dead (Fly Session)\n\n===Pink Soda (1996)===\n'''Playtime''': 19:52\n'''Label''': Polystar Co., Ltd.\n'''Serial''': PSCR-5533\n# Foolin', But Don't Look Back Baby (Jamaica Mix)\n# Pink Soda\n# Asking For It\n# Loopy\n# Pink Soda (Too Drunk To Sing Version)\n# Subterranean Homesick Blues\n# Walk Away (No End Demo)\n\n===It's Brand New (1997)===\n'''Playtime''': 43:21\n'''Label''': Polystar Co., Ltd.\n'''Serial''': PSCR-5601\n# It's Brand New\n# School Lunch\n# A Touch\n# A Shotgun & Me\n# Red Talk\n# A Shotgun & Me (Real Body Remix)\n# She\n# Cream\n# I Feel My Heart Move\n# Criminal\n# Darlin' Here I Am\n# Sister Of Joy\n# Elvis\n\n===Sweet Home (1997)===\n'''Playtime''': 18:38\n'''Label''': Polystar Co., Ltd.\n'''Serial''': PSCR-5654\n# Angel\n# As Long As We're Together\n# Flower\n# Bare Foot\n# Sweet Home\n\n===17 (1998)===\n'''Playtime''': 50:09\n'''Label''': Polystar Co., Ltd.\n'''Serial''': PSCR-5703\n# Coma\n# Double Life\n# Down To Mexico\n# Rhythm Voice\n# Slow Start\n# Living On The Same Planet\n# Don't Cry My Bunny\n# Sister Sister\n# Count 0 Number 1\n# Drive A Car\n# Seventeen\n# Down To Mexico (Demo)\n\n===Pretty In Pink (1999)===\n'''Playtime''': 13:03\n'''Label''': Polystar Co., Ltd.\n'''Serial''': PSCR-5754\n# Heaven\n# I'm Crazy 4 U\n# Hello, Baby It's Me\n# Pretty In Pink\n\n===No! No! No! (2000)===\n'''Playtime''': 37:41\n'''Label''': Polystar Co., Ltd.\n'''Serial''': PSCR-5861\n# No Star\n# No Telephone\n# No Luck\n# Baby Run\n# Red Dress\n# Introduction No.\u00a09\n# Krazy 4 U\n# Grapefruit\n# Everyone's Fave\n# A Guitar For Me And Milk For Her\n# Motor Psycho\n# 8\n# Do I Love You Enough\n\n===No! No! No Star 2000 (2001)===\n'''Playtime''': 43:58\n'''Label''': Polystar Co., Ltd.\n'''Serial''': PSCR-5935\n# No Star\n# No Telephone\n# No Luck\n# Introduction No.\u00a09\n# Krazy 4 U\n# Motor Psycho (Chill Out Version)\n# 8\n# Johnny My Love\n# Everyone's Fave\n# Check 1, 2,\n# Down To Mexico\n# Drive A Car\n# Angel\n# 17\n\n===Sentimental Journey (2001)===\n'''Playtime''': 17:51\n'''Label''': Polystar Co., Ltd.\n'''Serial''': PSCR-5952\n# Sentimental Journey\n# Count Zero Zero Zero 1\n# L'amour\n\n===Future Or No Future (2001)===\n'''Playtime''': 18:37\n'''Label''': Polystar Co., Ltd.\n'''Serial''': PSCR-5957\n# Evolution\n# Lullaby\n# Sentimental Journey\n# Fuck It Up And Get Hurt\n# Think It Over\n# Let's Dance\n# Chik Chik A. A.\n# L'amour\n# Mo' Mo' Gimi' Mo'\n# Neat Neat Boy\n# Future Or No Future\n# Six In The Morning\n\n===Lullaby (2001)===\n'''Playtime''': 11:12\n'''Label''': Polystar Co., Ltd.\n'''Serial''': PSCR-5979\n# Lullaby\n# Psycho Melody\n# Doko E Iku No? (Where Am I Going To?)\n\n===Dying For Seagulls! (2002)===\n'''Playtime''': 76:34\n'''Label''': Polystar Co., Ltd.\n'''Serial''': PSCR-6039\n# It's Good It's Real\n# If I Happen To Fall Down\n# Pink Soda\n# Asking For It\n# It's Brand New\n# Red Talk\n# Angel\n# Down To Mexico\n# Seventeen\n# I'm Crazy 4 You\n# Pretty In Pink\n# No Star\n# No Telephone\n# Evolution\n# Lullaby\n# Sentimental Journey\n# Think It Over\n# Doko E Iku No? (Where Am I Going To?)\n# Johnny My Love\n# The Word I Love You\n# Oui Et Non\n\n===Red Talk (2002)===\n'''Playtime''': 60:48\n'''Label''': Arrivederci Baby!/Cherry Red Records\n'''Serial''': CIA0002CD \n'''Note''': Includes video 'Sister Sister'\n# Sentimental Journey\n# Pink Soda\n# No Luck\n# A Shotgun And Me\n# Angel\n# Pretty In Pink\n# Chik Chik A. A.\n# Grapefruit\n# Asking For It\n# A Guitar For Me And Milk For Her\n# Count 0 Number 1\n# Psycho Melody\n# She\n# Sister Sister\n# 8\n# Mo' Mo' Gimi' Mo'\n# As Long As We're Together\n# If I Happen To Fall Down (In Your Arms)\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  Album page on Arrivederci Baby\n*  Rock of Japan - SSKHKH\n*  Jrawk Aiha Higurashi interview, Feb. 2009\n*  Louder Than War - Seagull Screaming Kiss Her Kiss Her, A Retrospective, July 2013\n\n\n\n"
"Select Stakes (greyhounds)"	"Introduction"	"The '''Select Stakes''' is a greyhound competition held at Nottingham Greyhound Stadium.  \nIt was run at Wembley Stadium from 1952 until 1996, when the Wembley Greyhounds ended it moved to Nottingham in 1997 after the closure of the greyhounds at Wembley.\n"	"Past winners"	"\n\n+\n\n Year !! Winning Greyhound !! Breeding !! Winning Trainer !! Winning Time !! SP !! Notes\n\n1952\n Ballylanigan Tanist \n Mad Tanist - Fly Dancer\nLeslie Reynolds (Wembley) \n 29.23 sec \n 11-8 \n\n\n1953\n Endless Gossip \n Priceless Border - Narrogar Ann\nLeslie Reynolds (Wembley) \n 29.68 sec \n 5-1 \n\n\n1954\n Rushton Mac \n Rushton News - Rushton Panda\nFrank Johnson (Private) \n 29.34 sec \n 10-1 \n\n\n1955\n Duet Leader \n Champion Prince - Derryluskin Lady\nTom 'Paddy' Reilly (Walthamstow) \n 29.77 sec \n 5-4jf \n\n\n1956\n Duet Leader \n Champion Prince - Derryluskin Lady\nTom 'Paddy' Reilly (Walthamstow) \n 29.26 sec \n 11-4 \n\n\n1957\n Ford Spartan \n Polonius - Harrow Glamour\nDennis Hannafin (Wimbledon) \n 29.18 sec \n 9-4 \n\n\n1958\n Mile Bush Pride \n The Grand Champion - Witching Dancer\nJack Harvey (Wembley) \n 29.12 sec \n 5-2 \n\n\n1959\n Mile Bush Pride \n The Grand Champion - Witching Dancer\nJack Harvey (Wembley) \n 29.11 sec \n 2-5f \n\n\n1960\n Clonalvy Pride \n Solar Prince - Asmena\nJack Harvey (Wembley) \n 29.02 sec \n 11-8f \n\n\n1961\n Oregon Prince \n Knock Hill Chieftain - Burleighs Fancy\nPhil Rees Sr. (Private) \n 29.29 sec \n 2-5f \n\n\n1962\n Dromin Glory \n Hi There - Dromin Jet\nJohn Bassett (Clapton) \n 29.23 sec \n 4-1 \n\n\n1963\n Lucky Boy Boy \n Super Man - Grange Maiden\nJohn Bassett (Clapton) \n 29.30 sec \n 3-1f \n\n\n1964\n Pineapple Joe \n Clopook - Sight Unseen\nDennis Hannafin (Wimbledon) \n 28.93 sec \n 3-1 \n\n\n1965\n Geddy's Empress \n Tiny's Trousseau - Her Past\nBill Kelly (Clapton) \n 29.02 sec \n 11-2 \n\n\n1966\n Dusty Trail \n Printers Present - Dolores Daughter\nPaddy Milligan (Private) \n 29.20 sec \n 4-5f \n\n\n1967\n Carry On Oregon \n Oregon Prince - Gormanstown Wonder\nClare Orton (Wimbledon) \n 29.15 sec \n 13-8f \n\n\n1968\n Butchers Tec \n Booked Out - Technician\nRonnie Melville (Wembley) \n 29.31 sec \n 9-2 \n\n\n1969\n Valiant Ray \n Westpark Quail - Jamboree Judy\nKevin O'Neill (Walthamstow) \n 29.02 sec \n 3-1 \n\n\n1970\n Kilronane Jet \n Tontine - Jet Hostess\nTom Johnston Sr. (Wembley) \n 29.07 sec \n 7-1 \n\n\n1971\n Supreme Fun \n Newdown Heather - Top Note\nSid Ryall (Private) \n 29.19 sec \n 5-2 \n\n\n1972\n Westmead County \n Clonalvy Pride - Cricket Dance\nNatalie Savva (Private) \n 29.23 sec \n 9-4f \n\n\n1973\n Say Little \n Albany - Newhouse Blue\nColin McNally (Perry Barr) \n 29.64 sec \n 7-4f \n\n\n1974\n Acomb Dot \n Little County - April Rise\nJohn Malcolm (Hall Green) \n 29.20 sec \n 9-2 \n\n\n1975\n Toms Mor \n Toms Pal - Melville Money\nPaddy Milligan (Private) \n 29.21 sec \n 4-1 \n\n\n1976\n Mutts Silver \n The Grand Silver - Simple Pride\nPhil Rees Sr. (Wimbledon) \n 29.22 sec \n 1-1f \n\n\n1977\n Huberts Consort \n Mortar Light - Harmony Link\nTom 'Paddy' Reilly (Walthamstow) \n 29.32 sec \n 13-8f \n\n\n1978\n Dale Lad \n Bright Lad - Kerry Pal\nGeoff DeMulder (Hall Green) \n 29.95 sec \n 3-1 \n\n\n1979\n Desert Pilot \n Tain Mor - Dark Hostess\nGeoff DeMulder (Hall Green) \n 29.46 sec \n 4-6f \n\n\n1980\n Desert Pilot \n Tain Mor - Dark Hostess\nGeoff DeMulder (Hall Green) \n 29.21 sec \n 1-1f \n\n\n1981\n Greenane Metro \n Greenane Decca - Pineapple Grand\nArthur Hitch (Private) \n 29.7 sec \n 7-2 \n\n\n1982\n Brief Candle \n Peruvian Style - Sky Banner\nPaddy Hancox (Perry Barr) \n 29.13 sec \n 7-4 \n\n\n1983\n Whisper Wishes \n Sand Man - Micklem Drive\nMrs Jill Holt (Slough) \n 29.30 sec \n 5-2 \n\n\n1984\n Living Trail \n Ivy Hall Solo - Elimron\nJohn Honeysett (Wembley) \n 29.32 sec \n 66-1 \n\n\n1985\n Ballintubber One \n Killaclug Jet - Ballintubber Peg\nKenny Linzell (Walthamstow) \n 28.96 sec \n 9-2 \n\n\n1986\n Fearless Action \n Ron Hardy - Sarahs Bunny\nGeoff DeMulder (Oxford) \n 28.96 sec \n 4-5f \n\n\n1987\n Stouke Whisper \n Whisper Wishes - Stouke Playgirl\nJohn Honeysett (Wembley) \n 29.48 sec \n 4-1 \n\n\n1988\n Curryhills Gara \n Lindas Champion - Moygara Soda\nErnie Gaskin Sr. (Private) \n 29.10 sec \n 11-8f \n\n\n1989\n Yes Speedy \n Curryhills Fox - Yes Mam\nJohn McGee Sr. (Private) \n 28.84 sec \n 2-1 \n\n\n1990\n Westmead Harry \n Fearless Champ - Westmead Move\nNick Savva (Private) \n 29.30 sec \n 3-1 \n\n\n1991\n Summerhill Super \n Daleys Gold - Tiny Tolcas\nJohn Copplestone (Portsmouth) \n 29.19 sec \n 7-4jf \n\n\n1992\n Pineapple Lemon \n Curryhills Lemon - Pineapple Beauty\nMichael Compton (Private) \n 29.35 sec \n 7-4 \n\n\n1993\n Simply Free \n Daleys Gold - Rooskey Critic\nCharlie Lister OBE (Private) \n 29.16 sec \n 7-1 \n\n\n1994\n Snow Flash \n Phantom Flash - Airport Lady\nColin Dolby (Wembley) \n 29.71 sec \n 6-1 \n\n\n1995\n Courier Kid \n Manx Treasure - Strange Manner\nJohn Coleman (Walthamstow) \n 29.25 sec \n 9-2 \n\n\n1996\n Some Picture \n Slaneyside Hare - Spring Season\nCharlie Lister OBE (Private) \n 28.91 sec \n 9-4f \n\n\n1997\n Larkhill Jo \n Staplers Jo - Westmead Flight\nNick Savva (Walthamstow) \n 30.19 sec \n 2-1f \n\n\n1998\n Jaspers Boy \n Castlelyons Gem - Polnoon Lane\nDavid Pruhs (Peterborough) \n 30.29 sec \n 6-4f \n\n\n1999\n Jaspers Boy \n Castlelyons Gem - Polnoon Lane\nDavid Pruhs (Peterborough) \n 30.00 sec \n 11-10f \n\n\n2000\n Rackethall Jet \n Mountleader Peer - Tracys Lady\nPatsy Byrne (Wimbledon) \n 30.45 sec \n 7-1 \n\n\n2001\n Sonic Flight \n Frightful Flash - Westmead Flight\nNick Savva (Private) \n 30.26 sec \n 4-11f \n\n\n2002\n Droopys Rhys \n Jamaican Hero - High Knight\nTed Soppitt (Private) \n 30.42 sec \n 6-4f \n\n\n2003\n Droopys Shearer \n Droopys Woods - High Knight\nTed Soppitt (Private) \n 29.85 sec \n 2-1 \n\n\n2004\n Dairyland Sue \n Roanokee - Ciabatta\nPat Rosney (Belle Vue) \n 29.74 sec \n 25-1 \n\n\n2005\n Roxholme Girl \n Pacific Mile - Gilded Choice\nHayley Keightley (Private) \n 29.84 sec \n 8-1 \n\n\n2006\n Cleenas Lady \n Hondo Black - Mind The Way\nTerry Dartnall (Reading) \n 29.61 sec \n 9-2 \n\n\n2007\n Cleenas Lady \n Hondo Black - Mind The Way\nTerry Dartnall (Reading) \n 30.09 sec \n 5-1 \n\n\n2008\n Barnfield on Air \n Pacific Mile - Always on Air\nSam Poots (Private) \n 29.84 sec \n 5-4f \n\n\n2009\n Windy Miller \n Honcho Classic-Any Time\nPat Rosney (Monmore) \n 29.69 sec \n 4-1 \n\n\n2010\n Jordansoilutions \n Brett Lee-Miggs\nCharlie Lister OBE (Private) \n 29.90 sec \n 9-2 \n\n\n2011\n Jordansoilutions \n Brett Lee-Miggs\nCharlie Lister OBE (Private) \n 30.07 sec \n 14-1 \n\n\n2012\n Silverview Perky \n Head Bound \u2013 Owens Rover\nCharlie Lister OBE (Private) \n 30.34 sec \n 5-2 \n\n\n2013\n Daddy Knowsbest \n Big Daddy Cool \u2013 Bridie Knowsbet\nChris Allsopp (Monmore Green) \n 29.67 sec \n 8-1 \ndead-heat\n\n2013\n Holdem Spy \n Hondo Black \u2013 Have One More\nCarol Weatherall (Coventry) \n 29.67 sec \n 3-1jf\ndead-heat\n\n2014\n Pay Freeze \n Ace Hi Rumble \u2013 Ballinclare Dime\nElaine Parker (Sheffield) \n 29.63 sec \n 8-1 \n\n\n2015\n Swift Hoffman  \n Makeshift \u2013 Swift Erin\nPat Rosney (Private) \n 29.63 sec \n 4-5f\n\n\n2016\n Domino Storm  \n Makeshift \u2013 Swift Erin\nMark Wallis (Towcester) \n 29.34 sec \n 6-1\n\n\n"	"Locations"	"*1954-1974 - Wembley, 525 yards \n*1975\u20131996 - Wembley, 490 metres\n*1997\u2013present - Nottingham, 500 metres\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* British Greyhound Racing Board\n\n"
"Sheep"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nThe '''sheep''' (''Ovis aries'') is a quadrupedal, ruminant mammal typically kept as livestock. Like all ruminants, sheep are members of the order Artiodactyla, the even-toed ungulates. Although the name \"sheep\" applies to many species in the genus ''Ovis'', in everyday usage it almost always refers to ''Ovis aries''. Numbering a little over one billion, domestic sheep are also the most numerous species of sheep. An adult female sheep is referred to as a ''ewe'' (), an intact male as a ''ram'' or occasionally a ''tup'', a castrated male as a ''wether'', and a younger sheep as a  ''lamb''.\n\nSheep are most likely descended from the wild mouflon of Europe and Asia. One of the earliest animals to be domesticated for agricultural purposes, sheep are raised for fleece, meat (lamb, hogget or mutton) and milk. A sheep's wool is the most widely used animal fiber, and is usually harvested by shearing. Ovine meat is called lamb when from younger animals and mutton when from older ones.  Sheep continue to be important for wool and meat today, and are also occasionally raised for pelts, as dairy animals, or as model organisms for science.\n\nSheep husbandry is practised throughout the majority of the inhabited world, and has been fundamental to many civilizations. In the modern era, Australia, New Zealand, the southern and central South American nations, and the British Isles are most closely associated with sheep production.\n\nSheepraising has a large lexicon of unique terms which vary considerably by region and dialect. Use of the word ''sheep'' began in Middle English as a derivation of the Old English word ''sc\u0113ap''; it is both the singular and plural name for the animal. A group of sheep is called a flock, herd or mob. Many other specific terms for the various life stages of sheep exist, generally related to lambing, shearing, and age.\n\nBeing a key animal in the history of farming, sheep have a deeply entrenched place in human culture, and find representation in much modern language and symbology. As livestock, sheep are most often associated with pastoral, Arcadian imagery. Sheep figure in many mythologies\u2014such as the Golden Fleece\u2014and major religions, especially the Abrahamic traditions. In both ancient and modern religious ritual, sheep are used as sacrificial animals.\n\n\n"	"Characteristics"	"\nDomestic sheep are relatively small ruminants, usually with a crimped hair called wool and often with horns forming a lateral spiral. Domestic sheep differ from their wild relatives and ancestors in several respects, having become uniquely neotenic as a result of selective breeding by humans. A few primitive breeds of sheep retain some of the characteristics of their wild cousins, such as short tails. Depending on breed, domestic sheep may have no horns at all (i.e. polled), or horns in both sexes, or in males only. Most horned breeds have a single pair, but a few breeds may have several.\n\nAnother trait unique to domestic sheep as compared to wild ovines is their wide variation in color. Wild sheep are largely variations of brown hues, and variation within species is extremely limited. Colors of domestic sheep range from pure white to dark chocolate brown, and even spotted or piebald. Selection for easily dyeable white fleeces began early in sheep domestication, and as white wool is a dominant trait it spread quickly. However, colored sheep do appear in many modern breeds, and may even appear as a recessive trait in white flocks. While white wool is desirable for large commercial markets, there is a niche market for colored fleeces, mostly for handspinning. The nature of the fleece varies widely among the breeds, from dense and highly crimped, to long and hairlike. There is variation of wool type and quality even among members of the same flock, so wool classing is a step in the commercial processing of the fibre.Suffolks are a medium wool, black-faced breed of meat sheep that make up 60% of the sheep population in the U.S.Depending on breed, sheep show a range of heights and weights. Their rate of growth and mature weight is a heritable trait that is often selected for in breeding. Ewes typically weigh between , and rams between . When all deciduous teeth have erupted, the sheep has 20 teeth. Mature sheep have 32 teeth. As with other ruminants, the front teeth in the lower jaw bite against a hard, toothless pad in the upper jaw. These are used to pick off vegetation, then the rear teeth grind it before it is swallowed. There are eight lower front teeth in ruminants, but there is some disagreement as to whether these are eight incisors, or six incisors and two incisor-shaped canines. This means that the dental formula for sheep is either  or   There is a large diastema between the incisors and the molars.\n\nIn the first few years of life one can calculate the age of sheep from their front teeth, as a pair of milk teeth is replaced by larger adult teeth each year, the full set of eight adult front teeth being complete at about four years of age. The front teeth are then gradually lost as sheep age, making it harder for them to feed and hindering the health and productivity of the animal. For this reason, domestic sheep on normal pasture begin to slowly decline from four years on, and the life expectancy of a sheep is 10 to 12 years, though some sheep may live as long as 20 years. SkullSheep have good hearing, and are sensitive to noise when being handled. Sheep have horizontal slit-shaped pupils, with excellent peripheral vision; with visual fields of about 270\u00b0 to 320\u00b0, sheep can see behind themselves without turning their heads. Many breeds have only short hair on the face, and some have facial wool (if any) confined to the poll and or the area of the mandibular angle; the wide angles of peripheral vision apply to these breeds. A few breeds tend to have considerable wool on the face; for some individuals of these breeds, peripheral vision may be greatly reduced by \"wool blindness\", unless recently shorn about the face. Sheep have poor depth perception; shadows and dips in the ground may cause sheep to baulk. In general, sheep have a tendency to move out of the dark and into well-lit areas, and prefer to move uphill when disturbed. Sheep also have an excellent sense of smell, and, like all species of their genus, have scent glands just in front of the eyes, and interdigitally on the feet. The purpose of these glands is uncertain, but those on the face may be used in breeding behaviors. The foot glands might also be related to reproduction, but alternative reasons, such as secretion of a waste product or a scent marker to help lost sheep find their flock, have also been proposed.\n\n=== Comparison with goats ===\nSheep and goats are closely related: both are in the subfamily Caprinae. However, they are separate species, so hybrids rarely occur, and are always infertile. A hybrid of a ewe and a buck (a male goat) is called a sheep-goat hybrid (only a single such animal has been confirmed), and is not to be confused with the sheep-goat chimera, though both are known as ''geep''. Visual differences between sheep and goats include the beard of goats and divided upper lip of sheep. Sheep tails also hang down, even when short or docked, while the short tails of goats are held upwards. Also, sheep breeds are often naturally polled (either in both sexes or just in the female), while naturally polled goats are rare (though many are polled artificially). Males of the two species differ in that buck goats acquire a unique and strong odor during the rut, whereas rams do not.\n\n===Breeds===\nSheep being judged for adherence to their breed standard, and being held by the most common method of restraint\n\nThe domestic sheep is a multi-purpose animal, and the more than 200 breeds now in existence were created to serve these diverse purposes. Some sources give a count of a thousand or more breeds, but these numbers cannot be verified, according to some sources. However, several hundred breeds of sheep have been identified by the FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN), with the estimated number varying somewhat from time to time: e.g. 863 breeds as of 1993, 1314 breeds as of 1995  and 1229 breeds as of 2006. (These numbers exclude extinct breeds, which are also tallied by the FAO.) For the purpose of such tallies, the FAO definition of a breed is \"either a subspecific group of domestic livestock with definable and identifiable external characteristics that enable it to be separated by visual appraisal from other similarly defined groups within the same species or a group for which geographical and/or cultural separation from phenotypically similar groups has led to acceptance of its separate identity.\" Almost all sheep are classified as being best suited to furnishing a certain product: wool, meat, milk, hides, or a combination in a dual-purpose breed. Other features used when classifying sheep include face color (generally white or black), tail length, presence or lack of horns, and the topography for which the breed has been developed. This last point is especially stressed in the UK, where breeds are described as either upland (hill or mountain) or lowland breeds. A sheep may also be of a fat-tailed type, which is a dual-purpose sheep common in Africa and Asia with larger deposits of fat within and around its tail.\n\nThe Barbados Blackbelly is a hair sheep breed of Caribbean origin.\nBreeds are often categorized by the type of their wool. Fine wool breeds are those that have wool of great crimp and density, which are preferred for textiles. Most of these were derived from Merino sheep, and the breed continues to dominate the world sheep industry. Downs breeds have wool between the extremes, and are typically fast-growing meat and ram breeds with dark faces. Some major medium wool breeds, such as the Corriedale, are dual-purpose crosses of long and fine-wooled breeds and were created for high-production commercial flocks. Long wool breeds are the largest of sheep, with long wool and a slow rate of growth. Long wool sheep are most valued for crossbreeding to improve the attributes of other sheep types. For example: the American Columbia breed was developed by crossing Lincoln rams (a long wool breed) with fine-wooled Rambouillet ewes.\n\nCoarse or carpet wool sheep are those with a medium to long length wool of characteristic coarseness. Breeds traditionally used for carpet wool show great variability, but the chief requirement is a wool that will not break down under heavy use (as would that of the finer breeds). As the demand for carpet-quality wool declines, some breeders of this type of sheep are attempting to use a few of these traditional breeds for alternative purposes. Others have always been primarily meat-class sheep.\n\nA minor class of sheep are the dairy breeds. Dual-purpose breeds that may primarily be meat or wool sheep are often used secondarily as milking animals, but there are a few breeds that are predominantly used for milking. These sheep produce a higher quantity of milk and have slightly longer lactation curves. In the quality of their milk, the fat and protein content percentages of dairy sheep vary from non-dairy breeds, but lactose content does not.\nThe Li\u010dka pramenka is a sheep breed of Croatian origin\n\nA last group of sheep breeds is that of fur or '''hair sheep''', which do not grow wool at all. Hair sheep are similar to the early domesticated sheep kept before woolly breeds were developed, and are raised for meat and pelts. Some modern breeds of hair sheep, such as the Dorper, result from crosses between wool and hair breeds. For meat and hide producers, hair sheep are cheaper to keep, as they do not need shearing. Hair sheep are also more resistant to parasites and hot weather.\n\nWith the modern rise of corporate agribusiness and the decline of localized family farms, many breeds of sheep are in danger of extinction. The Rare Breeds Survival Trust of the UK lists 22 native breeds as having only 3,000 registered animals (each), and The Livestock Conservancy lists 14 as either \"critical\" or \"threatened\". Preferences for breeds with uniform characteristics and fast growth have pushed heritage (or heirloom) breeds to the margins of the sheep industry. Those that remain are maintained through the efforts of conservation organizations, breed registries, and individual farmers dedicated to their preservation.\n"	"Diet"	"Sheep are exclusively herbivorous mammals. Most breeds prefer to graze on grass and other short roughage, avoiding the taller woody parts of plants that goats readily consume. Both sheep and goats use their lips and tongues to select parts of the plant that are easier to digest or higher in nutrition. Sheep, however, graze well in monoculture pastures where most goats fare poorly. \nRuminant system of a sheep\nLike all ruminants, sheep have a complex digestive system composed of four chambers, allowing them to break down cellulose from stems, leaves, and seed hulls into simpler carbohydrates. When sheep graze, vegetation is chewed into a mass called a bolus, which is then passed into the rumen, via the reticulum. The rumen is a 19- to 38-liter (5 to 10 gal) organ in which feed is fermented. The fermenting organisms include bacteria, fungi, and protozoa.  (Other important rumen organisms include some archaea, which produce methane from carbon dioxide.)  The bolus is periodically regurgitated back to the mouth as cud for additional chewing and salivation. After fermentation in the rumen, feed passes into the reticulum and the omasum; special feeds such as grains may bypass the rumen altogether. After the first three chambers, food moves into the abomasum for final digestion before processing by the intestines. The abomasum is the only one of the four chambers analogous to the human stomach, and is sometimes called the \"true stomach\".\n\nOther than forage, the other staple feed for sheep is hay, often during the winter months. The ability to thrive solely on pasture (even without hay) varies with breed, but all sheep can survive on this diet. Also included in some sheep's diets are minerals, either in a trace mix or in licks. Feed provided to sheep must be specially formulated, as most cattle, poultry, pig, and even some goat feeds contain levels of copper that are lethal to sheep. The same danger applies to mineral supplements such as salt licks.\n\n===Grazing behavior===\nSheep follow a diurnal pattern of activity, feeding from dawn to dusk, stopping sporadically to rest and chew their cud. Ideal pasture for sheep is not lawnlike grass, but an array of grasses, legumes and forbs. Types of land where sheep are raised vary widely, from pastures that are seeded and improved intentionally to rough, native lands. Common plants toxic to sheep are present in most of the world, and include (but are not limited to) cherry, some oaks and acorns, tomato, yew, rhubarb, potato, and rhododendron.\n\nSheep grazing on public land\n\n====Effects on pasture====\nSheep are largely grazing herbivores, unlike browsing animals such as goats and deer that prefer taller foliage. With a much narrower face, sheep crop plants very close to the ground and can overgraze a pasture much faster than cattle. For this reason, many shepherds use managed intensive rotational grazing, where a flock is rotated through multiple pastures, giving plants time to recover. Paradoxically, sheep can both cause and solve the spread of invasive plant species. By disturbing the natural state of pasture, sheep and other livestock can pave the way for invasive plants. However, sheep also prefer to eat invasives such as cheatgrass, leafy spurge, kudzu and spotted knapweed over native species such as sagebrush, making grazing sheep effective for conservation grazing. Research conducted in Imperial County, California compared lamb grazing with herbicides for weed control in seedling alfalfa fields. Three trials demonstrated that grazing lambs were just as effective as herbicides in controlling winter weeds. Entomologists also compared grazing lambs to insecticides for insect control in winter alfalfa. In this trial, lambs provided insect control as effectively as insecticides.\n"	"Behavior"	"Sheep showing flocking behavior during a sheepdog trial\n\n===Flock behavior===\nSheep are flock animals and strongly gregarious; much sheep behavior can be understood on the basis of these tendencies. The dominance hierarchy of sheep and their natural inclination to follow a leader to new pastures were the pivotal factors in sheep being one of the first domesticated livestock species. Furthermore, in contrast to the red deer and gazelle (two other ungulates of primary importance to meat production in prehistoric times), sheep do not defend territories although they do form home ranges.  All sheep have a tendency to congregate close to other members of a flock, although this behavior varies with breed, and sheep can become stressed when separated from their flock members. During flocking, sheep have a strong tendency to follow and a leader may simply be the first individual to move.  Relationships in flocks tend to be closest among related sheep: in mixed-breed flocks, subgroups of the same breed tend to form, and a ewe and her direct descendants often move as a unit within large flocks.  Sheep can become hefted to one particular local pasture (heft) so they do not roam freely in unfenced landscapes. Lambs learn the heft from ewes and if whole flocks are culled it must be retaught to the replacement animals.\n\nFlock behaviour in sheep is generally only exhibited in groups of four or more sheep; fewer sheep may not react as expected when alone or with few other sheep. Being a prey species, the primary defense mechanism of sheep is to flee from danger when their flight zone is entered. Cornered sheep may charge and butt, or threaten by hoof stamping and adopting an aggressive posture. This is particularly true for ewes with newborn lambs.\n\nIn regions where sheep have no natural predators, none of the native breeds of sheep exhibit a strong flocking behavior.\n\n====Herding====\nEscaped sheep being led back to pasture with the enticement of food. This method of moving sheep works best with smaller flocks.\nFarmers exploit flocking behavior to keep sheep together on unfenced pastures such as hill farming, and to move them more easily. For this purpose shepherds may use herding dogs in this effort, with a highly bred herding ability. Sheep are food-oriented, and association of humans with regular feeding often results in sheep soliciting people for food. Those who are moving sheep may exploit this behavior by leading sheep with buckets of feed.\n\n===Dominance hierarchy===\nSheep establish a dominance hierarchy through fighting, threats and competitiveness. Dominant animals are inclined to be more aggressive with other sheep, and usually feed first at troughs. Primarily among rams, horn size is a factor in the flock hierarchy. Rams with different size horns may be less inclined to fight to establish the dominance order, while rams with similarly sized horns are more so.  Merinos have an almost linear hierarchy whereas there is a less rigid structure in Border Leicesters when a competitive feeding situation arises.\n\nIn sheep, position in a moving flock is highly correlated with social dominance, but there is no definitive study to show consistent voluntary leadership by an individual sheep.\n\n===Intelligence and learning ability===\nSheep are frequently thought of as unintelligent animals. Their  flocking behavior and quickness to flee and panic can make shepherding a difficult endeavor for the uninitiated. Despite these perceptions, a University of Illinois monograph on sheep reported them to be just below pigs and on par with cattle in IQ.\nSheep can recognize individual human and ovine faces, and remember them for years. In addition to long-term facial recognition of individuals, sheep can also differentiate emotional states through facial characteristics. If worked with patiently, sheep may learn their names and many sheep are trained to be led by halter for showing and other purposes. Sheep have also responded well to clicker training. Sheep have been used as pack animals; Tibetan nomads distribute baggage equally throughout a flock as it is herded between living sites.\n\nIt has been reported that some sheep have apparently shown problem-solving abilities; a flock in West Yorkshire, England allegedly found a way to get over cattle grids by rolling on their backs, although documentation of this has relied on anecdotal accounts.\n\n===Vocalisations===\n\nSounds made by domestic sheep include bleats, grunts, rumbles and snorts.   Bleating (\"baaing\") is used mostly for contact communication, especially between dam and lambs, but also at times between other flock members.  The bleats of individual sheep are distinctive, enabling the ewe and her lambs to recognize each other's vocalizations.  Vocal communication between lambs and their dam declines to a very low level within several weeks after parturition.  A variety of bleats may be heard, depending on sheep age and circumstances. Apart from contact communication, bleating may signal distress, frustration or impatience; however, sheep are usually silent when in pain.  Isolation commonly prompts bleating by sheep.  Pregnant ewes may grunt when in labor.  Rumbling sounds are made by the ram during courting;  somewhat similar rumbling sounds may be made by the ewe, especially when with her neonate lambs.  A snort (explosive exhalation through the nostrils) may signal aggression or a warning, and is often elicited from startled sheep.\n\n===Senses===\nLamb\nIn sheep breeds lacking facial wool, the visual field is wide. In 10 sheep (Cambridge, Lleyn and Welsh Mountain breeds, which lack facial wool), the visual field ranged from 298\u00b0 to 325\u00b0, averaging 313.1\u00b0, with binocular overlap ranging from 44.5\u00b0 to 74\u00b0, averaging 61.7\u00b0. In some breeds, unshorn facial wool can limit the visual field; in some individuals, this may be enough to cause \"wool blindness\". In 60 Merinos, visual fields ranged from 219.1\u00b0 to 303.0\u00b0, averaging 269.9\u00b0, and the binocular field ranged from 8.9\u00b0 to 77.7\u00b0, averaging 47.5\u00b0; 36% of the measurements were limited by wool, although photographs of the experiments indicate that only limited facial wool regrowth had occurred since shearing. In addition to facial wool (in some breeds), visual field limitations can include ears and (in some breeds) horns, so the visual field can be extended by tilting the head. Sheep eyes exhibit very low hyperopia and little astigmatism. Such visual characteristics are likely to produce a well-focused retinal image of objects in both the middle and long distance. Because sheep eyes have no accommodation, one might expect the image of very near objects to be blurred, but a rather clear near image could be provided by the tapetum and large retinal image of the sheep's eye, and adequate close vision may occur at muzzle length. Good depth perception, inferred from the sheep's sure-footedness, was confirmed in \"visual cliff\" experiments; behavioral responses indicating depth perception are seen in lambs at one day old. Sheep are thought to have colour vision, and can distinguish between a variety of colours: black, red, brown, green, yellow and white. Sight is a vital part of sheep communication, and when grazing, they maintain visual contact with each other. Each sheep lifts its head upwards to check the position of other sheep in the flock. This constant monitoring is probably what keeps the sheep in a flock as they move along grazing. Sheep become stressed when isolated; this stress is reduced if they are provided with a mirror, indicating that the sight of other sheep reduces stress.\n\nTaste is the most important sense in sheep, establishing forage preferences, with sweet and sour plants being preferred and bitter plants being more commonly rejected. Touch and sight are also important in relation to specific plant characteristics, such as succulence and growth form.\n\nThe ram uses his vomeronasal organ (sometimes called the Jacobson's organ) to sense the pheromones of ewes and detect when they are in estrus. The ewe uses her vomeronasal organ for early recognition of her neonate lamb.\n"	"Reproduction"	"\nThe second of twins being born.\nSheep follow a similar reproductive strategy to other herd animals. A group of ewes is generally mated by a single ram, who has either been chosen by a breeder or (in feral populations) has established dominance through physical contest with other rams. Most sheep are seasonal breeders, although some are able to breed year-round. Ewes generally reach sexual maturity at six to eight months old, and rams generally at four to six months. However, there are exceptions. For example, Finnsheep ewe lambs may reach puberty as early as 3 to 4 months, and Merino ewes sometimes reach puberty at 18 to 20 months. Ewes have estrus cycles about every 17 days, during which they emit a scent and indicate readiness through physical displays towards rams. A minority of rams (8% on average) display a preference for homosexuality and a small number of the females that were accompanied by a male fetus ''in utero'' are freemartins (female animals that are behaviorally masculine and lack functioning ovaries).\n\nIn feral sheep, rams may fight during the rut to determine which individuals may mate with ewes. Rams, especially unfamiliar ones, will also fight outside the breeding period to establish dominance; rams can kill one another if allowed to mix freely. During the rut, even usually friendly rams may become aggressive towards humans due to increases in their hormone levels.\n\nAfter mating, sheep have a gestation period of about five months, and normal labor takes one to three hours. Although some breeds regularly throw larger litters of lambs, most produce single or twin lambs. During or soon after labor, ewes and lambs may be confined to small lambing jugs, small pens designed to aid both careful observation of ewes and to cement the bond between them and their lambs.\n\nA lamb's first steps\n\nOvine obstetrics can be problematic. By selectively breeding ewes that produce multiple offspring with higher birth weights for generations, sheep producers have inadvertently caused some domestic sheep to have difficulty lambing; balancing ease of lambing with high productivity is one of the dilemmas of sheep breeding. In the case of any such problems, those present at lambing may assist the ewe by extracting or repositioning lambs. After the birth, ewes ideally break the amniotic sac (if it is not broken during labor), and begin licking clean the lamb. Most lambs will begin standing within an hour of birth. In normal situations, lambs nurse after standing, receiving vital colostrum milk. Lambs that either fail to nurse or are rejected by the ewe require help to survive, such as bottle-feeding or fostering by another ewe.\n\nAfter lambs are several weeks old, lamb marking (ear tagging, docking, and castrating) is carried out. Vaccinations are usually carried out at this point as well. Ear tags with numbers are attached, or ear marks are applied, for ease of later identification of sheep. Castration is performed on ram lambs not intended for breeding, although some shepherds choose to omit this for ethical, economic or practical reasons. However, many would disagree with regard to timing. Docking and castration are commonly done after 24 hours (to avoid interference with maternal bonding and consumption of colostrum) and are often done not later than one week after birth, to minimize pain, stress, recovery time and complications. The first course of vaccinations (commonly anti-clostridial) is commonly given at an age of about 10 to 12 weeks; i.e. when the concentration of maternal antibodies passively acquired via colostrum is expected to have fallen low enough to permit development of active immunity. Ewes are often revaccinated annually about 3 weeks before lambing, to provide high antibody concentrations in colostrum during the first several hours after lambing. Ram lambs that will either be slaughtered or separated from ewes before sexual maturity are not usually castrated. Tail docking is commonly done for welfare, having been shown to reduce risk of fly strike. Objections to all these procedures have been raised by animal rights groups, but farmers defend them by saying they solve many practical and veterinary problems, and inflict only temporary pain.\n"	"Health"	"A veterinarian draws blood to test for resistance to scrapie\nSheep may fall victim to poisons, infectious diseases, and physical injuries. As a prey species, a sheep's system is adapted to hide the obvious signs of illness, to prevent being targeted by predators. However, some signs of ill health are obvious, with sick sheep eating little, vocalizing excessively, and being generally listless. Throughout history, much of the money and labor of sheep husbandry has aimed to prevent sheep ailments. Historically, shepherds often created remedies by experimentation on the farm. In some developed countries, including the United States, sheep lack the economic importance for drug companies to perform expensive clinical trials required to approve more than a relatively limited number of drugs for ovine use. However, extra-label drug use in sheep production is permitted in many jurisdictions, subject to certain restrictions.  In the US, for example, regulations governing extra-label drug use in animals are found in 21 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) Part 530.  In the 20th and 21st centuries, a minority of sheep owners have turned to alternative treatments such as homeopathy, herbalism and even traditional Chinese medicine to treat sheep veterinary problems. Despite some favorable anecdotal evidence, the effectiveness of alternative veterinary medicine has been met with skepticism in scientific journals. The need for traditional anti-parasite drugs and antibiotics is widespread, and is the main impediment to certified organic farming with sheep.\n\nMany breeders take a variety of preventive measures to ward off problems. The first is to ensure all sheep are healthy when purchased. Many buyers avoid outlets known to be clearing houses for animals culled from healthy flocks as either sick or simply inferior. This can also mean maintaining a closed flock, and quarantining new sheep for a month. Two fundamental preventive programs are maintaining good nutrition and reducing stress in the sheep. Restraint, isolation, loud noises, novel situations, pain, heat, extreme cold, fatigue and other stressors can lead to secretion of cortisol, a stress hormone, in amounts that may indicate welfare problems.  Excessive stress can compromise the immune system.  \"Shipping fever\" (pneumonic mannheimiosis, formerly called pasteurellosis) is a disease of particular concern, that can occur as a result of stress, notably during transport and (or) handling.  Pain, fear and several other stressors can cause secretion of epinephrine (adrenaline).  Considerable epinephrine secretion in the final days before slaughter can adversely affect meat quality (by causing glycogenolysis, removing the substrate for normal post-slaughter acidification of meat) and result in meat becoming more susceptible to colonization by spoilage bacteria.  Because of such issues, low-stress handling is essential in sheep management.   Avoiding poisoning is also important; common poisons are pesticide sprays, inorganic fertilizer, motor oil, as well as radiator coolant containing ethylene glycol.\n\norf, a disease transmittable to humans through skin contact\n\nCommon forms of preventive medication for sheep are vaccinations and treatments for parasites. Both external and internal parasites are the most prevalent malady in sheep, and are either fatal, or reduce the productivity of flocks. Worms are the most common internal parasites. They are ingested during grazing, incubate within the sheep, and are expelled through the digestive system (beginning the cycle again). Oral anti-parasitic medicines, known as drenches, are given to a flock to treat worms, sometimes after worm eggs in the feces has been counted to assess infestation levels. Afterwards, sheep may be moved to a new pasture to avoid ingesting the same parasites.  External sheep parasites include: lice (for different parts of the body), sheep keds, nose bots, sheep itch mites, and maggots. Keds are blood-sucking parasites that cause general malnutrition and decreased productivity, but are not fatal. Maggots are those of the bot fly and the blow-fly. Fly maggots cause the extremely destructive condition of flystrike. Flies lay their eggs in wounds or wet, manure-soiled wool; when the maggots hatch they burrow into a sheep's flesh, eventually causing death if untreated. In addition to other treatments, crutching (shearing wool from a sheep's rump) is a common preventive method. Some countries allow mulesing, a practice that involves stripping away the skin on the rump to prevent fly-strike, normally performed when the sheep is a lamb.  Nose bots are fly larvae that inhabit a sheep's sinuses, causing breathing difficulties and discomfort. Common signs are a discharge from the nasal passage, sneezing, and frantic movement such as head shaking. External parasites may be controlled through the use of backliners, sprays or immersive sheep dips.\n\nA wide array of bacterial and viral diseases affect sheep. Diseases of the hoof, such as foot rot and foot scald may occur, and are treated with footbaths and other remedies. These painful conditions cause lameness and hinder feeding. Ovine Johne's disease is a wasting disease that affects young sheep. Bluetongue disease is an insect-borne illness causing fever and inflammation of the mucous membranes. Ovine rinderpest (or ''peste des petits ruminants'') is a highly contagious and often fatal viral disease affecting sheep and goats.\n\nA few sheep conditions are transmissible to humans. Orf (also known as scabby mouth, contagious ecthyma or soremouth) is a skin disease leaving lesions that is transmitted through skin-to-skin contact. Cutaneous anthrax is also called woolsorter's disease, as the spores can be transmitted in unwashed wool. More seriously, the organisms that can cause spontaneous enzootic abortion in sheep are easily transmitted to pregnant women. Also of concern are the prion disease scrapie and the virus that causes foot-and-mouth disease (FMD), as both can devastate flocks. The latter poses a slight risk to humans. During the 2001 FMD pandemic in the UK, hundreds of sheep were culled and some rare British breeds were at risk of extinction due to this.\n\n===Predators===\n\nA lamb being attacked by coyotes with a bite to the throat\nOther than parasites and disease, predation is a threat to sheep and the profitability of sheep raising. Sheep have little ability to defend themselves, compared with other species kept as livestock. Even if sheep survive an attack, they may die from their injuries, or simply from panic. However, the impact of predation varies dramatically with region. In Africa, Australia, the Americas, and parts of Europe and Asia predators are a serious problem. In the United States, for instance, over one third of sheep deaths in 2004 were caused by predation. In contrast, other nations are virtually devoid of sheep predators, particularly islands known for extensive sheep husbandry. Worldwide, canids\u2014including the domestic dog\u2014are responsible for most sheep deaths. Other animals that occasionally prey on sheep include: felines, bears, birds of prey, ravens and feral hogs.\n\nSheep producers have used a wide variety of measures to combat predation. Pre-modern shepherds used their own presence, livestock guardian dogs, and protective structures such as barns and fencing. Fencing (both regular and electric), penning sheep at night and lambing indoors all continue to be widely used. More modern shepherds used guns, traps, and poisons to kill predators, causing significant decreases in predator populations. In the wake of the environmental and conservation movements, the use of these methods now usually falls under the purview of specially designated government agencies in most developed countries.\n\nThe 1970s saw a resurgence in the use of livestock guardian dogs and the development of new methods of predator control by sheep producers, many of them non-lethal. Donkeys and guard llamas have been used since the 1980s in sheep operations, using the same basic principle as livestock guardian dogs. Interspecific pasturing, usually with larger livestock such as cattle or horses, may help to deter predators, even if such species do not actively guard sheep. In addition to animal guardians, contemporary sheep operations may use non-lethal predator deterrents such as motion-activated lights and noisy alarms.\n"	"Economic importance"	"\n\nSheep are an important part of the global agricultural economy. However, their once vital status has been largely replaced by other livestock species, especially the pig, chicken, and cow. China, Australia, India, and Iran have the largest modern flocks, and serve both local and exportation needs for wool and mutton. Other countries such as New Zealand have smaller flocks but retain a large international economic impact due to their export of sheep products. Sheep also play a major role in many local economies, which may be niche markets focused on organic or sustainable agriculture and local food customers. Especially in developing countries, such flocks may be a part of subsistence agriculture rather than a system of trade. Sheep themselves may be a medium of trade in barter economies.\n\nWool supplied by Australian farmers to dealers (tonnes/quarter) has been in decline since 1990\nDomestic sheep provide a wide array of raw materials. Wool was one of the first textiles, although in the late 20th century wool prices began to fall dramatically as the result of the popularity and cheap prices for synthetic fabrics. For many sheep owners, the cost of shearing is greater than the possible profit from the fleece, making subsisting on wool production alone practically impossible without farm subsidies. Fleeces are used as material in making alternative products such as wool insulation. In the 21st century, the sale of meat is the most profitable enterprise in the sheep industry, even though far less sheep meat is consumed than chicken, pork or beef.\n\nSheepskin is likewise used for making clothes, footwear, rugs, and other products. Byproducts from the slaughter of sheep are also of value: sheep tallow can be used in candle and soap making, sheep bone and cartilage has been used to furnish carved items such as dice and buttons as well as rendered glue and gelatin. Sheep intestine can be formed into sausage casings, and lamb intestine has been formed into surgical sutures, as well as strings for musical instruments and tennis rackets. Sheep droppings, which are high in cellulose, have even been sterilized and mixed with traditional pulp materials to make paper. Of all sheep byproducts, perhaps the most valuable is lanolin: the waterproof, fatty substance found naturally in sheep's wool and used as a base for innumerable cosmetics and other products.\n\nSome farmers who keep sheep also make a profit from live sheep. Providing lambs for youth programs such as 4-H and competition at agricultural shows is often a dependable avenue for the sale of sheep. Farmers may also choose to focus on a particular breed of sheep in order to sell registered purebred animals, as well as provide a ram rental service for breeding. The most valuable sheep ever sold to date was a purebred Texel ram that fetched \u00a3231,000 at auction. The previous record holder was a Merino ram sold for \u00a3205,000 in 1989. A new option for deriving profit from live sheep is the rental of flocks for grazing; these \"mowing services\" are hired in order to keep unwanted vegetation down in public spaces and to lessen fire hazard.\n\nDespite the falling demand and price for sheep products in many markets, sheep have distinct economic advantages when compared with other livestock. They do not require expensive housing, such as that used in the intensive farming of chickens or pigs. They are an efficient use of land; roughly six sheep can be kept on the amount that would suffice for a single cow or horse. Sheep can also consume plants, such as noxious weeds, that most other animals will not touch, and produce more young at a faster rate. Also, in contrast to most livestock species, the cost of raising sheep is not necessarily tied to the price of feed crops such as grain, soybeans and corn. Combined with the  lower cost of quality sheep, all these factors combine to equal a lower overhead for sheep producers, thus entailing a higher profitability potential for the small farmer. Sheep are especially beneficial for independent producers, including family farms with limited resources, as the sheep industry is one of the few types of animal agriculture that has not been vertically integrated by agribusiness.\n"	"As food"	"Shoulder of lamb\n\n\nSheep meat and milk were one of the earliest staple proteins consumed by human civilization after the transition from hunting and gathering to agriculture.  Sheep meat prepared for food is known as either mutton or lamb.  \"Mutton\" is derived from the Old French ''moton'', which was the word for sheep used by the Anglo-Norman rulers of much of the British Isles in the Middle Ages. This became the name for sheep meat in English, while the Old English word ''sceap'' was kept for the live animal. Throughout modern history, \"mutton\" has been limited to the meat of mature sheep usually at least two years of age; \"lamb\" is used for that of immature sheep less than a year.\n\nIn the 21st century, the nations with the highest consumption of sheep meat are the Arab States of the Persian Gulf, New Zealand, Australia, Greece, Uruguay, the United Kingdom and Ireland. These countries eat 14\u201340\u00a0lbs (3\u201318\u00a0kg) of sheep meat per capita, per annum. Sheep meat is also popular in France, Africa (especially the Maghreb), the Caribbean, the rest of the Middle East, India, and parts of China. This often reflects a history of sheep production. In these countries in particular, dishes comprising alternative cuts and offal may be popular or traditional. Sheep testicles\u2014called animelles or lamb fries\u2014are considered a delicacy in many parts of the world. Perhaps the most unusual dish of sheep meat is the Scottish haggis, composed of various sheep innards cooked along with oatmeal and chopped onions inside its stomach.  In comparison, countries such as the U.S. consume only a pound or less (under 0.5\u00a0kg), with Americans eating 50\u00a0pounds (22\u00a0kg) of pork and 65\u00a0pounds (29\u00a0kg) of beef. In addition, such countries rarely eat mutton, and may favor the more expensive cuts of lamb: mostly lamb chops and leg of lamb.\n\nThough sheep's milk may be drunk rarely in fresh form, today it is used predominantly in cheese and yogurt making. Sheep have only two teats, and produce a far smaller volume of milk than cows. However, as sheep's milk contains far more fat, solids, and minerals than cow's milk, it is ideal for the cheese-making process. It also resists contamination during cooling better because of its much higher calcium content.  Well-known cheeses made from sheep milk include the Feta of Bulgaria and Greece, Roquefort of France, Manchego from Spain, the Pecorino Romano (the Italian word for sheep is ''pecore'') and Ricotta of Italy. Yogurts, especially some forms of strained yogurt, may also be made from sheep milk. Many of these products are now often made with cow's milk, especially when produced outside their country of origin. Sheep milk contains 4.8% lactose, which may affect those who are intolerant.\n\nAs with other domestic animals, the meat of uncastrated males is inferior in quality, especially as they grow. A \"bucky\" lamb is a lamb which was not castrated early enough, or which was castrated improperly (resulting in one testicle being retained). These lambs are worth less at market.\n"	"In science"	"Dolly was a scientific landmark.\nOvine heart.\nSheep are generally too large and reproduce too slowly to make ideal research subjects, and thus are not a common model organism. They have, however, played an influential role in some fields of science. In particular, the Roslin Institute of Edinburgh, Scotland used sheep for genetics research that produced groundbreaking results. In 1995, two ewes named Megan and Morag were the first mammals cloned from differentiated cells. A year later, a Finnish Dorset sheep named Dolly, dubbed \"the world's most famous sheep\" in ''Scientific American'', was the first mammal to be cloned from an adult somatic cell. Following this, Polly and Molly were the first mammals to be simultaneously cloned and transgenic.\n\nAs of 2008, the sheep genome has not been fully sequenced, although a detailed genetic map has been published, and a draft version of the complete genome produced by assembling sheep DNA sequences using information given by the genomes of other mammals. In 2012, a transgenic sheep named \"Peng Peng\" was cloned by Chinese scientists, who spliced his genes with that of a roundworm (C. elegans) in order to increase production of fats healthier for human consumption.\n\nIn the study of natural selection, the population of Soay sheep that remain on the island of Hirta have been used to explore the relation of body size and coloration to reproductive success. Soay sheep come in several colors, and researchers investigated why the larger, darker sheep were in decline; this occurrence contradicted the rule of thumb that larger members of a population tend to be more successful reproductively. The feral Soays on Hirta are especially useful subjects because they are isolated.\n\nSheep are one of the few animals where the molecular basis of the diversity of male sexual preferences has been examined. However, this research has been controversial, and much publicity has been produced by a study at the Oregon Health and Science University that investigated the mechanisms that produce homosexuality in rams. Organizations such as PETA campaigned against the study, accusing scientists of trying to cure homosexuality in the sheep. OHSU and the involved scientists vehemently denied such accusations.\n\nDomestic sheep are sometimes used in medical research, particularly for researching cardiovascular physiology, in areas such as hypertension and heart failure. Pregnant sheep are also a useful model for human pregnancy, and have been used to investigate the effects on fetal development of malnutrition and hypoxia. In behavioral sciences, sheep have been used in isolated cases for the study of facial recognition, as their mental process of recognition is qualitatively similar to humans.\n"	"Cultural impact"	"\nThe proverbial black sheep\n\nSheep have had a strong presence in many cultures, especially in areas where they form the most common type of livestock. In the English language, to call someone a sheep or ovine may allude that they are timid and easily led. In contradiction to this image, male sheep are often used as symbols of virility and power; the logos of the Los Angeles Rams football team and the Dodge Ram pickup truck allude to males of the bighorn sheep, ''Ovis canadensis''.\n\nCounting sheep is popularly said to be an aid to sleep, and some ancient systems of counting sheep persist today. Sheep also enter in colloquial sayings and idiom frequently with such phrases as \"black sheep\". To call an individual a black sheep implies that they are an odd or disreputable member of a group. This usage derives from the recessive trait that causes an occasional black lamb to be born into an entirely white flock. These black sheep were considered undesirable by shepherds, as black wool is not as commercially viable as white wool. Citizens who accept overbearing governments have been referred to by the Portmanteau neologism of sheeple. Somewhat differently, the adjective \"sheepish\" is also used to describe embarrassment.\n\n===Religion and folklore===\nAncient Greek red-figure ram-head rhyton, ca. 340 BC\n\nIn antiquity, symbolism involving sheep cropped up in religions in the ancient Near East, the Mideast, and the Mediterranean area: \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck, ancient Egyptian religion, the Cana'anite and Phoenician tradition, Judaism, Greek religion, and others. Religious symbolism and ritual involving sheep began with some of the first known faiths: Skulls of rams (along with bulls) occupied central placement in shrines at the \u00c7atalh\u00f6y\u00fck settlement in 8,000 BCE. In Ancient Egyptian religion, the ram was the symbol of several gods: Khnum, Heryshaf and Amun (in his incarnation as a god of fertility). Other deities occasionally shown with ram features include the goddess Ishtar, the Phoenician god Baal-Hamon, and the Babylonian god Ea-Oannes. In Madagascar, sheep were not eaten as they were believed to be incarnations of the souls of ancestors.\n\nThere are many ancient Greek references to sheep: that of Chrysomallos, the golden-fleeced ram, continuing to be told through into the modern era. Astrologically, Aries, the ram, is the first sign of the classical Greek zodiac, and the sheep is the eighth of the twelve animals associated with the 12-year cycle of in the Chinese zodiac, related to the Chinese calendar. In Mongolia, shagai are an ancient form of dice made from the cuboid bones of sheep that are often used for fortunetelling purposes.\n\nJesus is depicted as \"The Good Shepherd\", with the sheep being Christians\n\nSheep play an important role in all the Abrahamic faiths; Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, King David and the Islamic prophet Muhammad were all shepherds. According to the Biblical story of the Binding of Isaac, a ram is sacrificed as a substitute for Isaac after an angel stays Abraham's hand (in the Islamic tradition, Abraham was about to sacrifice Ishmael). Eid al-Adha is a major annual festival in Islam in which sheep (or other animals) are sacrificed in remembrance of this act. Sheep are occasionally sacrificed to commemorate important secular events in Islamic cultures. Greeks and Romans sacrificed sheep regularly in religious practice, and Judaism once sacrificed sheep as a Korban (sacrifice), such as the Passover lamb . Ovine symbols\u2014such as the ceremonial blowing of a shofar\u2014still find a presence in modern Judaic traditions. Followers of Christianity are collectively often referred to as a flock, with Christ as the Good Shepherd, and sheep are an element in the Christian iconography of the birth of Jesus. Some Christian saints are considered patrons of shepherds, and even of sheep themselves. Christ is also portrayed as the Sacrificial lamb of God (''Agnus Dei'') and Easter celebrations in Greece and Romania traditionally feature a meal of Paschal lamb. In many Christian traditions, a church leader is called the pastor, which is derived from the Latin word for shepherd.\n\nSheep are key symbols in fables and nursery rhymes like ''The Wolf in Sheep's Clothing'', ''Little Bo Peep'', ''Baa, Baa, Black Sheep'', and ''Mary Had a Little Lamb''; novels such as George Orwell's ''Animal Farm'' and Haruki Murakami's ''A Wild Sheep Chase''; songs such as Bach's ''Sheep may safely graze'' (''Schafe k\u00f6nnen sicher weiden'') and Pink Floyd's ''Sheep'', and poems like William Blake's \"The Lamb\".\n"	"See also"	"* Dry Sheep Equivalent\n* History of the domestic sheep\n* Sheepfold\n* Sheeple\n* Shrek (sheep)\n* Sonny Wool\n* U.S. Sheep Experiment Station\n* Venray sheep companies\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Sources"	"* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n"	"External links"	"\n\n\n\n*  American Sheep Industry\n*  Sheep Industry (Queensland)\n*  Canadian Sheep Federation\n*  National Sheep Association (UK)\n*  New Zealand Sheepbreeders Association\n*  ''Sheep'' magazine, all articles available free online\n* View the  sheep genome in Ensembl\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Sinchronicity"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n'''''Sinchronicity''''' is a six-part drama series broadcast on BBC Three in the United Kingdom (16 July 2006 \u2014 20 August 2006). Set in Manchester, the programme is narrated by Nathan (Paul Chequer) and focuses on the love triangle of him, Fi (Jemima Rooper), and Jase (Daniel Percival). The programme is executive produced by Julian Murphy, who was an executive producer on Channel 4's ''As If'' and ''Sugar Rush'' and Sky One's ''Hex''. Stylistically similar to ''As If'', following a non-linear narrative, it also features ex-cast members Paul Chequer, Jemima Rooper and Mark Smith and, as such, can be seen as its spiritual successor. The theme tune is \"Boys Will Be Boys\" by the Ordinary Boys. The show was filmed in high definition and was re-run on BBC HD in mid-October 2006.\n"	"International Screenings"	"\nThe series was sold to Television New Zealand and began screening on 31 October 2008 at 11.00 pm; whilst it has also been broadcast on Special Broadcasting Service in Australia. On 22 October 2010 it started to air on Sveriges Television, SVT, the Swedish public broadcasting company.\n"	"Cast"	"\n*Nathan (Paul Chequer)\n:The show's central character; Nathan is a journalist, who works for an erotic magazine, run by Peggy. He is the best friend of Jase, and is secretly in love with Jase's girlfriend, Fi.\n*Fi (Jemima Rooper)\n:Fi is a chef who meets Jase through a chance encounter (she is doing her make-up in the mirror of a van Jase and Nathan have rented, and Jase reverses the van, hitting Fi in the face with the mirror).  Whilst she is committed to Jase, she is secretly harbouring feelings for his best friend, Nathan.\n*Jase (Daniel Percival)\n:Jase, a corporate account manager, is unaware of Nathan and Fi's secret feelings for each other, but also harbours secrets of his own - he is trying to come to terms with his bisexuality.\n*Mani (Navin Chowdhry)\n:Mani is a doctor. Mani meets Jase through a chance sexual encounter and begins to have feelings for him.\n*Baas (Mark Smith)\n:Baas is Shazney's boyfriend and also a club bouncer.\n*Peggy Simmons (Camille Coduri)\n:The porn-baron editor who runs the magazine Nathan works for, Peggy is tough and confident with her sexuality.\n*Fay (John Sheahan)\n:A transsexual woman awaiting mtf sex reassignment therapy, Fay is also employed by Peggy, and becomes friends with her co-worker, Nathan.\n*Rosa (Danielle Urbas)\n:A deeply religious Catholic who meets Nathan in a chance encounter.\n"	"Episode guide"	"\n*Episode 1 (16 July 2006)\nWriter: Julian Jones\n\nNathan is on the run from the jealous boyfriend - a bouncer - of a woman who has two vaginas, after being sent on a mission by his boss, Peggy, to investigate and persuade her into taking part in a feature for the erotic magazine he writes for. The trio - Nathan, his best friend Jase, and Jase's girlfriend, Fi - are pursued through the streets by the bouncer; Jase disappears, leaving Fi and Nathan alone together. They end up at a party, where they are reunited with Jase temporarily. After Nathan is caught, and attacked, by the bouncer, Fi turns up at Nathan's apartment after she loses her keys, and they have a passionate sexual encounter. A drunken, distraught Jase knocks on Nathan's door, leaving Fi to hide herself and any evidence of her infidelty.\n\nThe following day, Jase asks Nathan to meet him, where he confides in his best friend, the events of the night before. Jase met a doctor called Mani, who Jase invites to the party, and who proceeds to give him illegal drugs and a blowjob in the toilets at the party. Nathan, who was worried Jase had caught on, or been told about, his night of passion with Fi, narrates his feelings to the audience, whilst Jase tries to convince Nathan that he's not gay. Nathan proceeds to recount the events of how they met Fi, and how he persuaded Jase to pursue her and ask her out. Nathan goes to see Fi, at the restaurant where she is working, where he tries to pursue her further.\n\n*Episode 2 (23 July 2006)\nWriter: Julian Jones\n\nNathan attempts to take Fi out for a romantic dinner, but she declines claiming that she is not interested in cheating on Jase, and dismissing their one night together as a \"drunken shag.\" Jase once again meets with Mani who is called back to his work at a hospital. Jase follows him to the hospital where he meets Rosa, a devout Catholic, who has just broken up with her controlling boyfriend. Fi, who is waiting for Jase to pick her up, rings Nathan to find out where Jase is. Nathan lies for Jase, telling her that there was a robbery at Jase's office which Jase has gone to sort out. Nathan goes to the restaurant to bring Fi home and on the way Fi tells him to move on with his life.\n\nNathan goes on a date with Rosa, whom he met in church, while escaping the police who saw him distributing prostitute cards (he printed and supplied them to the local sex-workers in order to make some money on the side), and while she was praying for a new boyfriend, having seen a gay couple (Jase and Mani) at the hospital looking so in love. He confides in Rosa that one of his sexual fantasies involves a woman calling to his apartment wearing only lingerie and a coat. Fi becomes increasingly suspicious about Jase's activities the night before, as she finds his cover story unconvincing. Nathan, after receiving increasing lewd phone calls learns that the cards he has been distributing have been tampered with by Peggy and Fay to include his phone number. He gets Jase to help him take down the cards from various phone booths across Manchester. Jase goes to the hospital to end his relationship with Mani, but has a change of heart and rings Fi to cancel their dinner claiming that he is stuck at the office. Fi goes to Nathan's flat to confront Nathan about Jase's activities after she finds one of Nathan's prostitute cards in Jase's coat. Nathan attempts to explain that the cards are his and that nothing is going on, when they are interrupted by Rosa who is acting out Nathan's fantasy. Jase then comes in and Rosa recognises him from the hospital. Two police call claiming that the flat is being used for prostitution and find Rosa dressed only in lingerie. Two prostitutes follow a moment later, irate that they have not received any customers due to the edited phone numbers. Nathan is brought to the police station but is let off with a warning. Rosa decides to end her relationship with Nathan because of the debacle at his flat.\n\n*Episode 3 (30 July 2006)\nWriter: Julian Jones\n\nNathan is confronted by an angry Rosa, who tells him she is infected with a sexually transmitted infection, and that he infected her. He works out that if he infected her, then he would almost certainly have infected Fi, who would have infected Jase, who would have infected Mani, which would reveal the secret that he had shagged his best mate's girlfriend. He is told by the nurse at the STI that it is his duty to inform all those who he thinks would be affected. Added to this, Peggy is sniping at Nathan's heels with regards to a feature she wants him to cover on swinging. She has booked him to attend, and take part, in a swinger's party; no spectating allowed. Convinced that he has to tell Fi, after confiding in his transsexual colleague, Fay, Nathan proceeds to find out if she's infected. He sees her taking some pills - evening primrose - and decides he has nothing to worry about. He doesn't realise Fi has been to the STI clinic too, angry that she has been infected with Gonorrhoea by Nathan.\n\nMeanwhile, Mani and Jase are arranging another get together, at Mani's expensive London flat, where they proceed to have sex. A phone-call from Fi takes Jase back into the real world, but an understanding Mani provides comfort. That evening, the trio go round to Fi and Jase's for dinner, where Fi is suitably hostile with Nathan, insulting him with words such as \"tossprick\" over a game of Scrabble. The next day, Jase receives an urgent call from Mani, and they meet at the hospital, where Mani informs Jase that he gave him \"the clap,\" and asks who gave it to him. Jase confesses that he ignored the symptoms, and is certain that it wasn't Fi who infected him, leading him to confess that he has had one-night encounters with men, and that a man whom he met a few times at the gym, told him earlier that he had the infection, and that it was likely Jase would too. Mani presses for more information from Jase, and Jase confesses that he had his first homosexual encounter when he was 18, and that \"it's just something that happens sometimes.\" That night, Jase asks Nathan to meet him, and confesses to Nathan that he has infected Mani, and that there was someone else who he had sex with, leaving Nathan relieved that Jase has not worked out that he had sex with Fi. Jase is convinced that he will end it with Mani, and live a happy life with Fi, and is persuaded by Nathan, that he won't have given Fi the infection. The following evening, Mani and Jase meet again, and Mani confesses that before he met Jase, he \"shagged around,\" with Jase ending the relationship, by saying he loves Fi. Nathan attends the swingers party, and shies away from having sex with anyone. The following day, Fi meets Mani at the STI clinic, where he talks to her about Jase, leading her to summise, he'd have been a \"shit boyfriend\" anyway. Later that day, Jase tells Nathan he's going with Fi for a few days away, and that they will be just fine.\n\n*Episode 4 (6 August 2006)\nWriter: Julian Jones\n\nThe episode opens with Nathan attending a funeral, before flashing back to Nathan with Peggy and Fay at the magazine office. Peggy has arranged for Nathan to meet a porn star that night, and Fay has given him some recreational pills for erectile dysfunction, that claim to provide a 36-hour erection. Nathan's dad turns up, and asks to tag-along, where he flirts recklessly with the Dutch pornstar, who has starred in films such as \"Position Impossible,\" \"The Extra Testicle\" and \"The Talented Mr. Lick-Me.\" Nathan leaves early, and on return to his flat, hears the pornstar crying out; he opens the door to find his father, dead, and attached to the pornstar, in a sexual position.  The ambulance attendees inform Nathan that his father has no vital signs, except for his erection, and that the shock has caused the pornstar's vaginal muscles to spasm. Mani informs Nathan that the 36-hour erection pills were found in his pocket, and that his father has died.\n\nGoing back a few days, Nathan goes round to Fi and Jase's apartment, to wait for Jase, nervous about giving Fi the STD, but commenting that he knows it was his good friend, \"JA-C-DC\" (a pun on the AC/DC nickname for bisexuals), who infected her. Jase and Nathan proceed to the gym to play squash, where things get a bit heated on the court; they quickly reconnect though, and Jase confides to Nathan in the changing room that he is suffering from problems getting an erection with Fi. Nathan tells him he only wants the best for them, and gives Jase the pills. He uses them that night, and he has sex with Fi, only for her to discover him in the bathroom with a raging erection, and the pills in his hand. Scenes from Nathan's father's funeral are interspersed with Fay and Nathan hiding the true nature of his father's death from his mother, before she eventually reveals to Nathan that the hospital informed her. Jase and Fi are both in attendance at the funeral, although things are strained between Jase and Nathan, as Jase does not forgive him for giving him the pills that turned him into a \"dalek.\" Mani meets Nathan to discuss his father's death, where Mani reveals that Jase has been in contact, and has informed him that it's all over between him and Fi, following her anger that he used the pills. Flashing forward to the funeral, Mani turns up, and has to pretend that he's never met Jase or Fi beforehand; when Jase and Mani are alone outside of the wake, Mani ends things with him, with Jase conflicted between him and Fi. Back in the present day, after the wake, Fi turns up at Nathan's apartment, and tells him she wants him. As they are kissing, Nathan's mobile rings; it is Mani informing him that Jase has had an accident - he has been hit by a car. At the hospital, Fi is distressed, and Nathan finally disposes of the erection pills in the hospital bin.\n\n*Episode 5 (13 August 2006)\nWriter: Lucy Watkins\n\nJase is in a coma at the hospital, having been at a gay club, upset about Mani ending their relationship; at the club, he had a random sexual affair, took a multitude of drugs, and got drunk, prior to leaving and getting hit by the car. Nathan takes it upon himself to convince the nurses, and Mani, who, despite not being Jase's doctor, has taken an obvious interest, that Fi cannot find out about where Jase was and what he was up to, that night. It's not clear if Jase will pull through; his brainscans suggest he could be seriously damaged by the car accident, and could possibly die. Mani suggests that Nathan get Jase's personal belongings, and hide them from Fi, including a cock ring, and his mobile phone. When the mobile phone rings, and Nathan answers, he receives a nasty shock from a drug dealer Jase has dealt with, and to whom he owes \u00a3200. Nathan arranges a way to get Fi out of the hospital for a while, saying he will watch over Jase, whilst she goes home and has a bath and a rest.\n\nWhilst she is away, he visits Derek, the drug dealer, and his obese girlfriend, who is obsessed with fried chicken; Nathan pays him the money, but accidentally chokes the dealer's pet dog on a chicken bone. He hides the dog in the washing machine, only to lean back and turn it on to see the dead dog spinning around; he makes his exit unscathed, and without the dealer being aware of where the dog has ended up. Nathan rushes back to the hospital to be greeted by Jemima, a drag queen, who Jase had met at the club last night, and to whom he had confessed his love for Mani. The nurse, who has been playing along with Nathan, after she caught him stealing Jase's cock ring, overhears the conversation, and becomes convinced that Nathan is gay too. The doctors reveal that Jase will be fine, and that it was the high amount of drugs he had consumed that had led to the frightening brainscans. The nurse tells Fi that Nathan has told her he is gay, which leads to Nathan trying to escape Fi's wrath by telling her that he fancied the nurse and thought she would try to \"convert\" him to heterosexuality, thereby tarnishing his relationship with Fi, upsetting her immensely. Jase awakes from his coma, to the relief of Fi, Nathan and Mani, and whilst the doctors run tests, Mani tells Nathan he has discovered who he was really trying to protect - he wasn't trying to protect Jase, as Mani had assumed, but Fi. Mani tells Nathan to confess the truth to Fi; that he loves her and that Jase is gay, for it will be the only way to win her round. She is waiting outside the hospital for a bus back to the flat, and Nathan runs to catch it, nearly colliding with a car being driven by Derek, whose dog he killed, but does he make it?\n\n*Episode 6 (20 August 2006)\nWriter: Julian Jones\n\nAs Nathan rushes to catch the bus, and tell Fi about Jase's sexual orientation, and the truth about his feelings for her, there are two versions of events; one where he caught the bus, and one where he missed it, interspersed with one another. In the first version, he gets on the bus, and asks Fi to go for a coffee with him, where he confesses the truth about Jase being gay, and tells Fi that he loves her and can't be without her. Nathan goes to the hospital, having told Mani that he's informed Fi, where an alert Jase gives him his credit card and PIN, and asks him to go out and buy an engagement ring for Fi, as the whole experience has made him realise he wants to spend his life with her. Fi walks in, and speaks to Nathan privately, before asking Jase to be honest and tell the truth; she confesses to him that she had an affair with Nathan, and asks him to be honest too. Meanwhile, Fay is having a party to celebrate her imminent gender reassignment surgery (a \"Goodbye penis, hello vagina!\" party); she is having second thoughts, and Nathan turns up and re-assures her everything will be fine. Nathan, now home at his flat, is surprised to see Jase in his hospital gown, angry that he told Fi about the affair; he leaves to find Fi, and confesses to her that he doesn't know if he's gay. Nathan goes round to find her, only to find Jase with a beer, who announces that Fi has left for London, and she's not returning; she only hopes that Jase and Nathan can go back to being best friends. Nathan leaves and runs into a lady carrying an empty pet cage; she announces that she has just had her rabbit euthanised, and he hails her a taxi. Jase goes to find Mani, who tells him that he can't be with him; it's over for good. Nathan ends up at the train station, trying to find Fi; a passing train blocks his view of her, and he goes back, depressed, and ends up at the bar, where he runs into the woman with two vaginas, who, he tells her, started this mess.\n\nHowever, in the other set of events, Nathan misses the bus - he trips over some paint cans that are outside on the pavement, ending up covered in pink and white paint and being attacked by Derek, the drug dealer. A woman holding a pet cage containing a rabbit waits for him outside the police station, where he has been let off after she told them he was innocent. He goes for a coffee with her, where she confesses that the bunny belongs to her daughter and it has cancer, so she has taken it to be euthanised; she has lied to her daughter by buying an identical replacement, as, coming out of a divorce, she does not want to cause her daughter any further trauma. Nathan offers to have the rabbit, but the woman insists that they take it to the vet; she cannot go through with it, so Nathan offers to, deciding not to go in, but to take the rabbit with him. Meanwhile, Fi arrives at the hospital to visit Jase, and he proposes to her; she tells him she wants a bit spontaneous proposal, on bent knee or something outrageous, like a nude proposal. Nathan arrives late to Fay's party with the rabbit in tow, and chats with Fay about his life, calming her nerves about the imminent surgery. Nathan calls Fi and they arrange to meet at the bar later. She visits Jase in hospital, tells him she has to say no to the proposal, and confesses she's been seeing Nathan. Mani comforts Jase and tells him he will be there for him, clearly in love with him. Fi meets Nathan at the bar and they confess their love for one another and kiss; they reminisce that it was there that this all started, and they walk past the woman with two vaginas on their way out.\n"	"DVD releases"	"The complete first series was released on 12 February 2007.\n"	"External links"	"* BBC Press Release\n* ''Sinchronicity'' at the UK IMDb\n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Six Flags M\u00e9xico"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''Six Flags M\u00e9xico''' is an amusement park located in the Tlalpan forest and borough, on the southern edge of Mexico City, Mexico. It is owned and operated by Six Flags Inc. and the only Six Flags park operating in Latin America. It is the most visited theme park in Latin America. It was previously known as ''Reino Aventura'' and was a Mexican-owned and run theme park; the orca whale Keiko (featured in the movie ''Free Willy'') was then its principal attraction.\n"	"History"	"'''Reino Aventura''' (Spanish for \"Adventure Kingdom\") opened its gates in 1982, and is since then the largest theme park in Latin America. The park's mascot was a purple cartoon dragon named '''Cornelio'''. Since its opening, no new attractions were added, thus attendance dropped. In 1992 the park was closed for an extensive remodeling as well as adding new rides, opening once again on July 3, 1993, with the new moniker '''El Nuevo Reino Aventura''' (The New Adventure Kingdom) featuring new rides such as '''R\u00edo Salvaje''' (Wild River, a raft ride), '''Viaje Inesperado''' (Unexpected Trip, a motion simulator) and '''Roller Skater''' (a Vekoma Kiddie Coaster) and Power Tower (Now is Kilahuea) In that same year, the feature film ''Free Willy'' was shot in the park. This attracted numerous animal rights organizations, which pressured the park to free the orca '''Keiko'''. After Keiko left, Cornelio the dragon became once again the Park's official mascot.\n\nIn 1999, Premier Parks bought Reino Aventura for an estimated $59 million. Under new administration, the park's name was officially changed to Six Flags. Twenty new attractions were added to the park, including Batman: The Ride and Medusa, a wooden roller coaster. It opened its gates again on April 11, 2000 as Six Flags M\u00e9xico.\n\nPremier Parks bought the rest of the stocks on Six Flags, and became Six Flags Inc., which is their current name.\nSix Flags M\u00e9xico has the last Vekoma Waikiki Wave Super Flip, named ''Hurricane''. Latest coaster openings in Six Flags M\u00e9xico include ''Superman el \u00daltimo Escape'' (2004), ''Magic Light Parade'' (2008), and ''The Dark Knight'' (2009).\n\nIn 2011, the park opened Terminator X: A Laser Battle for Salvation, an indoor themed laser tag attraction. On September 6, 2012, Six Flags M\u00e9xico announced ''The Joker'' a Gerstlauer spinning coaster for the 2013 season. ''The Joker'' was relocated from Six Flags Discovery Kingdom as Pandemonium from 2008-2012. Also announced is two new events in October and December, Festival del Terror and Christmas in the Park, both starting in 2012. In June 2013, Six Flags M\u00e9xico announced on Facebook that an attraction at the park will be closing at the end of summer 2013. On July 1, 2013, ''Cowboy Stunt Show'' was announce for the park, which will play at The Chinese Theater. On August 29, 2013, Six Flags officially announced the renovation of Medusa to Medusa Steel Coaster that will feature steel tracks and multiple inversions for the 2014 season. On August 28, 2014, it was announced that the park would get a Funtime Starflyer named Skyscreamer in 2015. On September 3, 2015, it was announced that the park would get Justice League: Battle For Metropolis 4D in 2016, like Six Flags Great America. On September 1, 2016, it was announced that the park would get new things in 2017. They announced The New Revolution Virtual Reality Coaster on Medusa Steel Coaster, a festival themed to Mardi Gras, and an all new water park named Hurricane Harbor.\n"	"Attractions"	"Batman: The Ride\nHorstacio, the world's former largest pi\u00f1ata.\nVuelo Alpino.\nWonder Woman and Chinese dragon car from Magic Light Parade.\n\n===Pueblo Mexicano (Mexican Village)===\n* R\u00edo Salvaje (\"Wild River\"- Intamin Rafting)\n* Superman el \u00daltimo Escape (\"Superman: Ultimate Escape\"-Chance Hypercoaster)\n* La Fiesta de las Tazas (\"Tea party\" -SFB Tea Cups)\n\n===Pueblo Franc\u00e9s (French Village)===\n* Mundo Marino (Dolphin Show)\n* Le Mans (Zierer Bumper Cars)\n* Ghostbusters - Los Cazafantasmas: La Aventura L\u00e1ser (Laser Tag)\n* Carrousel\n* The Joker (Gerstlauer Spinning Coaster- originally Six Flags Discovery Kingdom's Pandemonium)\n\n===Pueblo Polinesio (Polynesian Village)===\n*Pi\u00f1a Loca (Huss Crazy Pineapple)\n*Kilauea (S&S Worldride Combo Tower)\n*Tsunami (Zierer Tivoli Large coaster)\n*Vud\u00fa (\"Voodoo\"- SBF Dance Party)\n*Curandero (\"The Healer\"- SFB Space Gun)\n\n===Hollywood===\n*Batman: The Ride (Vekoma SLC)\n*Boomerang (World's first Vekoma Boomerang)\n*Rock & Roll (Schwarzkopf Polyp)\n*Splash (Hopkins Shoot-the-chutes)\n*SkyScreamer (Funtime Star Flyer-74 mts)\n*Hollywood Speedway (Go Karts)\n*X-Flight (Skycoaster Inc., Sky Coaster-60 mts)\n*Justice League: Battle for Metropolis (Sally Corporation 4D Dark Ride)\n\n===Pueblo Suizo (Swiss Village)===\n*Vuelo Alpino (Zierer Wave Swinger)\n*Roller Skater (Vekoma Junior coaster)\n*Catapulta (Chance Double Inverter)\n*Expreso Musical (Mack Music Express)\n*Freaky Dools \n*Sling Shot (Funtime Sling Shot 60mts)\n\n===Pueblo Vaquero (Cowboy Village)===\n*Hurac\u00e1n (\"Hurricane\"- Vekoma Waikiki Wave Super Flip)\n*Rueda India (Ferris Wheel)\n*Ruleta (Chance Trabant)\n*The Dark Knight Coaster (Mack Wild Mouse-Enclosed)\n*Medusa Steel Coaster (Rocky Mountain Steel Hybrid Coaster)\n\n===El Circo de Bugs Bunny (Bugs Bunny's Circus)===\n*Globo de Elmer (Elmer's Balloon)\n*Convoy del Correcaminos (Road Runner's Convoy)\n*Perif\u00e9rico\n*Euro Bungy\n*Jet Acrob\u00e1tico\n*Chiquimotor\n*Orca Aventura\n*Circo Express\n*Super Cornelio\n*Tamborcitos\n*La Casa de Piol\u00edn\n*L\u00e1tigo\n*Gran Turismo\n*Oruga\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n\n\n* Six Flags M\u00e9xico\n* Mexico's Coaster Fan Club\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Ski Cape Smokey"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Ski Cape Smokey''' is a ski hill located in the Cape Breton Highlands of Nova Scotia. Ski Cape Smokey offers 16 alpine runs, 2 lifts, hill grooming and snow making. Facilities include a lodge at the base and top of the mountain. The base lodge feature a restaurant, bar, ski school and hill offices. \n\nSki Cape Smokey is known for being Nova Scotia's highest elevation ski mountain at over a 320\u00a0m, 305\u00a0m of it skiable, and for its ocean views. The mountain receives an average of 381\u00a0cm of snowfall annually. However weather is often unpredictable and above freezing.\n\nSince 2002 the ski resort has had continuing financial problems. This issue continues and affects the operation of the area. It suffers from a low population base in the local area and remoteness from major population areas. Sydney is 90 minutes away and Halifax 4.5 hours away. In 2006, the ski hill closed. Many years following that, volunteers from the Ski Cape Smokey Society, a non-profit care taker group, attempted to re-open the resort. After many unsuccessful attempts, Ski Cape Smokey was finally opened February 2011, with very limited parts of the mountain for local skiers using the lower mountain poma lift. Without snow making it cannot operate in the profitable Christmas/New Year holiday period.\n\nFacilities at the hill area are in need of much repair and deteriorating very quickly. The quad chair which has not been run or inspected in many years may require substantial repair at a high cost. The same is true in the neglect of the snow making system which may not be functional and have to be replaced.\n\nMany prospective buyers have done due diligence and inspected the hill, but none are willing to make a commitment to long term operation of the ski center. A search for a permanent solution continues. Permanent closure of the ski hill and sales of the assets is a possibility in the future.  \n"	"Trails"	"*Bunny Hill\n*Country Mile\n*Racer's Edge\n*Heckler's Highway\n*Boomerang\n*Racing Pitch\n*Chicken Chute\n*Round-A-Bout\n*Sneek A Peak\n*Pit Fall\n*Cliff Hanger\n*Check Me Shorts\n*Hickory, Dickory and Dock\n*Far Side\n*Snowboard Alley\n*Choker\n*Powder Mogul Steeps\n"	"See also"	"*List of ski areas and resorts in Canada\n"	"Sources"	"* - CBC Reports On 2011 Plans for Smokey\n* - Ski Cape Smokey Statistics\n"	"External links"	"\n\n\n\n"
"SooperDooperLooper"	"Introduction"	"\nThe '''SooperDooperLooper''' is a looping roller coaster at Hersheypark. It was designed as a terrain coaster by Werner Stengel, and built by Anton Schwarzkopf.\n"	"Elements"	"*Vertical loop\n* tunnel\n*Double-up\n"	"Rider experience"	"SooperDooperLooper's inversion\nThe train leaves the station and immediately makes a slight right turn before proceeding up the lift hill. At the top of the lift hill, the train makes a 180 degree left turn with a small dip, descends a long gentle drop, then enters the vertical loop. It then makes a long, ascending sweeping left turn that travels through the middle of the loop. Next, it traverses a gentle right curve which includes a short tunnel.  The ride concludes with a series of bunny hills and a 540-degree right-hand helix. The trains on the SooperDooperLooper seat 2 riders in each row, with each individual rider having their own locking lap bar to hold them in place. This design differs from most other looping roller coasters because it lacks an over-the-head restraint. The tunnel that occurs part-way through the ride used to contain an animatronic spider that would drop down towards the train and scare the riders. The ride opened with three trains, but due to low ridership currently runs with only two.\n"	"Additional information"	"\nThe ride was considered a \"walk-on\" by enthusiasts due to lines normally not exceeding 2\u20133 minutes, until the ride received two new trains in the year 2012.\n\nSooperDooperLooper is located in the Hollow section of the park, across from Skyrush.\n\nIn October, when Hersheypark is decorated in a Halloween theme (Hersheypark in the Dark), the SooperDooperLooper is dubbed the SooperBOOperLooper.\n\nFor the 2012 season the original Schwarzkopf trains were replaced by trains manufactured by Gerstlauer. The trains were installed by Ride Entertainment Group, who handles all of Gerstlauer's operations in the Western Hemisphere. The brakes were also replaced with a magnetic braking system.\n\nAn On-Ride Photo was installed prior to the 2014 season.\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Soul Revolution"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n'''''Soul Revolution''''' is an album by Bob Marley and the Wailers. It was produced by Lee \"Scratch\" Perry and the Wailers. A \"dub\" version with the vocals removed was released as ''Soul Revolution Part II''.  In 1988 both versions were released as one set.\n"	"Track listing"	"All tracks written by Bob Marley, except where noted.\n\nSide One\n#\"Keep on Moving\" (Rainford Hugh \"Lee\" Perry, Curtis Mayfield) 3:09\n#\"Don't Rock my Boat\" 4:33 (an earlier version of the song called Satisfy My Soul on Kaya album)\n#\"Put it On\" 3:34\n#\"Fussing and Fighting\" 2:29\n#\"Duppy Conqueror\" 3:25\n#\"Memphis\" 2:09\n\nSide Two\n#\"Riding High\" (Neville Livingston, Cole Porter) 2:46\n#\"Kaya\" 2:39\n#\"African Herbsman\" (Richie Havens) 2:24\n#\"Stand Alone\" 2:12\n#\"Sun Is Shining\" 2:11\n#\"Brain Washing\" 2:41\n\n\"Riding High\" and \"Brain Washing\" - lead vocals by Bunny Wailer.\n\nCD releases (bonus tracks) \n#\"Mr. Brown\" aka \"Dracula\" (Gregory Isaacs, Bob Marley) 3:35\n#\"Duppy Conqueror (alternative version)\" 3:48 \u2014 some editions only\n#\"Kaya (alternative version)\" 2:37 \u2014 some editions only\n"	"Soul Revolution Part II"	"\n''Soul Revolution Part II'' is a \"dub\" companion set to ''Soul Revolution'', being the original ''Soul Revolution'' album with the vocals stripped off. In the case of \"Memphis\", which originally contained no vocals, Peter Tosh's lead melodica solo was removed to create the new instrumental version. This album was originally released only in Jamaica. The instrumental version of the album was originally released in a very limited pressing on Upsetter Records, \"part of which was jacketed in plain sleeves and part of which was jacketed in Soul Revolution Part II sleeves.\" Dating to as late as 2004, this album has also become known as \"Upsetter Revolution Rhythm,\" because of a CD by that name released in 2004 (HIP-O RECORDS / Universal Music / JAD cat#B0003300-02) which was a reissue of the original instrumental album, with the addition of one bonus track: \"Kaya (version alternate mix)\".\n\nIn 1988, Trojan Records released a double-LP reissue of both albums, catalogue number TRLD 406, called \"Soul Revolution I & II\". This release included four extra tracks as compared with the original two LPs, which were \"Soul Rebel\" and \"Mr. Brown\" along with the instrumental 'dub' versions, \"Soul Rebel version 4\" and \"Dracula\". The cover of this Trojan Records release had a two-tone close-up photo-based image of Bob Marley in a square in the middle, surrounded on all four sides by repeated images of Bunny Wailer and Peter Tosh and another image of Bob Marley himself, as well as multi-coloured text reading \"BOB MARLEY AND THE WAILERS SOUL REVOLUTION 1 AND 2\". This cover of this Trojan reissue should not be confused with the cover of the original vocal Soul Revolution LP, which had a turquoise background, with dark blue text, and featured an octagonal-shaped picture in the middle, surrounded by six square-shaped photos.\n\nBonus tracks\n\n#\"Mr. Brown\" (Gregory Isaacs, Bob Marley) 2:53\n#\"Soul Rebel (dub instrumental)\" (Lee \"Scratch\" Perry) 2:46\n#\"Soul Rebel version 4\"\n#\"Dracula\" 2:55\n"	"Personnel"	";The Wailers\n* Bob Marley \u2013 vocals\n* Peter Tosh \u2013 vocals, melodica\n* Bunny Livingstone \u2013 vocals\n\n;Additional musicians\n* Alva Lewis \u2013 guitar\n* Glen Adams \u2013 keyboard\n* Aston Barrett \u2013 bass\n* Carlton Barrett \u2013 drums\n\n;Production\n* Lee Perry \u2013 producer\n* Errol Thompson \u2013 engineer\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Spaced Out Bunny"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Spaced Out Bunny''''' is a Warner Bros. cartoon starring Bugs Bunny and Marvin the Martian. The cartoon was part of the television special ''Bugs Bunny's Bustin' Out All Over'' on CBS, which aired May 21, 1980.\n\n''Spaced Out Bunny'' is one of four Bugs Bunny cartoons produced during 1979-1980, the first new shorts since 1964's ''False Hare''. ''Spaced Out Bunny'' would also be the last Warner Brothers-released short to have Mel Blanc voicing Bugs.\n"	"Plot"	"While walking in a forest, Bugs Bunny wonders aloud how everyone is out to get everyone else; this is illustrated by hostile behavior as Bugs' interacts with, among other things, a rock and a butterfly. He then sees a carrot and begins to eat it, unaware that it is a trap set by Marvin the Martian.\n\nMarvin's purpose for capturing Bugs (with what Marvin explains is an \"ACME Super Rack and Pinion Tranquilizer Carrot\") is to provide a playmate for Hugo the Abominable Snowman (from 1961's ''The Abominable Snow Rabbit''). After Bugs awakens and realizes where he is, Marvin explains his rationale before turning Hugo loose on Bugs (\"Oh no, not again!\" cries Bugs, remembering his earlier encounter with Hugo). Hugo reprises his lines from ''Snow Rabbit'', including his intention to \"hug him and squeeze him and name him George.\" Bugs regains the upper hand on his captors by suggesting to Hugo that he needs a robot; Marvin attempts to make a getaway but Hugo reaches into the spaceship and repeats his \"I will call him George\" lines. When an agitated Marvin demands that Hugo cease his behavior, an angry Hugo spanks Marvin.\n\nBugs then whispers in Hugo's ear, suggesting something that he would be good at. The scene cuts to Hugo's wrist, where he proudly displays his new \"Mickey Martian\" wristwatch. Bugs then climbs into the spacecraft and gets Hugo to practice his Frisbee toss by hurling the ship toward the Earth.\n"	"Sources"	"* Beck, Jerry and Will Friedwald, \"Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies: A Complete Illustrated Guide to the Warner Bros. Cartoons,\" Henry Holt and Co., New York, 1989. (ISBN 0-8050-0894-2).\n"	"External links"	"*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Star Wars: The Legacy Revealed"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Star Wars: The Legacy Revealed''''' (''TLR'') is a TV documentary which premiered on The History Channel in May 2007. It was produced by Prometheus Entertainment in association with The History Channel and Lucasfilm Ltd.  The executive producer and director was Emmy Award-winning filmmaker Kevin Burns.\n\nThe special focuses on how ''Star Wars'' is relevant today and the history that inspired it, and also makes various connections to Greek mythology. It consists of a number of interviews with well-known politicians, journalists and critics, along with historical content and clips from all six of the ''Star Wars'' movies.\n"	" Synopsis "	"The first main subject of the special discusses the origins of films as they were written in the early 1970s, during a time of social unrest and political upheaval. When ''Star Wars'' was released it reaffirmed the notion that there is such a thing as good versus evil and evil must be defeated. The films made use of Joseph Campbell's model of the hero's journey as discussed in the book ''The Hero With a Thousand Faces''.\n\nIn ''Star Wars'', two characters embark on the hero's journey, Anakin Skywalker and his son Luke. Luke starts out as a nobody much like Dorothy, Harry Potter and King Arthur, and what he needs is a call to adventure. Luke would reject the call as did Moses, but after the violent murder of his aunt and uncle he resolves to go. The Cantina scene is what Joseph Campbell referred to as the threshold crossing, meaning that you're no longer at home and your journey will be a dangerous one.\n\nYoda, Obi-Wan Kenobi and Qui-Gon Jinn represent the importance of the hero's need for a mentor. They discuss the etymology of the word ''mentor'', coming from the name of Mentor, who watched over Odysseus's son Telemachus. It says that a key element to the mentor is that they give the hero a gift. In Luke Skywalker's case, it is Obi-Wan giving him a lightsaber. The hero gives his life to stop evil. The importance of the Force is another topic, saying that any religious background can associate, and it is basically believing in something higher, and that everything has a purpose. The mentor cannot stay forever, and it is crucial that they do not stay to help. Yet, the mentor is still within. This is shown by Obi-Wan's downfall in the hands of Darth Vader, but Obi-Wan is still there inside of Luke.\n\nThe hero relies on the friendship of others. The show includes comparing Jabba the Hutt to a dragon, where he steals the damsel in distress. The planet of Naboo is spoken of in reference of Nabu, the Queen of Wisdom in Babylon. Padm\u00e9 Amidala, who is from Naboo (pronounced the same as the God), is also said to be \"the Queen of Wisdom\". Luke and Leia are said to be like Apollo and Artemis.\n\nAnother large portion of the special was focused on Han Solo. Han Solo's name represents him, Solo meaning \"one\". Unlike other characters, who were based on mythical archetypes, he is seen more as a wild west outlaw because he personifies independence, self-reliance, and depends on no one but himself. In some parts of the ''Star Wars'' saga, it might seem like a Wild West town, where no one cares what happens as long as it is cleaned up. Tom Brokaw describes the series as a \"Western in the future\".\n\nThere's one part that discusses the need for companions and faithful followers. The comic relief of ''Star Wars'' is R2-D2 and C-3PO. The two robots are compared to Abbott & Costello, Laurel & Hardy and Tom & Jerry. Jar Jar Binks, the childlike innocent, grows up throughout the films and gains responsibility, allowing for children to connect to him. They have been influenced by such classic cartoon characters as Mickey Mouse, Donald Duck, Bugs Bunny, Daffy Duck and Porky Pig.\n\nThe journey of a hero is also of large importance. The hero must undergo tests that will make him stronger, sometimes having to face their worst fears or confront their nightmares. The extent to which Lucas used ideas from mythologist Joseph Campbell is discussed by Jonathan Young of the Campbell Archives.\n\nFor every hero, it says, there must be a villain. Darth Vader is portrayed as the ruthless enforcer. Confronting the villain is a critical part of the hero's journey. The show says that there is a dramatic regard and excitement to choosing evil over good. When Palpatine tempts Anakin with power, it is like the serpent tempting Eve with the apple. When Anakin succumbs to the Dark Side, it is like the man who sells his soul to the devil. This is also compared to John Milton's Paradise Lost, where Lucifer, a good Angel, wages war on Heaven and is cast out, forcing him to his own place in Hell. The battle on Mustafar symbolises an apocalyptic atmosphere and mirrors Anakin internally. When he has no humanity left and becomes the mechanical monster of Darth Vader, it is said to be like Frankenstein's Monster.\n\n''Star Wars'' also reflects a cycle in our own history, the fall of the Republic and the rise of Dictators and corruption in government. Palpatine seizes power gradually, and is compared to Adolf Hitler and Saddam Hussein. The Republic is shown as the Roman Empire, such as pod races being similar to chariot races. Citizens indulge in rituals of sacrifice and slaughter as well as gladiatorial combat. Palpatine's story reflects that of Napoleon. Another big part states that society is in a continual process of construction and self-destruction.\n\n''The Legacy Revealed'' shows many connections between the Nazis and the Empire. Examples shown are that Vader's own troops, Stormtroopers, share the same name with Hitler's. The black, white, and red used in many scenes with the Empire are the same colors of the swastika, and that Darth Vader's helmet is similar to that of the German Army's. The Republic also embraced diversity, while the Empire did not. There are no women in the Empire, showing that there is no purity or life.\n\nAccording to the show, the Rebels win in the end because of their trust in something else, in themselves, rather than technology. This is illustrated when Luke turns off his targeting computer during the attack on the Death Star and uses the force to guide him. In the end, there's a Christian-like redemptive moment, where Luke overturns the Dark Side and brings salvation to his father. Once Vader dies, Luke burns his body on a pyre, like in ''The Iliad'' where Priam burns Hector's body.\n\nThe last scenes of the show feature a few politicians. They talk of people that join together for a common goal and power always belongs to the people. ''Star Wars'' is then said that even though there are strong mythological influences in it, it becomes a mythology all its own.\n"	" Featured interviews "	"* J.J. Abrams\n* Tom Brokaw\n* Stephen Colbert\n* Joan Breton Connelly\n* Linda Ellerbee\n* Steven Galipeau\n* Newt Gingrich\n*Mary Henderson \n*Edward L. Hudgins\n* Peter Jackson\n*Dr. John C. Lyden\n* Elvis Mitchell\n*Dr. Camille Paglia\n* Nancy Pelosi\n* Dan Rather\n*Dr. Carl A. Rubino\n*Dr. Carl Silvio\n* Kevin Smith\n*Dr. Kevin J. Wetmore, Jr.\n* Joss Whedon\n* Leon Wieseltier\n*Dr. Jonathan Young\n"	" Reception "	"The documentary was nominated for 3 Emmy Awards, for Outstanding Non-fiction Special, Outstanding Writing (Non-fiction), and Outstanding Directing (Non-fiction).\n"	" See also "	"* George Lucas\n* Greek mythology\n*''Star Wars''\n* ''Star Wars'' sources and analogues\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"\n* ''Star Wars: The Legacy Revealed'' at IMBD\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Stephen Short"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nShort manages the popular indie act thumb\n\n'''Stephen Short''' (died 2015) was a Grammy Award\u2013winning record producer and operated Ping Pong Music, an artist management company. Many songs he had worked on went on to become chart-topping singles that had won Grammy Awards, Academy Awards, and Golden Globe Awards.\n"	" 1977\u20131991: Early years "	"Stephen Short started his career in the music industry in 1977 at Trident Studios in London, UK.  Working with musicians such as Kirk Allen and his band Elixir,  Echo & the Bunnymen, Genesis, Paul McCartney, Peter Gabriel, Queen and Wings, Short went from being a teaboy to becoming senior engineer within two years.  One of his earliest production credits is the 1978 Donna Summer song Last Dance, which he had mixed and had contributed his own back-up vocals.  The song went on to win an Academy Award and a Golden Globe for Best Original Song.  In 1980, at the age of 24, Short created an investment group with three other investors and purchased Trident Studios.  Employing a staff of thirty people, Short and his team became some of the most sought-after producers and engineers in the music industry.\n"	" 1992\u20132000: Shift to US production "	"In early 1992, Short was invited to the United States to discuss the possibility of opening a US branch of Trident Studios.  Following several meetings, Short decided to rather focus on production and to move on from the studio ownership business.  After spending a brief amount of time in Los Angeles, CA, Short traveled across the United States answering requests to become involved in many different musical projects.  During this phase of his career, Short worked with popular musicians such as Remy Zero as well as Phil Collins.  Short has been awarded a Grammy for his work with the Christian band dc Talk and another Grammy for his work with Chaka Kahn.  Over the years, Stephen continued producing for major labels such as Epic Records, Capitol Records, and many others.  In 1997, the band Ben Folds Five released the song \"Steven's Last Night in Town\", which is based on Stephen Short's friendship with Ben Folds.\n"	" 2001\u20132015: Artist Management "	"Identifying a need to develop and nurture young artists, Short formed a production & management company.  In 2001, Short signed a band he discovered and managed called Limousine to Jimmy Iovine of Interscope Records.  Eighteen months later, Short discovered a group called Augustana, and signed them a 2 million dollar deal with Sony and EMI publishing.  In the mid to late 2000s, Short had developed more emerging artists including This World Fair and Camera Can't Lie.\n"	" Death "	"In the summer of 2015, Short announced he had been battling colon cancer for two years. He died on 9 July 2015.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  Ping Pong Music\n*  Ping Pong's official MySpace profile\n*  Rethink Records\n*  This World Fair's official site\n*  Augustana's official site\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Stoned (computer virus)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Stoned''' is the name of a boot sector computer virus created in 1987. It is one of the very first viruses and is thought to have been written by a university student in Wellington, New Zealand. By 1989 it had spread widely in New Zealand and Australia, and variants became very common worldwide in the early 1990s.\n\nA computer infected with the original version had a one in eight probability that the screen would declare: ''\"Your PC is now Stoned!\"'', a phrase found in infected boot sectors of infected floppy disks and master boot records of infected hard disks, along with the phrase ''\"Legalise Marijuana\"''. Later variants produced a range of other messages.\n"	"Original version"	"The original \"Your computer is now stoned. Legalise Marijuana\" was thought to have been written by a university student in Wellington, New Zealand.\n\nThis initial version appears to have been written by someone with experience only with IBM PC 360KB floppy drives, as it misbehaves on the IBM AT 1.2MB floppy, or on systems with more than 96 files in the root directory. On higher capacity disks, such as 1.2 MB disks, the original boot sector may overwrite a portion of the directory.\n\nOn hard disks, the original master boot record is moved to cylinder 0, head 0, sector 7. On floppy disks, the original boot sector is moved to cylinder 0, head 1, sector 3, which is the last directory sector on 360\u00a0kB disks. The virus will \"safely\" overwrite the boot sector if the root directory has no more than 96 files.\n\nThe PC was typically infected by booting from an infected diskette. Computers, at the time, would default to booting from the A: diskette drive if it had a diskette. The virus was spread when a floppy diskette was accessed with an infected computer. That diskette was now, itself, a source for further spread of the virus. This was much like a recessive gene - difficult to eliminate - because a user could have any number of infected diskettes and yet not have their systems infected with the virus unless they inadvertently boot from an infected diskette. Cleaning the computer without cleaning all diskettes left the user susceptible to a repeat infection. The method also furthered the spread of the virus in that borrowed diskettes, if placed into the system, were now able to carry the virus to a new host.\n"	"Variants"	"The virus image is very easily modified (patched); in particular a person with no knowledge of programming can alter the message displayed. Many variants of Stoned circulated, some only with different messages.\n\n===Beijing, Bloody!===\nThe virus has the string \"Bloody! Jun. 4, 1989\". On this date, the Tiananmen Square protests were suppressed by the People's Republic of China.\n\n===Swedish Disaster===\nThe virus has the string \"The Swedish Disaster\".\n\n===Manitoba===\nManitoba has no activation routine and does not store the original boot sector on floppies; Manitoba simply overwrites the original boot sector. 2.88MB EHD floppies are corrupted by the virus.\n\nManitoba uses 2KB memory while resident.\n\n===NoInt, Bloomington, Stoned III===\nNoInt tries to stop programs from detecting it. This causes read errors if the computer tries to access the partition table. Systems infected with NoInt have a decrease of 2 kB in base memory.\n\n===Flame, Stamford===\nA variant of Stoned was called Flame (later unrelated sophisticated malware was given the same name). The early Flame uses 1 kB of DOS memory. It stores the original boot sector or master boot record at cylinder 25, head 1, sector 1 regardless of the media.\n\nFlame saves the current month of the system when it is infected. When the month changes, Flame displays colored flames on the screen and overwrites the master boot record.\n\n===Angelina===\nAngelina has stealth mechanisms. On hard disks, the original master boot record is moved to cylinder 0, head 0, sector 9.\n\nAngelina contains the following embedded text, not displayed by the virus: \"Greetings from ANGELINA!!!/by Garfield/Zielona Gora\" (Zielona G\u00f3ra is a town in Poland).\n* In October 1995 Angelina was discovered in new factory-sealed Seagate Technology 5850 (850MB) IDE drives.\n\n* In 2007 a batch of Medion laptops sold through the Aldi supermarket chain appeared to be infected with Angelina.  A Medion press release explained that the virus was not really present, rather, it was a spurious warning caused by a bug in the pre-installed antivirus software, Bullguard. A patch was released to fix the error.\n\n===Other variants===\n\n*Zapper\n*Sanded\n*June 4.a\n*Sex Revolution 1.1 and 2\n*Rostov\n*Stoned-8\n*Stoned-16\n*Stoned.16.a\n*Stoned.2(b)\n*Damien\n*Bravo\n*Laodung\n*Noint (Bloomington)\n*Azusa.a\n*Bunny.a\n*Dani ela\n*Dinamo Empire.INT.10.b\n*Standard.a\n*Lzr\n*Empire.Monkey.a\n*Empire.Monkey.b\n*Kiev\n*NOP\n*Manitoba\n*W-Boot\n*Michelangelo.a\n*No INT.a\n\n\nSeveral other variants include:\n\n*Teraz\n* b, c, d, e\n*Sonus\n*Nulls\n*Donald\n*Flushed\n*In love\n*stoned-floppy\n*Mexican\n*WD1 to WD7.\n\n"	"Bitcoin Block Chain Incident"	"\nOn May 15, 2014, the signature of the Stoned virus was inserted into the bitcoin blockchain. This caused Microsoft Security Essentials to recognize the block chain as the virus, prompting it to remove the file in question, and subsequently forcing the node to reload the block chain from that point, continuing the cycle.\n\nOnly the signature of the virus had been inserted into the blockchain; the virus itself was not there, and if it were, it would not be able to function.\n\nThe situation was averted shortly thereafter, as Microsoft had prevented the block chain from being recognized as Stoned. Microsoft Security Essentials did not lose the ability to detect a real instance of Stoned.\n"	"See also"	"* Brain (computer virus), an earlier boot sector virus \n* Computer virus\n* Comparison of computer viruses\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n"
"Studio Hibari"	"Introduction"	"\n is a Japanese animation studio founded in July 1979.\n"	"Subsidiaries"	"*Larx Entertainment Co., Ltd. (\u682a\u5f0f\u4f1a\u793e\u30e9\u30fc\u30af\u30b9\u30a8\u30f3\u30bf\u30c6\u30a4\u30f3\u30e1\u30f3\u30c8): A computer animation studio established in 2006-07.\n*Lerche (\u30e9\u30eb\u30b1): An animation studio established in 2011.\n"	"Works"	"\n===TV series===\n\n====Co-Produced====\n*''Ojamanga Yamada-kun'' (with Tsuchida Production) (1980)\n*''Captain Tsubasa'' (original; with Tsuchida Production) (1983)\n*''3 Choume no Tama: Uchi no Tama Shirimasen ka?'' (with Group TAC) (1993)\n*''Mah\u014djin Guru Guru'' (with Nippon Animation) (1994)\n*''Street Fighter II V'' (with Group TAC) (1995)\n*''Ping-Pong Club'' (with Grouper Productions) (1995)\n*''Kodomo no Omocha'' (with Studio Gallop) (1996)\n*''Hatsumei Boy Kanipan'' (with Studio Comet) (1998)\n*''You're Under Arrest'' Second Season (with Studio Deen) (2001)\n*''A Little Snow Fairy Sugar'' (with J.C.Staff) (2001)\n*''Mouse'' (with Studio Deen) (2003)\n*''Happy Seven'' (animated on behalf of Trinet Entertainment) (2005)\n*''Yoshinaga-san Chi no Gargoyle'' (animated on behalf of Trinet Entertainment) (2006)\n*''Tsuyokiss'' (animated on behalf of Trinet Entertainment) (2006)\n*''009-1'' (with Ishimori Entertainment as edit team) (2006)\n*''Reborn!'' (with Artland) (2006)\n*''Victorian Romance Emma (2nd season)'' (with Ajia-do Animation Works) (2007)\n*''Big Windup!'' (with A-1 Pictures) (2007)\n*''Myself ; Yourself'' (with Dogakobo) (2007)\n*''Kimi ga Aruji de Shitsuji ga Ore de'' (with A.C.G.T) (2008)\n*''Ky\u014dran Kazoku Nikki'' (with Nomad) (2008)\n*''xxxHolic: Kei'' (with Production I.G.) (2008)\n*''Scarecrow Man'' (with Tokyo Movie Shinsha) (2008)\n*''Yumeiro Patissiere'' (animated on behalf of Studio Pierrot) (2009)\n*''Ansatsu Kyoushitsu'' (with Lerche) (2015)\n*''Monster Strike'' (with Ultra Super Pictures) (2015)\n\n====Solo Productions====\n*''Kaikan Phrase'' (1999)\n*''Taro the Space Alien'' (2000)\n*''Tantei Shonen Kageman'' (2001)\n*''Duel Masters'' (2002)\n*''Mirmo!'' (2002)\n*''Raimuiro Senkitan'' (2003)\n*''Grandpa Danger'' (2003)\n*''Miracle! Panz\u014d'' (2004)\n*''Major'' (2004)\n*''Nerima Daikon Brothers'' (2006)\n*''Kashimashi: Girl Meets Girl'' (2006)\n*''Sumomomo Momomo'' (2006)\n*''Venus Versus Virus'' (2007)\n*''Moonlight Mile'' (2007)\n*''Net Ghost PiPoPa'' (2008)\n*''Fight Ippatsu! J\u016bden-chan!! (2009)\n*''Wei\u00df Survive'' (2009)\n*''Wei\u00df Survive R'' (2009)\n*''Rage of Bahamut: Manaria Friends'' (2016)\n\n===OVA===\n*''Raimuiro Senkitan: The South Island Dream Romantic Adventure'' (2004)\n*''Petite Cossette'' (2004)\n*''Isshoni Training: Training with Hinako'' (2009)\n*''Isshoni Sleeping: Sleeping with Hinako'' (2010)\n*''Isshoni Training 026: Bathtime with Hinako & Hiyoko'' (2010)\n\n===Movies===\n*''Angel's Egg'' (1985)\n*''Catnapped! The Movie'' (1995)\n*''Mobile Suit Gundam: Char's Counterattack'' (1988)\n\n===Video games===\n*''Persona 4'' (2008) Contributed Cutscenes with A-1 Pictures Inc.\n"	"LARX Entertainment"	"*Wooser's Hand-to-Mouth Life (2012)\n*Tiger & Bunny -The Beginning- (2012)\n*009 Re:Cyborg (2012)\n*Evangelion: 3.0 You Can (Not) Redo (2012)\n*Monsuno (2012)\n"	"Lerche"	"\n===TV series===\n*Maji de Watashi ni Koi Shinasai! (2011)\n*Danganronpa Kib\u014d no Gakuen to Zetsub\u014d no K\u014dk\u014dsei THE ANIMATION (2013)\n*Unbreakable Machine-Doll (2013)\n\n====Assistant production====\n*Persona 4: The Animation (2012)\n*Love, Elections & Chocolate (2012)\n*Jinrui wa Suitaishimashita (2012)\n*Ebiten: K\u014dritsu Ebisugawa K\u014dk\u014d Tenmonbu (2012)\n\n===OVA===\n*Carnival Phantasm (2011)\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* Studio Hibari official website \n* Larx Entertainment official website \n* Lerche official website \n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Surrey County Cricket Club"	"Introduction"	"\nSurrey's home ground the Oval, overlooked by the famous gasholders.\n\n\n\n\n'''Surrey County Cricket Club''' is one of eighteen first-class county clubs within the domestic cricket structure of England and Wales. It represents the historic county of Surrey. The club's limited overs team is called \"Surrey\" (unlike other counties' teams it has no official nickname). Surrey teams formed from 1709 by earlier organisations always had senior status and so the county club is rated accordingly from inception: i.e., classified by substantial sources as holding important match status from 1845 to 1894; classified as an ''official'' first-class team from 1895 by Marylebone Cricket Club (MCC) and the County Championship clubs; classified as a List A team since the beginning of limited overs cricket in 1963; and classified as a senior Twenty20 team since 2003.\n\nHome of the club since its foundation in 1845 has been the Oval (currently known officially as the 'Kia Oval' following a sponsorship deal with the Kia Motors company), in the Kennington area of Lambeth in south London. The club also has an 'out ground' at Woodbridge Road, Guildford, where some home games are played each season.\n\nSurrey CCC has had three notable periods of great success in its history. The club was unofficially proclaimed as \"Champion County\" seven times during the 1850s; it won the title eight times from 1887 to 1895 (including the first ever officially constituted County Championship in 1890); and seven consecutive outright titles from 1952 to 1958 inclusive following a shared title (with Lancashire) in 1950. In 1955, Surrey won 23 of its 28 county matches, a record that still stands and can no longer be bettered as counties have played fewer than 23 matches each season since 1993. To date, Surrey has won the official County Championship 18 times outright, more than any other county with the exception of Yorkshire.\n\nThe club's traditional badge is the Prince of Wales's feathers. In 1915, Lord Rosebery obtained permission to use this symbol from the Prince of Wales, hereditary owner of the land on which the Oval stands.\n"	"Honours"	"\n===First XI===\n* '''Champion County (2)''' \u2013 1887, 1888; '''shared (1) \u2013 '''1889\n* '''County Championship (18) \u2013 '''1890, 1891, 1892, 1894, 1895, 1899, 1914, 1952, 1953, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957, 1958, 1971, 1999, 2000, 2002; '''shared (1) \u2013 '''1950\n** '''Division Two (2)''' \u2013 2006, 2015\n* '''FP Trophy'''''' (1) \u2013 '''1982\n* '''Clydesdale Bank 40 (1) \u2013 '''2011\n* '''NatWest Pro40 League'''''' (2) \u2013 '''1996, 2003\n** '''Division Two (1)''' \u2013 2000\n* '''Twenty20 Cup (1) \u2013 '''2003\n* '''Benson and Hedges Cup (3) \u2013 '''1974, 1997, 2001\n\n===Second XI===\n* '''Second XI Championship (6) \u2013''' 1966, 1968, 1975, 1988, 1992, 2009\n* '''Second XI Trophy (1) \u2013''' 2001\n* '''Minor Counties Cricket Championship (4) \u2013''' 1939, 1950, 1954, 1955\n\n\n"	"History"	"\n===Earliest cricket in the county===\n:''For more information about cricket in Surrey before the formation of Surrey CCC, see History of cricket to 1725 and Surrey county cricket teams.''\n\nIt is widely believed that cricket was invented by children living on the Weald in Saxon or Norman times and that the game very soon reached neighbouring Surrey. Although not the game's birthplace, Surrey does claim the honour of being the location of its first definite mention in print. Evidence from a January 1597 (Julian calendar - 1598 in the Gregorian calendar) court case confirms that ''creckett'' was played by schoolboys on a certain plot of land in Guildford around 1550. In 1611, King James I gave to his eldest son, Henry, Prince of Wales, the manors of Kennington and Vauxhall, where the home ground of Surrey \u2013 the Oval \u2013 is today. To this day, the Prince of Wales's feathers feature on the cricket club's badge.\n\nCricket became well established in Surrey during the 17th century and the earliest village matches took place before the English Civil War. It is believed that the earliest county teams were formed in the aftermath of the Restoration in 1660. The earliest known first-class match in Surrey was Croydon v London at Croydon on 1 July 1707. In 1709, the earliest known inter-county match took place between Kent and Surrey at Dartford Brent with \u00a350 at stake. Surrey would continue to play cricket against other representative teams from that time onwards. Probably its greatest players during the underarm era were the famous bowler Lumpy Stevens and the wicket-keeper/batsman William Yalden, who both belonged to the Chertsey club.\n\n===Formation and dominance in embryonic years of county cricket (1845\u20131864)===\nSurrey CCC was founded on the evening of 22 August 1845 at the Horns Tavern in Kennington, South London, where around 100 representatives of various cricket clubs in Surrey agreed a motion put by William Denison (the club's first secretary) \"that a Surrey club be now formed\". A further meeting at the Tavern on 18 October 1845 formally constituted the club, appointed officers and began enrolling members. A lease on Kennington Oval, a former market garden, was obtained by a Mr Houghton from the Duchy of Cornwall. Mr Houghton was of the old Montpelier Cricket Club, 70 members of which formed the nucleus of the new Surrey County club. The Honourable Fred Ponsonby, later the Earl of Bessborough was the first vice-president.\n\nSurrey's inaugural first-class match was against the MCC at the Oval at the end of May, 1846. The club's first inter-county match, against Kent, was held at the Oval the following month and Surrey emerged victorious by ten wickets. However, the club did not do well that year, despite the extra public attractions at the Oval of a Walking Match and a Poultry Show. By the start of the 1847 season the club was \u00a370 in debt and there was a motion to close. Ponsonby proposed that 6 life members be created for a fee of \u00a312 each. His motion was duly passed, and the club survived. The threat of construction on the Oval was also successfully dispelled in 1848 thanks to the intervention of Prince Albert.\n\nIn 1854, Surrey secured a new 21-year lease on their home ground and Surrey went on to enjoy an exceptionally successful decade. being \u201cChampion County\u201d seven times from 1850 to 1859 and again in 1864. In 1857, all nine matches played by the county resulted in victory. This was the time of great players like William Caffyn, Julius Caesar, HH Stephenson and Tom Lockyer, and a fine captain in Frederick Miller. An incident in 1862, at the instigation of Edgar Willsher in a match between Surrey and England, led to the introduction of overarm bowling into cricket.\n\n===Decline and collapse (1866\u20131882)===\nFollowing a brilliant season in 1864 when the team won eight and drew three of its eleven first-class matches, Surrey went into free-fall in the latter half of the 1860s, owing to the decline of key players Caesar, Stephenson and Mortlock and a puzzling inability to find quality bowlers to support the incomparable James Southerton, whose combination with wicket-keeper Ted Pooley virtually carried the team. Although Southerton broke many bowling records and Harry Jupp developed into the most prolific scorer among professional batsmen, Surrey\u2019s record in purely county matches during the seventeen seasons from 1866 to 1882 was 59 victories, 107 losses, two ties and 37 drawn games. The team bottomed out in 1871 when they did not win a single county match for the only time until 2008. Southerton, except in 1872 when fast bowler James Street helped him to win seven of twelve games, had no adequate support in bowling after underarm left-arm spinner George Griffith declined, and except when Richard Humphrey achieved prominence in 1872 the batting depended almost entirely on Jupp. The fielding was also generally below the standard expected of first-class cricket.\n\nThe appointment of renowned sports administrator Charles Alcock as secretary of the club \u2013 a paid position for the first time \u2013 in 1872 coincided with an improved performance, but despite qualification rules being changed so that Southerton played every game for the county (up to 1872 he did not play whenever Sussex, the county of his birth, had a match on) Surrey declined to a lowly record in 1873. As mainstays Jupp and Southerton declined from 1875, matters were ameliorated by the discovery of class amateur batsmen in Bunny Lucas, Walter Read and William Game, but apart from 1877 Surrey never won half as many games as they lost and the inadequacy of the bowling on flat Oval pitches was a severe handicap.\n\n===Dominance in the early years of the Championship (1883\u20131899)===\nIn 1880, although the county\u2019s record remained bad, Surrey began to make the steps that would return them to the top of the table with the appointment of John Shuter as captain and of Walter Read \u2013 established as a class batsman but previously available only in August \u2013 as assistant secretary. The death of Southerton and retirement of other veterans paved the way for new talent in Maurice Read, William Roller, left-arm spinner Edward Barratt and pace bowler Charles Horner to lay a foundation for long-term success in the middle 1880s. With the rapid rise of George Lohmann in 1885, Surrey challenged for the unofficial title of Champion County for the first time in twenty years; then, by winning 32 of 42 matches in 1887, 1888 and 1889, Surrey were first or equal first in the final three years before official County Champions emerged.\n\nSurrey then won official County Championship titles in 1890\u20131892 under John Shuter. After a disappointing season in 1893 when their batting failed on Oval pitches rendered fiery by several dry winters and springs, Kingsmill Key took over and led Surrey to further titles in 1894, 1895 and 1899. Leading players in these years were batsman Bobby Abel and a trio of top bowlers: George Lohmann, Bill Lockwood and Tom Richardson. In 1899, Abel's unbeaten 357 helped Surrey to a mammoth total of 811 against Somerset; both scores remain club records over 100 years later.\n\n===Limited success in the Hobbs era (1900\u20131939)===\nSurrey's all-time top scorer Jack Hobbs.\nThe start of the 20th century brought a decline in Surrey's fortunes, and they won the title only once during the next fifty years, in 1914. At the request of Surrey's captain Lord Dalmeny, the Prince of Wales (later Edward VIII) allowed the use of his feathers on the club badge. The club's most famous player was Jack Hobbs, who began playing for the county in 1905, and he had a notable opening partner till 1914 in Tom Hayward, who scored 3,518 runs in all first-class cricket in 1906, equalled C.B. Fry's record of 13 centuries in a season and, in one six-day period, scored two centuries at Trent Bridge and two more at Leicester. He scored his hundredth hundred at the Oval in 1913. Between the two world wars, Surrey often had a good side, but it tended to be stronger in batting than in bowling; Hobbs played until 1934 with another good opening partner in Andrew Sandham. Hobbs scored more runs (61,760) and compiled more centuries (199) in first-class cricket than any other player in the history of the game. In recognition of his contribution to the team, the eponymous Jack Hobbs Gates were inaugurated at the Oval.\n\nThe side was not completely bereft of quality in the bowling department, however: Alf Gover took 200 wickets in both 1936 and 1937, a fine achievement for a fast bowler on the flat Oval track. The Oval pitches of this period tended to be very good for batting, and many matches were drawn. The club captain for much of this period was the affable and bohemian Percy Fender, whose closest colleague was the England captain of Bodyline fame (or infamy), Douglas Jardine. In 1938, Surrey played a home match away from the Oval for the first time, at Woodbridge Road in Guildford. After 1939, cricket took a break as the Second World War occupied the nation and the Oval was seized for Government use.\n\n===Post-war domination (1945\u20131958)===\nFrom 1948 to 1959, Surrey were the pre-eminent English county team, finishing either first or second in the county championship in 10 seasons out of 12. They finished runners-up in 1948, shared the championship with Lancashire in 1950, won seven consecutive outright titles from 1952 to 1958, and were runners-up again in 1959. Their margins of victory were usually large. For example, Yorkshire were runners-up in 1952 but finished 32 points behind.\n\nTheir great success was built on a remarkably strong bowling attack, with Test seamer Alec Bedser supported by the outstanding spin duo of Tony Lock and Jim Laker, the latter widely regarded as one of the finest ever orthodox off-spinners. Lock and Laker made the most of Oval pitches, which were receptive to spin, but the club's success was also due to the positive and attacking captaincy of Stuart Surridge, who won the title in all five years of his leadership from 1952 to 1956. The team fielded extremely well and a feature was some brilliant close catching. The team had excellent batsmen, especially the elegant Peter May, and the determined and combative Ken Barrington.\n\n===Famine and feast of glory (1959\u20132004)===\nOver the next forty years to 1998, Surrey won the County Championship only once, in 1971 during the career of England opener John Edrich and under the captaincy of Micky Stewart, but more success was achieved in the shorter form of the game. In 1969, Surrey employed their first overseas player: the popular Pakistani leg break bowler Intikhab Alam. In addition to Intikhab, the Surrey attack in their Championship-winning side possessed four current or future England Test cricketers in Geoff Arnold, Robin Jackman, Bob Willis and Pat Pocock. Edrich was subsequently appointed captain in 1973 and led Surrey to second position in the County Championship in his first year in charge and then secured Surrey their first limited overs silverware the following year with victory in the Benson and Hedges Cup. Edrich's replacement as captain, Roger Knight, led Surrey to NatWest Trophy glory at Lord's in 1982. Following Intikhab Alam, other overseas players to appear for the county included the talented New Zealand batsman Geoff Howarth and two very fearsome fast bowlers, the West Indian Sylvester Clarke and the Pakistani Waqar Younis.\n\nFollowing a relative drought of success, and with growing concern over the club's internal structure, the club's members forced a Special General Meeting in 1995. A change of fortunes soon followed, as new captain Alec Stewart \u2013 son of Micky \u2013 led the team to the Sunday League title in 1996. This proved to be the catalyst for further success under the captaincy of Adam Hollioake and the influence of Keith Medlycott, who was county coach from 1997 to 2003. County Championship triumphs in 1999, 2000 and 2002 were complemented with Benson and Hedges Cup victories in 1997 and 2001, a National League Division Two title in 2000 and the inaugural Twenty20 Cup in 2003. This was in spite of the tragic death of the highly talented all-rounder Ben Hollioake, Adam Hollioake's younger brother, who was involved in a fatal car accident in early 2002. That same year, Ali Brown posted what remains today a world record List A score of 268 against Glamorgan at the Oval, beating Graeme Pollock's former records score in the first of his two one-day double hundreds for Surrey. Adam Hollioake retired after the 2004 season.\n\n===Recent years (2005\u2013present)===\nCurrent player Jade Dernbach runs up to bowl against Sussex at the County Ground in Hove in the 2008 Twenty20 Cup.\nThe run of success came to an end in 2005, when an ageing Surrey team was relegated to Division Two of the Championship, but an immediate recovery took place in 2006 as Surrey won promotion as champions of Division Two. However, they were once again relegated to Division Two in 2008, failing to win a single game for the first time since 1871 and losing their last two games by an innings. Despite the end of a successful period, Surrey did post a List A world record score of 496\u20134 from 50 overs, the first of which was a maiden, against Gloucestershire at the Oval on 29 April 2007; Ali Brown top scored with 176 from just 97 deliveries.\n\nThe 2000s saw the retirement of club legends Alec Stewart, Mark Butcher, Graham Thorpe and Martin Bicknell, who all represented England, as well as Saqlain Mushtaq who played for Pakistan. Another England player in Mark Ramprakash had joined Surrey in 2001 and, despite the club's travails, became the nineteenth player to pass 15,000 first-class runs for the county, doing so at an average of over 70. Surrey did not threaten to achieve a return to Division One of the County Championship after their relegation, or to win either 40-over competition until 2011. However, the club did have more luck in the Twenty20 Cup following victory in 2003, reaching finals day in 2004, 2005 and 2006, but failing to win the competition. 2011 saw a revival in the team's fortunes. They achieved a return to Division One of the County Championship by the margin of a single point, as they won their final four games of the season. They also won the CB40 competition.\n\nAfter narrowly avoiding relegation in 2012 (a season greatly overshadowed by the death of young batsman Tom Maynard in June in tragic circumstances), Surrey finished bottom of the Division One table the following year, and the Cricket Manager, Chris Adams, was sacked during the course of the season. Under the new management team of Alec Stewart, appointed Director of Cricket, and Graham Ford, recruited before the 2014 season to be Head Coach, they won the Division Two title in 2015 and were also beaten finalists in the Royal London Cup. In January 2016 it was announced that Ford had left to rejoin Sri Lanka as head coach. Michael Di Venuto took over as Head Coach for the 2016 season and after a poor start, with Surrey bottom of Division One after seven games, the team had a strong finish to the season, finishing in the middle of the Championship and again runners-up in the Royal London Cup.\n"	" Badge, colours and name "	"Surrey's badge has featured the Prince of Wales's feathers since 1915, when Lord Rosebery successfully requested permission for their use. Surrey's historical link to the Prince of Wales dates back to the birth of the club, which was only made possible by the agreement of the Prince of Wales to allow his tenants at Kennington Oval to sub-let the ground for the purposes of cricket.\n\nThe club's official colour is chocolate brown. In first-class cricket, Surrey traditionally wear a brown cricket cap along with their cricket whites. Batsmen wear a brown helmet. The first-class kit and kit worn in the Friends Life t20 and CB40 competitions are currently manufactured by the Under Armour sportswear brand, while club sponsors Kia Motors's logo appears across the front of the shirt.\n\nIn common with all other counties, Surrey's one-day sides have worn a variety of different coloured kits over the years. Currently, they wear predominantly black shirts with 'fluro blue' decoration. This replaced the 40-over black shirts with 'fluro green' piping and white patches and the 20-over 'fluro green' and black designs of 2010 and 2011. The limited overs teams were called Surrey Lions before a name change for the 2006 season to Surrey Brown Caps, but another switch saw them revert to Surrey Lions. In 2012 they dropped the \"Lions\" and were called simply Surrey. The side wore navy blue and sky blue in 2004 in both forms of the limited overs game and stuck with these colours in 2005. 2007 saw the light blue replaced by Surrey's traditional brown in the 40-over game, before the darker shade of blue turned to gold in 2008 to produce a gold and brown combination, while silver and brown were preferred for Twenty20 contests. White, red and sky blue were worn by the side featuring Mark Butcher and Adam Hollioake around the start of the 21st century.\n"	" Grounds "	"The OCS Stand as pictured from the Bedser Stand\n  \n\n\nSurrey have played the overwhelming majority of their home matches at the Oval. It holds 23,500 people and is the third largest cricket ground in England, after Edgbaston's recent expansion in capacity. The Oval was first leased by the club in 1845 from the Duchy of Cornwall and it remains so to this day. The ground has hosted Surrey matches since its opening in 1846 and it staged all but two Surrey home matches between 1846 and 1938. By tradition, it generally holds the last Test of the English summer in late August or early September.\n\nSurrey also play at the Sports Ground, Woodbridge Road, Guildford, which holds 4,500 spectators. This is known as an 'out-ground' and currently hosts one County Championship match and one Pro40 match each season. All other home matches are played at the Oval.\n\nSurrey have played home matches at fifteen different grounds in total since their inception. The following table gives details of every venue at which Surrey have hosted first-class, List A or Twenty20 cricket matches:\n\n\n\n Name of ground !! Location !! Year !! FCmatches !! LAmatches !! T20matches !! Total\n\n The Oval \n Kennington \n 1846\u2013present \n 1756 \n 391 \n 43 \n 2190 \n\n Woodbridge Road \n Guildford \n 1938\u2013present \n 89 \n 36 \n 0 \n 125\n\n Whitgift School \n Croydon \n 2000\u20132011 \n 9 \n 13 \n 1 \n 23\n\n British Aerospace Company Ground \n Byfleet \n 1970\u20131979 \n 0 \n 10 \n 0 \n 10\n\n Kenton Court Meadow \n Sunbury-on-Thames \n 1972\u20131974 \n 0 \n 3 \n 0 \n 3\n\n Hawker's Sports Ground \n Kingston-upon-Thames \n 1946 \n 2 \n 0 \n 0 \n 2\n\n St John's School \n Leatherhead \n 1969\u20131972 \n 0 \n 2 \n 0 \n 2\n\n Metropolitan Police Sports Club Ground \n East Molesey \n 2003 \n 0 \n 0 \n 2 \n 2\n\n Broadwater Park \n Godalming \n 1854 \n 1 \n 0 \n 0 \n 1\n\n Reigate Priory Cricket Club Ground \n Reigate \n 1909 \n 1 \n 0 \n 0 \n 1\n\n Cheam Road \n Sutton \n 1969 \n 0 \n 1 \n 0 \n 1\n\n Charterhouse School \n Godalming \n 1972 \n 0 \n 1 \n 0 \n 1\n\n Decca Sports Ground \n Tolworth \n 1973 \n 0 \n 1 \n 0 \n 1\n\n Hurst Park Club Ground \n East Molesey \n 1983 \n 0 \n 1 \n 0 \n 1\n\n Recreation Ground \n Banstead \n 1984 \n 1 \n 0 \n 0 \n 1\n\nSource:  CricketArchiveUpdated: 18 September 2011\n\n"	"Rivalry with Middlesex"	"Mark Ramprakash, who joined from Middlesex in 2001.\nSurrey contest the London Derby with Middlesex, so-called because of the traditional counties' proximity to and overlap with today's Greater London, which was only created in 1965. The match generally draws the biggest crowds of the season for either team. In first-class cricket, Surrey have won more of the 256 London derbies than Middlesex, but the commonest result is the draw, while Middlesex have the slight edge in one-day cricket with 28 wins to Surrey's 26. Surrey have won 11 of the 16 Twenty20 London derbies.\n\n\n Match format !! Played !! Surrey win !! Middlesex win !! Tie !! Draw or no result\n\nFirst-class\n256\n89\n74\n2\n91\n\nOne day \n61\n26\n28\n1\n6\n\nTwenty20 \n16\n11\n5\n0\n0\n\n Total !! 333 !! 126 !! 107 !! 3 !! 97\n\n\n"	"Finances"	"Surrey County Cricket Club traditionally has relatively strong finances in terms of the county game (whose 18 counties' aggregate losses amounted to over \u00a39\u00a0million in 2010), which is in no small part due to the capability of and agreement with its principal home ground, the Oval, to stage Test cricket on a yearly basis, alongside limited overs internationals. However, despite its reputation as an aggressively commercial club, this reputation took a hit with the club announcing pre-tax losses of \u00a3502,000 for the 2010 financial year, as turnover dropped by 20% to \u00a320.5m. The club had previously benefited from a sunnier balance sheet due to the sale of ground naming rights and the re-development of the Vauxhall End at the Oval. In the 2008 financial year, a year when the Club did not win a single match in the Second Division Championship, Surrey had achieved pre-tax profits of \u00a3583,000 with a turnover of approaching \u00a324\u00a0million, as membership swelled to 10,113. Record profit and turnover were announced for 2009 thanks to the staging of international cricket matches with the figures growing to \u00a3752,000 and \u00a325.5\u00a0million, respectively.\n\n===Sponsorship===\nSurrey have maintained a number of relationship with sponsors over the years. The most prominent today are Korean car manufacturer Kia Motors and kit manufacturers Adidas. Kia holds a shirt and ground sponsorship agreement with the club at the value of \u00a33.5m over five years, which represents some improvement on the \u00a3250,000 received from Australian financial corporation AMP Limited and the \u00a31,500,000-a-year deal with Brit plc that followed. The club also holds arrangements with various other partners, such as Marston's Pedigree and BBC London 94.9.\n\n\n\nPeriod\nKit manufacturer\nShirt sponsor\nOval name\n\n1989\u20131998\n\n\nThe Foster's Oval\n\n1998\u20131999\n\nComputacenter\n\n2000\nExito\n\n2001\nThe AMP Oval\n\n2002\nAMP Limited\n\n2003\nRAC\n\n2004\u20132010\nSurridge Sport\nBrit Insurance\nThe Brit Oval\n\n2010\nProstar Sports\nKia\nThe Kia Oval\n\n2011\u20132012\nMKK Sports\n\n2013\u20132014\nSurridge Sport \n\n2015-2016\nUnder Armour\n\n2016-\nAdidas\n\n\n\n\n"	" Players "	"\n=== Current squad ===\n\n* No. denotes the player's squad number, as worn on the back of their shirt.\n*  denotes players with international caps.\n*  denotes a player who has been awarded a county cap.\n\n\n No.\n Name\n Nat\n Birth date\n Batting Style\n Bowling Style\n Notes\n\n Batsmen\n\n 10 \n Arun Harinath* \n  \n  \n Left-handed \n Right arm off break \n\n\n 11 \n Kumar Sangakkara*\u00a0 \n  \n  \n Left-handed \n Right arm off break \n Overseas player\n\n 17 \n Rory Burns* \n  \n  \n Left-handed \n Right arm medium \n Vice-captain\n\n 20 \n Jason Roy*\u00a0 \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Right-arm medium \n England white-ball contract\n\n 21 \n Aaron Finch\u00a0 \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Slow left-arm orthodox \n Overseas player\n\n 45 \n Dominic Sibley \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Right arm leg break \n\n\n \u2014 \n Mark Stoneman \n  \n  \n Left-handed \n Right arm off break \n\n\n All-rounders\n\n 8 \n James Burke \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Right-arm medium-fast \n Out on loan at Leicestershire\n\n 13 \n Gareth Batty*\u00a0 \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Right arm off break \n Club captain\n\n 22 \n Zafar Ansari*\u00a0 \n  \n  \n Left-handed \n Slow left-arm orthodox \n\n\n 58 \n Sam Curran \n  \n  \n Left-handed \n Left-arm fast medium \n\n\n \u2014 \n Scott Borthwick\u00a0 \n  \n  \n Left-handed \n Right-arm leg break \n\n\n Wicket-keepers\n\n 7 \n Ben Foakes* \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n \u2014 \n\n\n 32 \n Ollie Pope \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n \u2014 \n\n\n Bowlers\n\n 4 \n Matt Dunn \n  \n  \n Left-handed \n Right arm fast \n\n\n 5 \n Freddie van den Bergh \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Slow left-arm orthodox \n\n\n 6 \n Mark Footitt \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Left-arm fast-medium \n\n\n 16 \n Jade Dernbach*\u00a0 \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Right arm fast-medium \n\n\n 18 \n Stuart Meaker*\u00a0 \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Right arm fast-medium \n\n\n 19 \n Amar Virdi \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Right-arm off break \n \n\n 33 \n Mathew Pillans \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Right-arm fast \n British visa\n\n 59 \n Tom Curran* \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Right-arm fast-medium \n\n\n 77 \n Ravi Rampaul\u00a0 \n  \n  \n Left-handed \n Right-arm fast-medium \n Kolpak Player\n\n \u2014 \n Conor McKerr \n  \n  \n Right-handed \n Right-arm fast \n British passport\n\n\n=== Notable former players ===\n\nThe following cricketers have made 200 or more appearances for Surrey in first-class, List A and Twenty20 cricket combined. \n\n\n\n*  Bobby Abel\n*  Geoff Arnold\n*  Tom Barling\n*  Ken Barrington\n*  Jonathan Batty\n*  Alec Bedser\n*  Eric Bedser\n*  Joey Benjamin\n*  Darren Bicknell\n*  Martin Bicknell\n*  Bill Brockwell\n*  Ted Brooks\n*  Ali Brown\n*  Alan Butcher\n*  Mark Butcher\n*  Sylvester Clarke\n*  Tom Clark\n*  Grahame Clinton\n*  Bernard Constable\n*  Andy Ducat\n*  John Edrich\n\n*  Mike Edwards\n*  Percy Fender\n*  Mark Feltham\n*  Laurie Fishlock\n*  David Fletcher\n*  David Gibson\n*  Alf Gover\n*  Bob Gregory\n*  Ian Greig\n*  George Griffith\n*  Ernie Hayes\n*  Tom Hayward\n*  Bill Hitch\n*  Jack Hobbs\n*  Fred Holland\n*  Adam Hollioake\n*  Geoff Howarth\n*  Thomas Humphrey\n*  Intikhab Alam\n*  Robin Jackman\n*  Harry Jupp\n\n*  Kingsmill Key\n*  Roger Knight\n*  Jim Laker\n*  Walter Lees\n*  Peter Loader\n*  Tony Lock\n*  Bill Lockwood\n*  Arnold Long\n*  Arthur McIntyre\n*  Peter May\n*  Scott Newman\n*  Jack Parker\n*  Alan Peach\n*  Pat Pocock\n*  Ted Pooley\n*  Mark Ramprakash\n*  Maurice Read\n*  Walter Read\n*  Jack Richards\n*  Tom Richardson\n*  Graham Roope\n\n*  Tom Rushby\n*  Ian Salisbury\n*  Andy Sandham\n*  Tom Shepherd\n*  John Shuter\n*  David Smith\n*  Razor Smith\n*  Stan Squires\n*  Alec Stewart\n*  Micky Stewart\n*  Stewart Storey\n*  Herbert Strudwick\n*  Stuart Surridge\n*  David Thomas\n*  Graham Thorpe\n*  David Ward\n*  Ian Ward\n*  Eddie Watts\n*  Henry Wood\n*  Younis Ahmed\n\n\n\n=== Club captains ===\n:''For a complete list of officially appointed Surrey captains, see List of Surrey cricket captains''.\n\nSurrey have had 40 club captains since 1846. The club captain leads the team on the field, unless he is on international duty, injured or otherwise unavailable. Surrey's most successful County Championship captain is Stuart Surridge who won the title in each year of his captaincy in a five-year run stretching from 1952 to 1956. The current captain is Gareth Batty.\n"	" Non-playing staff "	"This list excludes those who are also listed above as famous players. Data is primarily taken from Surrey Yearbooks.\n\n===Presidents===\n:''For a list of Surrey's Presidents, see List of Presidents of Surrey CCC.''\n\nThe position of President is an honorary one. The President does not take a salary and is chosen from supporters of the club. Past holders of the seat have included former Prime Minister Sir John Major and a number of former players, an example of which is the 2011 President and 1960s Surrey slow left-arm bowler Roger Harman, who held the post for a single year, as has been customary in recent years. He was the 48th President.\n\n===Secretaries and chief executives===\nThe Chief Executive of Surrey CCC is the official who is in charge of the day-to-day running of the club. The position had formerly been called Secretary, but was changed in 1993. Current Chief Executive Richard Gould joined the club in 2011 after a six-year tenure at Somerset CCC. Previous incumbent Paul Sheldon was in the job for 16 years and oversaw the construction of the OCS Stand during his time at the Oval.\n\nWilliam Burrup, Hon. Sec. 1855\u20131872\n\n No. !! Name !! Years\n\n1\n William Denison\n1845\u20131848\n\n2\n John Burrup\n1848\u20131855\n\n3\n William Burrup\n1855\u20131872\n\n4\n C. W. Alcock\n1872\u20131907\n\n5\n Brian Castor\n1947\u20131957\n\n6\n Geoffrey Howard\n1965\u20131975\n\n7\n W. H. Sillitoe\n1975\u20131978\n\n8\n Ian Scott-Browne\n1978\u20131989  \n\n9\n David Seward\n1989\u20131993 \n\n10\n Glyn Woodman\n1993\u20131995\n\n11\n Paul Sheldon\n1995\u20132011\n\n12\n Richard Gould\n2011\u2013present\n\n\n\n===Coaching staff===\nThe position of club cricket manager became vacant following the sacking of Chris Adams on 17 June 2013. The first team coach, Ian Salisbury, was also sacked. Adams had held the position since his appointment in 2008 after the sacking of Alan Butcher, who had been promoted from assistant in 2006 at a time when his son Mark was club captain. Micky Stewart, who also played for the club, had been the cricket manager from 1979 to 1986.\n\nIt was announced that following the sacking of Adams Alec Stewart would take charge of first team affairs until a long term successor was found, with the bowling coach Stuart Barnes as his assistant. In October 2013 the club announced that Graham Ford would become head coach in February 2014, with Stewart becoming Director of Cricket, a new position.\n\nIn early 2016, Graham Ford resigned as head coach, and Surrey subsequently appointed Michael Di Venuto.\n\n===Scorers===\nThe club's current scorer is Keith Booth. Booth has filled the role since 1995.\n"	"Records"	"\n===First-class records===\n:''For a list of Surrey's first-class cricket records, see List of Surrey first-class cricket records.''\n\n===Limited overs records===\n:''For a list of Surrey's List A cricket records, see List of Surrey List A cricket records.''\n\n===Twenty20 records===\n:''For a list of Surrey's Twenty20 cricket records, see List of Surrey Twenty20 cricket records.''\n"	"References"	"\n===Bibliography===\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*Surrey CCC Yearbooks\n*''Playfair Cricket Annual'' (various editions)\n*''Wisden Cricketers' Almanack'' (various editions)\n\n===Notes===\n\n"	"External links"	"*\n\n===Independent sites===\n* Surrey CCC Supporters' Club\n* Surrey at BBC Sport\n* Surrey at Cricinfo\n* Surrey at CricketArchive\n* Surrey at ECB\n* Surrey at Sky Sports\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Suspicious Minds (album)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Suspicious Minds: The Memphis 1969 Anthology''''' is a two-disc compilation of Elvis Presley's studio recordings at American Sound Studio during the winter of 1969, released in 1999, RCA 67677-2. This set features all of the master recordings made by Presley that would eventually feature on multiple singles as well as the albums ''From Elvis in Memphis'' and the studio disk of ''From Memphis to Vegas/From Vegas to Memphis''. Original recordings produced by Chips Moman and Felton Jarvis.\n"	" Contents "	"For the bulk of the 1960s, Elvis had been trapped in a cycle of making three movies a year, and recording their attendant soundtracks in either Nashville or Hollywood. After the success of his Christmas special on NBC in December 1968, Presley made a decision not to continue with business as usual, but instead to return to recording in his hometown of Memphis, Tennessee, to take advantage of the thriving soul music scene active at the city's studios such as Stax and Hi Records. Presley chose American Studios, run by songwriter Chips Moman, for several reasons. First, their music staff was populated by session musicians steeped in Elvis' upbringing in blues, country, gospel, and rock and roll; second, they knew how to give the music a \"commercial\" gloss, Moman having already produced or written hits for Aretha Franklin and The Box Tops; third, after hitting the top ten on the singles chart only once since 1963 with a song that had been recorded in 1960, Presley needed hits.\n\nThe choice would prove fortuitous, as singles gleaned from these sessions would yield three top ten hits, including the last chart-topper of Presley's career, his latter-day signature song \"Suspicious Minds.\" The album work would be equally respected, ''From Elvis in Memphis'' being considered by myriad sources as one of Presley's greatest. In 2003, the album was ranked number 190 on ''Rolling Stone'' magazine's list of the 500 greatest albums of all time.\n\nThe first twelve tracks of disc one present ''From Elvis in Memphis'' in order, including the lead single of \"In the Ghetto\" backed with \"Any Day Now,\" released two months before the album hit the stores. It continues with the hit singles and \"Stranger in My Own Hometown,\" a song Presley would return to in the future, a live version issued on disc five of the 1970s box set. The second disc compiles the balance of ''From Memphis to Vegas'', along with the remaining masters that ended up buttressing various albums in the 1970s. Ten alternate takes are included, along with a previously unissued snippet of a song attempted at the sessions but never completed. The success of this material would infuse Presley's career with a new vigor, which would fuel re-acquaintance with his talents both in the studio and in live performance during the early years of the new decade.\n"	" Track listing "	"Chart positions for LPs ''Billboard'' 200 chart; positions for singles from ''Billboard'' Hot 100 chart.\n\n=== Disc one ===\n\n\n Track \n Recorded \n Original LP Issue \n Catalogue \n Release Date \n Chart Peak \n Song Title \n Writer(s) \n Time\n\n 1. \n 1/13/69 \n ''From Elvis in Memphis'' \n LSP 4155 \n 6/17/69 \n #13 \n Wearin' That Loved-On Look \n A.L. Owens and Dallas Frazier \n 2:44\n\n 2. \n 2/19/69 \n ''From Elvis in Memphis'' \n LSP 4155 \n 6/17/69 \n #13 \n Only the Strong Survive \n Jerry Butler, Kenny Gamble, Leon Huff \n 2:40\n\n 3. \n 1/22/69 \n ''From Elvis in Memphis'' \n LSP 4155 \n 6/17/69 \n #13 \n I'll Hold You In My Heart \n Eddy Arnold, Thomas Dilbeck, Vaughan Horton \n 4:32\n\n 4. \n 1/13/69 \n ''From Elvis in Memphis'' \n LSP 4155 \n 6/17/69 \n #13 \n Long Black Limousine \n Bobby George and Vern Stovall \n 3:37\n\n 5. \n 2/20/69 \n ''From Elvis in Memphis'' \n LSP 4155 \n 6/17/69 \n #13 \n It Keeps Right On A-Hurtin' \n Johnny Tillotson \n 2:36\n\n 6. \n 1/14/69 \n ''From Elvis in Memphis'' \n LSP 4155 \n 6/17/69 \n #13 \n I'm Moving On \n Hank Snow \n 2:52\n\n 7. \n 2/18/69 \n ''From Elvis in Memphis'' \n LSP 4155 \n 6/17/69 \n #13 \n Power of My Love \n Bernie Baum, Bill Giant, Florence Kaye \n 2:34\n\n 8. \n 1/14/69 \n ''From Elvis in Memphis'' \n LSP 4155 \n 6/17/69 \n #13 \n Gentle On My Mind \n John Hartford \n 3:20\n\n 9. \n 2/18/69 \n ''From Elvis in Memphis'' \n LSP 4155 \n 6/17/69 \n #13 \n After Loving You \n Janet Lantz and Eddie Miller \n 3:05\n\n 10. \n 2/17/69 \n ''From Elvis in Memphis'' \n LSP 4155 \n 6/17/69 \n #13 \n True Love Travels on a Gravel Road \n Dallas Frazier and A.L. Owens \n 2:37\n\n 11. \n 2/20/69 \n ''From Elvis in Memphis'' \n 47-9741b \n 4/14/69 \n \n Any Day Now \n Burt Bacharach and Bob Hilliard \n 2:58\n\n 12. \n 1/20/69 \n ''From Elvis in Memphis'' \n 47-9741 \n 4/14/69 \n #3 \n In the Ghetto \n Mac Davis \n 2:45\n\n 13. \n 1/15/69 \n \n 47-9835b \n 4/20/70 \n \n Mama Liked the Roses \n John Christopher \n 2:47\n\n 14. \n 1/22/69 \n \n 47\u20139764 \n 8/26/69 \n #1 \n Suspicious Minds \n Mark James \n 3:28\n\n 15. \n 1/14/69 \n \n 47-9764b \n 8/26/69 \n \n You'll Think of Me \n Mort Shuman \n 3:58\n\n 16. \n 1/15/69 \n \n 47\u20139768 \n 11/11/69 \n #6 \n Don't Cry Daddy \n Mac Davis \n 2:46\n\n 17. \n 2/21/69 \n \n 47-9747b \n 6/17/69 \n \n The Fair Is Moving On \n Guy Fletcher and Doug Flett \n 3:07\n\n 18. \n 2/19/69 \n \n 47\u20139791 \n 1/29/70 \n #16 \n Kentucky Rain \n Eddie Rabbitt and Dick Heard \n 3:14\n\n 19. \n 2/17/69 \n ''Memphis to Vegas'' \n LSP 6020 \n 11/69 \n #12 \n Stranger In My Own Home Town \n Percy Mayfield \n 4:23\n\n 20. \n 1/22/69 \n ''Memphis to Vegas'' \n LSP 6020 \n 11/69 \n #12 \n Without Love \n Danny Small \n 2:51\n\n\n=== Disc two ===\n\n\n Track \n Recorded \n Original LP Issue \n Catalogue \n Release Date \n Chart Peak \n Song Title \n Writer(s) \n Time\n\n 1. \n 2/17/69 \n ''From Nashville to Memphis'' \n 66160-2 \n 9/28/93 \n \n This Time / I Can't Stop Loving You \n Chips Moman / Don Gibson \n 3:50\n\n 2. \n 2/18/69 \n unreleased alternate take \n \n \n \n After Loving You \n Janet Lantz and Eddie Miller \n 3:38\n\n 3. \n 1/22/69 \n unreleased alternate take \n \n \n \n Without Love \n Danny Small \n 2:59\n\n 4. \n 1/14/69 \n unreleased alternate mix and vocal \n \n \n \n I'm Moving On \n Hank Snow \n 2:58\n\n 5. \n 1/21/69 \n ''Memphis to Vegas'' \n LSP 6020 \n 11/69 \n #12 \n From A Jack To A King \n Ned Miller \n 2:23\n\n 6. \n 2/20/69 \n unreleased alternate take \n \n \n \n It Keeps Right On A-Hurtin' \n Johnny Tillotson \n 2:53\n\n 7. \n 2/17/69 \n unreleased alternate take \n \n \n \n True Love Travels on a Gravel Road \n Dallas Frazier and A.L. Owens \n 2:28\n\n 8. \n 2/18/69 \n unreleased alternate take \n \n \n \n Power of My Love \n Bernie Baum, Bill Giant, Florence Kaye \n 3:15\n\n 9. \n 1/14/69 \n unreleased alternate take \n \n \n \n You'll Think of Me \n Mort Shuman \n 4:33\n\n 10. \n 2/20/69 \n ''Let's Be Friends'' \n CAS 2408 \n 4/70 \n #105 \n If I'm A Fool (For Loving You) \n Stan Kesler \n 2:43\n\n 11. \n 2/18/69 \n ''Memphis to Vegas'' \n LSP 6020 \n 11/69 \n #12 \n Do You Know Who I Am \n Bobby Russell \n 2:47\n\n 12. \n 1/14/69 \n ''Memphis to Vegas'' \n LSP 6020 \n 11/69 \n #12 \n A Little Bit of Green \n Calvin Arnold, David Martin, Geoff Morrow \n 3:21\n\n 13. \n 2/17/69 \n ''Memphis to Vegas'' \n LSP 6020 \n 11/69 \n #12 \n And the Grass Won't Pay No Mind \n Neil Diamond \n 3:08\n\n 14. \n 1/13/69 \n ''Memphis to Vegas'' \n LSP 6020 \n 11/69 \n #12 \n This Is the Story \n Calvin Arnold, David Martin, Geoff Morrow \n 2:28\n\n 15. \n 1/22/69 \n ''Let's Be Friends'' \n CAS 2408 \n 4/70 \n #105 \n I'll Be There \n Bobby Darin \n 2:21\n\n 16. \n 1/21/69 \n ''Elvis Now'' \n LSP 4671 \n 2/20/72 \n #43 \n Hey Jude \n John Lennon and Paul McCartney \n 4:29\n\n 17. \n 1/20/69 \n ''Almost In Love'' \n 47-9768b \n 11/11/69 \n \n Rubberneckin' \n Dory Jones and Bunny Warren \n 2:09\n\n 18. \n 1/21/69 \n previously unreleased \n \n \n \n Poor Man's Gold \n Scott Davis \n 0:13\n\n 19. \n 1/15/69 \n ''Memphis to Vegas'' \n LSP 6020 \n 11/69 \n #12 \n Inherit the Wind \n Eddie Rabbitt \n 2:56\n\n 20. \n 1/16/69 \n ''Almost In Love'' \n 47-9791b \n 1/29/70 \n \n My Little Friend \n Shirl Milete \n 2:43\n\n 21. \n 2/22/69 \n ''You'll Never Walk Alone'' \n CALX 2472 \n 3/22/71 \n #69 \n Who Am I? \n Charles Rusty Goodman \n 2:07\n\n 22. \n 2/19/69 \n unreleased alternate take \n \n \n \n Kentucky Rain \n Eddie Rabbitt and Dick Heard \n 3:12\n\n 23. \n 1/22/69 \n unreleased alternate take \n \n \n \n Suspicious Minds \n Mark James \n 3:53\n\n 24. \n 1/20/69 \n unreleased alternate take \n \n \n \n In the Ghetto \n Mac Davis \n 2:40\n\n"	" Personnel "	"\n* Elvis Presley \u2013 vocals, guitar, piano\n* Reggie Young \u2013 guitar, electric sitar\n* Dan Penn \u2013 guitar\n* Bobby Wood \u2013 piano\n* Bobby Emmons \u2013 organ\n* Tommy Cogbill \u2013 bass\n* Mike Leech \u2013 bass\n* Gene Chrisman \u2013 drums\n* Ed Kollis \u2013 harmonica\n* R.F. Taylor \u2013 trumpet\n* Wayne Jackson \u2013 trumpet\n* Dick Steff \u2013 trumpet\n* Ed Logan \u2013 trombone\n* Jack Hale \u2013 trombone\n* Gerald Richardson \u2013 trombone\n* Jackie Thomas \u2013 saxophone, trombone\n* Andrew Love \u2013 saxophone\n* Glen Spreen \u2013 saxophone, string and horn arrangements\n* J.P. Luper \u2013 saxophone\n* Tony Cason \u2013 french horn\n* Joe D'Gerolamo \u2013 French horn\n* Joe Babcock \u2013 backing vocals\n* Dolores Edgin \u2013 backing vocals\n* Mary Greene \u2013 backing vocals\n* Charlie Hodge \u2013 backing vocals\n* Ginger Holladay \u2013 backing vocals\n* Mary Holladay \u2013 backing vocals\n* Millie Kirkham \u2013 backing vocals\n* June Page \u2013 backing vocals\n* Susan Pilkington \u2013 backing vocals\n* Sandy Posey \u2013 backing vocals\n* Donna Thatcher \u2013 backing vocals\n* Hurschel Wiginton \u2013 backing vocals\n\n"	" References "	"\n\n\n\n\n"
"Svendborg Rabbits"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Svendborg Rabbits''' is a Danish professional basketball team, from Svendborg. The home ground is 'The Rabbits House' (Kaninhulen) in Svendborg Idr\u00e6tscenter.\n\nThe team won gold in the best Danish basketball league in the 2009/10 season, silver in the 2006/07, 2007/08, 2008/09, 2010/11, 2011/12 and 2012/13 seasons. They won gold in the cup tournament (Landspokalturneringen) in 2007, 2011 and 2013. They competed in the EuroChallenge 2008-09. \n"	"External links"	"* Svendborg Rabbits\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Teri Weigel"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Teresa \"Teri\" Susan Weigel''' (born February 24, 1962) is an American pornographic actress, fashion and nude model and ''Playboy'' Playmate.\n"	"Early life"	"Weigel was born in Fort Lauderdale, Florida and grew up in Deerfield Beach, Florida. She began modeling while in her teens, appearing in the Saks Fifth Avenue catalog among other venues.\n"	"Career"	"Weigel appeared on the cover of the November 1985 issue of ''Playboy'', and was the Playboy Playmate for April 1986. She also appeared in a number of ''Playboy'' videos. She subsequently had several minor roles in mainstream film, including ''Predator 2'' and ''Marked for Death'', and made several appearances as \"Jade\" on ''Married... with Children''. She was the second Playmate to also appear in ''Penthouse'' magazine, after Ursula Buchfellner, November 1985. She worked for a time at the Bunny Ranch Nevada brothel until September 1998.\n\nWeigel was in a car accident in August 1990, in which she suffered severe neck and back injuries that required five operations.\nUnable to work for four months due to her injuries, she and her husband, Murrill Maglio, were forced to sell their home and move into an apartment. During production on a nude video that was one of Weigel's last projects for ''Playboy'', a co-worker suggested doing adult movies to earn money. Initially dismissive of the idea, Weigel eventually reconsidered. Weigel and Maglio spoke to their neighbors, Fred and Patti Lincoln, who produced adult films.\n\nHer first film was ''Inferno'' in 1991, in which she costarred with Marc Wallice. According to Weigel and Maglio, they do not see Weigel's sexual intercourse with other men as a problem because of the security of their relationship. Maglio has had minor, non-sexual roles in some of her films. To enhance her career viability, Weigel underwent breast augmentation, enlarging her breasts to 36DD. After she became the first Playboy Playmate to cross over into porn, the publisher terminated its relationship with her, as Playmates who do porn are not allowed to represent the company. Weigel's new career also hurt her relationship with her family, as her parents stopped speaking to her by 1992.\n\nIn 2000, Playboy sued Weigel over her use of the Playboy logo on her website.\n\n===Awards===\n*1992 FOXE Award \u2013 Vixen\n*2002 XRCO Hall of Fame\n*2003 AVN Hall of Fame\n*2003 NightMoves Award \u2013 Best Feature Dancer (Editor's Choice)\n"	"Personal life"	"She was married to Murrill Maglio since December 1986.  Maglio died on June 4, 2015 at the age of 63.\n"	"Selected filmography"	"{| border=\"2\" cellpadding=\"4\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #f9f9f9; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 90%;\" \n\n Film\n\n Year\n Film\n Role\n Notes\n\n 1986\n ''Playboy Video Centerfold: Teri Weigel''\n Herself\n\n 1987\n ''Playboy's Fantasies''\n Herself\n\n1988\n ''Glitch!''\n Lydia \n\n ''Cheerleader Camp''\n Pam Bently \n Alternative title: ''Bloody Pom-Poms''\n\n ''Return of the Killer Tomatoes''\n Matt's playmate \n\n1989\n ''Savage Beach''\n Anjelica \n\n ''Playboy's Secrets of EuroMassage''\n Herself\n\n ''Night Visitor''\n Victim\n\n1990\n ''Marked for Death''\n Sexy Girl #2 \n\n ''Predator 2''\n Colombian Girl \n\n ''Wet & Wild II''\n Herself\n\n 1991\n ''Sexy Lingerie III'' \n Herself\n\n1992\n ''Innocent Blood''\n Melody Lounge Dancer \n Alternative title: ''A French Vampire in America''\n\n ''Penthouse Fast Cars/Fantasy Women''\n Herself\n\n\n Television\n\n Year\n Title\n Role\n Notes\n\n 1988\u20131990\n ''Married... with Children''\n Jade\n 4 episodes\n\n 1989\n ''227''\n Gorgeous Girl\n 1 episode\n\n 2002\n ''The Mind of the Married Man''\n Dolly\n 1 episode\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n*\n*\n*\n*\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The 13th Anniversary Show Live in the U.S.A."	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''The 13th Anniversary Show Live in the U.S.A.''''' is a live album by The Residents.  It was originally released in 1986 as a double cassette and re-released on CD in 1992 by the Residents fan club UWEB.  Both versions of the release are difficult to find, as they were both limited to 500 copies each. It has resurfaced again in 2009 on the band's website as an MP3 download.\n"	"Red Eyeball Mask Eulogy"	"The intro to this version of the show is a \"eulogy\" for the red eyeball mask, worn by a member of The Residents, which was stolen after one of the shows and subsequently returned.  During this show, black armbands were handed out to mourn the loss.  The group felt that the eyeball was cursed, and the wearer from that time on became Mr. Skull, performing with a large skull mask instead of the trademark eyeball.\n"	" Cassette track listing "	"# \"Intro\"\n# \"Lizard Lady\"\n# \"Semolina\"\n# \"Hello Skinny\"\n# \"Constantinople\"\n# \"Jailhouse Rock\"\n# \"Where Is She?\"\n# \"Picnic in the Jungle\"\n# \"Smelly Tongues\"\n# \"Eloise\"\n# \"Ship's a'Going Down\"\n# \"New Machine\"\n# \"Tourniquet of Roses\"\n# \"I Got Rhythm\"\n# \"Monkey and Bunny\"\n# \"Theme for an American TV Show\"\n# \"It's a Man's Man's Man's World\"\n# \"Walter Westinghouse\"\n# \"Easter Woman\"\n# \"Amber\"\n# \"Red Rider\"\n# \"Die in Terror\"\n# \"Coming of the Crow\"\n# \"Eva's Warning\"\n# \"Coming of the Crow (Reprise)\"\n# \"The Big Bubble\"\n# \"Hop a Little\"\n# \"Cry for the Fire\"\n# \"Diskomo (Encore)\"\n"	" Double CD track listing "	"# Intro (1:11)\n# Lizard Lady/Semolina/Hello Skinny/Constantinople/Jailhouse Rock/Where Is She?/Picnic In The Jungle (29:41)\n# Smelly Tongues/Eloise/Ship's Agoin' Down/Tourniquet Of Roses (10:58)\n# I Got Rhythm/Passing The Bottles/Monkey & Bunny/Theme For An American TV Show/Man's Man's Man's World (17:10)\n# Walter Westinghouse (9:01)\n# Easter Woman/Amber/Red Rider/Die In Terror/Coming Of The Crow/Eva's Warning (13:59)\n# Big Bubble/Hop A Little/Cry For The Fire (13:18)\n# Diskomo (5:22)\n"	" References "	"\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Bronx Bunny Show"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''''The Bronx Bunny Show''''' is an Irish ten-part series originally broadcast in 2003 on E4 in the United Kingdom and later in Ireland. It was an adult puppet interview show which followed the premise of a semi-educational show for the good people of the Bronx, Brooklyn and Manhattan. The show was produced from a run-down tenement building in the Bronx where Bronx Bunny and his sidekick, a cigarette-smoking panda named Teddy T, would interview celebrities who \"done good\". ''The Bronx Bunny Show'' won \"Best Entertainment Show\" IFTA Award in 2003.\n\nAlso featured on the show were pseudo-educational items, such as 'The Internal Gerbil' who sang songs about internal organs from inside a gay man, numbers illustrated by pole dancing women who contorted into the shape of that week's number, and Spanish phrases such as \"Your Mother bangs like a screen door in a tornado\".\n\nThe show was broadcast sporadically on E4 and eventually on Channel 4. The series gained a cult following as it featured interviews with guests such as Hugh Hefner, Jessica Alba, William Shatner, and Larry Flynt. The show was created by Double Z Enterprises, an Irish production company behind such characters as Zig and Zag and Podge and Rodge.\n\nIn 2010, the entire Channel 4 season was made available to view on the 4OD site.\n"	"Season one U.K. (2003)"	"{| class=\"wikitable\"\n S# !! Ep# !! Guests !! Original airdate\n\n 1 \n 1 \n Steve O, Jessica Alba, Dr. Lier, Ming-Na\n 2003-11-24\n\n 1 \n 2 \n Victoria Silvstedt, Engelbert Humperdinck, Hugh Hefner, Judy Reyes \n 2003-11-23\n\n 1 \n 3 \n Michael Madsen, Lynda Carter, Ross Jeffries, Sarah Wynter\n 2003-11-26\n\n 1 \n 4 \n Steve Schirripa, Miss Vera, Bryan Cranston\n 2003-12-01\n\n 1 \n 5 \n Nina Mercedez, Denis Hope, Richard Schiff, Ron Jeremy \n 2003-12-02\n\n 1 \n 6 \n John Lydon, Sunrise Adams, John C. McGinley \n 2003-12-03\n\n 1 \n 7 \n Dick Valentine, Marina Sirtis, Stone Cold Steve Austin, Larry Flynt \n 2003-12-22\n\n 1 \n 8 \n Seymore Butts, Dr. Laurie Leach, William Shatner, Macy Gray\n 2003-12-23\n\n 1 \n 9 \n \"Best of\" show, including Jason Isaacs, JC Chasez, and Federico Castelluccio \n 2004-02-21\n\n 1 \n 10 \n More \"best of\", including Adam West and Shannon Elizabeth\n 2004-02-22\n\n"	"Season one U.S. (2007)"	"A ten-part series was commissioned by Starz Entertainment and broadcast from 18 April 2007. Guests included Mark Hamill, George Takei, Kelly Carlson, Howie Mandel, Cheech Marin, Beverly D'Angelo, Joely Fisher, Ron Jeremy, Michael Rapaport, Tina Majorino, Wee Man, Method Man, and Eric Roberts. ''Saved by the Bell'' star Dustin Diamond played a recurring role as Bronx Bunny's neighbor, who dropped by unannounced and stole items from the apartment.\n\nOther features included:\n*Teddy T's \"Bear Butts\" porno series, which featured a number of genuine adult stars such as Asian porn star Mika Tan.\n*Musical numbers performed by Bronx Bunny on piano and Teddy T on vocals under the name \"The Teddy Trio\".\n\n\n S# !! Ep# !! Guests !! Original airdate\n\n 1 \n 1 \n Steve Schirripa, Kelly Carlson\n 2007-04-18\n\n 1 \n 2 \n Michael Rapaport, George Takei \n 2007-04-25\n\n 1 \n 3 \n Chris Jericho, Mark Hamill\n 2007-05-02\n\n 1 \n 4 \n Method Man, Tina Majorino, Dustin Diamond\n 2007-05-09\n\n 1 \n 5 \n Harland Williams, Tommy Chong\n 2007-05-16\n\n 1 \n 6 \n Howie Mandel, Stacy Keibler, Wink Martindale\n 2007-05-23\n\n 1 \n 7 \n Eric Roberts, Robin Leach \n 2007-05-30\n\n 1 \n 8 \n Richard Schiff, Jolene Blalock\n 2007-06-06\n\n 1 \n 9 \n Joely Fisher, Wee Man \n 2007-06-13\n\n 1 \n 10 \n Beverly D'Angelo, Ron Jeremy\n 2007-06-20\n\n"	"Further TV appearances"	"Bronx Bunny and Teddy T went on to host two specials, ''The Top 20 Most Controversial TV Moments'' and ''Sex Stars They Tried to Ban'', for Channel 4. They also appeared as guests on the NBC show ''Last Comic Standing'' on 19 September 2007.\n"	"Awards"	"'''Irish Film and Television Academy Awards''':\n* Best Entertainment Show - 2003\n"	"External links"	"*  Entire Channel 4 Series on demand from 4OD\n*  Official 'The Bronx Bunny Show' site on MySpace\n*   'The Bronx Bunny Show' schedule on Starz\n*  Some behind the scenes photos and video clips of the Bronx Bunny Show\n* \n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 2"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 2''''', (known in Japan as \u30df\u30c3\u30ad\u30fc\u30de\u30a6\u30b9II, Mickey Mouse II), is a video game developed by Kemco for the Game Boy.  It is the sequel to the 1989 Nintendo Entertainment System and Game Boy game ''The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle''.\n"	"Gameplay"	"\n"	"Plot"	"Bugs Bunny must save his girlfriend Honey Bunny from Witch Hazel's enemy-filled castle. There are 28 levels with keys to collect. In each level is a locked door leading to the next level; to open it, the player must collect eight keys placed throughout the level. Various Looney Tunes characters are encountered, including Yosemite Sam, Daffy Duck, Wile E. Coyote, Sylvester, Foghorn Leghorn, Tasmanian Devil, Beaky Buzzard, Spike, Merlin the Magic Mouse, and Tweety.\n\nIn the European conversion, titled ''Hugo'', Hugo the troll's wife Hugolina gets kidnapped by the Horned King, ruler of the castle Arbarus, after agreeing to his invitation. Hugo goes to the castle to defeat the Horned King and rescue Hugolina.\n"	"Reception"	"\n\n''GamePro'' writer 'Riff Raff' gave ''Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 2'' a fairly positive review, opining that \"with smooth animation, good fun, and lively action, ''Bugs Bunny'' on the Game Boy is actually better than the NES version.\"\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* ''The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 2'' at GameFAQs\n* ''The Bugs Bunny Crazy Castle 2'' at MobyGames\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Dead Sleep Easy"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''The Dead Sleep Easy''''' is a 2007 Canadian drama film, a co-production of Odessa Filmworks and Zed Filmworks produced on location in Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico. Its tagline is \"When you're this far south, sometimes it's better to be dead than alive.\"\n"	"Plot"	"The story concerns a one-time Mexican wrestler known only as The Champ (Ian Hodgkinson) who becomes employed by a Mexican organised crime gang after he kills an opponent whose uncle is a mob leader. After witnessing a massacre of illegally smuggled migrants into the United States, The Champ decides to seek redress for this crime.\n"	"Cast"	"* Ian Hodgkinson - The Champ\n* Dave Courtney - Tlaloc\n* Ana Sidel - Maya\n* Martin Kove - Bob DePugh\n* Phil Caracas - Carlito\n* Alex Lora\n* Aaron Katz - Minuteman\n* Talia Russo - Bunny\n* Pedro Fendez - Hector\n"	"Distribution and release"	"The film has had numerous special screenings:\n\n* 22 September 2007: Calgary, Calgary International Film Festival\n* 8 February 2008: Victoria (British Columbia) Film Festival\n* 15 February 2008: Toronto\n* 22 February 2008: Ottawa\n* 13 March 2008: Montreal\n* 15 March 2008: Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Backseat Film Festival\n* 20 March 2008: Dawson City, Yukon, International Short Film Festival\n* 27 March, 28 March 2008: Hollywood, California, Ricardo Montalb\u00e1n Theatre\n\nThe film was given a DVD release on 5 March 2009 through Anchor Bay Canada.\n"	"References"	"\n\n===Bibliography===\n* Sidel\" official Ana Sidel site\n*  ''The Dead Sleep Easy'' official site\n*  Zed Filmworks: ''The Dead Sleep Easy'' profile\n* \n* \n* \n* \n* ''Rue Morgue Radio'':  Lee Demarbre interview regarding ''The Dead Sleep Easy'' 8 February 2008\n* \n*  \n*  Interview with director Lee DeMarbre\n"	" External links "	"* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Essential Bugs Bunny"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''The Essential Bugs Bunny''''' is a DVD set featuring cartoons focusing on Bugs Bunny. It was released on November 4, 2010.\n"	"Contents"	"The contents are split over two discs. The first disc features 12 Bugs Bunny theatrical shorts which have all previously been released on the Looney Tunes Golden Collection sets, except for the restored version of ''A Wild Hare'' (which instead was previously released on the Warner Bros. Home Entertainment Academy Awards Animation Collection). Previous Golden Collections have had it unrestored as part of specials/documentaries in the bonus features. The second disc features TV specials, more recent shorts, a movie excerpt and a featurette.\n\n===Disc 1===\n\n\n#\nTitle\nCo-Stars\nRelease Date\nDirector\nSeries\n\n1\n''Elmer's Candid Camera\nElmer\n\nChuck Jones\nMM\n\n2\n''A Wild Hare\nElmer\n\nTex Avery\nMM\n\n3\n''The Old Grey Hare\nElmer\n\nBob Clampett\nMM\n\n4\n''Baseball Bugs''\n\n\nFriz Freleng\nLT\n\n5\n''Hair-Raising Hare''\nGossamer\n\nChuck Jones\nMM\n\n6\n''Haredevil Hare''\nMarvin, K-9\n\nChuck Jones\nLT\n\n7\n''8 Ball Bunny''\nPlayboy Penguin\n\nChuck Jones\nLT\n\n8\n''Rabbit of Seville''\nElmer\n\nChuck Jones\nLT\n\n9\n''Rabbit Fire''\nDaffy, Elmer\n\nChuck Jones\nLT\n\n10\n''Show Biz Bugs''\nDaffy\n\nFriz Freleng\nLT\n\n11\n''Knighty Knight Bugs''\nSam\n\nFriz Freleng\nLT\n\n12\n''What's Opera, Doc?''\nElmer\n\nChuck Jones\nMM\n\n\n===Disc 2===\n\n\nTitle\nRelease Date\nDirector\nType\nPrevious DVD release\n\n''My Dream Is Yours''\n\nFriz Freleng\nexcerpt from the movie\nGolden Collection Volume 1\n\n''How Bugs Bunny Won the West''\nNovember 15, 1978\nJames Davis/Hal Geer\nTV special\nN/A\n\n''Bugs Bunny's Wild World of Sports''\nFebruary 15, 1989\nGreg Ford/Terry Lennon\nTV special\nN/A\n\n''Carrotblanca''\n\nDouglas McCarthy\nshort\n''Casablanca'' Two-Disc Special Edition\n\n''Hare and Loathing in Las Vegas''\n2004\nPeter Shin/Bill Kopp\nshort\nAustralian edition of ''Looney Tunes: Back in Action''\n\n''Ain't He a Stinker?''\n2010\n\ndocumentary featurette\nN/A\n\n''Bugs and Daffy's Carnival of the Animals''\n\nChuck Jones\nTV special\nGolden Collection Volume 5\n\n''Invasion of the Bunny Snatchers'' (unedited)\n\nGreg Ford/Terry Lennon\nshort\n''Space Jam'' Two-Disc Special Edition (was edited, is uncut here)\n\n''Bugs Bunny's Bustin' Out All Over''\n\nChuck Jones/Phil Monroe\nTV special\nGolden Collection Volume 5\n\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Heckling Hare"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''The Heckling Hare''''' is a Merrie Melodies cartoon, released on July 5, 1941 and featuring Bugs Bunny and a dopey dog named Willoughby. The cartoon was directed by Tex Avery, written by Michael Maltese, animated by soon-to-be director Bob McKimson, and with musical direction by Carl Stalling. In style that was becoming typical of the Bugs character, he easily outwitted and tormented his antagonist through the short, his only concern being what to do next to the dog.\n\nThis is the second-to-last Bugs Bunny cartoon directed by Tex Avery to be released. The last, ''All This and Rabbit Stew'', was produced before this film. Additionally, it was the fifth cartoon for Bugs and the 55th cartoon Avery directed at Warner Bros.\n\nThe Merrie Melodies opening sequence also featured the first usage of the Warner Bros. shield logo zooming in with a carrot-munching Bugs Bunny lying on top of it. Here, after the zoom-in and a couple of bites of his carrot, Bugs pulls down the Merrie Melodies title screen like it is a shade.\n"	"Plot"	"Instead of Elmer Fudd, Bugs is hunted by a dog named Willoughby, but the dog falls for every trap Bugs sets for him until they both fall off a cliff at the end.\n"	"Availability"	"This cartoon appears in the DVD ''Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 3'', unrestored, as part of the 1990 TV special ''What's Up Doc? A Salute to Bugs Bunny'' The restored version had previously been released as part of ''Looney Tunes Golden Collection: Volume 2''.\n"	"Original ending"	"This is the cartoon that led to Avery leaving Warner Bros. and moving to MGM. The final gag of this cartoon originally had Bugs and Willoughby falling off ''three'' cliffs, with Bugs telling the audience after the second tumble, \"Hold on to your hats, folks. Here we go again!\" during the third trip down. Schlesinger intervened for reasons that are not known with certainty. The most popular story is that the \"Hold on to your hats\" line referred to a risqu\u00e9 joke that was then in circulation; another story is that Schlesinger feared that Tex Avery had killed off Bugs Bunny by ending the cartoon with Bugs and Willoughby falling off the second cliff without a clear indication of whether or not the two survived.\n\nAccording to Martha Sigall, Schlesinger found the second fall to be repetitious and objected to its inclusion on those grounds. He instructed Avery to cut it, but Avery insisted that it should remain. Schlesinger simply overruled him as the boss. Karl F. Cohen suggests that Schlesinger found inappropriate an ending which suggests that Bugs gets killed. From Schlesinger's point of view the dispute was over his right to do as he pleased with the films he was paying for. From Avery's point of view, the dispute was over artistic interference.\n\nThe film was edited so that the characters only fall off a cliff once. After Bugs and Willoughby fall through the sky in a lengthy sequence, they \"put on the brakes\" and make a soft, feet-first landing on the ground. Bugs says to the audience, \"N'yah, fooled you, didn't we?!\" The dog follows with, \"Yeah!\" just as the cartoon fades out. Willoughby's line and the fade out to the end card are usually cut in TV versions (mostly those shown on the Ted Turner-owned cable networks TBS, TNT, Cartoon Network, and Boomerang) to cover up the fact that the cartoon had been edited in such an abrupt manner prior to release in theaters.\n\nAvery was angry, and walked out of the studio. He was promptly suspended for four weeks with no pay. On April 2, 1941, the quarrel was reported in an article for ''The Hollywood Reporter''. During his suspension, Avery was hired by MGM. A similar line had been allowed in ''Daffy Duck and Egghead'' (1938, coincidentally also directed by Avery). Just before launching into his own take on ''The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down'', Daffy Duck tells the audience, \"Hold your seats, folks, here we go again!\"\n"	"Sources"	"* \n* \n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The House of Blue Leaves (film)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''''The House of Blue Leaves''''' is a 1987 television play adapted from the John Guare play of the same title.\n"	"Summary"	"The telefilm is set in Sunnyside, Queens, in 1965, the day of Pope Paul VI's visit to New York City. The black comedy focuses on Artie Shaughnessy, a zookeeper who dreams of making it big in Hollywood as a songwriter, and his wife Bananas, a schizophrenic destined for the institution that provides the play's title. Artie wants to take his girlfriend, Bunny with him to Hollywood. The story features nuns eager to see the Pope, a political bombing, and Ronnie, Artie's son, a GI headed for Vietnam who goes AWOL.\n"	"Cast and characters"	"Source:IMDB; tv.com\n\n* Swoosie Kurtz \u2013 Bananas Shaughnessy\n* John Mahoney \u2013 Artie\n* Christine Baranski \u2013 Bunny Flingus\n* Julie Hagerty \u2013 Corrinna Stroller\n* Ben Stiller \u2013 Ronnie Shaughnessy\n* Richard Portnow \u2013 Billy Einhorn\n* Debra Cole \u2013 Little Nun\n* Patricia Falkenhain \u2013 Head Nun\n* Jane Cecil \u2013 Second Nun\n* Ian Blackman \u2013 MP / El Dorado bartender\n* Brian Evers \u2013 The White Man / El Dorado bartender\n"	"Production"	"The telefilm was directed by  Kirk Browning and Jerry Zaks, and was filmed on-stage before a live audience at the Plymouth Theatre. The telefilm was broadcast in May 1987 on the  PBS series ''American Playhouse''.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus''''' is a 2009 British-Canadian-French fantasy film directed by Terry Gilliam and written by Gilliam and Charles McKeown. The film follows a travelling theatre troupe whose leader, having made a bet with the Devil, takes audience members through a magical mirror to explore their imaginations and present them with a choice between self-fulfilling enlightenment or gratifying ignorance.\n\nHeath Ledger, Christopher Plummer, Andrew Garfield, Lily Cole, Verne Troyer, and Tom Waits star in the film, though Ledger's death one-third of the way through filming caused production to be temporarily suspended. Ledger's role was recast with Johnny Depp, Jude Law, and Colin Farrell portraying transformations of Ledger's character as he travels through a dream world. ''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'' interweaves several plot lines in a nonlinear arrangement.\n\nThe film made its world premiere during the 62nd Cannes Film Festival, out of competition. The film, which was budgeted at $30 million, grossed more than $60 million in its worldwide theatrical release.\n\n''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'' was nominated for two Academy Awards in the categories Best Art Direction (art directed by Dave Warren and Anastasia Masaro, and set decorated by Caroline Smith; lost to ''Avatar'') and Best Costume Design (costumes designed by Monique Prudhomme; lost to ''The Young Victoria'').\n"	"Plot"	"Doctor Parnassus' theater troupe, which includes sleight of hand expert Anton, confidant Percy, and Parnassus' daughter Valentina, performs outside a London pub. The troupe's main attraction is a magical \"Imaginarium\", which offers whoever enters it a choice between difficult self-fulfillment or easy ignorance. After a drunkard is swayed to the latter, Parnassus says he has lost another one to Mr. Nick, a suave personification of the Devil. Mr. Nick reminds Parnassus that in three days Valentina turns 16, and her soul will be his. Hundreds of years ago Mr. Nick tricked Parnassus into gaining immortality, after making a wager similar to his current predicament.\n\nAs the troupe crosses a bridge, Anton spies someone hanging beneath it. They rescue the man, who spits out a golden pipe when revived. Claiming to have amnesia, he joins the troupe as a barker. Parnassus becomes despondent over the impending loss of his daughter. Mr. Nick visits Parnassus, revealing the hanging man is a disgraced philanthropist named \"Tony\". He offers Parnassus a wager: Valentina can stay with whoever wins five souls first.\n\nTony convinces the troupe to remodel the show into a more modern act. While performing, Tony lures a posh woman into the Imaginarium and follows her, where they enter a pastel-coloured dream-world representing the woman's imagination. The woman's imagination also changes Tony's face; upon discovering this, he dances elegantly with her, and they spy a motel run by Mr. Nick. Tony convinces the woman to take a gondola toward a pyramid alone, winning a soul for Parnassus. Tony falls back out of the Imaginarium, returning his face to normal; the woman exits shortly after and gives the troupe a vast sum of money. When three other women enter, each emerges elated; and thus Parnassus wins three more souls. Four Russian gangsters, to whom Tony owes money, are taken by Mr. Nick when they chase Tony into the Imaginarium. The score becomes four souls apiece.\n\nWith the bet nearing its end, Parnassus reveals Valentina's conception to her: after ageing from immortality, Parnassus made a new pact with Mr. Nick to be youthful again, in order to win the heart of a woman he loved. In exchange, any child he fathered would become Mr. Nick's property at age 16. Valentina attempts to run away, but Tony enters the Imaginarium to give his soul to Parnassus; in exchange, Parnassus must teach him the trance that powers the dream world. Valentina returns as he tries to enter the mirror, but Anton blocks them, having discovered that Tony is a fraudulent charity scammer.\n\nTony fights off Anton, pushes Valentina into the Imaginarium and joins her. Influenced by Valentina's desires, Tony's face changes again, and they float along a beautiful river in a gondola. After an impoverished child disrupts their boat trip, Tony transforms into a philanthropist speaking at a fundraiser. Anton, following the pair into the Imaginarium, appears as an outspoken child and exposes Tony as a fraud. A mob pursues Tony as the landscape disintegrates, causing Anton to fall into a void.\n\nDistraught and angry over her father's bargain and a lifetime of hiding of the truth from her, Valentina gives her soul to Mr. Nick. Disillusioned by the easy victory, Mr. Nick offers Parnassus to trade Valentina for Tony. Chased by the mob, Tony flees to a gallows, but Parnassus confronts him, holding Tony's pipe and a copy. Parnassus challenges Tony to choose which pipe is genuine. He chooses wrongly, inserts the copy in his windpipe, and is hanged. Mr. Nick keeps his word and Valentina is freed, but Parnassus is not told where she is, and is abandoned to wander in the Imaginarium.\n\nParnassus emerges years later, finding Valentina is married to Anton and they have a daughter. He watches them from outside a restaurant window, but when tempted to join them, he is stopped by Percy. Teaming up once more, Parnassus and Percy sell toy theatre replicas of the Imaginarium and the troupe on a street corner. Mr. Nick invites Parnassus over to him, but Percy puts an end to the temptation.\n"	"Cast"	"* Heath Ledger as Tony, a mysterious outsider who joins the group.\n** When Ledger died in the midst of production, the role was recast for certain scenes to show portrayals of \"physically transformed versions\" of the character within the eponymous Imaginarium:\n*** Johnny Depp\n*** Colin Farrell\n*** Jude Law \n* Christopher Plummer as Doctor Parnassus, a former monk, and the 1,000-year-old leader of a travelling theatre troupe.\n* Andrew Garfield as Anton: a member of Doctor Parnassus' troupe and who is in love with Valentina.\n* Verne Troyer as Percy, Doctor Parnassus' confidant.\n* Lily Cole as Valentina, Doctor Parnassus' daughter.\n* Tom Waits as Mr. Nick, a personification of the Devil.\n"	"Production"	"\n===Writing===\nPromotional one-sheet for ''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'', which, for several months, was the first placeholder on the film's official siteDirector Terry Gilliam and screenwriter Charles McKeown wrote the script for ''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'', their first collaboration since ''The Adventures of Baron Munchausen'' (1988). When he was approached with the basic concept by Gilliam, McKeown thought of the central character of Parnassus \"as a semi-eastern medicine man evolved\", and in retrospect he further said about the script's sensibilities, \"''i''t is about the theme of imagination, and the importance of imagination, to how you live and how you think and so on. And that's very much a Terry theme. ''...'' I like the idea of storytelling being the thing that sustains the universe.\" Gilliam described the premise as a \"fun and humorous story about the consequences of our personal choices in life\", and explained his goal for the film: \"It's autobiographical. I'm trying to bring a bit of fantasticality to London, an antidote to modern lives. I loved this idea of an ancient travelling show offering the kind of storytelling and wonder that we used to get, to people who are just into shoot-em-up action films.\" Gilliam and McKeown based the character of Tony on former British prime minister Tony Blair, who \"would say the most insane things and probably he'd believe them himself\".\n\nGilliam repeatedly said in interviews that the character of Parnassus was meant autobiographically, a tale of an aging man with a vivid imagination in a world that doesn't listen any more. Still being caught in depression over the disruption of his last self-written project, ''The Man Who Killed Don Quixote'', his constant struggle with the established studio system, as well as becoming aware of his progressing age, worried that he was going nowhere with his latest projects and that he might not have much time left, Gilliam put a number of references to sudden, tragic, and premature death into his script before the loss of Ledger became a reality. In fact, Gilliam felt compelled to emphasise time and again that upon the film's release many things might be mistaken as references to Ledger's fate but that the script wasn't changed apart from re-casting Tony with Depp, Farrell, and Law.\n\n===Filming===\nHeath Ledger during a break between set-ups at Clerkenwell, in late January 2008.\nThe film received a budget of $25 million at first, but its final budget was about $30 million. For ''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'', Gilliam and his cinematographer Nicola Pecorini went wider than ever before on focal length with a new 8mm Zeiss lens, unusual even for a Gilliam movie which are usually trademarked by wide-angle imagery. The widest lens that had been employed before on a Gilliam film had been a 9.8mm Kinoptic. Production of the remaining computer generated imagery effects shots were carried out in Vancouver.\n\n====London filming====\nProduction started in December 2007, beginning with various shots of the Imaginarium wagon moving about the London suburbs (to be more specific, Bounds Green, London) on the evening of 9 December. The carnival scenes were shot at Potters Field between 10\u201311 December; shooting then moved to the abandoned Battersea Power Station for three days, where the production had set up offices nearby. After a full day of set-up, the hanging scenes at Blackfriars Bridge were shot for three hours on the evening of 17 December.\n\nAt the same time that an intimate early scene between Andrew Garfield and Lily Cole was being shot on top of the travelling Imaginarium wagon, second unit work around London was also being done for several more nights, until 20 December; this change in schedule was to allow Heath Ledger a break to travel back to Australia to visit his family. After the entire cast returned from Christmas break, the production resumed shooting for 2008 back at Battersea for one full day; this was Tom Waits' first day on set, as he would mainly be required for the subsequent Vancouver shoot, not the London section. From 5\u20136 January, the production filmed scenes with the Imaginarium at Leadenhall Market; shooting on this sequence managed an average of 70 set-ups a day. The production had originally planned to shoot the Leadenhall scenes at Bond Street, but this was scrapped, due to security concerns.\n\nAfter various nighttime footage at a Homebase parking lot in New Southgate, and interiors behind the stage curtain (including reaction close-ups of Heath Ledger) shot at Bray Studios in Windsor, production finally wrapped in Clerkenwell, with shooting on the night of 18 January being Heath Ledger's last footage shot for the film; he returned to his New York City apartment over the weekend while the production regrouped, and was expected to appear on set in Vancouver after a week's break for the second stage of shooting.\n\n====Effects of Heath Ledger's death====\nProduction was disrupted by the death of Heath Ledger in New York City on 22 January 2008. Ledger's involvement had been a \"key factor\" in the film's financing. Gilliam was presiding over concept art when he was informed by a phone call that Ledger had died. His initial thought about the production was: \"The film's over, it's as simple as that.\" Although production was suspended indefinitely by 24 January, Gilliam initially wanted to \"salvage\" the film by using computer-generated imagery to make Ledger's character magically change his appearance, perhaps into another character. He also wanted to dedicate the film to Ledger. The imagery would have been similar to transformation techniques seen on Brad Pitt in ''The Curious Case of Benjamin Button'' and those employed on Roy Scheider's performance in his posthumous release ''Iron Cross''.\nTom Waits on location for the first day of filming in Vancouver, 24 February 2008.\nEventually, actors Johnny Depp, Colin Farrell, and Jude Law were cast to replace Heath Ledger in certain scenes, portraying the new idea of transformed versions of Ledger's character travelling through magical realms, while the footage shot with Ledger would remain in the film as his character's \"real-world\" appearance. Gilliam told ''Entertainment Weekly'', \"Then we made the quantum leap: What if we get three actors to replace him? ... Johnny was the first person I called. He said, 'Done. I'm there.' Same with Jude and Colin.\" Depp, a friend of Gilliam's who starred in ''Fear and Loathing in Las Vegas'' and the aborted ''The Man Who Killed Don Quixote'', had been compared to Ledger by cinematographer Nicola Pecorini. Law was also a friend of Ledger's and had been considered for the role of Tony, and Farrell had also been friends with Ledger.\n\nInitially, Tom Cruise expressed interest in being involved as another actor to replace Ledger, but Gilliam turned him down because Cruise had never been a close friend of Ledger. Gilliam stated, \"I just wanted to keep this in the family\u2014it's as simple as that ... There were people even offering to come and help, they didn't know Heath. It had to be in the family somehow, I don't know why; it was my attitude.\"\n\nOne scene planned for the Vancouver shooting with the Tony character was scrapped; two others were altered to accommodate Ledger's absence, a third was added to plan for Colin Farrell's role in the film, and a fourth, already in the script, had a prop of Farrell in a magazine added. A fifth, with close-ups of Ledger already filmed, scrapped any major dialogue from Tony and used a body and voice double, as detailed below.\n\n====Vancouver filming====\n\nWith the role recast, and the script restructured accordingly, filming resumed in Vancouver on 24 February 2008, a month later than originally planned; this push-back in filming also required another film produced by Samuel Hadida, an adaptation of the video game ''Onimusha'', to be delayed indefinitely. Exteriors required for the film's ending, featuring Christopher Plummer and Verne Troyer, were shot during this time; the location work also required the presence of Tom Waits (on the first day) and Lily Cole (on the second). All of Plummer's scenes, including exterior flashbacks shown early on in the film, had to be filmed first in the Vancouver schedule, within three weeks, as he was due to leave to begin filming on ''The Last Station'', which was to start production in Germany on 7 April.\n\nAfter arriving in Vancouver on 26 February, Colin Farrell joined the cast and began practicing scenes with them for several weeks while Christopher Plummer's bluescreen and interior work was done, only beginning filming proper on 10 March. Farrell's work was the first of the Tonys to be done, as it was the only Imaginarium-based shooting that involved significant sets; the scenes at the charity ball were shot (at Vancouver's Orpheum Theatre), then the hanging scene, and finally the gondola sequence (rewritten from its original conception due to the now-compressed shooting schedule).\n\nJohnny Depp's shooting on the film was the hardest to incorporate into any of the new actors' schedules, due to his contractual obligation on Michael Mann's ''Public Enemies'' at the time; in the end, Gilliam had access to Depp for one day and three hours. All of the shots involving him had to be completed in one take, to fit into Depp's compressed time schedule.\n\nA few of the scenes featuring Zander Gladish, behind a mask, doubling for Ledger in the film.\nFinally, Jude Law arrived at the very end of shooting, on 2 April, to film the Imaginarium ladders sequence, which now required more dialogue than originally planned; a key scene in the Imaginarium wagon between Tony and the rest of the cast had been reserved for the Vancouver interior shooting, and so all of the dialogue (and, thus, narrative role of that scene) had to be funnelled into a conversation between Law and Andrew Garfield's characters in the Imaginarium. This conversation proved to be the last sequence shot for the film, and involved a set completely improvised, on the day, to look like the ground at Battersea; they did not have the budget for anything better, but the production crew came away quite impressed at how well it worked.\n\nFor the first two Imaginarium sequences, a double for Ledger, Zander Gladish, was used to ease the audience into the other actors as Tony; Gladish also doubled for Ledger in wide shots and masked close-ups for another, non-Imaginarium scene, where his character tries out various costumes. Gladish wore the character's mask for his shots, and did not speak, but is still credited for his work on the film.\n\nDepp, Farrell, and Law opted to redirect their wages for the role to Ledger's young daughter, Matilda, who had been left out of an old version of Ledger's will, and Gilliam altered the part of the credits saying \"A Terry Gilliam film\" to \"A film from Heath Ledger and friends.\"\n\nGilliam said in retrospect about the first transition from Ledger to Depp in the film:\n\n\n\nDepp said of the experience:\n\n\nJude Law also commented on the film:\n\nColin Farrell commented on the experience: \n\n===Post-production===\nPrincipal photography in Vancouver wrapped, as planned, on 15 April, but the production was soon beset by further tragedy when producer William Vince died of cancer, just two days after model shooting back in London had wrapped. Fellow producer Amy Gilliam, Terry's daughter, remembered, \"''Bill Vince'' always said, 'If you get your film in the can, you'll be all right.' And I kind of believe that he stayed with us to know that happened.\" Eventually, while on post-production, Gilliam himself was hit by a car, resulting in a cracked vertebra. Gilliam recalled: \"So I thought, it was third time lucky \u2013 they just didn't get me. They got the star, the producer, and they were going for the director, and the fuckers failed on the last one. Whoever they are...\" \"They were going for the trinity ''...'' That would have been a tidy end to the whole thing. But they didn't kill me. I'm stuck here to tell the tale.\"\n\nGilliam finished editing the film by November 2008, and then work began on creating 647 computer generated imagery effects shots. As usual with his films, Gilliam found inspiration in particular painters for each CGI-generated scene inside the titular ''Imaginarium''. According to ''Designing the \"Imaginarium\"'' published by CBSnews.com, the scene with Doctor Parnassus's attempted suicide related to the style of Odd Nerdrum, the ''Ladder World'' with Jude Law featuring \"rolling hills with simple trees\" was inspired by the art of Grant Wood, the kitsch landscape from the beginning of the sequence with Colin Farrell took inspiration from Maxfield Parrish, and Jose Maria Sert's mural of the Crucifixion in Rockefeller Center inspired the scene including the final minutes of Farrell's appearance in the film.\n\nAccording to the official ''ParnassusFilm'' Twitter channel launched on 30 March 2009, post-production was finished on 31 March. After the production had finally come to a successful closure, Gilliam felt that \"''I'' didn't make this film. Forces from above and below made it. It made itself. I don't worry anymore. It's got its own relentless momentum. It just needed some human sacrifice.\" \"It's made itself \u2013 I was just one pair of hands and there were many hands.\" \"Don't get me into my mystical mode ... but the film made itself and it was co-directed by Heath Ledger!\" \"The irony is that the choices that were forced upon us improved the movie, so it was as if Heath co-directed the movie, even co-wrote it.\" According to Gilliam, actor Colin Farrell also went on record for saying that he hadn't been simply playing the character of Tony, but that he was rather feeling like \"channeling Heath\".\nTony is found hanging under Blackfriars Bridge.\n\nGilliam also positively recalled people's commitment to Ledger's memory: \"Everyone in the cast and everyone in the crew was determined that this film would be finished and everybody worked longer, harder and somehow we got through. It was really ... people's love for Heath that propelled this thing forward.\" \"All the actors already in the film had to change their schedules, and there wasn't a moment's hesitation. ''...'' They all said, 'We'll do what's necessary.' It's really a love letter to Heath by everybody involved. He was beloved by so many.\"\nThe restyled show debuts in Leadenhall Market.\n"	"Locations"	"The film opens with St Paul's Cathedral in the background (by the north bank of the Thames), and the first show is performed under the rail tracks at Green Dragon Court, directly next to Borough Market, with Southwark Cathedral in the background (in Borough, London, on the south bank of the Thames), where the drunken lout molests the performers and then enters the mirror. The next scene, with Tower Bridge in the background, is just east along the riverbank, by City Hall. Tony is found hanging under Blackfriars Bridge, and the very large disused building in which the following scene (and several later ones) occurs is the interior of Battersea power station, farther west along the south bank of the river.\n\nThe following scenes occur north of the Thames: the Homebase, DIY store at 3 Station Road, south of New Southgate railway station, in New Southgate, followed by the Horseshoe pub in Clerkenwell Close in Clerkenwell from which the wagon flees. The restyled show makes its debut in Leadenhall Market, where the stylish women gather to watch. Bray Studios near Windsor was used for model shooting and additional photography.\n\nThe remaining scenes were filmed in Vancouver. The fantasy scenes were filmed at Bridge Studios in Burnaby, while the charity gala occurs at the Orpheum Theatre, and the glass-walled \"mall\" is the Central Branch of the Vancouver Public Library, the curved arcade being the library's entrance foyer.\nThe \"mall\" is the foyer of the Central Branch of the Vancouver Public Library.\n"	"Music"	"The original motion picture soundtrack of ''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'' was composed by Mychael Danna and Jeff Danna who had previously worked on Gilliam's ''Tideland'' (2005). Gilliam wrote lyrics for the two songs \"We Love Violence\" and \"We Are The Children of the World\", the latter of which spoofed Michael Jackson's famous \"We Are the World\" and was nominated for a 2009 Satellite Award in the category \"Best Original Song\".\n\nThe song \"We Love Violence\", performed in the film by policemen in drag, was sung by Gilliam, Mick Audsley (who edited the film), the musician Ray Cooper, Ed Hall (who was also the Visual Effects Editor), and Andre Jacquemin (who was Supervising Sound & Design on the film).\n\n;Track listing\n# \"Once Upon a Time\"\n# \"The Imaginarium\"\n# \"The Tack\"\n# \"Tony's Tale of Woe\"\n# \"The Monastery\"\n# \"Book & Story\"\n# \"Sympathy for the Hanged Man\"\n# \"The First to Five Souls\"\n# \"Escape from the Pub\"\n# \"The River\"\n# \"Suicide Attempt\"\n# \"Tango Amongst the Lilies\"\n# \"Victory in the Lilies\"\n# \"Four Through the Mirror\"\n# \"The Ladder World\"\n# \"We Love Violence\"\n# \"Top of the Wagon\"\n# \"We Are the Children of the World\"\n# \"Tony's World Collapses\"\n# \"The Devil's Dance\"\n# \"Tony's Salvation\"\n# \"Parnassus Alone\"\nTom Waits and Lily Cole, promoting the film at the 2009 Toronto International Film Festival.\n"	"Release and box office performance"	"Before ''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'' was finished, the film had already received healthy interest from worldwide distributors and the film sold out across the world. However, the film received lukewarm response from many distributors in the United States. Gilliam said that Fox Searchlight Pictures and other distributors had declined to release the film in the US. Eventually, the film's US distribution rights were acquired by Sony Pictures Worldwide Acquisitions Group, which released the film in the US through Sony Pictures Classics. In fact, the US was the last territory in which the film was sold.\n\n===Box office===\nAccording to Reuters, the film debuted at No. 3 on its first weekend at the UK box office. The film debuted at No. 2 in both France and Italy, generating the year's third-best box office return on an opening weekend in Italy. Said Roberto Proia, distribution chief of the film's Italian distributor Moviemax, about its surprisingly warm reception, \"Almost two years after his death, Ledger has a huge fanbase which, along with the rest of the stellar cast, certainly contributed hugely. ... We also found out that teenagers massively love Gilliam, and we did not expect this. He really has rock star status.\" Eventually, the film had earned about $54,119,168 theatrically in the countries outside North America.\n\nFor the first two weeks of its theatrical run in the US, ''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'' only played in four theaters and topped box office charts in per-screen average gross, taking c. $31,000 per location on each of the weekends, and beating even its direct competitor, James Cameron's ''Avatar'', thereby. The film earned $415,233 on its North American limited opening Christmas weekend (25\u201327 December 2009), being presented in 48 theatres with an average of $8,651. The second weekend of ''Parnassus'' (1\u20133 January 2010) set an average of $7,684 with a gross of $368,836 which made for a total of $1,029,821 domestically. Releasing in 607 North American theatres, ''Parnassus'' took eleventh place on its opening wide release box office weekend (8\u201310 January 2010) with earnings of $1,762,637, an average of only $2,904 and a total of $2,989,290. Eventually, the film had earned $7,689,607 theatrically in North America.\n\nAccording to the working partner of William Vince, the film had already made its budget back even before it opened in North America.\n\n===Home media===\nThe film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom (Region 2) on 29 March 2010, by Lionsgate Home Entertainment. Supplementary material includes an audio commentary and an introduction by Gilliam, deleted scenes, wardrobe test for Heath Ledger, visual FX feature, and three featurettes titled \"Behind the Mirror\", \"Building the Temple\", and \"UK Premiere\".\n\nThe DVD and Blu-ray were released in the US on 27 April 2010.\n"	"Critical reception"	"Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 64% of 186 critics have given the film a positive review, with a rating average of 6 out of 10. The site's general consensus is that \"Terry Gilliam remains as indulgent as ever, but ''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'' represents a return to the intoxicatingly imaginative, darkly beautiful power of his earlier work, with fine performances to match all the visual spectacle.\" Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from film critics, has a rating score of 65 based on 30 reviews.\n"	"Awards and nominations"	"''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'' was nominated for two Academy Awards, in the categories Best Costume Design and Best Art Direction.\n\nThe Costume Designers Guild of America named ''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'' for Best Fantasy Film of the year with costume designer Monique Prudhomme receiving the award. In addition, it was also nominated for two BAFTA awards, including Best Production Design (Dave Warren, Anastasia Masaro and Caroline Smith) and Best Make Up & Hair (Sarah Monzani), but lost both to ''Avatar'' and ''The Young Victoria'' respectively. It holds two nominations at the 2010 Jameson Empire Awards (Best Sci-Fi/Fantasy and Best British Film) voted by the public and was nominated for two Saturn Awards, in the categories Best International Film and Best Make-up (Sarah Monzani).\n\n''The Imaginarium of Doctor Parnassus'' was nominated for Best Achievement in Production at the British Independent Film Awards, but lost to ''Bunny and the Bull''. It was further nominated for three International Press Academy Satellite Awards, in the categories Best Visual Effects, Best Art Direction & Production Design, and Best Original Song, and Monique Prudhomme won the award for Best Costume Design. The film was also voted Best Fantasy Film of the Year by readers of the Total Sci-Fi Online magazine.\n"	"See also"	"\n*Hyperlink cinema \u2013 the film style of using multiple inter-connected story lines.\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n*  (archived)\n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* '' Dreams on Dr Parnassus''\u00a0\u2013 Behind-the-scenes articles and exclusive interviews with cast and crew, by Phil Stubbs\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Lockhorns"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''The Lockhorns''''' is a United States single-panel cartoon created in 1968 by Bill Hoest and distributed by King Features Syndicate to 500 newspapers in 23 countries. It is continued today by Bunny Hoest and John Reiner.\n"	"Characters and story"	"The married couple Leroy and Loretta Lockhorn constantly argue. They demonstrate their mutual deep-seated hatred by making humorously sarcastic comments on each other's failings as spouses.\n\nMany of the business and institutions depicted in the strip are real places located in or near Huntington, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. The cartoon feature was initially titled '''''The Lockhorns of Levittown'''''. Anticipating national syndication, Bunny Hoest suggested shortening the title to ''The Lockhorns''. It began as a single-panel daily on September 9, 1968, with the Sunday feature launched April 9, 1972. The Sunday feature initially employed an unusual layout that ganged together several single-panel cartoons. Comics historian Don Markstein described the couple's battle of wits:\n:It focused just on the couple themselves\u2014no children, no next-door neighbors, no boss, etc., except to the extent others were occasionally needed as props. The entire ''raison d'etre'' of the series is to show Leroy and Loretta trading caustic one-liners. They fight about his roving eye, her cooking, his earning power, her excessive shopping, and the fact that both are middle-aged and dumpy-looking. Also, anything else that happens to occur to them. There are a few other recurring characters, such as Loretta's mother (so they can argue about her visits), their marriage counselor (so they can argue in front of him) and Leroy's favorite bartender (so they can argue about his drinking). But the entire focus is on Leroy and Loretta themselves. The syndicate's publicity tries to make them sound more like the average comics family, claiming (of Leroy, after describing some of his faults) \"you can't help but love him nonetheless\"; and (of the couple, after describing their relationship) \"they realize they're together 'till death do us part' and they wouldn't have it any other way\"\u2014but don't you believe it. If either of them has a lovable quality, readers never see it. And if they wouldn't want to part, it can only be because their greatest pleasure comes from keeping each other on edge.\n\nBill Hoest died in 1988, but his widow, Bunny Hoest, continued the strip with Bill Hoest's long-time assistant, John Reiner.\n"	"''The Lockhorns''"	"Bill Hoest's ''The Lockhorns'' (July 12, 1981)\n*'''Leroy Lockhorn''' \u2013 The man of the house who drinks a lot, plays golf too much and chases everything good-looking in a skirt.\n*'''Loretta Lockhorn''' \u2013 The woman of the house is a shopaholic, who drives and cooks terribly and does most of the handiwork around the house because either Leroy is too lazy to do it, or because he feels she should earn all the money she spends.\n*'''Loretta's mother''' \u2013 Never named and rarely seen (usually only during the Christmas season when she comes to stay), but hated mercilessly by Leroy.\n*'''D. Pullman, marriage counselor''' \u2013 Whom Leroy and Loretta routinely see but to no avail.\n*'''Arthur the bartender''' \u2013 Local saloonkeeper to whom Leroy often bemoans his circumstances.\n"	"Parodies"	"*\"Marital Mirth\", part of the \"Super-Fun-Pak Comics\" in ''Tom the Dancing Bug'', is a parody of ''The Lockhorns''.\n*''The Better Half'' comic strip is often seen as a tamer version of ''The Lockhorns''.\n*An early ''Li\u014d'' strip featured Li\u014d's ants attacking numerous comic strips on a newspaper page, all of which parodied real comic strips. ''The Lockhorns'' appeared as ''The Hateeachothers'', depicting a non-plussed Leeroy Hateeachother comparing the monstrous ant to Loretta's mother.\n*A ''Watch Your Head'' comic featured a movie trailer \"Dear Loretta, Love, Leroy\" where the bickering turns out to be a romantic comedy.\n"	"Books"	"At least nine ''Lockhorns'' collections were published by Signet between 1968 and 1982. Tor reissued the first in the series as ''The Lockhorns: \"What Do You Mean You Weren't Listening? I Didn't Say Anything\"'' in 1992.\n"	"Awards"	"Bill Hoest received the National Cartoonists Society's Newspaper Panel Cartoon Award for the strip for 1975 and 1980.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Sources"	"*Strickler, Dave. ''Syndicated Comic Strips and Artists, 1924\u20131995: The Complete Index.'' Cambria, California: Comics Access, 1995. ISBN 0-9700077-0-1\n"	"External links"	"* ''The Lockhorns'' official site\n"	"See also"	"*Andy Capp\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Long Secret"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''The Long Secret''''' is a children's novel written and illustrated by Louise Fitzhugh that was released by Harper & Row on October 27, 1965. It is a sequel or \"companion\" to ''Harriet the Spy'' (1964), the only one published during Fitzhugh's lifetime.\n\n''Sport'', another sequel to ''Harriet'' written by Fitzhugh, was published by the Dell imprint Delacorte Press in 1979.\n"	"Plot summary"	"Harriet and her family are spending their summer in the beach town of Water Mill (which is on Long Island). Her summertime friend, Beth Ellen, sometimes called Mouse, is also in Water Mill with her grandmother. Mysterious anonymous notes start showing up all over town; they have a religious slant and expose the faults of the recipients. Harriet is determined to find out who is leaving them. She suspects anyone who reads the Bible.\n\nHarriet drags Beth Ellen along on spying expeditions directed against Bunny, the piano-playing manager of the local hotel, and the Jenkinses, an eccentric southern family preoccupied with money-making schemes. Harriet's friend Janie and Mrs Plumber from ''Harriet the Spy'' also appear.\n\nBeth Ellen learns that her mother, who left when she was five, is returning from Europe with her new husband. Her grandmother expects Beth Ellen to be excited by the news but she is indifferent. Her mother Zeeney turns out to be a beautiful but shallow socialite who is dissatisfied with her shy and serious daughter. Beth Ellen's dislike of her mother finally explodes in a temper tantrum which clears her head, leaving her happier and more confident.\n\n\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame"	"Introduction"	"Theatrical poster\n'''''The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame''''' is a 1999 feature film compilation of 15 classic animated short subjects from the Warner Bros. studio. The line-up of cartoons included in this anthology were ''A Wild Hare'' (1940), ''Birdy and the Beast'' (1944), ''Bugs Bunny Rides Again'' (1948), ''Rabbit Seasoning'' (1952), ''Feed the Kitty'' (1952), ''One Froggy Evening'' (1955), ''Duck Amuck'' (1953), ''Another Froggy Evening'' (1995), ''Fast and Furry-ous'' (1949), ''Ali Baba Bunny'' (1957), ''Knighty Knight Bugs'' (1958), ''High Diving Hare'' (1949), ''Bully for Bugs'' (1955) and ''Rabbit of Seville'' (1950). ''The Looney Tunes Hall of Fame'' offered audiences an opportunity to see the cartoons in a 35mm theatrical presentation.\n\nThanks to the Time Warner-Turner Entertainment merger back in 1996, this is the first compilation film to feature a wide range of pre-1948 and post-1948 color Looney Tunes and Merrie Melodies shorts compiled in it.\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Rabbit (Manet 1881)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''The Rabbit''''' is an 1881 oil painting by the French artist \u00c9douard Manet, now displayed at the National Museum Wales in Cardiff, Wales. The work is a still life featuring a hung rabbit or hare (the work is sometimes referred as '''''The Hare''''') which has been placed on a hook outside a closed house window. \n"	"Origin"	"''The Rabbit'' was conceived as one of four decorative panels, and was painted not long after Manet had suggested a series of panels for the meeting chamber at the H\u00f4tel de Ville in Paris, though nothing came of this concept. Completed in 1881, when Manet's health was in decline, ''The Rabbit'' was painted while the artist was spending the summer months at a villa in Versailles. The painting, which was one of the central pairings of a four panel set, was part of a new cycle of decorative work undertaken by Manet while at Versailles. The other central panel, along with ''The Rabbit'' conceived to representing hunting trophies, was ''The Eagle Owl'' which as of 2012 is part of the Buhrle Collection in Zurich. The outer panels illustrate, on one a vine on a trellis and the other a corner of a garden. Two other pictures were grouped as part of the same inventory from his studio at the time of Manet's death, a vase of flowers and a watering can; but although they may be related to the same cycle of work are not believed to be part of the set of panels related to ''The Rabbit''.  \n\nThe work was initially submitted to the ''Salon'' in Paris in 1882, but was not accepted. It was sold after Manet's death as part of a studio sale to the art dealer Paul Durand-Ruel. It later passed into the ownership of the Paris-based art firm, Bernheim-Jeune. In 1917 ''The Rabbit'' was purchased from Bernheim-Jeune by the Welsh philanthrapist Gwendoline Davies, who in 1918 exhibited it at the Victoria Art Gallery in Bath. On Gwendoline's death in 1951, she bequeathed her collection of Impressionist works to the National Museum of Wales, among them ''The Rabbit''. As of 2012 it is on view at the National Museum Cardiff in gallery 11.\n"	"Analysis"	"''The Rabbit'' is painted in a bold and loose style, and is intended to be viewed from a distance. This is in stark contrast to an earlier work by Manet also entitled the ''Rabbit'' (1866), which is completed in a far more traditional French style of still-life painting. This earlier painting, which is in the style of Chardin, is far more conventional and detailed than the later painting. The 1881 picture is a far more casual work, with fast and broad brushstrokes suggesting various textures, not only in the fur of the dead animal, but also in the curtains behind the window and the climbing plant which both frame the hanging rabbit. This latter work is much closer to the Impressionist style.\n"	"Gallery"	"\nImage:Edouard, Manet - The Rabbit (1866).jpeg|Manet's 1866 painting held at Fondation Dubrujeaud, Avignon\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  ''The Rabbit'' at BBC.co.uk\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Raggy Dolls"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''''The Raggy Dolls''''' is a 1980s British cartoon series which originally aired on ITV from 1986 until 1994. The series is set in Mr. Grimes' Toy Factory, where imperfect dolls are thrown into a reject bin. While unobserved by human eyes, the dolls come to life and climb out of the reject bin to have adventures. The series was designed to encourage children to think positively about physical disabilities, as well as teaching kindness, tolerance and humility towards others.\n"	"History"	"\nThe series was produced for Yorkshire Television from 3 April 1986 to 20 December 1994. It was created by Melvyn Jacobson, with scripts, narration and music by Neil Innes. Yorkshire Television produced the first two series of ''The Raggy Dolls'' before awarding the commission to Orchid Productions Limited in 1987. This was the first programme Yorkshire Television commissioned from an independent production company, and Orchid Productions went on to produce over 100 more episodes of the series. The initial animator for Yorkshire TV was Roy Evans, and consequently after the move to Orchid Productions Mark Mason took over the role, animating and storyboarding 26 episodes, and storyboarding and directing other animators on a further 26 episodes before moving onto work on other children's shows and being replaced by Peter Hale from the 7th series onwards. The series was sold abroad to a number of other countries. \n"	"Characters "	"\n===The Raggy Dolls===\n*'''Sad Sack''' - A sample of a design that was deemed too expensive to mass-produce; his appearance is somewhat different from that of the others. He is the oldest of the seven Raggy Dolls in the Reject Bin. As his name suggests, he is very gloomy and cynical, but he still values his friendship with the other dolls.\n*'''Dotty''' - As the oldest next to the lethargic Sad Sack, she sees herself as the leader of the group and is often very bossy. She is so-named because she accidentally had paint spilt on her hair and clothing. Dotty's main catchphrase is: \"Good thinking!\"\n*'''Hi-Fi''' - He converses with stammer due to him being dropped during testing. It was also stated in episode \"The Trouble with Claude\" that he was wired incorrectly, hence the stammer.  He always wears headphones, which allow him to tune into radio and communication signals from seemingly any source.\n*'''Lucy''' - Her limbs are inadequately attached with nylon thread, her name being a pun on the word \"loose\". She is shy and easily frightened, but always kind-hearted and loyal to her friends. She can be brave on occasion, as first seen in the episode \"Ghosts\". She speaks with a Northern accent.\n*'''Back-To-Front''' - He is a handyman doll with a backward-facing head (as a result of the manufacturer putting his head on the wrong-way round) and a love of machines and. Always calm in a crisis, Back-To-Front's catchphrase is \"No problem!\".\n*'''Claude''' - A French doll, who, unlike his companions, is actually perfect in every way. He fell out of a box of dolls being shipped to France and was left behind, being put in the bin out of a lack of other places.  He speaks with a French accent, and sometimes alternates between speaking English and French. He also has a notable talent for cooking.\n*'''Princess''' - She should have been a beautiful princess doll, but the machine accidentally cut her hair and left her dress in rags. In the manner of a typical aristocrat, her voice is characterised by H-adding. As the opening titles indicate, Princess is the youngest of the original seven Raggy Dolls.\n*'''Ragamuffin''' - A wandering traveller doll who'd lost his owner and decided to spend his life taking in new sights and experiences. Introduced in the fifth series.\n\n===Friends===\n*'''Pumpernickle''' - A Scarecrow who is a friend to the Raggy Dolls.\n*'''Edward''' - Mr Grime's lost teddy bear who becomes a good friend to the Raggy Dolls.\n*'''Mr Marmalade''' - Mr Grime's pet cat who has a playful traits.\n*'''Hercules''' - An old farmhorse.\n*'''Rupert the Roo''' - An Australian toy kangaroo who had been mailed from Australia until he had became a new friend to the Raggy Dolls.\n\n===Humans===\n*'''Mr Oswald \"Ozzie\" Grimes''' - The owner of the toy factory\n*'''Cynthia''' - Appeared later in the series to be Mr Grime's love interest, and later wife.\n*'''Florrie Fosdyke''' - A kind cafeteria lady who's mostly very forgetful.\n*'''Farmer Brown''' - The farmer of One Pin Farm.\n\n"	"Episodes"	"{|class=\"wikitable\"\n\n'''Season 1'''\n\n# !! Prod !! Air Date !! Title !! Summary\n\n1\n101\n03/04/1986\nThe Flying Machine\nThe very first episode of the series, in which the Raggy Dolls find a lost R.C. Aeroplane, and decide to fix it up and fly in it.\n\n2\n102\n10/04/1986\nThe Big Top\nThe Raggy Dolls wind up inside a circus tent and perform stunts as they try to make their way out. \n\n3\n103\n17/04/1986\nThe Pigeon Race\n Whilst Hi Fi and Back-to-Front are out for a walk, they meet a homing pigeon that has become injured whilst tangled on some electric wires and they go to help him, with the help of the other dolls.\n\n4\n104\n24/04/1986\nThe War of the Wizards\nWith Back-to-Front's magic tricks being out of practice, Hi-Fi uses his metal detector to uncover a chest that has a real magic book in it, in which Back-to-Front uses to fix his head, but the book soon causes problems.\n\n5\n105\n01/05/1986\nThe Special Offer\nThe Raggy Dolls were taken to a toy shop in London, and were made as special offers to anyone who buys a video game. However, despite this new life, they did not want to give up their friendship when being bought individually, that what happens when Lucy had been bought by a rich girl.\n\n6\n106\n08/05/1986\nThe Litter Bugs\nAfter Sad Sack gets chased by a duckling, the Raggy Dolls discover that the peaceful area of a field they are in is being littered by an irresponsible family on a picnic.\n\n7\n201\n20/11/1986\nThe Dark Wood\nWhen visiting the Dark Wood, the Raggy Dolls come to realise that the wood is in threat because of a poacher.\n\n8\n202\n27/11/1986\nThe Funfair\nA man called Toby Martin came and took the Raggy Dolls to a Fun Fair; they were then put on hooks as prizes for the coconut shy. However, as they saw the coconuts get hit by the balls, they soon see that there is something funny about Toby Martin?\n\n9\n203\n04/12/1986\nToo Many Cooks\nClaude is a very good cook for the Raggy Dolls, but when he saw Florrie Fosdyke bake a cake for the factory competition, he was then disgusted with her poor efforts. So the gang decide to help her out by replacing it with an even better cake.\n\n10\n204\n11/12/1986\nAfter the Storm\nAfter a storm has passed, the Raggy Dolls go to see Pumpernickle, but find him on the ground. They also notice that Farmer Brown is not around to help the animals, and with the help of Rufus the sheepdog, they find him stuck in an old mineshaft and help to rescue him.\n\n11\n205\n18/12/1986\nChristmas Dolls\nOne snowy Christmas Eve, the Raggy Dolls decided to go tobogganing in the snow, but poor Sad Sack meanwhile wished he was still back in bed. And they end up crashing into the doors of a children's hospital, where they become temporary Christmas presents to sick children.\n\n12\n206\n19/02/1987\nThe Trouble with Claude\nAfter hearing about a French Week being held in Bunce's Emporium, the Raggy Dolls decided to go there to have a look, but as they did, Claude got into a lot of trouble when he'd wandered off! From which he gets lost and meets another French doll called Babette.\n\n13\n207\n26/02/1987\nHappy Binday\nIt is Princess's binday, and she feels that she's being ignored as her friends get the preparations ready in secret. She decides to award them with a flight on Owl.\n\n'''Season 2'''\n\n# !! Prod !! Air Date !! Title !! Summary\n\n14\n301\n13/11/1987\nThe Genius\nAn American artist, Andre G. Hamburger needs inspiration for his new work, and takes Dotty and Back-to-Front. Only when Hi-Fi rescues them, do they end up making his art even more famous.\n\n15\n302\n20/11/1987\nSpeaking French\nClaude teaches the Raggy Dolls French. At first Princess tries, then the rest of the Raggy Dolls except Sad Sack, who thought it's silly, until he comes across a troubled French doll in an apple tree.\n\n16\n303\n27/11/1987\nThe Winter Swan\nThe Raggy Dolls find a Swan in distress one cold winter's night, and decide to help it.\n\n17\n304\n04/12/1987\nThe Terrible Twins\nMr Grime's nephews come to visit him for the weekend, and cause problems not just for him, but for the Raggy Dolls as well.\n\n18\n305\n11/12/1987\nSports Day\nThe Raggy Dolls were having a Sports Day, and everyone is enjoying it, except for poor Sad Sack.\n\n19\n306\n08/01/1988\nTo the Rescue\nThe Raggy Dolls help to repair a doll that they find thrown away at the dump.\n\n20\n401\n19/08/1988\nSpring Toys\nMr Grimes is running out of ideas, and it is up to the Raggy Dolls to find some more, in order to keep his business running.\n\n21\n402\n26/08/1988\nA Trip to the Sea\nMr Grimes goes to the seaside for his holiday, and the Raggy Dolls follow.\n\n22\n403\n02/09/1988\nThe Royal Tour\nPrincess feels like she is not royal enough, so the Raggy Dolls dress her up in royalty and give her a royal tour around the countryside, but things don't go according to plan when her coronet is stolen by a magpie and an fierce bull sees her red dress...\n\n23\n404\n07/09/1988\nOnion Soup\nClaude gets himself into a pickle, when he went after Onion soup, made by Florrie, and ends up being put inside a saucepan.\n\n24\n405\n14/09/1988\nMoving House\nDotty decides that the dolls should move to a new home. But when night falls and a storm takes place, she climbs inside a tree to shelter. When the other Raggy Dolls hear she is in trouble, they build a raft and set off to the rescue.\n\n25\n406\n21/09/1988\nFactory Mice\nAfter giving a baby mouse some of their picnic food, the Raggy Dolls tell it of where they got it. The next day, the factory is overtaken by a huge hoard of mice, and they now have to find a way on getting rid of them. \n\n26\n407\n28/09/1988\nA Trip to France\nThe Raggy Dolls sail on a toy boat and end up lost at sea. They reach a beach which Claude thinks is France, and camp there before sailing back home. In the end, Dotty discovers they were on an island in the middle of the sea.\n\n'''Season 3'''\n\n# !! Prod !! Air Date !! Title !! Summary\n\n27\n501\n16/11/1988\nHot Air Balloon\nOne day, The Raggy Dolls were having a great time of watching clouds, in which was then disturbed when a hot air balloon landed in the big field. Whilst the pilot left a boy in charge, whilst he went for help, the boy accidentally clambered in and got unconscious as the balloon took off by high winds, and it's up to them to save the boy.\n\n28\n502\n23/11/1988\nGhosts\nOne night, Lucy wanted to be brave for once, in which she managed to succeed when she and the other Raggy Dolls met up with some spooky skeleton Raggy Dolls.\n\n29\n503\n30/11/1988\nThe Tree House\nThe Raggy Dolls decided to build a Tree House as their hang out place, but whilst they were building, they noticed that a Magpie had been stealing jewelry from Mr. Grimes\u2019 Toy Factory.\n\n30\n504\n07/12/1988\nThe Memory Machine\nClaude had come up with an idea for all The Raggy Dolls to dance for the evenings, and whilst they were planning to do that, they then found in the reject bin a Memory Machine with faulty answers. They managed to fix it up, in return of it lighting up the disco.\n\n31\n505\n14/12/1988\nDoll Overboard\nThe Raggy Dolls decided to go for a sail, only for them to have a rough time with speed boats.\n\n32\n506\n21/12/1988\nThe Unlucky Hedgehog\nOne autumn, The Raggy Dolls decided to camouflage their tree house, but as they were gathering things together, they eventually came to find a stubborn hedgehog, living in a bonfire in which would soon be alight!\n\n33\n601\n19/07/1989\nEaster Bunny\nWhat do you get if you find a greedy bunny, and a pile of too many chocolate eggs, a huge stomach ache of trouble, in which The Raggy Dolls soon find out!\n\n34\n602\n26/07/1989\nIn Days of Old\nSad Sack was having trouble drawing a picture, so he decided to read a book about a magic sword, in which then caused him to have the most amazing dream of his life!\n\n35\n603\n02/08/1989\nThe Old Clock Lady\nGrimes Soft Toys are having a clear out.  The Raggy Dolls find themselves thrown in a skip and taken to the town dump.  A poor old lady visits the dump looking for scrap items to sell so that she can make some money to buy herself food and drink. She spots the Raggy Dolls in the skip and takes them home with her.\n\nIn return for her kindness the Raggy Dolls help the old lady by repairing all the broken clocks that she has so that she can sell them. \n\n36\n604\n09/08/1989\nPeace and Quiet\nIt was a peaceful day in their new treehouse well except they were soon interrupted by jets and aeroplanes.\n\n37\n605\n16/08/1989\nWe are Not Amused\nThe Raggy Dolls have found an amusement park but they soon discovered that it isn't much fun at all.\n\n38\n606\n23/08/1989\nThe Lost Puppy\nMr Grimes was looking after his sister's naughty pet puppy as the Raggy Dolls had soon spotted him getting into all kinds of trouble and gets lost. \n\n39\n607\n30/08/1989\nHorse Sense\nOne day, The Raggy Dolls found something strange in the Big Field, in which turns out to be Horse Jumps for a Welsh Pony, belonging to Farmer Brown's daughter that then had an accident. Raggy Dolls to the Rescue, once again!\n\n'''Season 4'''\n\n# !! Prod !! Air Date !! Title !! Summary\n\n40\n608\n06/09/1989\nThe Terrible Storm\nAfter the terrible storm was brewing, the Raggy Dolls must fix their new treehouse.\n\n41\n609\n13/09/1989\nThe Stolen Parrot\nThe Raggy Dolls must help a parrot who had been birdnapped by poachers.\n\n42\n610\n20/09/1989\nCrazy Golf\nMr.Grimes had found a game of golf, so the Raggy Dolls must make a crazy golf for themselves.\n\n43\n701\n28/06/1990\nPumpernickle's Party\nThe Raggy Dolls tries to help Pumpernickle by scaring all the crows away.\n\n44\n702\n05/07/1990\nSo Safari\nMr.Grimes's terrible twin nephews were on a trip to the zoo as the Raggy Dolls followed with the help of the other animals.\n\n45\n703\n12/07/1990\nMaking Faces\nDeciding to cheer Sad sack up, the Raggy Dolls had made a puppet show to make him believe himself.\n\n46\n704\n19/07/1990\nThe Old Windmill\nThe Raggy Dolls had found an old windmill as they soon discovered it.\n\n47\n705\n26/07/1990\nThe Little Carthorse\nThe Raggy Dolls who have met a little carthorse who doesn't know who he is with a little help of Hercules the farmhorse.\n\n48\n706\n02/08/1990\nMaking Jam\nThe Raggy Dolls were all harvesting crabapples and blackberries and they decide to make jam with them.\n\n49\n707\n09/08/1990\nThe Teddy Bear's Picnic\nWhile the Raggy Dolls were having a picnic lunch, they've met Mr.Grime's long lost teddy bear named Old Edward who had been lost for a long time as they tried to help him out.\n\n50\n708\n16/08/1990\nMr Marmalade\nThe Raggy Dolls had quite enough of Mr Marmalade's tricks after he had scared them, as they made they're way to the factory, they were terrified by a rat so Mr Marmalade tries to rescue them by scaring the rat away.\n\n51\n709\n23/08/1990\nThe Treasure Hunt\nMr Marmalade and the Raggy Dolls had given them clues as they were on search to find a hidden treasure.\n\n52\n710\n30/08/1990\nRupert the Roo\nSad Sack had met a toy kangaroo Rupert the Roo who had been mailed from Australia, so the Raggy Dolls tries to help him out before heading back to Australia. \n\n'''Season 5'''\n\n# !! Prod !! Air Date !! Title !! Summary\n\n53\n711\n06/09/1990\nWitch is Which?\nWhen a witch tries to spoil their Halloween Party the other Raggy Dolls think her magic is the surprise laser show promised by Back-To-Front and Hi-Fi, and their laughter drives the witch away. When the boys explain their show didn't work, the Raggy Dolls make sure to laugh all the way home!\n\n54\n712\n13/09/1990\nBonfire Night\nThe Raggy Dolls explain the significance of 5 November to Claude, and set out to watch the firework display. Claude is captured by some boys who are planning their own bonfire in an abandoned paint factory. They tie Claude to a rocket, and light their bonfire, oblivious of the sparks, which set the factory alight. Hi-Fi calls the Fire Brigade, but before they arrive a spark sets off the boys' box of fireworks and drives them away. In the commotion, the Raggy Dolls free Claude, just before a spark ignites the rocket.\n\n55\n713\n20/09/1990\nRainbow's End\nPrincess learns that good friends are worth more than a whole pot of gold.\n\n56\n714\n27/09/1990\nLost in Space\nThe Raggy Dolls were being kidnapped by some aliens and Hi-Fi befriends an alien who stammers just like him.\n\n57\n715\n04/10/1990\nRoman Ramblers\nThe Raggy Dolls go hiking, but get lost in the hot sun. Luckily, the Romans have left handy signposts to help them find their way again. Sad Sack dreams that they are all back in Roman times.\n\n58\n716\n11/10/1990\nThe Great Expedition\nThe Raggy Dolls were at the jungle and meets a lonely gorilla.\n\n59\n717\n18/10/1990\nThe Twitcher\nThe Raggy Dolls finds out who is the Twitcher.\n\n60\n718\n25/10/1990\nToo Bossy\nDotty learns a valuable lesson about being bossy today.\n\n61\n719\n01/11/1990\nThe Toy Fair\nThe Raggy Dolls were at the toy fair and the monkey causes chaos and taking over the store.\n\n62\n720\n08/11/1990\nRagamuffin\nThe Raggy Dolls meets Ragamuffin who is a wandering traveller doll who'd lost his owner and decided to spend his life taking in new sights and experiences of his adventures.\n\n\n63\n721\n15/11/1990\nGrand Prix Dolls\nRagamuffin and the Raggy Dolls were playing Grand Prix games.\n\n64\n722\n22/11/1990\nFond Farewells\nThe Raggy Dolls gives Ragamuffin a teary farewell.\n\n65\n723\n20/12/1990\nDoctor Dolls\nThe Raggy Dolls were playing doctor and nurses game.\n\n'''Season 6'''\n\n# !! Prod !! Air Date !! Title !! Summary\n\n66\n801\n06/09/1991\nOld Fashioned Dolls\nThe Raggy Dolls teach Old Edward about old fashioned stuff from the past.\n\n67\n802\n13/09/1991\nLady Luck\nThe Raggy Dolls meets a mysterious woman called Lady Luck who takes them on an adventure they're never forget. \n\n68\n803\n20/09/1991\nInvisible Dolls\nThe Raggy Dolls are invisible today.\n\n69\n804\n27/09/1991\nThe Great Outdoors\nThe Raggy Dolls decide to hitch a ride with Mr Grimes when he goes camping. After setting up their home made tents and sleeping bags, they notice that a rock climber is in trouble. Raggy Dolls to the rescue!\n\n70\n805\n18/10/1991\nThe Lonely Echo\nWhile staying at the countryside, the Raggy Dolls meets a lonely cliff.\n\n71\n806\n25/10/1991\nHomeward Bound\nThe Raggy Dolls learns that there is no place like home.\n\n72\n807\n01/11/1991\nRailway Dolls\nThe Raggy Dolls are having a lovely time at the railway station.\n\n73\n808\n08/11/1991\nWindy Weather\nThe wind blows a young crow out of its nest. With the help of Back-To-Front's kite, and a helpful cow, the Raggy Dolls manage to return him to the treetop.\n\n74\n809\n15/11/1991\nPurple Diamonds\nWhen the Raggy Dolls dig up a troublesome rock they think they have discovered valuable purple diamonds. They dream of what they would do with their riches, until Mr. Marmalade, the factory cat, explains that is only amethyst, and worth very little.\n\n75\n810\n22/11/1991\nThe Giant Bumblebee\nMr. Grimes' sister leaves the terrible twins Oz and Boz with Mr. Grimes. He suggests they collect insects to study, but when the Raggy Dolls find that they have trapped the insects in a jar without airholes they dress up Sad Sack as a giant bumblebee to teach the twins a lesson.\n\n76\n811\n29/11/1991\nThe Return of the Roo\nThe Raggy Dolls were excited when Rupert returns from Australia.\n\n77\n812\n06/12/1991\nThe Boomerang Games\nRupert teaches the Raggy Dolls how to use a boomerang.\n\n78\n813\n13/12/1991\nDown on the Farm\nThe Raggy Dolls and Rupert the Roo were having a jolly good time on One Pin Farm.\n\n\n\n'''Season 7'''\n\n# !! Prod !! Air Date !! Title !! Summary\n\n80\n901\n08/09/1992\nThe Royal County Show\nThe Raggy Dolls and Rupert the Roo are at the Royal County Show.\n\n81\n902\n15/09/1992\nOpen Day\nThe Raggy Dolls and Rupert the Roo were at Open Day with great results.\n\n82\n903\n22/09/1992\nThe Town Carnival\nThe Raggy Dolls are at the town carnival with over the top results.\n\n83\n904\n29/09/1992\nCave Dolls\nThe Raggy Dolls dreams they were in Stone Age. \n\n84\n905\n06/10/1992\nBarbeque Ball\nThe Raggy Dolls were having a barbecue ball and Sad Sack is looking forward to it!\n\n85\n906\n13/10/1992\nHigh and Dry\nSad Sack accidentally steers 'The Spirit of Adventure' into a sandbank, but this leads him to discover a secret cave on the beach.\n\n86\n907\n27/10/1992\nSmugglers Cave\nSad Sack befriends a ghost of the fisherman who tells stories of the seven seas.\n\n87\n908\n03/11/1992\nWilliam the Conker\nThe Raggy Dolls play a game about conkers.\n\n88\n909\n10/11/1992\nBonnie Scotland\nThe Raggy Dolls travel to Scotland.\n\n89\n910\n17/11/1992\nOn the Town\nThe Raggy Dolls were going to London with Ragamuffin.\n\n90\n911\n24/11/1992\nDanger, Men at Work\nWhile holidaying in London, there's trouble for the Raggy Dolls and the workmen.\n\n91\n912\n01/12/1992\nSight Seeing Dolls\nThe Raggy Dolls tour to London with their friend Ragamuffin.\n\n92\n913\n08/12/1992\nDolls on Wheels\nHi Fi and Back to Front build a skateboard, but have trouble finding the right wheels for the job. Rupert the Roo brings them the wheels from Mr Grimes's tea trolley. Sad Sack doubts that these are the best wheels for a skateboard, and it looks like he may be right...\n\n'''Season 8'''\n\n# !! Prod !! Air Date !! Title !! Summary\n\n93\n1001\n28/09/1993\nRobot Canteen\nAfter Florrie had gone to do some shopping, Mr.Grimes had hired a robot to do the hard work as the Raggy Dolls tries to have a plan to get Florrie back.\n\n94\n1002\n05/10/1993\nMister Mole\nThe Raggy Dolls have met a mole while having their picnic lunch together.\n\n95\n1003\n12/10/1993\nThe Empty House\nWhile testing on an aeroplane until it had landed on an empty house, when the Raggy Dolls tries to find it before heading back home with a flight of an owl.\n\n96\n1004\n19/10/1993\nMon Repose\nMr.Grimes were having a holiday near the seaside, but it doesn't work at all when the Raggy Dolls tries to help people from getting washed away by the sea.\n\n97\n1005\n26/10/1993\nThe Runaway Monkey\nThe monkey was into some kind of mischief as the Raggy Dolls have made their plans to catch the monkey.\n\n98\n1006\n02/11/1993\nLucy's Greenhouse\nWhen slugs eat the cabbages in Lucy's garden the Raggy Dolls make a greenhouse for her. Overcome by the heat she dreams she shrinks in size and meets many strange plants and insects. The Raggy Dolls rescue her, but she realises even pests have to eat.\n\n99\n1007\n09/11/1993\nThe Horrible Princesses\nThree haughty princess dolls make fun of Princess, but the Raggy Dolls convince them that a terrible wizard is on their trail so they could teach them all a lesson.\n\n100\n1008\n16/11/1993\nThe Town Gala\nThe Raggy Dolls watch Cynthia and Mr.Grimes doing a skydive in the town gala.\n\n101\n1009\n23/11/1993\nMr Grimes in Love\nThe Raggy Dolls decide to write a love letter to Mr. Grimes thinking it was from Cynthia Popplethwaite.\n\n102\n1010\n07/12/1993\nWedding Bells\nMr. Grimes is too shy to declare his feelings to Cynthia Popplethwaite, so the Raggy Dolls play cupid. When Mr. Grimes and Cynthia get married, she brings the Raggy Dolls with her to the cottage so they can all live happily ever after.\n\n'''Season 9'''\n\n# !! Prod !! Air Date !! Title !! Summary\n\n103\n1101\n11/10/1994\nOff on a Honeymoon\nThe Raggy Dolls were very proud of Mr.Grimes after he got married with Mrs.Grimes until they have decided to go on a honeymoon as the Raggy Dolls have followed them inside their suitcase.\n\n104\n1102\n18/10/1994\nA Mediterranean Cruise\nWhen they have made to Spain by a Cruise Liner, Princess was being captured by a monkey so it was up to the Raggy Dolls to save her before heading back to the Cruise Liner with some help of the seagulls.\n\n105\n1103\n25/10/1994\nStormy Weather\nThe Raggy Dolls decided to make a paddling pool to swim in it as the great big weather came and it worked out very well for the Raggy Dolls.\n\n106\n1104\n01/11/1994\nWhen in Rome\nWhen they have made it to Italy, the Raggy Dolls tries to help the Italian alleycat by finding the lost kitten for them.\n\n107\n1105\n08/11/1994\nJust a Minotaur\nWhile inside the secret Temple leaving crisps and peanuts for a trail until they have find a lizard who knew the way out until the Minotaur was only just Mr.Grimes carrying a bicycle thanks to one of Back-to-Front's funny pranks on them. \n\n108\n1106\n15/11/1994\nThe Eyes of Rami\nWhen they've went to Egypt, the Raggy Dolls were being tricked by a Scorpion until they have met an Egyptian princess doll named Shehabi who helped them find the emeralds for the eyes of the Princess Rami statue before it had magically heading them back home in the Reject bin. \n\n109\n1107\n22/11/1994\nElephants do Forget\nThe Raggy Dolls and Mr.Marmalade tries to help the baby elephant by trying to remember everything by scaring it with a help of a little mouse that Mr.Marmalade had caught.\n\n110\n1108\n06/12/1994\nWhat's the Time?\nThe Raggy Dolls tries to help Sad Sack try to remember the time has come.\n\n111\n1109\n13/12/1994\nThe Russian Doll\nNatasha, a Russian Doll of seven in the care of Mrs. Grimes, gets friendly with the Raggy Dolls, Rupert the Roo and Old Edward.\n\n112\n1110\n20/12/1994\nBored\nThe final episode of the series when Rupert the Roo was bored of Natasha and Old Edward, so he decide to join the Raggy Dolls with a ride on a boat until they have discovered some famous actresses and actors were filming on the bridge of the water pond as they seen him, the actor threw him out over the bridge and Rupert finds out that he wasn't bored anymore.\n\n"	"Transmission guide"	"*Series 1a: 6 editions from 3 April 1986 \u2013 8 May 1986\n*Series 1b: 7 editions from 20 November 1986 \u2013 26 February 1987\n*Series 2a: 6 editions 13 November 1987 \u2013 8 January 1988\n*Series 2b: 7 editions from 19 August 1988 \u2013 28 September 1988\n*Series 3a: 6 editions from 16 November 1988 \u2013 21 December 1988\n*Series 3b: 7 editions from 19 July 1989 \u2013 30 August 1989\n*Series 4a: 3 editions from 6 September 1989 \u2013 20 September 1989\n*Series 4b: 10 editions from 28 June 1990 \u2013 30 August 1990\n*Series 5: 13 editions from 6 September 1990 \u2013 20 December 1990\n*Series 6: 13 editions from 6 September 1991 \u2013 13 December 1991\n*Series 7: 13 editions from 8 September 1992 \u2013 8 December 1992\n*Series 8: 10 editions from 28 September 1993 \u2013 7 December 1993\n*Series 9: 10 editions from 11 October 1994 \u2013 20 December 1994\n"	"Merchandise"	"Three videos (with 5 programmes each) were released during the early 90s by Castle Communications Plc, each featuring a selection of 1987, 1988, 1989, 1990 and 1991 episodes narrated by Neil Innes.\n\n*'''The Raggy Dolls''' (CAV 1008) \u2013 The Big Top, After the Storm, The Dark Wood, The Genius, The Winter Swan\n*'''The Raggy Dolls 2''' (CAV 1014) \u2013 The Flying Machine, The Pigeon Race, The Fun Fair, Too Many Cooks, The Terrible Twins.\n*'''The Raggy Dolls 3''' (CVI 1022) \u2013 Spring Toys, A Trip to the Sea, A Royal Tour, Onion Soup, Moving House\n\nin the Spring of 1993 4 Front Video released one cassette under 'Pocket Money Video' range (Cat No. 0867323) with six episodes- ''The Flying Machine'', ''The Pigeon Race'', ''The Fun Fair'', ''Spring Toys'', ''A Trip to the Sea'', ''A Royal Tour''\n\nThe complete first series of The Raggy Dolls was released on DVD on 21 June 2010 through Revelation Films. The complete second series is available after being released on 18 October 2010. The complete third series is available after its release on 7 February 2011, the complete fourth series has been released for availability on 6 June 2011, but the complete fifth series (next in line) is of yet unknown for availability.\n\n===Books===\nA series of at least 10 books were published in 1990 by both Boxtree Limited (in association with Yorkshire Television Limited) and ABC Enterprises (for the Australian Broadcasting Corporation).  The books were written or adapted by Neil Innes and illustrated by Steve Smallman. Titles include:\n*''The Hot Air Balloon''\n*''In Days of Old''\n*''Moving House''\n*''The Royal Tour''\n*''The Stolen Parrot''\n*''The Tree House''\n*''A Trip to the Sea''\n*''We Are Not Amused''\n*''The War Of The Wizards''\n*''The Big Top''\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n* Toonhound page on the series\n* 80sNostalgia - The Raggy Dolls\n*http://epguides.com/RaggyDolls/\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"There Goes Susie"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''There Goes Susie''''' is a 1934 British comedy film directed by Victor Hanbury and John Stafford and based on a story by Charlie Roellinghoff and Hans Jacoby. It was made by British International Pictures at Elstree Studios. It is a remake of the 1933 German film ''Marion, That's Not Nice''. A separate Italian version ''Model Wanted'' was also made.\n"	"Cast"	"* Gene Gerrard - Andre Cochet \n* Wendy Barrie - Madeleine Sarteaux \n* Zelma O'Neal - Bunny \n* Gus McNaughton - Brammel \n* Henry Wenman - Otto Sarteaux \n* Gibb McLaughlin - Advertising Manager \n* Bobbie Comber - Uncle Oscar \n* Mark Daly - Sunshine\n"	"Plot"	"An artist is hired by a major soap company for an advertisement. He paints a model in a revealing pose, only to discover she is the boss' daughter.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"Bibliography"	"* Low, Rachael. ''Filmmaking in 1930s Britain''. George Allen & Unwin, 1985.\n* Wood, Linda. ''British Films, 1927-1939''. British Film Institute, 1986.\n"	"External links"	"*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Tales of Uncle Remus: The Adventures of Brer Rabbit"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''The Tales of Uncle Remus: The Adventures of Brer Rabbit''''' is a 1987 Children's book by Julius Lester. It is a retelling of the American Br'er Rabbit tales. \n"	"Reception"	"''Publishers Weekly'' in a review of ''The Tales of Uncle Remus'' wrote \"This collection is important as a way of introducing readers to the Harris tales; it also stands alone as a volume of wonderfully funny folktales. For many purists, though, it will not replace the original stories. Pinkney's drawings, both black-and-white and color, nicely combine realistic detail and fancy.\" ''School Library Journal'' wrote \"His Lester's retellings are as lively as the originals but they also have a liveliness of their own, as he incorporates modern allusions which never seem out of place.\" and \"Pinkney's illustrations .. do not have the sass of the original A. B. Frost illustrations, but they are filled with strong interest and a great humor which serves the text well. \"\n\nJune Jordan, writing in the ''New York Times'' called it \"Beautifully written\" but criticised the stories writing \"If these folk tales were not meant for children (quiet or otherwise), then the relentless chicanery of the protagonist would not matter so much, nor would the sometimes positively homicidal humor of the material.\" and concluded \"This misbegotten resurrection is a terrible waste of very considerable talents. Julius Lester comes through at his irresistible best, as a compelling and frequently hilarious teller of tall tales. Every single illustration by Jerry Pinkney is fastidious, inspired and a marvel of delightful imagination. Perhaps Mr. Lester and Mr. Pinkney will soon collaborate on new material more worthy of their labors. Certainly, I hope so.\"\n"	"Awards"	"*1988 Coretta Scott King Book Illustration Award - honor\n*1988 Horn Book Fanfare Book - Folklore\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	": Library holdings of ''The Tales of Uncle Remus: The Adventures of Brer Rabbit''\n: \"Around the world with tricksters\" - ''School Library Journal'' article that lists trickster tales including ''The Tales of Uncle Remus''\n: Norman Rockwell Museum Digital tour of Pinkney where he discusses development of ''The Tales'' illustrations\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Thirteenth Anniversary Show"	"Introduction"	"\n\nThe '''''Thirteenth Anniversary''''' tour was a triumph both financially and critically for the Residents.  It was also the last time Snakefinger would work with them, as he died of a heart attack in 1987. The official album release of '''''The Thirteenth Anniversary Show''''' in 1987 was a recording of the show in Japan. There was also a recording of the show in the United States that was released to UWEB fan club members in the late 1980s, and various outtakes and bootlegs of other performances of the show exist as well.\n\nThe track list below is for the cassette edition, as this was also the track list used for the ESD reissue in the late 1990s.\n"	"Track listing"	"#\"Jailhouse Rock\"\n#\"Where Is She\"\n#\"Picnic in the Jungle\"\n#\"Passing the Bottle*\" \n#\"Monkey and Bunny\"\n#\"Theme from an American TV Show**\"\n#\"It's a Man's Man's Man's World\"\n#\"Smelly Tongues\"\n#\"Eloise\"\n#\"Ships a Going Down*\"\n#\"Tourniquet of Roses*\"\n#\"Easter Woman\"\n#\"Amber\"\n#\"Red Rider\"\n#\"Die in Terror\"\n#\"Coming of the Crow\"\n#\"Eva's Warning\"\n#\"Cry for the Fire\"\n\n*These songs included on the cassette version only upon release in 1986.\n**Track included, but not listed, on LP or cassette.\n"	"Track Listing for 1999/2000 CD Re-Release"	"# Lizard Lady\n# Semolina\n# Hello Skinny/Constantinople\n# Jailhouse Rock\n# Where Is She?\n# Picnic in the Jungle\n# Smelly Tongues\n# Eloise\n# Ship's a Goin' Down\n# The New Machine\n# Tourniquet of Roses\n# Passing the Bottle\n# Monkey and Bunny\n# Theme from an American TV Show\n# Man's World\n# Walter Westinghouse\n# Easter Woman\n# Amber\n# Red Rider\n# Die in Terror\n# The Coming of the Crow/Eva's Warning\n# Cry for the Fire\n"	"Notes"	"The original album was released on Wave Records in Japan with longer versions of the songs and the tracks included on the U.S. cassette release.  It also had a different name: The Eyeball Show.\n\nThe album was released on Bomba Records in Japan in 1999 as The 13th Anniversary Show, Live in Tokyo.  This version was released on East Side Digital in the United States in 2000.\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The White Rabbit (book)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''''The White Rabbit''''' is a 1952 non-fiction book by Scottish writer Bruce Marshall.  Its title comes from a nickname of F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas.\n"	"Synopsis"	"F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas was the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent, called by the Germans \"The White Rabbit\" of World War II. He was given responsibilities by the British government in Occupied and Vichy France because he had lived in France during the interwar years and was fluent in French.\n\nAn assignment required Yeo-Thomas to be parachuted into France. Shortly after his arrival he was betrayed and captured by the Gestapo at the Passy metro station in Paris.\n\nThe Gestapo took him to their headquarters in the Avenue Foch, and he was subjected to brutal torture, including beatings, electrical shocks to the genitals, psychological gameplaying, sleep deprivation, and repeated submersion in ice-cold water\u2014to the point that artificial respiration was sometimes required.\n\nAfter the interrogations and torture, he was moved to Fresnes prison.  After he made two failed attempts to escape he was transferred first to Compi\u00e8gne prison and then to Buchenwald concentration camp. Within these various detention camps he attempted to organize resistance.\n\nLate in the war, he briefly escaped from Buchenwald and, on his recapture, was able to pass himself off as a French national and sent to Marienburg, Stalag XX-B, a \"better\" camp, where the Nazis sent enlisted Frenchmen, instead of back to Buchenwald. It is reasonable to conclude that his chances of surviving the remainder of the war at Buchenwald were low.\n\nAfter the war he resumed his life in France.\n"	"Notable people mentioned in the book"	"\n* Phil Lamason\n* Christopher Burney\n* Harry Peulev\u00e9\n* St\u00e9phane Hessel\n* Alfred Balachowsky\n* Hermann Pister\n* Karl-Otto Koch\n* Ilse Koch\n* Pierre Brossolette\n* Eugen Kogon\n* Erwin Ding-Schuler\n* Jean Moulin\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The White Rabbit (book)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''''The White Rabbit''''' is a 1952 non-fiction book by Scottish writer Bruce Marshall.  Its title comes from a nickname of F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas.\n"	"Synopsis"	"F. F. E. Yeo-Thomas was the British Special Operations Executive (SOE) agent, called by the Germans \"The White Rabbit\" of World War II. He was given responsibilities by the British government in Occupied and Vichy France because he had lived in France during the interwar years and was fluent in French.\n\nAn assignment required Yeo-Thomas to be parachuted into France. Shortly after his arrival he was betrayed and captured by the Gestapo at the Passy metro station in Paris.\n\nThe Gestapo took him to their headquarters in the Avenue Foch, and he was subjected to brutal torture, including beatings, electrical shocks to the genitals, psychological gameplaying, sleep deprivation, and repeated submersion in ice-cold water\u2014to the point that artificial respiration was sometimes required.\n\nAfter the interrogations and torture, he was moved to Fresnes prison.  After he made two failed attempts to escape he was transferred first to Compi\u00e8gne prison and then to Buchenwald concentration camp. Within these various detention camps he attempted to organize resistance.\n\nLate in the war, he briefly escaped from Buchenwald and, on his recapture, was able to pass himself off as a French national and sent to Marienburg, Stalag XX-B, a \"better\" camp, where the Nazis sent enlisted Frenchmen, instead of back to Buchenwald. It is reasonable to conclude that his chances of surviving the remainder of the war at Buchenwald were low.\n\nAfter the war he resumed his life in France.\n"	"Notable people mentioned in the book"	"\n* Phil Lamason\n* Christopher Burney\n* Harry Peulev\u00e9\n* St\u00e9phane Hessel\n* Alfred Balachowsky\n* Hermann Pister\n* Karl-Otto Koch\n* Ilse Koch\n* Pierre Brossolette\n* Eugen Kogon\n* Erwin Ding-Schuler\n* Jean Moulin\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"The Works (Echo & the Bunnymen album)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''''The Works''''' is a boxed set compilation album by Echo & the Bunnymen, which was released on 31 March 2008.\n"	"Track listing"	"\n===Disc 1===\n#\"Rescue\"\n#\"A Promise\"\n#\"Do It Clean\"\n#\"Villiers Terrace\"\n#\"All That Jazz\"\n#\"Over the Wall\"\n#\"The Disease\"\n#\"Going Up\"\n#\"Happy Death Men\"\n#\"Pride\"\n#\"The Puppet\"\n#\"Show of Strength\"\n#\"Turquoise Days\"\n#\"No Dark Things\"\n#\"With a Hip\"\n\n===Disc 2===\n#\"The Killing Moon\"\n#\"The Cutter\"\n#\"The Back of Love\"\n#\"Never Stop\"\n#\"Silver\"\n#\"Seven Seas\"\n#\"Bring On the Dancing Horses\"\n#\"Clay\"\n#\"Porcupine\"\n#\"Ripeness\"\n#\"Gods Will Be Gods\"\n#\"My Kingdom\"\n#\"Crystal Days\"\n#\"Nocturnal Me\"\n#\"Thorn Of Crowns\"\n\n===Disc 3===\n#\"Nothing Lasts Forever\"\n#\"The Game\"\n#\"Lips Like Sugar\"\n#\"Bedbugs and Ballyhoo\"\n#\"People Are Strange\"\n#\"Rust\"\n#\"Don't Let It Get You Down\"\n#\"I Want to Be There (When You Come)\"\n#\"All In Your Mind\"\n#\"Over You\"\n#\"All My Life\"\n#\"What Are You Going To Do With Your Life\"\n#\"When It All Blows Over\"\n#\"Get in the Car\"\n#\"Baby Rain\"\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Tim Rutili"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Tim Rutili''' (born '''Temistocles Hugo Rutili''') is a singer, guitarist, and keyboardist, and frontman/lyricist for the American rock band Califone. Originally from Chicago, Rutili now lives in Los Angeles. He was raised in Addison, IL. After moving into Chicago in 1988, he found success with the band Red Red Meat. The band was signed to the Sub Pop label, where they received high praise and moderate success. He was also a member of the Indie rock supergroup Ugly Casanova, which included Modest Mouse singer Isaac Brock, producer and former Red Red Meat bandmate Brian Deck, and others.  He also appears on Joan of Arc's  album Guitar Duets, performing a duet with Jeremy Boyle.\n\nRutili directed his first feature-length film ''All My Friends Are Funeral Singers'' in tandem with the creation of Califone's 2009 release of the same title. The film was accepted for competition at the 2010 Sundance Film Festival. He is also a Soundtrack composer.\n"	"Discography"	"'''Friends of Betty'''\n*''Blind Faith II''\n\n'''Red Red Meat'''\n*''Red Red Meat'' (Perishable Records, 1992)\n*''Jimmywine Majestic'' (Sub Pop Records, 1994)\n*''Bunny Gets Paid'' (Sub Pop Records, 1995)\n*''There's a Star Above the Manger Tonight'' (Sub Pop Records, 1997)\n\n'''Loftus''' (collaboration with Rex) (Perishable Records, 1999)\n\n'''Califone'''\n*''Califone'' (Flydaddy Records, 1998)\n*''Califone'' (Road Cone Records, 2000)\n*''Roomsound'' (Perishable Records, 2001)\n*''Sometimes Good Weather Follows Bad People'' (Perishable Records / Road Cone Records, 2002)\n*''Deceleration One'' (Perishable Records, 2002)\n*''Quicksand / Cradlesnakes'' (Thrill Jockey, 2003)\n*''Deceleration Two'' (Perishable Records, 2003)\n*''Heron King Blues'' (Thrill Jockey, 2004)\n*''Roots & Crowns'' (Thrill Jockey, October 10, 2006)\n*''All My Friends Are Funeral Singers''  (Dead Oceans, 2009)\n*''''Stitches''''  (Dead Oceans, 2013)\n'''Ugly Casanova'''\n*''Diggin Holes b/w Babys Clean Conscience'' (Sub Pop Records, 2002)\n*''Sharpen Your Teeth'' (Sub Pop Records, 2002)\n"	"External links"	"* Pastry Sharp - Official Califone Website\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Tiny Toon Adventures: The Great Beanstalk"	"Introduction"	"\n'''''Tiny Toon Adventures: The Great Beanstalk''''' (known as '''''Tiny Toon Adventures: Buster and the Beanstalk'''''  in Europe) is the first ''Tiny Toon Adventures''-related game released on the PlayStation.  It was developed by Terraglyph Interactive Studios and published by NewKidCo on October 27, 1998.\n\nThere is a game for the Personal Computer by the name of Tiny Toon Adventures: Buster and the Beanstalk that is very similar to this game.\n"	"Gameplay"	"Inspired by the fairy story Jack and the Beanstalk, Plucky Duck and Buster Bunny have found the ''Great Beanstalk''. The player takes control of Plucky Duck, who is following Buster Bunny as they climb the beanstalk and explore the areas above.\n"	"External links"	"*\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Tommy Dorsey: The Early Jazz Sides: 1932 \u2013 1937"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''''Tommy Dorsey: The Early Jazz Sides: 1932 \u2013 1937''''' is a compilation album assembled by Jazz Legends, mainly featuring Tommy Dorsey's works from the 1930s during his association with RCA Victor.\n"	"Track listing"	"{| border=\"2\" cellpadding=\"4\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"margin: 1em 1em 1em 0; background: #FCFDFF; border: 1px #aaa solid; border-collapse: collapse; font-size: 95%;\"\n Track \n  Song Title \n Length\n\n 1. \n \"Three Moods\" Composed by Tommy Dorsey\n 3:06\n\n 2. \n \"Weary Blues\" Composed by Artie Matthews\n 3:18\n\n 3. \n \"I've Got a Note\" Composed by Edward Pola\n 2:47\n\n 4. \n \"I'm Getting Sentimental over You\" Composed by George Bassman/Ned Washington\n 3:38\n\n 5. \n \"The Music Goes 'Round and Around\" Composed by Eddie Farley/Red Hodgson/Mike Riley\n 3:23\n\n 6. \n \"Rhythm saved the World\" Composed by Sammy Cahn/Saul Chaplin\n 3:16\n\n 7. \n \"Royal Garden Blues\" Composed by Clarence Williams/Spencer Williams\n 2:51\n\n 8. \n \"Ja-Da\" Composed by Bob Carlton\n 2:22\n\n 9. \n \"At the Codfish Ball\" Composed by Sidney Mitchell/Lew Pollack\n 3:11\n\n 10. \n \"That's A-Plenty\" Composed by Ray Gilbert/Lew Pollack/Bert Williams\n 3:01\n\n 11. \n \"After You've Gone\" Composed by Henry Creamer/Turner Layton\n 2:55\n\n 12. \n \"Maple Leaf Rag\" Composed by Scott Joplin\n 2:31\n\n 13. \n \"Keepin' Out of Mischief Now\" Composed by Andy Razaf/Fats Waller\n 2:47\n\n 14. \n \"Mr. Ghost Goes to Town\" Composed by Will Hudson/Irving Mills/Mitchell Parish\n 3:17\n\n 15. \n \"Who'll Buy My Violets?\" Composed by James Weldon Johnson/Jos\u00e9 Padilla\n 3:15\n\n 16. \n \"Melody in F\" Composed by Anton Rubinstein\n 2:56\n\n 17. \n \"Marie\" Composed by Irving Berlin\n 3:18\n\n 18. \n \"Mendelssohn's Spring Song\" Composed by Felix Mendelssohn\n 2:35\n\n 19. \n \"They All Laughed\" Composed by Ira Gershwin/George Gershwin\n 2:57\n\n 20. \n \"Dark Eyes\" Composed by Traditional\n 3:30\n\n 21. \n \"Jammin'\" Composed by Sam Coslow\n 2:20\n\n"	"Credits"	"*Arranger: Paul Weston\n*Liner Notes: Scott Yanow\n*Tenor Sax: Bud Freeman\n*Trombone: Tommy Dorsey\n*Trumpeter: Bunny Berigan\n"	"References"	"\n\n\n"
"Toon Time (TV series)"	"Introduction"	"\n\n''''Toon Time''''  is an Australian television entertainment programme 111 Hits created and executive produced by Darren Chau, and hosted by Penelope Mitchell and Dickie Knee (John Blackman) from Hey Hey It's Saturday fame. The programme features Bugs Bunny and the popular Warner Brothers animated characters, plus comedy segments, competitions and specials guests. ''''Toon Time'''' premiered on 18 July 2011 at 5.30pm.\n\nPenelope Mitchell was cast by Darren Chau who discovered her following an exhaustive nationwide search of talent. The programme is the highest rating local production on Channel 111HITS, and its promotional campaign won 5 Gold Promax Awards.\n"	"Special guests"	"\n* Molly Meldrum \n* George Kapiniaris\n* Simon Palomares\n* Tim Ellis \n* Anthony Harkin (Rock of Ages)\n* Brent Hill (Rock of Ages)\n* Brad Johnson (AFL Footballer)\n* David Cotter\n* Aeriel Manx\n* Andrew Welsh (AFL Footballer)\n* Cameron Tragardh (NBL Basketballer)\n* Frank Lotito\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"True Spark"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n'''True Spark ()''' is a 24-hours TV station for Kids provided by TrueVisions. It broadcast cartoons that come from Japan, USA and Europe. It broadcasts on Channel 444 (Digital) and Channel 28 (Analog).\n"	" History "	"''True Spark'' has been broadcast since TrueVisions was IBC. In that time, It was named ''IBC Cartoons ()''. It was broadcast on IBC Channel 7. After a few years, IBC Cartoons was changed its name to ''IBC Kids ()''. It was used to broadcast for 24 hours and presents a new episode of cartoons between 6 PM until 8:30 PM. After a few years, its broadcast duration was decreased to 5 AM until 8 PM and presents a new episode of cartoons between 6 PM until 8 PM. Then, in July 1998, IBC has combined its business with UTV, then rename IBC to UBC, and UBC has integrated its cartoon channel with movie channel, and name it ''UBC Movies & Kids ()''. It was broadcast on channel 25, by broadcast the USA movies and drama series from 8 PM to 6 AM, and broadcast the cartoons and kids programs from 6 AM to 8 PM.\n\nThen, in March 1999, UBC was separated all contents from movie channels, and rename it to ''UBC Kids ()''. It was broadcast on channel 26 between 6 AM until 8 PM. During 8 PM until 6 AM, it was a broadcasting break time.\n\nThen, on July 1, 2003, it was renamed to ''UBC Spark ()'', and in 2004, UBC Spark was moved to channel 28 cause of channel rearrangement, and on June 1, 2005, UBC Spark has been added broadcasting time to 9 PM.\n\nThen, on April 1, 2006, UBC was renamed to UBC-True and made UBC Spark broadcast 24-hours. Then, on January 23, 2007, UBC-True was renamed to TrueVisions, and renamed UBC Spark to ''True Spark'', and add time for presenting a new episode of cartoons to 4 PM until 8 PM.\n\nThen, on May 15, 2016, True Spark and Toon Channel combined to ''True Spark Play'' and ''True Spark Jump''.\n"	" Programming "	"{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center;\"\n\n Year\n Cartoon\n\n 2002\n\n* Captain Tsubasa\n* Final Fantasy: Unlimited\n* Shin Megami Tensei: Devil Children\n* Detective Conan\n* Crush Gear Turbo\n* Medabots\n* Gokudo\n\n 2003\n\n* Denn\u014d B\u014dkenki Webdiver\n* Angelic Layer\n* Pr\u00e9tear\n* Mamotte Shugogetten\n* Star Ocean: The Second Story\n* Tokyo Underground\n* Yu-Gi-Oh!\n* Cheeky Angel\n* Secret of Cerulean Sand\n* Whistle!\n* Beyblade\n* She, The Ultimate Weapon\n\n 2004\n\n* Dear Boys\n* The Galaxy Railways\n* Wei\u00df Kreuz\n* Sonic X\n* Saint Seiya\n* Samurai Deeper Kyo\n* Tokyo Mew Mew\n* Hamtaro\n* Petite Princess Yucie\n* Duel Masters\n* Mirmo!\n\n 2005\n\n* Hanada Sh\u014dnen Shi\n* Nanaka 6/17\n* E's\n* Ashita no Joe\n* Popolocrois\n* Babe My Love\n* Agatha Christie's Great Detectives Poirot and Marple\n* Buzzer Beater\n* Massuguni Ikou \n* Chrono Crusade\n* Uninhabited Planet Survive!\n\n 2006\n\n* Tetsujin 28-go\n* Peach Girl\n* Zipang\n* Glass Mask\n* Genesis of Aquarion\n* Monkey Turn\n* D.I.C.E.\n* Transformers\n** The Transformers\n** Transformers: Animated\n* Bleach\n* AM Driver\n* Sugar Sugar Rune\n* Major\n\n 2007\n\n* Fighting Beauty Wulong\n* Cluster Edge\n* Zoids\n** Zoids: Genesis\n** Zoids: Fuzors\n* Angel Heart\n* Olympus Guardian\n* Ushio and Tora\n* Eyeshield 21\n* Tank Knights Fortress\n* Super Robot Wars\n* Sasami: Magical Girls Club\n* Kiba\n\n 2008\n\n* Happiness!\n* Giant Robo\n* Master of Epic\n* Mamotte! Lollipop\n* Musashi Gundoh\n* Onegai My Melody\n* Chess Master\n* My Bride Is a Mermaid\n* Onmy\u014d Taisenki\n* Astro Boy\n* Kirby: Right Back at Ya!\n* Bunny Maloney\n* D.Gray-man\n* Mahoraba\n* Spider Riders\n* Best Student Council\n\n 2009\n\n* Mermaid Melody Pichi Pichi Pitch\n* Fushigiboshi no Futagohime\n* J\u016bs\u014d Kik\u014d Dancouga Nova\n* Itazura na Kiss\n* Zettai Karen Children\n* Slayers\n* Neo Angelique Abyss\n\n 2010\n\n* Gin Tama\n* Over Drive\n* Aria\n* Skip Beat!\n* Saint Beast\n* Sora no Manimani\n* Code-E\n* Fantastic Detective Labyrinth\n* Myself ; Yourself\n* Kochira Katsushika-ku Kameari K\u014den-mae Hashutsujo\n* Jewelpet\n* Attacker You!\n* Yoshinaga-san Chi no Gargoyle\n\n 2011\n\n* Kenichi: The Mightiest Disciple\n* Lovely Idol\n* Gakuen Utopia Manabi Straight!\n* Hajime no Ippo\n* Shukufuku no Campanella\n* The Legend of Prince Van\n* Telepathy Sh\u014djo Ran Jiken Note\n* One Outs\n* Lilpri\n* Pinball Legend\n* Tamagotchi!\n* Mainichi Kaasan\n* The Mythical Detective Loki Ragnarok\n* Kimi ni Todoke\n* Chibi Maruko-chan\n* Kobato\n* Tactics\n\n 2012\n\n* Giant Killing\n* Yosuga no Sora\n* Moshidora\n* Black Blood Brothers\n* GA Geijutsuka Art Design Class\n* Chi's Sweet Home\n* Element Hunters\n* Coyote Ragtime Show\n* Tokyo Majin\n* D-5 Warriors\n* Mitsudomoe\n* The Legend of the Legendary Heroes\n* Voltron Force\n* Zevo-3\n* Viper's Creed\n\n 2013\n\n* Tide-Line Blue\n* Valkyria\n* Dinomaster\n* AI Football GGO\n* Kishin Taisen Gigantic Formula\n* Potemayo\n* Nekogami Yaoyorozu\n* Ky\u014dran Kazoku Nikki\n* Pita-Ten\n* Mars Daybreak\n* Freefonix\n* Vampire Knight\n* Shattered Angels\n\n 2014\n\n* Galaxy Angel X\n* Har\u00e9+Guu\n* Kyo Kara Maoh!\n* Rakugo Tennyo Oyui\n* Haruka: Beyond the Stream of Time\n* Log Horizon\n* Engaged to the Unidentified\n* Pok\u00e9mon\n* Fantasista Doll\n* Fate/kaleid liner Prisma Illya\n\n 2015\n\n* Ratz\n* Buddy Complex\n* Trust Me I'm a Genie\n* Dragon Collection\n* Monster Retsuden Oreca Battle\n* Ninja Hattori-kun\n* Baby Steps\n\n 2016\n\n* Gourmet Girl Graffiti\n\n\n=== Tokusatsu programming ===\n* Kamen Rider\n* Kamen Rider V3\n* Kamen Rider X\n* Kamen Rider Amazon\n* Kamen Rider Stronger\n* Kamen Rider (Skyrider)\n* Kamen Rider Super-1\n* Kamen Rider Black\n* Kamen Rider Black RX\n* Chouseishin Gransazer\n* Genseishin Justirisers\n* Chousei Kantai Sazer-X\n* Madan Senki Ryukendo\n\n=== Acquired programming ===\n* Casshan\n* Ninpen Manmaru\n* Anpanman\n* Per Man\n* Mushiking: The King of Beetles\n* Kekkaishi\n* Steel Jeeg\n* Dinosaur King\n* Soul Eater\n* Masked Rider Agito : PROJECT G4\n* Masked Rider Ryuki : EPISODE FINAL\n* Tomica Hero: Rescue Force\n* GoGo Sentai Boukenger\n* Azumanga Daioh\n* Peacemaker Kurogane\n* Magical Girl Lyrical Nanoha\n* Kiteretsu Daihyakka\n* Air Gear\n* Kamen Rider: Dragon Knight\n* Golden Heroes\n* Armor Hero XT\n* Zobotz\n* Brave 10\n* Zetman\n* Tomica Hero: Rescue Fire\n* Magic Kaito\n* Negima\n** Negima! Magister Negi Magi\n** Negima!?\n* Bakugan Battle Brawlers\n* Mobile Fighter G Gundam\n* Mobile Suit Gundam SEED Destiny\n* Mobile Suit Gundam 00\n* Code Geass\n* Kamen Rider Kabuto\n* Kamen Rider Kabuto: God Speed Love\n* Kamen Rider Den-O\n* Kamen Rider Kiva\n* K-tai Investigator 7\n* Saint Seiya: The Lost Canvas\n* Chi's Sweet Home\n* Toradora!\n\n=== Toon Channel ===\n* Dan Doh!!\n* Matchless Raijin-Oh\n* Genki Bakuhatsu Ganbaruger\n* Nekketsu Saiky\u014d Go-Saurer\n* Ojarumaru\n* Ohay\u014d! Spank\n* Planet of 7 Colours\n* Legendary Soccer Kid\n* Blazing Teens\n* Ori Princess\n* Power Panda Posse\n* Kungfu Story of Taiji Panda\n* Dino-Rampage\n* Zheng He's Voyages To The West Seas\n* Find Out How\n* PangPond Hero\n* Funky Cops\n* Hairy Scary\n* X-DuckX\n* Potatoes and Dragons\n* Dogstar\n* Master Raindrop\n* The Baskervilles\n"	" Station logo "	"{| class=\"wikitable\" style=\"text-align:center\" align = center\n\n Mar 1, 1999 - Jun 30, 2003\n Jul 1, 2003 - Jan 22, 2007\n Jan 23, 2007 - Apr 14, 2013\n Apr 15, 2013 - Jan 9, 2015\n Jan 10, 2015 - May 15, 2016\n May 16, 2016 - present\n\n True Spark Play\n True Spark Jump\n\n \n \n \n \n \n \n \n\n"	" References "	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n*  List of Thai cartoon speakers\n\n\n\n"
"Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\nCines Nollendorf-Theater c.1914. The architect was Oskar Kaufmann, and the seated figure above the entrance and the bas-reliefs of the frieze on the Motzstra\u00dfe side are by Franz Metzner.\nThe '''Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz''' was a cinema located at 4 Nollendorfplatz, Charlottenburg, Berlin.  Built in 1912-13 and designed and decorated by leading artistic practitioners of the day, it was the German capital's first purpose-built, free-standing cinema Described as \"historically, ... the most important cinema in Berlin\", it incorporated a number of technical innovations such as an opening roof and a daylight projection screen, and opened as the '''Nollendorf-Theater''' in March 1913.\n\nThe cinema was built by a group of US investors allied with the Italian film company Cines which included the American millionaire Joe Goldsoll (a high-class swindler and con-man); Albert H. Woods, a Hungarian theatrical producer based in New York to whom Goldsoll was related by marriage; and Edward B. Kinsila, later a film studio architect. The Nollendorf-Theater was rumoured to have been \"paid for by the Pope's money.\"  One of the directors of Cines was Ernesto Pacelli, President of the Banco di Roma, who was in the confidence of Pope Leo XIII and the uncle of Pope Pius XII.\n\nIt became the '''Cines Nollendorf-Theater''' in 1914, but Cines collapsed in late 1915 after the Banco di Roma, one of its main investors, fell into financial difficulties. The building was acquired by the Union-Theater Lichtspiele (U.-T.) chain of cinemas, part of Paul Davidson's PAGU company. Although PAGU was bought in late 1917 by Universum-Film AG (Ufa), the cinema continued to be known as the '''Union-Theater Nollendorfplatz''' until 1923. It was renamed as '''Ufa-Theater Nollendorfplatz''' in 1924 and finally as the Ufa-Pavillon in 1927. It was badly damaged during World War 2 in an RAF bombing raid in late 1943.\n"	"Design"	"The fa\u00e7ade of the Nollendorf-Theater cinema. 1913 drawing by August Unger, who also designed the internal d\u00e9cor and the curtain in the auditorium.\nPoster for a Deutsche Werkbund exhibition in Cologne from May to October 1914, after a design by Peter Behrens \nThe Cines Nollendorf Theater was one of a number of buildings constructed during a brief period in Berlin's industrial and public architecture from around 1900 where Historicism (represented by the Gr\u00fcnderzeit and the highly decorative Jugendstil movements) came to an end, to be replaced by Modern Architecture from the early 1920s onwards.\n\nThe architect was Oskar Kaufmann, one of the proponents of the so-called 'Neuberliner' architectural style, largely influenced by the work of Alfred Messel who had died in 1909:\n: \"In our new Berlin style\u2014which has been cultivated by a majority of the exuberant upcoming students of Messel\u2014the pillar that we have been lacking for so long (particularly the elongated Doric architecture) is once more finally drawn into the light of day.\"\n\nThe seated figure over the entrance and the bas-reliefs of the external frieze were by sculptor Franz Metzner, and August Unger was responsible for the internal decoration. The stained glass windows in the foyer were executed by Gottfried Heinersdorff from Unger's designs: and Georg Roch and Hermann Feuerhahn created the ceiling lights with their figurines in the auditorium.\n\nThe Nollendorf-Theater can be seen as an example of architectural 'Gesamtkunstwerk', a work created by a typical assemblage of masters of their craft found particularly in Germany (and less so in the United States). The films made by Ufa and other companies shown in the cinema during the 20s and 30s were also informed by this idea of an artistic guild of equals. This collective approach resulted in a flexible, dynamic and fluid group of artistically minded, highly creative and even visionary film-makers which produced many of the classic films which are still discussed and referenced in the 21st century.\n\nThe architecture of the Nollendorf-Theater is plainer and more severe than the Gr\u00fcnderzeit and Jugendstil styles, and embodies distinctly 'modern' sculptural and artistic motifs. The overall approach seems to have some stylistic connections with  and the Deutscher Werkbund, a \"cultural-economic association of artists, architects, entrepreneurs/businessmen and experts\", founded in 1907.\n\nOther contemporary developments in search of \"a more modern and useful architecture\" for Berlin include: the AEG turbine plant by Peter Behrens (1909); Kaufmann's Volksb\u00fchne and the  introduced new trends in theatre construction (in addition to the Ufa-Pavillon and his 1914 conversion of the Gro\u00df-Berlin Theater, later the Ufa-Palast am Zoo); the Pergamon Museum and the capital's first department stores were drafted by Alfred Messel; and Hermann Muthesius designed a new and modern Country House style for Berlin's newly developing suburbs.\n"	"Description"	"Edward B. Kinsila in his book ''Modern Theater Construction'' gives a (fulsome, bordering on purple prose) description of the interior of the Nollendorf.\n\nAlso, from an article in the contemporary trade journal ''Kinotheater'':\n:\"Opposite the 'Mozartsaal' a curious building has arisen, and the gazes of the passers-by are already steered towards the exterior, with its windowless and thus distinguished, seemingly inventive, fa\u00e7ade. The glass paintings (illuminated from the inside) which constitute a unique decoration of the entrance, bespeak\u2014through their symbolic figures\u2014the building's purpose: a cinema.\n\n:At first glance the auditorium comes across as almost overwhelming. If you didn't know that it has been decked out after the American paradigm, you might suppose that you were being confronted with an entirely new style. This is something genuinely new for Berlin, and one must give Oskar Kaufmann his due, for he has understood how to bring to fruition something outstanding and appropriate to its purpose. The room, decorated in ivory colours, is completely carpeted in grey plush, against which the lilac folding seats are advantageously silhouetted. The ceiling gravitates downwards towards sumptuous, multi-coloured relief arabesques, and the light fixtures are of outstanding beauty.\n\n:The theatre contains 650 places, whose prices between 1 and 3 marks are allotted to stalls, circle and boxes. The staircase does not lead separately - like in German theatres in general - to the auditorium, but from both sides of the stalls; and (through the continuous curved arc of the balcony) generates a wholly idiosyncratic embellishment of the house. Everything is austerely modern, plain, and elegant.\"\n\nThe film critic of the Berlin daily '''' was much taken with the auditorium on the opening night:\n:\"First, a word about the interior of the theatre: Adorable. Damped, effective light falls down through splendid bronze balls. The whole plain, sober and simple interior is delicately mauve -white; even the numerous ushers (''Platzanweiser'') are exceptional in their new violet tailcoat livery. All in all, a jewellery box of the very best kind.\"\n\nIt was not as big as the Ufa-Palast am Zoo, which soon become Berlin's premier cinema. The Ufa-Palast was also owned/leased by Goldsoll and Woods and converted in 1913 from a stage theatre by Oskar Kaufmann. The Ufa-Pavillon was seems to have been used more for press showings.\n\n;Not so Oriental\nSomewhat confusingly, 'Cines' is also a native adjective in the German language, meaning 'Chinese'. However, the Cines-Theater was not a 'Chinese theatre', as at least two writers seem to believe.\n"	"Critical reception"	"Seated figure by Franz Metzner above the main entrance of the Cines Nollendorf-Theater, c.1913. In later years it was usually hidden behind a large advertising poster.\nAccording to one contemporary critic, the building exhibited \"the gracefully ironic pathos, the erotically overloaded sacrilege, the rhythmical dissonance of solemnity and dance\", which became the key formal elements of the 'Ufa style.'\n\n\"Cinema buildings are not, at any rate, slow in arriving, and take interesting forms of great experimental significance, as is the case of Oskar Kaufmann's Cines Theater, inaugurated in 1913.\"\n\nBefore World War 1, \"Germany had led the world in the development of serious, modern cinema architecture. Oskar Kauffmann's ... Cines-Theater in Berlin's Nollendorfplatz was one of the first significant free-standing purpose-built cinema structures. It was among the first attempts at a sober, modern language of cinema architecture, presenting an austere picture to the world with three looming blank walls \".\n\nWith its somewhat detached, intellectual, high-cultural prose, ''Berliner Architekturwelt'' briefly referred to the new cinemas in Berlin, singling out the building on the Nollendorfplatz: \n:\"We lack the space to completely register the 'cinemas'; it should at least be mentioned that the first of this type, namely the edifice built by Oscar Kaufmann on the Nollendorfplatz has been inaugurated, and the newest scintillating Muse (albeit 'Piccadillyfied' by the imbecile name of Cines), genuinely offers an artistic home which we also think to publicise. The same artist, as is generally known, is now finishing the Theater der neuen freien Volksb\u00fchne - whose future is now assured - in the B\u00fclowplatz in Scheunenviertel, which thereby perhaps gets away from his past.\n\n\"An early high point of the grounding phase of the film palaces was the Cines-Theater, opened in 1913, the first \"free-standing building conceived solely in the interests of cinema\", a \"sober, grey, and particularly windowless cube.\"\n"	"Early history"	"\n===Background===\nIn December 1908 a highly restrictive and monopolistic trust, the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), otherwise known as the 'Edison Trust', was set up to combine the power of the major US film companies. This was particularly worrying for European film makers, since they were almost entirely excluded from the American market. They met in Paris in February 1909 to discuss sales and rental methods to get out a crisis of over-production (especially in France) and the supply of film stock (mostly made by Eastman Kodak) to the European manufacturers.\n\nThe Cines logo\nPresent at the meeting was a representative of Cines ('Societ\u00e0 Italiana Cines'), an Italian film production company based in Rome. It had opened branches in London, Paris and Barcelona by 1907, and was the distributor for the Ambrosio Film production company of Turin. Cines began to expand considerably outside Italy, making preparations for an 'escalation strategy' to spend more on film productions and film portfolios. Cines had no distributor in the US at the time, and Mario A. Stevani (director general of Cines since 1910) made a trip to the USA in March\u2013May 1911, and signed a contract with the Edison Trust (MPPC) to sell a million meters (3 million feet) of film per year. His main contact was George Kleine, a Chicago film importer and leading member of the MPPC, who made huge profits importing foreign films into the US, using his MPPC-license to acquire the films. Kleine became the distributor of Cines films in the US, and the Marquis di Serra (one of the directors of Cines) was appointed agent in the UK.\n\nCines also received an injection of capital from a group of US investors, acquiring cinemas and distributors in Germany to increase its share of the marginal cinema revenues that its films generated: in 1912 Cines had a capital of 3.75 million lire ($712,125). Among the American investors and interested parties were: F. J. \"Joe\" Goldsoll; his younger brother L. H. Goldsoll, and Edward B. Kinsila; Albert H. Woods (who invested $160,000); Klaw and Erlanger and Charles Frohman, theatrical impresarios; and Pat Casey, an experienced vaudeville agent. Goldsoll was the general manager of his Cines-Theater AG company, which held the Cines rights for Germany. This was a separate entity from the parent Cines company in Rome.\n\n===Construction===\nU-Bahn station (l. foreground) and Neues Schauspielhaus (c.). The Ufa-Pavillon was built in front of the tower of the American Church in Berlin (r.)\nAlthough its exact origins are slightly unclear, the cinema seems to have been built from mid-1912 by Joe Goldsoll, a millionaire high-class con man and swindler whose Cines-Theater AG company owned the rights to Cines films in Germany. He appears (as F. J. Goldsoll) as its owner ('Eigent\u00fcmer)' in the 1913 Berlin address book. Goldsoll, as the main financial backer, was joined by Albert H. Woods (sometimes shortened to Al. Woods), a Hungarian theatrical producer based in New York, whose interest in films and cinemas seems to have begun with his involvement with the 1912 film ''The Miracle'', produced by Joseph Menchen. Al. Woods's wife was Goldsoll's cousin.\n\nThe late owner of the previous building on the new cinema's site was Baron Rudolf von Renvers, von B\u00fclow's doctor and confidant, who died in 1909. The deal to build the cinema was promoted by the slightly unusual Edward B. Kinsila, at the time a London-based American property developer: he later became a cinema and film studio designer in the US.\n\nGoldsoll, \"a non-combatant in show-things\", with Al. Woods and a \"theatrical mob\" including A. L. Erlanger, Pat Casey and Charles Frohman, sailed on the  for a 4-to-6 week tour of Europe on 3 April 1912.\n\nOne of the first mentions of the new cinema appeared in the ''Moving Picture World'' in October 1912:\n:\"Projection Department: From Berlin\"\n:Mr. Edward B. Kinsila, Nollendorf Theater, Berlin, Germany, writes: \n:\"I am building here what I hope will be the finest cinematograph theater in the world, and naturally I want to give the very best picture. The auditorium will be lighted during the showing of the picture, and the screen placed back on a thoroughly darkened stage about 18 feet from the proscenium opening. The throw will be made through the auditorium onto the screen, a distance of about 70 feet. It is my understanding that the best light effect is produced where the amperage is high and the voltage low, or the reverse. Will you be good enough to tell me just what voltage and amperage of direct current will be the very best? I can use up to 220 volts, and any amperage I like. I have no desire to economize on the light. I want the best effect, that is all.\"\n\nIn December 1912 Kinsila (or Kinsella) claimed to be associated with Goldsoll in the building of the new cinema:\n\n:\"Berlin's finest and newest cinematograph playhouse, the Nollendorf Theater, which is about to open its doors, is the creation and property of two Americans, the Messrs. Goldsoll and Kinsella. The building, which is like a Greek temple, is architecturally one of the most striking structures in the Kaiser's capital, and does much to beautify the big Nollendorf Platz, on which it stands. \n:The new theatre contains one feature which is an absolute novelty in German picture-houses, namely, that it does not require to be darkened while the films are being shown. Its domed roof is also an innovation, as it is built to be removed in summer, and during other propitious weather, so at night the spectators have nothing above them but the starlit heavens.\"\n\nIt was also the first cinema with a sloping floor and the seating in a fan-shaped arrangement. However, by the time the Nollendorf-Theater opened in March 1913 Kinsila seems to have left the scene, and it was being reported as the \"creation and property of F. J. Goldsoll and Al. Woods.\"\n\n===Opening===\nHanns Heinz Ewers, who gave a speech at the opening night of the Nollendorf-Theater.\nThe inauguration on 19 March 1913 of this \"palace of unheard-of luxury\" made a \"genuine sensation.\" The evening began with a dithyrambic speech in praise of the cinema (the ''Kintopp'') by Hanns Heinz Ewers, one of the most outspoken pro-''Autorenfilm'' literati.\n\nThe main attraction, however, was the German premi\u00e8re of the Cines blockbuster epic of Ancient Rome ''Quo Vadis?'', to which Woods and Goldsoll controlled the German rights. Woods also owned the worldwide rights outside the US, where the rights were controlled by George Kleine. Like the presentation of the film of ''The Miracle'' in London and New York (to which Woods also owned the rights), ''Quo Vadis?'' also featured live actors in the auditorium to reinforce some scenes: \"special mobs\" were organised by Ryszard Ordynski (Richard Ardinski), Max Reinhardt's manager at the Deutsches Theater, who had stage-managed performances of ''The Miracle (play)'' in London in 1911-12, and later in Vienna in 1914. There was an orchestra of about twenty-five men and a full line of sound effects. The orchestra was hidden in a gallery behind and above the proscenium.\n\nThe theatre manager Jacob J. Rosenthal, visiting Berlin, wrote that \"''Quo Vadis'' is creating a furore in Berlin though it has been very badly mutilated by the censor, who doesn't seem to offer much objection to the risqu\u00e9 or even the immoral, but who strenuously objects to fights or violence. You can imagine what happened to ''Quo Vadis.''\n\nThe critic of the Berlin newspaper '''' was more enthusiastic about Ewers' speech than the film which followed:\n: \"With his optimism Evers is not wrong: simply, the cinema's victorious career will reach a very different goal than is given to it today. Not entertainment, but instruction will be the main attraction of cinema in the future. Individual scenes were animated by singing, applause, etc., which can be described as partly successful.\"\n\nThe critic Ferdinand Kiss was especially vitriolic about the whole affair: \n:At the Nollendorfplatz in Berlin, a new cinema has been let loose upon humanity. The opening film: ''Quo Vadis'', or the persecution of Berliners by Nero in anno 1913. ... And to outdo all that has gone before - within the film, and in general - one reaches to a desperate medium. What flickers up yonder? Is it Nielsen? Perhaps Lindner? Or even Nauke? No, it's Ewers  ... , \"the cinema's most fervent advocate, who consecrated the newly opened movie-house by means of a dithyrambic speech.\" In all other respects, it's downhill too. Fate has ordained filming and Ewers.  ...  How will it all end? We want to experience Nauke and see only the flickering Ewers instead.\"\n\nAccording to one report, the Nollendorf-Theater and the Cines-Palast am Zoo, where ''Quo Vadis?'' also showed, were each taking about 4,500 marks ($1,000) a night with 'Quo Vadis,' giving two performances nightly but no matinees.\n\nStill from ''Quo Vadis?''\nSiegfried Kracauer, writing in 1947, was evidently unaware of the live element incorporated into the film show: \n:\"Despite the evolution of domestic production, foreign films continued to flood German movie theaters, which had considerably increased in number since 1912. A new Leipzig Lichtspiel palace was inaugurated with ''Quo Vadis'', an Italian pageant that actually received press reviews as if it were a real stage play.\"\n\nKracauer is referring here to the opening night of the K\u00f6nigspavillon-Theater on Promenadestrasse, Leipzig (owners, Goldsoll & Woods), on Thursday 24 April 1913 with ''Quo Vadis?'', complete with real actors and a prologue (probably spoken by the \"flickering Ewers\"). This seems to be exactly the same show as on the opening night of the Nollendorf-Theater in Berlin in March 1913.\n\nThe house manager of the Cines-Theater in 1913 and 1914 was the stage actor Valy Arnheim later a director and film actor.\n"	"Later history"	"By the end of May 1913 the cinema had been renamed the Cines Nollendorf Theater.\n\nAfter the success of ''Quo Vadis?'', Woods and Goldsoll opened a large chain of theatres in Germany, France, Belgium and the Netherlands, many for Kinovaudeville shows. They leased fourteen in Berlin alone, and converted the Gro\u00df-Berlin Theater (later the Ufa-Palast am Zoo) into a cinema, where the architect was again Oscar Kaufmann.\n\nGoldsoll severed his connection with Cines in February 1914, buying out the interests of Al. Woods and the Societ\u00e0 Italian Cines in the Berlin-based Cines-Theater AG: Woods pulled out of Germany altogether. Goldsoll re-organized his much-reduced assets as the Palast-Theater AG, taking control of the Cines Palast am Zoo and the Cines Apollo-Theater (Berlin) cinemas, and leasing the Friedrich-Wilhelm-St\u00e4dtisches Theater for operetta. \n \nThe Cines Nollendorf-Theater \"reverted\" to the Societ\u00e0 Italiana Cines. A German Cines company was formed, Deutsche Cines GmbH, whose offices occupied the old address of Cines-Theater AG at Friedrichstrasse 11. Goldsoll invested in Ambrosio Film, based in Turin, becoming a director by July 1914.\n\n'''Goldsoll's later career'''\n\nDuring World War 1 Goldsoll, a naturalised French citizen, was imprisoned in D.C. Jail in 1917 while Washington District courts decided whether or not to extradite him to France. He faced charges of defrauding the French war-time government out of millions of dollars in commissions on Pierce-Arrow trucks exported to the French War Department. Goldsoll was released on appeal to the US Supreme Court in 1919. Goldsoll invested heavily in Goldwyn Pictures, joining the board of directors in July 1919 and, ousting Samuel Goldwyn to become managing director from 1922 to 1924, turned around the fortunes of the ailing company. Woods joined him on the board as a director.\n\n===Banco di Roma===\nMonsignor Eugenio Pacelli (the future Pope Pius XII and nephew of Ernesto Pacelli, president of the Banco di Roma, (l.) and Cardinal Secretary Merry del Val at the signing ceremony of the Serbian concordat, underneath the picture of Pope Pius X, 24 June 1914\nAssertions that the Pope's money was involved in the building of the Nollendorf , appear to be based on more than mere rumour. The Banco di Roma was co-founded in 1880 by Ernesto Pacelli, who soon had the confidence of Pope Leo XIII. According to John F. Pollard , \"It would ... be no exaggeration to say that the Pacellis were the most important family to be associated with the Papacy since the Borgias.\"\n\nThe Societ\u00e0 Italiana Cines was founded in Rome in April 1906, and Pacelli became a director before August 1910. The Banco di Roma. apparently speculating with Papal funds, was also running dubious bank-owned enterprises in Tripoli and Salonika (and possibly perhaps Mogadishu, Somalia). Joe Goldsoll seems to have become involved with Cines in around 1912, and if there is any truth in the rumours that the Nollendorf-Theater was \"paid for by the Pope's money\", they would probably revolve around the fact that a hard-gambling, high-class con man and swindler and the president of a bank which was a quarter owned by the Vatican were both directors of closely-linked film and theatre companies.\n\nUnfortunately, the bank was in deep trouble by 1914, having suffered severe losses arising out of the Italo-Turkish War (known in Italy as the Libyan War) of 1911-1912\n\nA contemporary memoir of pre-war Germany summed up the extravagance accompanying the whole corrupt situation:\n:\"Then, only a few months before the war, the whole thing crashed. The exorbitant payment of the writers, musicians, painters, actors, managers, the foolish waste of money caused by the production of certain films, which involved the trailing of whole companies of performers to the most distant corners of the world, hurled the enterprise to inevitable disaster. One bankruptcy followed another, while the ordinary comic and patriotic film and the unpretentious playlet quietly reappeared. The sumptuous palaces were ungilded, became skating rinks, halls for Tango teas, or cabarets.\"\n\n===Collapse of Cines===\nWhen World War 1 broke out in August 1914 Italy was nominally allied with the Central Powers, but remained neutral. The war triggered a general international financial instability, and in the public rush to buy War Bonds, 18.3 million lire were withdrawn from the Banco di Roma between January and March 1914. Italy eventually joined the Triple Entente and declared war on Austria-Hungary in May 1915. The bank continued to haemorrhage its cash deposits and the value of its shares plummeted, despite an emergency loan arranged by Pacelli from the Banco d'Italia. Pacelli resigned as president of the Banco di Roma in September 1915, although he was still personally highly indebted to it. To repay his loans he forfeited his shares in the bank, and was forced to sell his villa.\n\nThe investments made by Pacelli and the Banco di Roma suddenly unravelled as depositors continued to withdraw millions of lire: by November 1915 Cines had collapsed, along with the bank's other enterprises in Tripoli and Salonika.\n\nIt appears that the Nollendorf-Theater and all the former Cines properties were sold around this time to the Union-Theater (U.T. or U-T Lichtspiele) chain of cinemas, owned by Paul Davidson of PAGU: its name was changed to the '''Union-Theater Lichtspiele'''. This corporate name was shared by many other cinemas in Berlin and Germany, such as the Union-Theater-Lichtspiele in Dresden, and the U.T.-Lichtspiele in L\u00fcbeck.\n\n===Ufa===\nUfa logo\nAlong with Messter-Film and Nordisk Film,) PAGU was one of the three main companies which formed the nucleus of giant conglomerate Universum-Film AG (Ufa), set up in complete secrecy by the German government as part of its propaganda effort in late 1917. The companies which made up Ufa retained their individual identities for some time, and by 1921 the cinema was known as the '''U.-T. Nollendorfplatz''' although it was owned by Universum-Film AG. It became the '''Ufa-Theater Nollendorfplatz''' in 1924, but Ufa was bankrupt by 1925, having spent enormous sums on films like ''Die Nibelungen'' and ''Der letzte Mann''. It seems likely that Ufa sold back control of the old Union Theater Lichtspiele cinema chain to its former owner, Paul Davidson, former head of production at Ufa.\n\nThen in December 1925 Ufa announced the so-called Parufamet contract, which gave virtual control of Ufa's first-run theatres (including the Ufa-Theater am Nollendorfplatz) to Paramount and Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer while also granting them 50 percent of income from Ufa's own productions. Two years later Ufa was bought by the right-wing media tycoon Alfred Hugenberg (whose own company Deulig (formerly DLG) had been absorbed into Ufa in 1920), and the cinema received its final name, '''Ufa-Pavillon''' in 1927.\n\n===''Metropolis''===\n\n1927 theatrical release poster\nAnnouncements that Fritz Lang's ''Metropolis'' would be shown at the Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz had appeared as early as 6 January 1927. The cinema's exterior was coated all over with a shimmery silver paint, and illuminated by floodlights; the statue over the entrance was covered by a huge replica gong which featured towards the end of the film. ''Metropolis'' received a double world premi\u00e8re on 11 January 1927: a gala premi\u00e8re at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo, where the director, film crew and cast were in the audience along with the German President Marx, and a lower-key premi\u00e8re at the Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorplatz.\n\nMost of the press attended the gala performance at the 2,165 seat Ufa-Palast, and this seems to have given rise to the idea that ''Metropolis'' only premi\u00e8red at the Ufa-Palast, along with a brief news item in Ufa's own publicity magazine: \"''Metropolis'' was shown with huge success at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo and from the 11th onwards at the Ufa-Pavillon Nollendorfplatz.\" For example, from a review which appeared the following day: \"The film \"Metropolis\", after its premiere yesterday at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo, will be screened from to-day on at the Ufa Pavilion at the Nollendorfplatz. Many books have since repeated this idea that the premi\u00e8re took place on 10 January at the Ufa-Palast only, e.g. \"The day after the premiere, it transferred for four months to the UFA-Pavilion at the Nollendorfplatz\"\n\nHowever, at least one journalist did go to the screening at the Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz on 10th January and wrote a review concentrating on Gottfried Huppertz's score, which was conducted by Richard Etlinger. This review appeared in the daily ''Film Kurier'' the following day, 11 January,  along with a general film review from the UFA-Palast am Zoo.}\n\nThe film continued to show for about four months at the Ufa-Pavillon, the only cinema in the whole of Germany where it could be seen. \n\nUfa's own publicity magazine claimed that \"Press and public are unanimously thrilled by the grandiose work of cinematography.\" Although many critics commented favourably on the film's technical achievements, a significant number were singularly unimpressed by the underlying philosophy of the script: \n\n \nHerbert Ihering summed up the single performance at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo: \"A great premiere - much applause by the audience for the director Fritz Lang, for the cameraman Karl Freund, for the actors Alfred Abel, Heinrich George and Brigitte Helm. As for the film? No effort spared with brilliant technical detail, but it was wasted on a banal, no longer pertinent idea. The city of the future with the text of a bourgeois past.\"\n\n===Destruction===\n\nThe cinema was closed after it was damaged during an RAF bombing raid in 1943. There were 17 large raids on Berlin from November 1943 to the end of January 1944. It seems quite possible that the Ufa-Pavillon was bombed on 22/23 or 23/24 November 1943, right at the start of the Battle of Berlin: \"A vast area of destruction stretched from the central districts westwards across the mainly residential districts of Tiergarten and Charlottenburg\". Buildings destroyed or severely damaged include: Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial Church and the Gloria-Palast, the Ufa-Palast am Zoo across the square, the Berlin Zoo and much of the Unter den Linden.\n\nThe American Church in Berlin (literally next door) was destroyed probably in early 1944. \nA block of 1960\u2019s era apartments now stands on the site.\n\n''See also'' \u00a7 External links\n"	"Name changes"	"* March 1913: Nollendorf-Theater\n* May 1913: Cines Nollendorf Theater\n* February 1914: Cines Nollendorf Theater\n* November 1915: Union Theater Lichtspiele (or U.-T. Lichtspiele).\n* 1921-23: Union-Theater Nollendorfplatz\n* 1924: Ufa-Theater am Nollendorfplatz\n* 1925: Union Theater Lichtspiele.\n* 1926: Ufa-Theater am Nollendorfplatz\n* January 1927 \u2013 1943: Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz\n"	"Films shown"	"\nWith only 650 seats, the cinema was not generally used as a premier release venue like the much bigger Ufa-Palast am Zoo or the Tauenzien-Palast. Although many films shown there were first runs of some sort, only few of them are particularly well-known. The most notable films to show there are ''Quo Vadis?'' (1913), F. W. Murnau's ''Faust'' (1926) in a pre-release showing, ''Ben-Hur'' (1926), and ''Metropolis'' (1927); also two of Emil Jannings's early films, ''Die Augen die Mumie Ma'' and ''The Daughter of Mehemed'' directed by Ernst Lubitsch, and several more by the same director.\n\n* 19 March 1913: ''Quo Vadis?'' by Enrico Guazzoni (German premi\u00e8re)\n* 26 March 1913: ''Zuma'' (Juma), tinted film by Cines (German premi\u00e8re)\n*27 June 1913: ''Max als Torero'', with Max Linder. \n* 25 July 1913: ''Le Duel De Max'' - Max Linder's first feature film ('abendf\u00fcllender Spielfilm') International double premi\u00e8re with the Paris Olympia\n*13 July 1913: ''Max ist ein Katzenfeind '', with Max Linder (German premi\u00e8re)\n*15 August 1913: ''Auf in den Kampf, Torero!'', ''Schlittenschatten'', ''Gebr\u00e4uche in den Abruzzen'', ''Bliemchens Frauen'', John ''Bunny trainiert'', ''Mr. Pyp und sein Flirt''. Not necessarily premi\u00e8res, but a typical holiday programme with five shorter films. \n* 29 August 1913: ''Der Feind im Land'' with Henny Porten\n*4 September 1913: ''Das fremde M\u00e4dchen'', German premi\u00e8re of the Swedish film ''Den ok\u00e4nda'' by Mauritz Stiller, based on a 1911 play by von Hugo von Hofmannsthal \n*14 September 1913: ''Antony and Cleopatra'', directed by Guazzoni, with Gianna Terribili-Gonzales and Amleto Novelli\n* October 1913: ''Mit der Kamera im ewigen Eis'' - documentary about the German Arctic Expedition, led by Herbert Schr\u00f6der-Stranz (''see also'' Deutsche Arktische Expedition)\n* 4? November 1913: ''Die Heldin von St. Honor\u00e9e''\n* 1914: ''Denkende Pferde''\n*13 March 1914: ''Der goldene Skarab\u00e4us'' (The Golden Scarab)\n* 20 March 1914: ''Der Schu\u00df um Mitternacht''.\n*May 1914: ''Vendetta di Pagliaccio'' (''Die Geschichte eines Pierrot''), with Emilio Ghione, distributed by Cines. German premi\u00e8re. \n*5 June 1914: ''Eine tolle Nacht'', with Henry Bender \n* October 1914: ''Otto heiratet'', directed by Heinrich Bolten-Baeckers with Otto Reutter (BB-Film)\n* 30 October 1914: ''Sanit\u00e4tshunde im Kriegsdienste''. Documentary.\n*27 November 1914: ''Sie kann nicht nein sagen'', directed by Nunek Danuky (Danny Kaden), with Margret Fischbach, script by Richard Oswald. \n*December 1914: ''Jungdeutschland'', a film about war in the air, directed by Heinrich Bolten-Baeckers with Leo Peukert\n* 28 May 1915: ''Blindekuh'' (''Blind's Man Bluff''), directed by and starring Ernst Lubitsch, produced by PAGU\n*July 1915: ''Das Gesetz der Mine'', the first of the Joe Deebs detective series which Joe May directed after splitting with Ernst Reicher and leaving Continental-Kunstfilm in 1914, starring Max Landa and Ellen Richter.\n* 15 October 1915: ''Sein schwierigster Fall'', the second Joe Deebs film, with Max Landa and Joe May's wife Mia May.\n*26 November 1915: ''Der Geheimsekret\u00e4r'', by Joe May with Max Landa (Joe Deebs #3)\n*9 June 1916: ''Shoe Palace Pinkus'', comedy directed by Ernst Lubitsch, with Guido Herzfeld, Ernst Lubitsch and Ossi Oswalda. Also premi\u00e8red at U.T. Kurf\u00fcrstendamm (Filmb\u00fchne Wien).\n*March 1917: ''Das Nachtgespr\u00e4ch'', with Erich Kaiser-Titz, produced by Greenbaum-Film\n*16 November 1917: ''When Four Do the Same'', directed by Ernst Lubitsch, with Emil Jannings, Ossi Oswalda, and Margarete Kupfer. Also premiered at the U. T. Kurf\u00fcrstendamm (Filmb\u00fchne Wien).\n*28 September 1918: ''Das Tagebuch einer Verlorenen (1918)'', directed by Richard Oswald with Erna Morena, Conrad Veidt and Werner Krau\u00df. Double premi\u00e8re with the UT Kurf\u00fcrstendamm (Filmb\u00fchne Wien). \n*3 October 1918: ''Die Augen der Mumie Ma'', directed by Ernst Lubitsch, with Pola Negri, Emil Jannings, and Harry Liedtke\n*13 December 1918: ''Jettchen Geberts Geschichte'', Part II (''Henriette Jacoby'') directed by Richard Oswald with Conrad Veidt.\n* 1919: ''Das Werk seiner Lebens'', directed by Adolf G\u00e4rtner for Greenbaum-Film, with Albert Bassermann, Else Bassermann, and Gertrud Welcker. Camera: Mutz Greenbaum.\n*July 1919: ''Die S\u00fcnderin'', directed by Leo Lasko with Ernst Hofmann\n*15 August 1919: ''The Daughter of Mehemed'', directed by Alfred Halm, with Ellen Richter, Harry Liedtke and Emil Jannings\n*September 1919: ''Bis fr\u00fch um f\u00fcnfe'', directed by Heinrich Bolten-Baeckers\n*November 1919: ''De profundis'', directed by Georg Jacoby, with Ellen Richter, Magnus Stifter and Emil Rameau\n*21 April 1920: ''Ganz ohne M\u00e4nner geht die Chose nicht'', directed by Lorenz B\u00e4tz\n*June 1920: ''S. M. der Reisende'' (''His Majesty the Tourist'')\n* 2 July 1920: ''Brigantenliebe'', directed by Martin Hartwig, with Ellen Richter, Hans Adalbert Schlettow and Emil Rameau\n*August 1920: ''Der verbotene Weg'' (1919), directed by Henrik Galeen with John Gottowt\n*October 1920: ''Tyrannei des Todes'' (1919),\n*15 October 1920: ''Die Dame in Schwarz'', another Joe Deebs detective film\n*23 September 1921: ''The Adventure of Doctor Kircheisen'', directed by Rudolf Biebrach, script by Robert Wiene.\n*30 September 1921 ''The Story of Christine von Herre'', directed by Ludwig Berger with Agnes Straub, Werner Krauss and Paul Hartmann.\n*2 April 1922:  ''Die Grundlagen der Einsteinschen Relativit\u00e4tstheorie'', directed by Hanns Walter Kornblum. Documentary with animation and accompanying lecture. Some footage was included in The Einstein Theory of Relativity (1923) by Max and Dave Fleischer.\n*18 August 1922: ''Zweite Heimat'', directed by John W. Brunius, with Nils Lundell, Paul Seelig, Tore Svennberg and Pauline Brunius.\n*28 March 1924: ''Das Haus am Meer''\n*10 November 1924: ''Three Wise Fools'', directed by King Vidor for Goldwyn Pictures, whose president was Joe Goldsoll (German premi\u00e8re)\n*26 August 1926: ''Faust'', directed by F. W. Murnau. Apparently a single pre-release showing. ''Faust'' premi\u00e8red with new subtitles at the Ufa-Palast am Zoo on 14 October 1926.\n* 7 September 1926: ''Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ'' directed by Fred Niblo (European premi\u00e8re)\n* 10 January - 13 May 1927: ''Metropolis'', double premi\u00e8re with the Ufa-Palast am Zoo. \n* 10 September 1928: ''The Student Prince in Old Heidelberg'', directed by Ernst Lubitsch for MGM, with Ram\u00f3n Novarro, Norma Shearer and Philippe De Lacy (Berlin premi\u00e8re)\n* 10 January 1929: ''Om Mane Padmi Hum'', documentary about Tibet - nb lots more in this source\n* 26 August 1929: ''With Cobham to the Cape'', directed by Alan Cobham, of Flying Circus fame (Berlin premi\u00e8re) \n* 17 September 1929: ''The Ship of Lost Souls'', directed by Maurice Tourneur, with Marlene Dietrich, Fritz Kortner, and Robin Irvine\n*7 November 1929: ''Napoleon auf St. Helena'' by Lupu Pick, with Werner Krau\u00df.\n*23 December 1930: ''Africa Speaks!'' (''Afrika spricht!''), a documentary about an American expedition by Walter Futter. Also shown at the 'Universum'.\n*2 April 1931: ''The Street Song'' (''Gassenhauer (film)'') by Lupu Pick\n*16 February 1933: ''Die Insel der D\u00e4monen'' (''The Island of Demons'') by Friedrich Dalsheim\n* 3 March 1933: ''Am Horst der wilden Adler'' Documentary, 96 min.\n"	"Namesake"	"References to the 'Berliner Theater am Nollendorfplatz' in the 1930s mentioning Erwin Piscator, Berthold Brecht, Gustav von Wangenheim, Hans Meyer-Hanno and others, probably refer to the Neues Schauspielhaus at 5 Nollendorfplatz. The building also included a cinema, the Mozartsaal, converted from a concert hall.\n"	"See also"	"\n;Literary, artistic, architectural and cultural events in 1913\n\n* Alain-Fournier \u2013 ''Le Grand Meaulnes''\n* Guillaume Apollinaire \u2013 ''Alcools''\n* The Armory Show ran in New York City from February 17 - March 15\n* City Federal Building, Birmingham, Alabama\n* Joseph Conrad - ''Chance''\n* Manuel de Falla \u2013 ''La vida breve''\n* Sigmund Freud \u2013 ''Totem und Tabu''\n* Grand Central Terminal, New York City, opened after rebuilding \n* D. H. Lawrence \u2013 ''Sons and Lovers''\n* Kazimir Malevich - a Black Square appeared in scenery designs by for the Futurist opera ''Victory over the Sun''\n* Marcel Proust \u2013 ''Swann's Way'', the first volume of ''A la recherche du temps perdu''\n* Siegfried Sassoon \u2013 ''The Daffodil Murderer''\n* Alexander Scriabin - the last two piano sonatas\n* Igor Stravinsky - ''The Rite of Spring'' (May 29)\n* Alfred North Whitehead and Bertrand Russell \u2013 ''Principia Mathematica'' completed\n* The Woolworth Building in Manhattan opened\n\n"	"References"	";Urtext\n\n;Notes\n\n;Citations\n\n\n===Sources===\n\n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n*\n* \n* \n* \n* \n*\n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \u00a0NB Originally appeared as \"Quo Vadis\u2014Kino? Zur Er\u00f6ffnung des K\u00f6nigspavillon-Theaters\", ''Leipziger Tageblatt'', 25 April 1913 (in German)\n* \n*\n* \u00a0\n\n"	" External links "	"* View of the Nollendorfplatz, dated (probably incorrectly) 1931: U-Bahn station (l.), Theater am Nollendorfplatz (c.), Ufa-Pavillon (r.) below the tower of the American Church in Berlin (destroyed in 1944); the Ufa logo is in the centre of the mansard roof. ''Die Veilchen der Kaiserin'' (is showing at the Ufa-Pavillon, which was only released in 16 December 1932.\n*  Sch\u00f6neberg Ufa-Pavillon am Nollendorfplatz (UT-Lichtspiele, Cines) (in German)\n* Photos of the Nollendorfplatz and the Gloria-Palast in flames ''16.01.1943 - 30.04.1945'', nos. 1010590640 and 1010590642. Ullsteinbild.de NB very commercial site.\n*\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Victor Yerrid"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''Victor Yerrid''' is an American puppeteer for the Jim Henson Company and has performed Muppet characters in many TV shows, movies, and TV commercials. Yerrid is best known in the Muppet World for his work on the online series ''Statler and Waldorf: From the Balcony'', in which he performed Waldorf along with an assortment of other characters.\n\nYerrid is also a lead performer of the Jim Henson Company's ''Puppet Up!'' improv show and is currently working on ''The Skrumps'' for the company as well. He also was a lead puppeteer on the shows ''Crank Yankers'' and ''Greg the Bunny''.\n\nVictor Yerrid is a frequent collaborator and working partner of Drew Massey.\n"	"Credits"	"* ''The Sam Plenty Cavalcade of Action Show Plus Singing'': actor (Bob Choppy)\n* ''Bear in the Big Blue House'': puppeteer (Cousin Whiner and others)\n* ''Sesame Street'': staff and puppeteer\n* ''Crank Yankers'': puppeteer\n* ''Robot Chicken'': voices (Boo-Boo Bear, Tony the Tiger, Kermit the Frog, Miss Piggy, Howard Stern, Swedish Chef, Jack Skellington, Snagglepuss, Rod Serling, Dynomutt, Apu Nahasapeemapetilon, Hannibal, Danny Ocean, Number 5, Various)\n* ''MAD'': voices (Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear, Waldorf, Master Roshi, Star-Lord, Ernie)\n* ''Greg the Bunny'': puppeteer (Tardy Turtle, Cranky and others)\n* ''Angel'': Polo in \"Smile Time\"\n* Weezer's music video for \"Keep Fishin'\": puppeteer (Dr. Bunsen Honeydew)\n* ''The Book of Pooh'': puppeteer\n* ''Between the Lions'': puppeteer\n* ''Statler and Waldorf: From the Balcony'': puppeteer (Waldorf, Dr. Teeth, Larry, Lester Possum, Loni Dunne, Louie, and others)\n* ''Farscape: The Peacekeeper Wars'': puppeteer (Bishan)\n* ''The Producers'': Lead Puppeteer (pigeons)\n* MuppetFest: puppeteer\n* ''Pajanimals'': Squacky\n* ''Disney Cruise Lines'': puppeteer (Waldorf, Miss Piggy, Fozzie Bear and Sweetums)\n* ''Drawn Together'': voice (Blind kid in \"Clum Babies\")\n* ''Men in Black II'': puppeteer\n* ''Puppet Up!'': puppeteer\n* ''The Skrumps'': puppeteer\n* ''Late Night Liars'': puppeteer and voice (The Weasel)\n* ''Muppets from Space'': shipping coordinator\n* ''Hannah Montana'': actor (Pancake Buffalo)\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  Official site\n*  The Muppet Newsflash's Interview with Victor Yerrid\n* HDPS Wiki: Victor Yerrid\n*  Puppet Up! Uncensored The Sydney Morning Herald\n*  Naughty Muppets offend and charm in Irvine The Orange County Register\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"V sign"	"Introduction"	"\n\nWoman showing the V sign\n\nThe '''V sign''' is a hand gesture in which the index and middle fingers are raised and parted, while the other fingers are clenched. It has various meanings, depending on the cultural context and how it is presented.\n\nWhen displayed with the palm inward towards the signer, it has long been an offensive gesture in some Commonwealth nations. In the 1940s, during the Second World War, a campaign by the Western Allies to use the sign with the back of the hand towards the signer ( in Unicode) as a \"V for Victory\" sign proved quite effective.  During the Vietnam War, in the 1960s, the \"V sign\" was widely adopted by the counterculture as a symbol of peace. Shortly thereafter, it also became adopted as a gesture used in photographs, especially in Japan.\n"	"Usage"	"The meaning of the V sign is partially dependent on the manner in which the hand is positioned:\nSinger Robbie Williams using a V sign with palm facing signer as an insult.\n* If the palm of the hand faces the signer (i.e., the back of the hand faces the observer), the sign signifies:\n** As an insulting gesture in Australia, the Republic of Ireland, New Zealand, South Africa and the United Kingdom.\n** The number '2' in American Sign Language.\n* With the back of the hand facing the signer (palm of the hand facing the observer), it can mean:\n** The number '2'\n** Victory \u2013 in a setting of wartime or competition. It was first popularised in January 1941 by Victor de Laveleye, a Belgian politician in exile, who suggested it as a symbol of unity in a radio speech and the subsequent \"V for Victory\" campaign by the BBC. It is sometimes made using both hands with upraised arms as United States President Dwight Eisenhower, and in imitation of him, Richard Nixon, used to do.American actor Steve McQueen flashing the V sign for a mugshot, after being arrested for drunk driving.\n** Peace, or friend \u2013 used around the world by peace and counter-culture groups; popularized in the American peace movement of the 1960s. The commonality with the symbol's use from the 1940s was it meaning the \"end of war\".\n** V (the letter) \u2013 used when spelling in American Sign Language.\n* When used with movement, it can mean:\n** Air quotes \u2013 flexing fingers, palm out, both hands.\n** This hand shape is also used in a number of signs in many sign languages, including (in American Sign Language) \"to look\" (with the palm down) or \"to see\" (palm up). When the pointer and middle fingers are pointed at the signer's eyes then turned and the pointer finger is pointed at someone it means \"I am watching you.\" \n** The ordinal \"second\" in American Sign Language has the V-sign palm forward, then the hand turns (yaws) until the palm faces backward.\n"	"As an insult"	"The use of the V sign (\"the forks\") as an insulting gesture, including the use of the upwards swing at the elbow.\nThe insulting version of the gesture (with the palm inwards ) is often compared to the offensive gesture known as \"the finger\". The \"two-fingered salute\", (also \"the forks\" in Australia) is commonly performed by flicking the V upwards from wrist or elbow. The V sign, when the palm is facing toward the person giving the sign, has long been an insulting gesture in England, and later in the rest of the United Kingdom, Ireland, Australia, Canada, India, Pakistan and New Zealand. It is frequently used to signify defiance (especially to authority), contempt, or derision.\n\nAs an example of the V sign (palm inward) as an insult, on November 1, 1990, ''The Sun'', a British tabloid, ran an article on its front page with the headline \"Up Yours, Delors\" next to a large hand making a V sign protruding from a Union Jack cuff. ''The Sun'' urged its readers to stick two fingers up at then President of the European Commission Jacques Delors, who had advocated an EU central government. The article attracted a number of complaints about its alleged racism, but the now defunct Press Council rejected the complaints after the editor of ''The Sun'' stated that the paper reserved the right to use vulgar abuse in the interests of Britain.\n\nOn April 3, 2009, Scottish football players Barry Ferguson and Allan McGregor were permanently banned from the Scottish national squad for showing the V sign while sitting on the bench during the game against Iceland. Both players were in their hotel bar drinking alcohol after the Scottish defeat to Holland until around 11\u00a0am the next morning, meaning that both of the players breached the SFA discipline code before the incident as well, but the attitude shown by the V sign was considered to be so rude that the SFA decided never to include these players in the national line-up again. Ferguson also lost the captaincy of Rangers as a result of the controversy. Allan McGregor returned to Scotland national squad in 2010.\n\nSteve McQueen gives the sign in the closing scene of the 1971 motorsport movie, ''Le Mans''. A still picture of the gesture was recorded by photographer Nigel Snowdon and has become an icon of both McQueen and the film itself. The gesture was also flashed by Spike (played by James Marsters) in \"Hush\", a Season 4 episode of ''Buffy the Vampire Slayer''. The scene was also featured in the series' opening credits for all of Season 5. It was censored by BBC Two only in its early-evening showings of the program.\n\nFor a time in the UK, \"a Harvey (Smith)\" became a way of describing the insulting version of the V sign, much as \"the word of Cambronne\" is used in France, or \"the Trudeau salute\" is used to describe the one-fingered salute in Canada. This happened because, in 1971, show-jumper Harvey Smith was disqualified for making a televised V sign to the judges after winning the British Show Jumping Derby at Hickstead. His win was reinstated two days later.\n\nHarvey Smith pleaded that he was using a Victory sign, a defence also used by other figures in the public eye. Sometimes foreigners visiting the countries mentioned above use the \"two-fingered salute\" without knowing it is offensive to the natives, for example when ordering two beers in a noisy pub, or in the case of the United States president George H. W. Bush, who, while touring Australia in 1992, attempted to give a \"peace sign\" to a group of farmers in Canberra\u2014who were protesting about U.S. farm subsidies\u2014and instead gave the insulting V sign.\n\n===Origins===\nA commonly repeated legend claims that the two-fingered salute or V sign derives from a gesture made by longbowmen fighting in the English and Welsh archers at the Battle of Agincourt (1415) during the Hundred Years' War, but no historical primary sources support this contention. This origin legend dictates that the English and Welsh archers who were captured by the French had their index and middle fingers cut off so that they could no longer operate their longbows, and that the V Sign was used by uncaptured and victorious archers in a display of defiance against the enemy. Moreover, it was common practice in warfare of that period to summarily execute common soldiers, since they held no ransom value.\n\nThe first unambiguous evidence of the use of the insulting V sign in the United Kingdom dates to 1901, when a worker outside Parkgate ironworks in Rotherham used the gesture (captured on the film) to indicate that he did not like being filmed. Peter Opie interviewed children in the 1950s and observed in ''The Lore and Language of Schoolchildren'' that the much-older thumbing of the nose (cock-a-snook) had been replaced by the V sign as the most common insulting gesture used in the playground.\n\nBetween 1975 and 1977 a group of anthropologists including Desmond Morris studied the history and spread of European gestures and found the rude version of the V-sign to be basically unknown outside the British Isles. In his ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution'', published in 1979, Morris discussed various possible origins of this sign but came to no definite conclusion:\n\n\n"	"Victory sign"	"=== Second World War: V for Victory campaign ===\nWinston Churchill, British prime minister, giving a V sign in 1943\nOn 14 January 1941, Victor de Laveleye, former Belgian Minister of Justice and director of the Belgian French-speaking broadcasts on the BBC (1940\u201344), suggested in a broadcast that Belgians use a V for ''victoire'' (French: \u201cvictory\u201d) and ''vrijheid'' (Dutch: \"freedom\") as a rallying emblem during the Second World War. In the BBC broadcast, de Laveleye said that \"the occupier, by seeing this sign, always the same, infinitely repeated, would understand that he is surrounded, encircled by an immense crowd of citizens eagerly awaiting his first moment of weakness, watching for his first failure.\" Within weeks chalked up Vs began appearing on walls throughout Belgium, the Netherlands and Northern France.\n\nBuoyed by this success, the BBC started the \"V for Victory\" campaign, for which they put in charge the assistant news editor Douglas Ritchie posing as \u201cColonel Britton\u201d. Ritchie suggested an audible V using its Morse code rhythm (three dots and a dash). As the rousing opening bars of Beethoven's Fifth Symphony had the same rhythm, the BBC used this as its call-sign in its foreign language programmes to occupied Europe for the rest of the war. The  more musically educated also understood that it was the Fate motif \"''knocking on the door''\" of the Third Reich.\n(). The BBC also encouraged the use of the V gesture introduced by de Laveleye.\n\nBy July 1941, the emblematic use of the letter V had spread through occupied Europe. On 19 July, Prime Minister Winston Churchill referred approvingly to the V for Victory campaign in a speech, from which point he started using the V hand sign. Early on he sometimes gestured palm in (sometimes with a cigar between the fingers). Later in the war, he used palm out. After aides explained to the aristocratic Churchill what the palm in gesture meant to other classes, he made sure to use the appropriate sign. Yet the ''double-entendre'' of the gesture might have contributed to its popularity, \"for a simple twist of hand would have presented the dorsal side in a mocking snub to the common enemy\". Other allied leaders used the sign as well; since 1942, Charles de Gaulle used the V sign in every speech until 1969.\n\nThe Germans could not remove all the signs, so adopted the V Sign as a German symbol, sometimes adding laurel leaves under it, painting their own V's on walls, vehicles and adding a massive V on the Eiffel Tower.\n\nIn 1942, Aleister Crowley, a British occultist, claimed to have invented the usage of a V-sign in February 1941 as a magical foil to the Nazis' use of the Swastika. He maintained that he passed this to friends at the BBC, and to the British Naval Intelligence Division through his connections in MI5, eventually gaining the approval of Winston Churchill. Crowley noted that his 1913 publication ''Magick'' featured a V-sign and a swastika on the same plate.\n\n\nFile:H\u00e5kon 7. malt i veien.jpg|Resistance graffiti on a Norwegian road, depicting the V-sign together with the initials of King Haakon VII.\nFile:Bundesarchiv Bild 183-2004-0216-500, Paris, deutsche Parole am Bourbon-Palast.jpg|A German V-sign and slogan on the Palais Bourbon in occupied Paris. The banner beneath the \"V\" reads \"Germany is Victorious on All Fronts\".\nFile:V... - Wearing different uniforms but we all have the same big job. Let's go everybody - Keep `em firing. - NARA - 534899.jpg|The V-sign (and its morse code equivalent) incorporated on an American propaganda poster for the War Production Board, 1942 or 1943.\nFile:Marcha del 2 de octubre de 2016 - Ciudad de M\u00e9xico - 12.jpg|thumb|Demonstrators doing a V sign in conmemoration of Tlatelolco massacre, Mexico City. October 2, 2016.\n\n\n===Vietnam War, victory and peace===\nNixon departing the White House on 9\u00a0August\u00a01974\nU.S. President Richard Nixon used the gesture to signal victory in the Vietnam War, an act which became one of his best-known trademarks. He also used it on his departure from public office following his resignation in 1974.\n\nProtesters against the Vietnam War (and subsequent anti-war protests) and counterculture activists adopted the gesture as a sign of peace. Because the hippies of the day often flashed this sign (palm out) while saying \"Peace\", it became popularly known (through association) as the peace sign.\n"	"As a photography pose"	"\n===Japan===\nYoung Japanese women giving V gesture in Tokyo (2006)\nThe V sign, primarily palm-outwards, is very commonly made by Japanese people, especially younger people, when posing for informal photographs, and is known as  , or more commonly simply . As the name reflects, this dates to the Vietnam War era and anti-war activists, though the precise origin is disputed. The V sign was known in Japan from the post-World War II Allied occupation of Japan, but did not acquire the use in photographs until later.\n\nIn Japan, it is generally believed to have been influenced by Beheiren's anti-Vietnam War activists in the late 1960s and Konica's advertisement in 1971. A more colorful account of this practice claims it was influenced by the American figure skater Janet Lynn during the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo, Hokkaid\u014d. She fell during a free-skate period, but continued to smile even as she sat on the ice. Though she placed third in the competition, her cheerful diligence and persistence resonated with many Japanese viewers. Lynn became an overnight foreign celebrity in Japan. A peace activist, Lynn frequently flashed the V sign when she was covered in Japanese media, and she is credited by some Japanese for having popularized its use since the 1970s in amateur photographs.\n\nBecause of its popularity in Japan, it exists as an Emoji and is in Unicode, as the sequence U+270C, or \u270c.\n\n===Other East Asian countries===\nIn Mainland China, Hong Kong, South Korea and Taiwan, the V sign is a popular pose in photographs. It is used in both casual and formal settings. For the most part in these countries, the gesture is divorced from its previous meanings as a peace sign or as an insult; for most the meaning of the sign is \"victory\" or \"yeah\", implying a feeling of happiness. It is used in both directions (palm facing the signer and palm facing forward). In certain contexts the sign simply means \"two\", such as when ordering or boarding a bus.\n\nThe pose is gaining significant popularity in South Korea due to the common usage amongst Kpop idols and young people \u2013 especially in selfies. V signing is commonly linked with aegyo, a popular trend in Korea meaning 'acting cutely'.\n\n===Elsewhere===\n\nthe ''Stardust'' spacecraft at the Johnson Space Center in Texas.\n\nIn the United States, the usage of the V sign as a photography gesture is known but not widely used. The original poster for the 2003 film ''What a Girl Wants'' showed star Amanda Bynes giving a V sign as an American girl visiting London. In the US, the poster was altered to instead show Bynes with both arms down, to avoid giving the perception that the film was criticizing the then-recently commenced Iraq War.\n"	"Specific uses"	"Lech Wa\u0142\u0119sa and George H. W. Bush, July 1989\n\nSinger Rihanna using the V sign, 2011.\n\n2009 Iranian election protests\n\n* In Argentina, the V sign, besides \"victory\", is linked to a political movement, the Peronism.\n* In South Africa after the Nationalist Party won the 1948 election with less voters than the opposition, V's appeared as graffiti representing the word \"Volkswil\" (will of the people) and questioning thus the results.\n* University of Southern California and Villanova University students, alumni, and fans \"throw their Vs up\" in tradition and as a sign of pride of their university and athletic teams. The V sign in this form frequently accompanies the motto 'Fight on!' at USC. \n* V sign, especially when printed in green, is a sign of the Iranian Green Movement.\n* After the first elections in Iraq after the U.S. Invasion, a well known photo was circulated of a woman showing the V sign with one of her fingers dipped in purple ink. The ink is used to identify individuals who have already voted.\n* In Poland during the Solidarity movement, protesters showed the V sign meaning they would defeat Communism. After partially free elections, when Tadeusz Mazowiecki was chosen as prime minister (August 24, 1989), he went to the MPs with the V sign, which was transmitted on TV. It is sometimes shown during debates about the fall of Communism.\n* In Romania the sign represents victory and has been used as an extension of the Roman salute to announce that victory has been achieved. It was used heavily during the Romanian revolution after the ousting of Nicolae Ceau\u0219escu. Mircea Dinescu is appearing in the first transmission of the Romanian Television after the revolutionaries occupied it shouting \"We won!\" and flashing the victory sign.\n* During the Yugoslav Wars, Croatian and Bosnian troops and paramilitary militia used the sign as a greeting or an informal salute. U.S. and NATO peacekeepers stationed in Bosnia were forbidden to use the V-sign (peace symbol) to avoid upsetting or offending Serbs they might encounter.\n* In Vietnam, the V sign means \"hello\" since the Vietnamese word for the number \"2\" sounds like the English pronunciation of the greeting \"hi\".\n* Ringo Starr of the Beatles uses the 'V' sign extensively while quoting the phrase \"Peace and Love\" as a sort of catchphrase.\n* A variation is to put the V sign with the fingers on either side of the mouth (usually knuckle facing the observer) and to stick the tongue out. Most of the time the tongue is wriggled around. This is used to signify cunnilingus and the gesture is often off-colour.\n* A partially obscured V sign can be added to someone else's head to produce devil's horns or 'bunny ears' for an amusing photo. In September 2013, Manu Tuilagi apologised to Prime Minister David Cameron after making a \u201cbunny ears\u201d sign behind his head in a photo taken during a visit by the British and Irish Lions squad to Downing Street.\n* In Indonesia, candidate of presidential election Joko Widodo use that sign for political campaign. The sign called 'Salam Dua Jari'.\n* The V sign has also been used for Catalan independence movements to mark its struggle to hold a self-determination referendum, particularly during a demonstration on Catalan National Day September 2014.\n* In Belgium, the N-VA (Flemish party) use it as a rallying. During the taking the oath of the actual Belgian federal government, 3 N-VA ministers used the V sign instead of the formal 3 fingers sign.\n"	"Footnotes"	"\n"	"References"	"* Desmond Morris with Peter Collett, Peter Marsh and Marie O'Shaughnessy. ''Gestures: Their Origins and Distribution''. London: Jonathan Cape, 1979. ISBN 0-224-01570-2; NY: Stein and Day, ISBN 0-8128-2607-8\n*\n*\n"	"External links"	"\n* Photos of the V sign:\n**  Churchill Outside no. 10\n**  Churchill Victory Sign\n**  Nixon departing office\n**  Paavo V\u00e4yrynen after Finnish Centre party named him foreign trade and development minister\n**  Need4Peace\n* The V sign in the news:\n**  Guardian 6 June 2002: In pictures the V sign\n**  Sky News 18 June 2004: OAP fined \u00a3100 for V sign\n**  BBC 3 April 2009: Scottish footballers dropped for V sign\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''''Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit''''' is a 2005 British stop-motion animated comedy film. The film was produced by Aardman Animations in partnership with DreamWorks Animation, and was the last DreamWorks animated film to be distributed by DreamWorks Pictures. It was directed by Nick Park and Steve Box as the second feature-length film by Aardman after ''Chicken Run'' (2000).\n\n''The Curse of the Were-Rabbit'' is based on the ''Wallace and Gromit'' short film series, created by Park. The film follows eccentric inventor Wallace (voiced by Peter Sallis) and his mute and intelligent dog, Gromit, as they come to the rescue of the residents of a village which is being plagued by a mutant rabbit before an annual vegetable competition.\n\nThe film introduces a number of new characters, and features a voice cast including Helena Bonham Carter and Ralph Fiennes. It was a critical and commercial success, and won a number of film awards including the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature, making it the second film from DreamWorks Animation to win (after ''Shrek''), as well as both the second non-American animated film and second non-computer animated film to have received this achievement (after ''Spirited Away''). It is also the only stop-motion film to win the award.\n"	"Plot"	"\nTottington Hall's annual Giant Vegetable Competition is approaching. The winner of the competition will win the coveted Golden Carrot Award. All are eager to protect their vegetables from damage and thievery by rabbits until the contest, and Wallace and Gromit are cashing in by running a vegetable security and humane pest control business, \"Anti-Pesto\".\n\nAs the event draws close, Wallace finds themselves running out of space to cage the rabbits. He is inspired to create the Mind Manipulation-O-Matic machine to brainwash the rabbits and remove their appetite for vegetables. On his first attempt, a rabbit is stuck to Wallace's head as he uses the machine's headpieces, and Gromit destroys the machine to protect Wallace. The machine appears to have worked as the rabbit shows no interest in vegetables though appears to have gained some intelligence. They name the rabbit Hutch while Wallace begins rebuilding the device.\n\nOver the night, several townsfolk report a giant Were-rabbit tried to eat their vegetables. Wallace suspects that Hutch may be the Were-rabbit and keeps him caged up. Lady Tottington holds an emergency town meeting, in which the hunter Lord Victor Quartermaine offers to shoot the Were-rabbit. However, Lady Tottington persuades the rest of the town to continue with Anti-Pesto's services. Victor, who really seeks to woo Lady Tottington, becomes jealous of Wallace, and later corners him in the forest. But to Victor and his dog Philip's shock, Wallace transforms into the Were-rabbit under the light of the full moon and bounds away. Gromit, who also witnessed the transformation, lures Wallace back home to protect him. Victor obtains three \"24-carrot\" gold bullets from the town's reverend to use against Wallace the next evening.\n\nThe celebration begins the next day. Gromit convinces Wallace that he is the Were-rabbit, and Wallace hides himself away. Lady Tottington, who has come to like Wallace, comes to visit and tells him about Victor's plan. But when the moon rises, Wallace, beginning to change into a Were-rabbit, shoos Lady Tottington away to avoid seeing him. As she leaves, Victor arrives and attempts to fire on Wallace with the golden bullets. Gromit creates a distraction to allow Wallace, as the Were-rabbit, to escape; the hunter gives chase to Wallace as he heads for the competition. Gromit, with the help of Hutch, plans to sacrifice the giant marrow he had been growing as bait to lure Wallace back to safety.\n\nWallace, as the Were-rabbit, creates chaos at the fair, and Victor is unable to hit Wallace with the bullets. Instead, he grabs the Golden Carrot trophy to use as ammo for his blunderbuss. Wallace grabs Lady Tottington and climbs onto one of the towers of Tottington Hall, where she discovers Wallace's connection to the Were-rabbit. Victor gives chase, revealing that he only wants to impress Lady Tottington for her money. When Gromit arrives, Philip attempts to prevent him from interfering, leading to the two into a dogfight using aeroplanes taken from a fairground attraction. Gromit gets the upper hand, sending Philip's plane to the ground, then steers his plane into Victor's line of fire just as he is about to shoot the Golden Carrot at Wallace. The plane takes the hit and starts to go down, whereupon Wallace jumps off the tower, grabs Gromit and sacrifices himself to cushion their fall into a cheese tent. Victor gloats about his victory, but Lady Tottington hits him with her giant carrot, knocking him out into the cheese tent as well, and goes to check on Wallace herself. As the townspeople begin to form a mob to learn the Were-rabbit's identity, Gromit quickly disguises Victor as the Were-rabbit, who is subsequently chased away from town by the mob.\n\nWallace shortly transforms back to his human self and appears dead, but Gromit uses some Stinking Bishop cheese to bring Wallace around. Lady Tottington awards Gromit the Golden Carrot for his sacrifice of the giant marrow, and later converts the grounds of Tottington Hall into a safe habitat for Hutch and the other captured rabbits.\n"	"Cast"	"\nHelena Bonham Carter at the film's North American premiere at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival\n* Peter Sallis as Wallace, an eccentric and clumsy inventor with an obsession with cheese.\n**Gromit is Wallace's silent, brave and highly intelligent dog, who saves his master whenever something goes wrong.\n* Ralph Fiennes as Lord Victor Quartermaine, an arrogant, cruel, upper class bounder who is fond of hunting; he is rarely seen without his rifle and his hunting dog Philip. He wears a toupee and despises Anti-Pesto. His hunting rifle is apparently a high calibre bolt-action model. It soon becomes clear in the film that Victor's only interest in Lady Tottington is her vast fortune which he is eager to get his hands on. After Lady Tottington discovers that Victor knew that the were-rabbit was Wallace all along, he reveals that all he wants is her money. His surname is similar to Allan Quatermain, the British novelist's H. Rider Haggard's big-game hunter character.\n** Philip is Victor's vicious but cowardly hunting dog who resembles a Bull Terrier. He and his master will do anything to stop the Were-Rabbit, although Philip is bright enough to know that the Were-Rabbit is beyond his hunting skills, and that Gromit, closer to his own size, is a better prospect as the target of premeditated violence.\n* Helena Bonham Carter as Lady Campanula \"Totty\" Tottington, a wealthy aristocratic spinster with a keen interest in both vegetable-growing and 'fluffy' animals. For 517 years, her family has hosted an annual vegetable competition. Lady Tottington asks Wallace to call her \"Totty\" (which is a British term for attractive women) and develops a romantic interest in him. Her forename, Campanula, the scientific name of a bellflower, and her surname is taken from the Lancashire village of Tottington.\n* Peter Kay as Police Constable Albert Mackintosh, the local village constable who judges the Giant Vegetable Contest, although, because of the havoc it creates every year, he would rather it did not happen at all.\n* Nicholas Smith as Reverend Clement Hedges, the local vicar and the first person in the village to witness the Were-Rabbit. He describes the full horror of his encounter with the beast, but Victor refuses to believe him. However, when Victor discovers the true identity of the beast, he turns to the vicar for advice on how to kill it. Reverend Hedges appears to have a wide range of knowledge on the habits and the slayings of supernatural animals, and has a whole cupboard filled with the weapons to defeat them. Although his name appears in the credits, it is never mentioned in the film.\n* Dicken Ashworth and Liz Smith as Mr. and Mrs. Mulch, clients of Wallace and Gromit's Anti-Pesto. Mrs. Mulch is a prominent woman that has a fixation on her gigantic pumpkin. Mr. Mulch speaks little and has a pair of dentures, which he briefly used to knock out a thieving rabbit.\n* Edward Kelsey as Mr. Growbag, an elderly resident of Wallace and Gromit's neighbourhood and a founding member of the town's veg grower's council. He constantly recalls memories of incidents from previous Vegetable Competitions \u2013 comparing them to what may happen to the forthcoming one. Two of the \"disasters\" he mentions are The Great Slug Riot of '32, \"when there were slugs the size of pigs\", and the Great Duck Plague of '53.\n* Peter Sallis (with a sped-up voice) as Hutch, originally just another captive rabbit, but receives special treatment and a name, after an attempt to brainwash him and his fellows goes wrong. He was the first to be suspected of being the Were-Rabbit. Everything that Hutch says is a quotation from Wallace (though, surprisingly, some of the lines were originally spoken by Wallace ''after'' the incident with the Mind-Manipulation-O-Matic). Hutch wears clothes like Wallace's, including his slippers and tank top.\n"	"Production"	"Director Nick Park at the film's premiere\nThe directors, Nick Park and Steve Box, have often referred to the film as the world's \"first vegetarian horror film\". Peter Sallis (the voice of Wallace) is joined in the film by Ralph Fiennes (as Lord Victor Quartermaine), Helena Bonham Carter (as Lady Campanula Tottington), Peter Kay (as PC Mackintosh), Nicholas Smith (as Rev. Clement Hedges), and Liz Smith (as Mrs. Mulch). Keeping with the tradition of the original short films, Gromit remains silent, communicating only through body language.\n\nPark told an interviewer that after separate test screenings with British and American children, the film was altered to \"tone down some of the British accents and make them speak more clearly so the American audiences could understand it all better.\" Park was often sent notes from DreamWorks, which irritated him. He recalled one note that Wallace's car should be trendier, which he disagreed with because he felt making things look old-fashioned made it look more ironic.\n\nThe vehicle Wallace drives in the film is an Austin A35 van. In collaboration with Aardman in the spring of 2005, a road-going replica of the model was created by brothers Mark and David Arm\u00e9, founders of the International Austin A30/A35 Register, for promotional purposes. In a 500-man-hour customisation, an original 1964 van received a full body restoration before being dented and distressed to perfectly replicate the model van used in the film. The official colour of the van is ''Preston Green'', named in honour of Nick Park's home town. The name was chosen by the Art Director and Mark Arm\u00e9.\n\nFor the US edition of the film, the dialogue was changed to refer to Gromit's prize marrow as a \"melon\". Because the word \"marrow\" is not well known in the US, Jeffrey Katzenberg insisted it be changed. Park explained \"Because it's the only appropriate word we could find that would fit with the mouth shape for 'marrow'. Melon apparently works over there. So we have Wallace saying, 'How's your prize melon?'\". The US version is also heard in the UK bootleg DVD release and when viewed on Netflix in the UK.\n"	"Release"	"The film had its worldwide premiere on 4 September 2005, in Sydney, Australia. It was theatrically released in the United Kingdom, Hong Kong, and the United States on 14 October 2005. The DVD edition of the film was released on 7 February 2006 (USA) and 20 February 2006 (UK).\n\n===Home media===\nIn Region 2, the film was released in a two-disc special including ''Cracking Contraptions'', plus a number of other extras. In Region 1, the film was released on DVD in Widescreen and Fullscreen versions and VHS on 7 February 2006. Wal-Mart stores carried a special version with an additional DVD, \"Gromit's Tail-Waggin' DVD\" which included the test shorts made for this production.\n\nA companion game, also titled ''Curse of the Were-Rabbit'', had a coinciding release with the film. A novelisation, ''Wallace and Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit: The Movie Novelization'' by Penny Worms (ISBN 0-8431-1667-6), was also produced.\n\nIt was the last DreamWorks Animation movie to be released on VHS. It was re-released on DVD on 13 May 2014, as part of a triple film set, along with DreamWorks Animation's ''Chicken Run'' and ''Flushed Away''.\n"	"Reception"	"\n===Box office===\n''Wallace & Gromit'' grossed US$192,610,372 at the box office, of which US$56,110,897 was from the US, where it opened in 3,645 cinemas and had an opening weekend gross of US$16,025,987, putting it at number one for that weekend. During its second weekend it came in at number two, US$200,000 behind ''The Fog''. It remained number one worldwide for three weeks in a row. As of 2016, it is the second highest-grossing stop-motion animated film of all time.\n\n===Critical response===\n''Wallace & Gromit: The Curse of the Were-Rabbit'' received a 95% approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes, based on 176 reviews, with an average rating of 8.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, \"''The Curse of the Were-Rabbit'' is a subtly touching and wonderfully eccentric adventure featuring Wallace and Gromit.\" The film also received a score of 87 out of 100 on Metacritic, based on 38 reviews, indicating \"universal acclaim.\"\n\n===Accolades===\n\n\n Group !! Award !! Recipients !! Result\n\n 78th Academy Awards\n Best Animated Feature Film\n Nick ParkSteve Box\n \n\n33rd Annie Awards\n Best Animated Effects\n Jason Wen\n \n\n Best Animated Feature\n \n \n\n Best Character Animation\n Claire Billet\n \n\n Best Character Design in an Animated Feature Production \n Nick Park\n \n\n Best Directing in an Animated Feature Production \n Nick ParkSteve Box\n \n\n Best Music in an Animated Feature Production \n Julian Nott\n \n\n Best Production Design in an Animated Feature Production \n Phil Lewis\n \n\n Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production \n Bob Persichetti\n \n\n Best Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production \n Peter Sallis as the voice of ''Wallace''\n \n\n Best Writing in an Animated Feature Production \n Steve BoxNick ParkMark BurtonBob Baker\n \n\n Best Character Animation\n Jay GraceChristopher Sadler\n \n\n Best Storyboarding in an Animated Feature Production \n Michael Salter\n \n\nBest Voice Acting in an Animated Feature Production \n Helena Bonham Carter as the voice of ''Lady Campanula Tottington''\n \n\n Ralph Fiennes as the voice of ''Victor Quartermaine''\n \n\n Nicholas Smith as the voice of ''Reverend Clement Hedges''\n \n\n 59th British Academy Film Awards\n Best British Film\n Claire JenningsDavid SproxtonNick ParkSteve BoxMark BurtonBob Baker\n \n\n British Comedy Awards\n Best Comedy Film\n Nick Park\n \n\n 11th Critics' Choice Awards\n Best Animated Feature\n\n \n\n Dallas-Fort Worth Film Critics Association\n Best Animated Feature\n\n \n\nEmpire Awards\n Best Director\n Nick ParkSteve Box\n \n\n Best British Film\n \n \n\n Best Comedy\n \n \n\n Scene of the Year\n \n \n\n Florida Film Critics Circle Awards 2005\n Best Animated Film\n \n \n\n 50th Hugo Awards\n Best Dramatic Presentation \u2013 Long Form\n \n \n\n London Film Critics Circle Awards 2005\n British Film of the Year\n \n \n\n Los Angeles Film Critics Association Awards 2005\n Best Animated Film\n\n \n\n 53rd Motion Picture Sound Editors Golden Reel Awards\n Best Sound Editing in Feature Film \u2013 Animated\n \n \n\nGolden Tomato Awards 2005\n Best Animated Film\n \n \n\n Best Wide Release\n \n \n\n New York Film Critics Online Awards 2005\n Best Animated Film\n \n \n\n 2006 Kids' Choice Awards\n Favorite Animated Movie\n \n \n\n Online Film Critics Society Awards 2005\n Best Animated Feature\n\n \n\n 17th Producers Guild of America Awards\n Producer of the Year Award in Animated Theatrical Motion Pictures\n Claire JenningsNick Park\n \n\n 10th Satellite Awards\n Outstanding Motion Picture, Animated or Mixed Media\n \n \n\n 32nd Saturn Awards\n Best Animated Film\n \n \n\n Toronto Film Critics Association Awards 2005\n Best Animated Film\n Nick Park and Steve Box\n \n\n Visual Effects Society Awards 2005\n Outstanding Animated Character in an Animated Motion Picture\n Lloyd Price for \"Gromit\"\n \n\n Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association\n Best Animated Film\n \n \n\n"	"Soundtrack"	"\n"	" Legacy "	"After the box office failure of ''Flushed Away'' resulted in a major write-down for DreamWorks, it was reported on 3 October 2006 and confirmed on 30 January 2007 that DreamWorks had terminated their partnership with Aardman. In revealing the losses related to ''Flushed Away'', DreamWorks also revealed they had taken a $29 million write-down over ''Wallace & Gromit'' as well, and the film under-performed expectations. Following the split, Aardman retained complete ownership of the film, while DreamWorks Animation retained worldwide distribution rights in perpetuity, excluding some United Kingdom television rights and ancillary markets. Soon after the end of the agreement, Aardman announced they were proceeding with another ''Wallace & Gromit'' project, later revealed to be a return to their earlier short films with ''A Matter of Loaf and Death'' with the BBC.\n\nDuring production of the short, Park remarked publicly on difficulties with working with DreamWorks during the production of ''Wererabbit'', such as the constant production notes and demands to alter the material to appeal more to American children.\n\nIn 2014, Nick Park commented that the film series is likely over with due to the declining health of Peter Sallis, ending any possibilities of another feature film.\n"	"Notes"	"\n# In July 2014, the film's distribution rights were purchased by DreamWorks Animation.\n\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n\n*  (US)\n*  (UK)\n*  ''The Curse of the Were-Rabbit'' at the Official ''Wallace & Gromit'' website\n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Wanderlust Circus"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Wanderlust Circus''' is a theatrical circus troupe based in Portland, Oregon, founded in 2006 by creative partners Noah Mickens and Nick \"The Creature\" Harbar. Since 2006, Wanderlust Circus has grown from a small band of creatives to a full-fledged circus troupe, and non-profit organization. The organization presently comprises a team of acrobats, a 10-piece swing band, a trick-roping cowboy clown; and several aerialists, contortionists, hand balancers, jugglers, and dancers. Their most popular recurring shows have been The White Album Christmas, A Circus Carol, and the dance party series MegaBounce.\n"	" History "	"\n===Fictional background===\nVictorian English ringmaster William Batty and his spirit cousins, the members of the Wanderlust Circus, are blessed and cursed with conditional immortality: should they ever leave the circus life, their long years will catch up with them leaving them old or even dead. Batty and the Wanderlust Circus all come from different time periods - Victorian England, the Old West, swing-era New York and even the present day. Batty himself is over two hundred years old. Shows follow the troupe's adventures on the road with simple comic stories providing the through line between acts.\n\n===2006-2008: Formation, Batty's Hippodrome, Hippodrome Circus Arts Center===\nMickens and Creature first teamed up in 2006 to form two separate but related circus shows: Wanderlust Circus headed by Creature, and Batty's Hippodrome, led by Mickens and founded during his residency as Creative Director of the now-defunct Someday Lounge. This would not be either artists' first foray into the world of circus arts. Mickens had already worked on three distinctly unique circuses (Cicuri Curajul, Societas Insomnia, and 999 Eyes of Endless Dream); while Creature was director, producer, and ringmaster of San Francisco's Circo Romani before his move to Portland.\n\nThe pair founded the Hippodrome Circus Arts Center, which opened on November 17, 2007 on the lower floor of the Rotture-Branx venue complex (which itself closed in 2015). Mickens and Creature fused circuses in 2008, under the Wanderlust name, after The Hippodrome's owner decided not to continue the venue.\n\n===2008-2011: Bossanova Ballroom, new shows, collaborations, MegaBounce===\nWanderlust Circus eventually settled into the Bossanova Ballroom, and proceeded to put on a series of shows that lasted through 2010. Some of these shows were seasonally recurring, such as the White Album Christmas show (in collaboration with The Nowhere Band, aka the No Star All Star Band, featuring members of the MarchFourth Marching Band, Solovox, Stereovision, and others), the Cirque L\u2019Amour show for Valentine\u2019s Day, and Wonderland Circus, a circus adaptation of Lewis Carroll's Alice in Wonderland with dialogue from the original story. Other shows told the legendary backstory of the Wanderlust Circus itself.\n\nIn 2009, Wanderlust Circus performed at the inaugural celebration for then-mayor Sam Adams, alongside MarchFourth Marching Band and Trashcan Joe.\n\nIn 2010, Wanderlust Circus performed a specially choreographed epic circus on and around the 60-foot steel fire sculptures of The Big Art Experience at American Steel Studios. They performed similar choreography at L.A.'s Electric Daisy Carnival and Oakland's Sand By The Ton. This series was the result of a collaboration with industrial sculptor Dan Das Mann.\n\nIn 2010, Wanderlust Circus & Vagabond Opera co-produced the Queen of Knives theatrical opera. Written by Stern and directed by Mickens; Queen of Knives featured cast members from Vagabond Opera, such as then-cellist Ashia Grzesik; and Wanderlust Circus members like belly dancer NagaSita. Nagasita and Wanderlust Circus also co-produced the multi-episode goth fantasy theatrical series Bogville.\n\nIn 2011, Wanderlust introduced two new show formats.  Megabounce  which premiered on March 12, 2011, is an annual themed audience participation rave format, featuring circus acts set to live electronic dance music sets from internationally renowned DJs, such as DJ Assault, Bunny, Run DMT, Heyoka, and Butch Clancy. The other new format was The Wanderlust Circus Orchestra, an old-time vaudeville style circus, reminiscent of the Spike Jones TV show. This format features circus performances scored by the swing big band of the same name.\n\n===2012-present: Alberta Rose Theatre, studio album, Umbrella Festival, and 10th anniversary===\nIn 2012, Wanderlust Circus forged a new relationship with the Alberta Rose Theatre, making it their new Portland headquarters for local shows. At the Alberta Rose, Wanderlust Circus developed \"A Circus Carol\", a theatrical circus retelling of Charles Dickens' A Christmas Carol co-produced by Wanderlust Circus and 3 Leg Torso; as well as the annual Umbrella Festival of Circus & Comedy, a multi-day festival showcasing circus, vaudeville, and cabaret acts from across America. Coinciding with Seattle, Washington's Moisture Festival, the Umbrella Festival was designed to attract national circus performers to the West Coast vaudeville circuit,. Umbrella Festival has been well received by local critics.\n\nIn 2012, Wanderlust Circus Orchestra released their first full-length album, \"Joyous Panic,\"  featuring original songs and jazz standards, like Everybody Loves My Baby and Sunny Side of the Street.\n\nIn July 2015, Wanderlust Circus was featured on The Travel Channel's show Watt's World in an episode about Portland, Oregon, alongside Voodoo Doughnut, Darcelle XV, and other Portland counter-cultural attractions.\n\n===Cultural context===\nWanderlust Circus is part of a Bohemian revival of circus and cabaret artists in the Pacific NW, which began to show its face around the turn of the 21st Century. Early examples of this movement include MarchFourth Marching Band (2003, Portland OR), Circus Contraption (Seattle, WA) and the Yard Dogs Road Show (San Francisco, CA), all of whom have collaborated with Wanderlust Circus and some of its previous incarnations. The two founders and directors of the troupe, Noah Mickens and Nick \"The Creature\" Harbar, each have a long history of producing, directing, and performing in circus shows in the Northwest.\n\nNick \"The Creature\" Harbar was born and raised on the road. His parents, Mary Ann Willis and Greg Harbar, were the center of a Houston musical ensemble called The Gypsies starting in the 1960s; and played a large role in bringing traditional Romani musicians to the United States and publishing many of their traditional songs for the first time through Mel Bay Music.  Creature himself first gained notoriety in San Francisco as a show producer and facilities manager at influential art collective CELLSpace. While living and working there, he and partner Mike Templeton produced and directed a dinner show called Circo Romani, with musical director Zhenya Kolykhanov of The Red Elvises. Their production company was called The Wanderlust Company. Creature moved to Portland in 2006 and contacted Noah Mickens about working together.\n\nNoah Mickens has created and performed in a great number of shows in Portland dating back to 1999, starting with his experimental music and performance series 36 Invisibles, and working on the board of directors for 2Gyrlz Performative Arts. Prior to 1999, Mickens spent his youth singing in rock bands in L.A. and Kansas City, and spent some of his early teen years as a juggling and contorting street performer. Mickens' first circus venture was Cicuri Curajul, a \"fake Romanian Circus\" co-produced with Tony St Clair, which debuted on April 25, 2004 at the Crystal Ballroom. Upon the abrupt dissolution of Cicuri Curajul, Mickens and fire martial arts performer David \"the Fireninja\" founded a ritual performance troupe called Societas Insomnia which lasted from 2004 to 2007. Societas Insomnia featured a variety of performance types meant to evoke a world of nightmares, including fire dancing, suspension, and butoh, along with traditional circus acts and Tuvan throat singing by Enrique Ugalde a.k.a. Soriah, who portrayed the sun. In 2005, Mickens also co-founded and toured with The 999 Eyes of Endless Dream Carnival, an underground freak show, now the 999 Eyes Freakshow, as ringmaster and Master of Ceremonies. While serving as Creative Director of an art bar called Someday Lounge, Mickens returned to a more traditional circus format with a show called Batty's Hippodrome in 2006. Just a few months later, along came Nick the Creature.\n\nBy this time, the Bohemian movement of circus, cabaret, marching bands, burlesque, and freakshows had spread all over the world; with noteworthy centers of activity at New York City's Coney Island, New Orleans, and Los Angeles; and other troupes starting in almost every city.\n\nWanderlust Circus heavily tours festival circuits, performing as featured and ambient circus entertainment for Electric Daisy Carnival, Oregon Country Fair, Sasquatch, Paradiso, Tomorrow World, Symbiosis, Lightning in a Bottle, The SF Edwardian Ball, and others. Wanderlust Circus has also toured across the West, including California, Idaho, Montana, Washington and more.\n"	" Wanderlust Circus South (2009-2014) "	"In 2009, Wanderlust Circus acrobat Alexander Dial returned to San Diego, California and established his own circus production company called Otherwise Entertainment. After a year spent establishing his new troupe, Dial took on Wanderlust Circus' name for both his existing and future San Diego projects, calling it Wanderlust Circus South. Wanderlust Circus and her sister company collaborated on shows all along the West Coast, stretching from northern Washington to southern California. Wanderlust Circus South entered a period of indefinite hiatus in 2014.\n"	" Core troupe "	"Wanderlust Circus spring/summer 2014 roster, left to right: Russell Bruner, NagaSita, Mr. Creature, The Rose City Acro-Devils (Jon Dutch, Anngela Burt, Joesai Carr, Scott Maxwell, Amanda Warren), Brittany Walsh, William Batty, Leapin' Louie Lichtenstein, and the Wanderlust Circus Orchestra (Shoehorn, Anna Leander, Joe Haegele, Paul Evans, Jeff Holt, TJ Arko, Griff Bear, Kristopher White).\n\nDozens of entertainers of performed as members of Wanderlust Circus over the years. Noteworthy present and past members include:\n\n*'''Noah Mickens as William Batty''', the immortal ringmaster of the Wanderlust Circus, and band leader of the Wanderlust Circus Orchestra. In theatrical shows, Batty is often a protagonist and/or narrator, suiting his role as emcee. Batty is based on the Victorian-era ringmaster of the same name.\n*'''David \"Leapin' Louie\" Lichtenstein''', an Old West cowboy clown who does lasso tricks, cracks whips, rides unicycles, and juggles.\n*'''Jon \"Dutch\" Paglia and Scott Maxwell''' are longtime Wanderlust Circus acrobatic bases and comedic actors. Dutch, Maxwell, and Mickens formed '''Team RAD (Rose City Acro-Devils)''' in 2013. Team RAD now serves as Wanderlust Circus' core acrobatic troupe. In addition to Dutch and Maxwell, Team RAD has also included '''Jenae Gerstmann, Dominic Eason, Jenna Summer Smith, Anngela Burt, Leah Baker, Amanda Warren, Kylee Wegner, and Summer Manier'''.\n*'''Brandy Guthery, Paulina Mu\u00f1oz, and Alicia Doerrie, of A-WOL Dance''' have been Wanderlust Circus' principal aerialists. Other members of AWOL have appeared with the troupe; such as Jen Harbaugh-Livengood and Jessica Hoage.\n*'''Brittany Walsh''' is a world-record holding contortionist and hand balancer. Walsh was featured on The Late Show with David Letterman, shooting a bow and arrow with her feet.\n*'''Curtis Carlyle''' is a vaudevillian juggler, comedian, and actor.\n*'''Meg Russell''' is a contortionist, aerialist, acrobat, and actress. She appears as Tiny Tim in Circus Carol, and Alice in Wonderland Circus.\n*'''NagaSita, aka Tiare Tashnick''' is Wanderlust Circus' premier belly dancer, who has risen to prominence and toured internationally since joining the troupe.\n*'''Russell Bruner''' is a vaudevillian swing dancer and comedian. In theatrical shows, Bruner often appears as an antagonist. In 2012, Bruner was crowned King of Burlesque, and has since engaged on a series of world tours related to his crown.\n*'''Blake Hicks''' is a trick cyclist known for his personally customized blue LED \"Tron bike.\" Since 2013, he has toured the world as a member of Cirque Mechanix and Pedal Punk.\n*'''Nick \"the Creature\" Harbar''' was a co-founder of Wanderlust Circus. In shows, he plays an exaggerated version of himself, often while playing his homemade calliope organ, the Pneumatophone. He is also a stilt walker.\n*'''Indigo Sky''' is a New York-trained hoop, fire, and aerial dancer.\n*'''Tera Zarra''' is a strongwoman, singer, and actress.\n*'''Wanderlust Circus Orchestra''', the in-house circus-swing jazz band, currently consists of musicians '''Shoehorn, Paul Evans, Willo Sertain, Jason Evans, Kristopher White, Joe Haegele, Jeff Holt, TJ Arko, and Griff Bear'''.\n\nOther recurring members have included  acrobatic troupe Kazum, juggler Charlie Brown, physical comedian Tommy Twimble, opera singer and accordionist Eric Stern, vaudevillian duet The Bellini Twins; aerialist Charity Marchandt; jugglers Rhys Thomas and Patrick McGuire; clowns stilt walkers Sid Simpatico, J'miah Guske, Scarlett Rose, Ari Lynn, and Dawn Laderer; singing burlesque dancers Pink Lady, Karolina Lux, Tana the Tattooed Lady, and Layne Fawkes; neo-burlesque duo Isaiah Esquire and Johnny Nuriel; flow artists Cherry, Ivizia, Zelah Pandemonium, Miss Germany, Andi Lou, & Tyler Spades; clowns Eka Boo, MeeZee, Prince Xzist, Dingo Dizmal, & Jellyboy T. Clown of the Squidling Brothers Circus Sideshow; and dwarf actors Nik Sin, Laurel Jones, and the late Burk Biggler.\n\nWanderlust Circus often collaborates with The Nowhere Band on the popular White Album Christmas show, and with 3 Leg Torso for the increasingly popular Circus Carol show. Other outside musical collaborators have included Super Geek League, The Stolen Sweets, Artis the Spoonman, The Trashcan Joe Orchestra, The MarchFourth Marching Band, Vagabond Opera, Underscore Orchestra, Abney Park and Pink Lady & the John Bennett Jazz Band. Wanderlust has shared the stage with Primus, The Jim Rose Circus, Yard Dogs Road Show, Circus Contraption, Skinny Puppy, Vau De Vire Society, Gooferman, Solovox, DJ Assault, Run DMT, Bunny, and Butch Clancy.\n"	" Discography "	"\n* \"Joyous Panic\" - 2012\n"	" External links "	"*http://www.wanderlustcircus.com Official website\n"	" References "	"\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Warner Bros. Television"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''Warner Bros. Television''' ('''WBTV''') is the television production arm of Warner Bros. Entertainment, itself part of Time Warner. Alongside CBS Television Studios, it serves as a television production arm of The CW Television Network (in which Time Warner has a 50% ownership stake), though it also produces shows for other networks, such as ''Shameless'' on Showtime, ''The Leftovers'' and ''Westworld'' on HBO (though Time Warner also owns HBO). As of 2015, it is the world's largest television production company measured by revenue and library (along with Sony's Sony Pictures Television). Its most notable TV shows include ''Friends'', ''ER'', ''The West Wing'', ''Smallville'', ''Supernatural'', ''The Big Bang Theory'', and ''Full House''.\n"	"History and Production"	"\n===Beginning and saturation===\nPublicity still with 1959 Warner Bros. series leads Will Hutchins (''Sugarfoot''), Peter Brown (''Lawman''), Jack Kelly (''Maverick''), Ty Hardin (''Bronco''), James Garner (''Maverick''), Wayde Preston ''(Colt .45''), and John Russell (''Lawman'')\nThe division was started on March 21, 1955 with its first and most successful head being Jack L. Warner's son-in-law William T. Orr. ABC had major success against its competition with Walt Disney's ''Disneyland'' TV series and approached Warner Bros. initially with the idea of purchasing the studio's film library (WB eventually sold the rights to the negatives of pre-1950 films and pre-1948 cartoons and shorts to Associated Artists Productions, or a.a.p., in 1956). WB formally entered television production with the premiere of its self-titled anthology series ''Warner Bros. Presents'' on ABC. The one-hour weekly show featured rotating episodes of television series based on the WB films, ''Casablanca'' and ''King's Row'', as well as an original series titled ''Cheyenne'' with Clint Walker. The first one-hour television western, ''Cheyenne'' became a big hit for the network and the studio with the added advantage of featuring promotions for upcoming Warner Bros. cinema releases in the show's last ten minutes. One such segment for ''Rebel Without a Cause'' featured Gig Young notably talking about road safety with James Dean.\n\nWith only ''Cheyenne'' being a success, Warner Bros. ended the ten-minute promotions of new films and replaced ''Warner Bros. Presents'' with an anthology series titled ''Conflict''.  It was felt that \"Conflict\" was what the previous series lacked.  ''Conflict'' showed the pilots for ''Maverick'' and ''77 Sunset Strip'' .\n\nThe success of ''Cheyenne'' led WBTV to produce many series for ABC such as Westerns ''(Maverick'', ''Lawman'', ''Colt .45'', ''Bronco,'' a spin off of ''Cheyenne'', ''Sugarfoot'', and ''The Alaskans''), crime dramas (''77 Sunset Strip'', ''Hawaiian Eye'', ''Bourbon Street Beat'', and ''Surfside 6''), and other shows such as ''The Gallant Men'' and ''The Roaring Twenties'' using stock footage from WB war films and gangster films respectively. The company also produced Jack Webb's ''Red Nightmare'' for the U.S. Department of Defense that was later shown on American television on Jack Webb's ''General Electric True''.\n\nAll shows were made in the manner of WB's B pictures in the 1930s and 1940s; fast paced, lots of stock footage from other films, stock music from the Warners music library and contracted stars working long hours for comparatively small salaries with restrictions on their career.\n\nDuring a Hollywood television writers strike, Warner Bros. reused many plots from its films and other television shows under the nom de plume of \"W. Hermanos\". This was another example of imitating Warner Bros' B Pictures who would remake an \"A\" film and switch the setting.\nJames Garner and Jack Kelly in ''Maverick'', 1959\nTwo of the most popular stars, James Garner and Clint Walker, quit over their conditions. Garner never returned to the Warner's fold during this period. Successful Warner's television stars found themselves in leading roles of many of the studio's films with no increase in salary. Efrem Zimbalist, Jr. was simultaneously the lead of ''77 Sunset Strip'', in a recurring role on ''Maverick'', and also headlined several films until exhaustion forced the studio to give him a rest. Many other actors under contract to Warner's at the time, who despite their work conditions, did see their stars rise over time, albeit for most only briefly, included Jack Kelly, Will Hutchins, Peter Brown, Ty Hardin, Wayde Preston, John Russell, Donald May, Rex Reason, Richard Long, Van Williams, Roger Smith, Mike Road, Anthony Eisley, Robert Conrad, Robert McQueeney, Dorothy Provine, Diane McBain, and Connie Stevens. Edd Byrnes and Troy Donahue would go on to become teen heartthrobs. Another contract player, Englishman Roger Moore (''Maverick'' and ''The Alaskans''), was growing displeased with Warner as his contract was expiring and would relocate to Europe from Hollywood, becoming an international star on TV, and eventually, in films. Warners also contracted established stars such as Ray Danton, Peter Breck, Jeanne Cooper and Grant Williams.  These stars often appeared as guest stars, sometimes reprising their series role in another TV series.\n\nThe stars appeared in Warner Bros. cinema releases with no additional salary, with some such as Zimbalist, Walker, Garner (replacing Charlton Heston in ''Darby's Rangers''), and Danton (replacing Robert Evans in ''The Rise and Fall of Legs Diamond'') playing the lead roles; many of the stars appeared in ensemble casts in such films as ''The Chapman Report'' and ''Merill's Marauders''. Some stars such as Connie Stevens, Edd Byrnes, Robert Conrad and Roger Smith made albums for Warner Bros. Records.\n\nIt was during this period, that shows, particularly Westerns like Cheyenne and Maverick; and the crime dramas like ''77 Sunset Strip'', ''Hawaiian Eye'' and ''Surfside 6'' featured catchy theme songs, that became just as much a part of the American pop culture landscape, as the shows themselves. Depending on the particular show (in this case, the Westerns), William Lava or David Buttolph would compose the music, with lyrics by Stan Jones or Paul Francis Webster, among others. For the crime shows, it was up to the songwriting team of Jerry Livingston and Mack David, who also scored the themes for the sitcom ''Room for One More'', and ''The Bugs Bunny Show''.\n\nIn 1960, WBTV turned its attentions to the younger viewer, for one program, anyway, as they brought Bugs Bunny and the other WB cartoon characters to prime time, with ''The Bugs Bunny Show'', which featured cartoons released after July 31, 1948 (which had not been sold to a.a.p.), combined with newly animated introductory material. Also, that year saw the debut of ''The Roaring Twenties'' (which was thought to be a more benign alternative to Desilu's ''The Untouchables''. Whether or not that was the actual case, it was, in fact, much less successful). \n            \nWBTV expanded on its existing genre of Westerns and crime dramas, and in January, 1962, produced its first sitcom, ''Room For One More''. Based on the memoirs of Anna Rose, which in 1952 WB made into a movie starring Cary Grant and his then wife Betsy Drake (the only movie that they worked together in) about a married couple with two children of their own, who went on to adopt at least two more, the TV series starred Andrew Duggan and Peggy McKay as George and Anna Rose. Acting legend Mickey Rooney's son Tim, and Ahna Capri, who would continue to do episodic TV roles  and feature films (arguably, her best-known movie was ''Enter the Dragon'' starring Bruce Lee) were cast as the Rose's natural children. The show only lasted for half a season. In the fall of that year, a WWII drama ''The Gallant Men'' debuted, but lasted for only one season.\n\nWBTV exclusively produced shows for the ABC network until 1963, when ''Temple Houston'' premiered on NBC.\n\nIn 1964, WBTV once again tried to turn a classic film comedy of its own into a sitcom, with ''No Time for Sergeants''. Both the sitcom and the 1958 movie were based on the 1955 Broadway play, which starred Andy Griffith (TV's ''U.S. Steel Hour'' also adapted the stage play for TV in 1956). The sitcom starred Sammy Jackson as Will Stockdale, a naive Georgia farm boy drafted into the military. 1965 saw the debut of ''F-Troop'', a Western spoof taking place at a U.S. Army post after the Civil War. Despite lasting two seasons, it is still considered a classic. Forrest Tucker, Larry Storch, and Ken Berry led an ensemble cast featuring military misfits, and an Indian tribe, who, among other things, forgot how to do a rain dance.\n\nThe streak of identifiable series subsided in 1963 with a halt of using stock company (acting) contract players and Jack Webb taking over WBTV and not being particularly successful. However, many series were still filmed at Warner Bros. such as ''F-Troop'' and ''The F.B.I.''\n\n===Later years===\n\nIn 1976, the company acquired The Wolper Organization, most notably for ''Chico and the Man'' and ''Welcome Back, Kotter''. In 1989, it acquired Lorimar-Telepictures. Telepictures was later folded into WBTV's distribution unit, and in 1990, came back as a television production company. In 1993, Lorimar Television was folded into WBTV.\n\nIn 2006, WBTV made its vast library of programs available for free viewing on the Internet (through sister company AOL's IN2TV service), with ''Welcome Back, Kotter'' as its marquee offering. Some of these programs have not been seen publicly since their last syndicated release in the 1980s.\n\nWBTV has had a number of affiliated production houses that have co-produced many of their shows with WBTV. These include but are not limited to: Bruce Helford's Mohawk Productions (''The Drew Carey Show'', ''The Norm Show'', ''The Oblongs'', ''George Lopez''), John Wells Productions (''ER'', ''The West Wing'', ''Third Watch''), Chuck Lorre Productions (''Two and a Half Men'', ''The Big Bang Theory'', ''Mike & Molly'', ''Mom''), Jerry Bruckheimer Television (''Without a Trace'', ''Cold Case''), Bad Robot Productions (''Fringe'', ''Person of Interest'', ''Revolution''), Rockne S. O'Bannon Television, Miller-Boyett Productions \u2013 which was inherited from Lorimar (''Full House'', ''Family Matters'') and in 2010, Conan O'Brien's production company Conaco switched its affiliation to WBTV from Universal Media Studios, coinciding with O'Brien's move to his new talk show, ''Conan'' at Time Warner-owned TBS.\n\nIn August 2009 in Australia, The Nine Network and Warner Bros. Television launched digital free-to-air channel GO! with Warner Bros. Television holding a 33% stake in the new joint venture with Sony Pictures (titles were later picked up by rival Seven in 2011). During that, the network signed 4 more years with the output between 2011 and 2015.\n\nOn June 11, 2012, Warner Bros. Television acquired Alloy Entertainment. On June 2, 2014, Warner Bros. Television Group purchased all of Eyeworks' companies outside of the United States, rebranding as Warner Bros. International Television Production. Eyeworks USA however, will remain independent.\n"	"Partial list of programs produced by WBTV<ref>Woolley, Lynn, Malsbar, Robert, Strange Jr, Robert G. Warner Brothers Television: Every Show of the Fifties and Sixties Episode-By-Episode McFarland Company (1985)</ref>"	"\n===Warner Bros. Television===\n\n\n Title\n Years\n Network\n Notes\n\n ''Warner Bros. Presents'' \n 1955\u20131956 \n ABC\n\n ''Cheyenne''  \n 1955\u20131963 \n ABC\n\n ''Conflict'' \n 1956\u20131957 \n ABC\n\n ''Sugarfoot'' \n 1957\u20131960 \n ABC\n\n ''Colt .45'' \n 1957\u20131960 \n ABC\n\n ''Maverick'' \n 1957\u20131962 \n ABC\n\n ''Lawman'' \n 1958\u20131962 \n ABC\n\n ''77 Sunset Strip'' \n 1958\u20131964 \n ABC\n\n ''The Alaskans'' \n 1959\u20131960 \n ABC\n\n ''Bourbon Street Beat'' \n 1959\u20131960 \n ABC\n\n ''Hawaiian Eye'' \n 1959\u20131963 \n ABC\n\n ''The Bugs Bunny Show'' \n 1960\u20132000\n ABC/CBS\n\n ''The Roaring Twenties'' \n 1960\u20131962 \n ABC\n\n ''Surfside 6'' \n 1960\u20131962 \n ABC\n\n ''Room for One More'' \n 1962 \n ABC\n\n ''The Gallant Men'' \n 1962\u20131963 \n ABC\n\n ''Wendy and Me'' \n 1964\u20131965 \n ABC \n co-production with Natwill Productions\n\n ''No Time For Sergeants'' \n 1964\u20131965 \n ABC\n\n ''F Troop'' \n 1965\u20131967 \n ABC\n\n ''Mister Roberts'' \n 1965\u20131966 \n NBC\n\n ''The F.B.I.'' \n 1965\u20131974 \n ABC \n co-production with Quinn Martin Productions\n\n ''Hank'' \n 1965\u20131966 \n NBC\n\n ''Nichols'' \n 1971\u20131972 \n NBC\n\n ''The Chicago Teddy Bears'' \n 1971 \n CBS\n\n ''The Jimmy Stewart Show'' \n 1971\u20131972 \n NBC \n co-production with J-K/Ablidon Productions\n\n ''Search'' \n 1972\u20131973 \n NBC \n co-production with Leslie Stevens Productions\n\n ''Banyon'' \n 1972\u20131973 \n NBC \n co-production with Quinn Martin Productions\n\n ''The Brian Keith Show'' \n 1972\u20131974 \n NBC \n co-production with Miguel Productions\n\n ''The Streets of San Francisco'' \n 1972\u20131977 \n ABC \n co-production with Quinn Martin Productions (pilot and season one only)\n\n ''The Delphi Bureau'' \n 1972\u20131973 \n ABC\n\n ''Kung Fu'' \n 1972\u20131975 \n ABC\n\n ''The Cowboys'' \n 1974 \n ABC\n\n ''Harry O'' \n 1974\u20131976 \n ABC\n\n ''Kodiak'' \n 1974 \n ABC\n\n ''Give-n-Take'' \n 1975 \n CBS\n\n ''Wonder Woman'' \n 1975\u20131979 \n ABC/CBS \n co-production with The Douglas S. Cramer Company and Bruce Lansbury Productions, Ltd.\n\n ''Alice'' \n 1976\u20131985 \n CBS \n based on the 1974 film ''Alice Doesn't Live Here Anymore''\n\n ''Code R'' \n 1977 \n CBS\n\n ''The New Adventures of Batman'' \n 1977 \n CBS \n co-production with Filmation Associates and DC Comics\n\n ''The Fitzpatricks'' \n 1977\u20131978 \n CBS\n\n ''The Dukes of Hazzard'' \n 1979\u20131985 \n CBS \n co-production with Paul R. Picard Productions, Piggy Productions (Season 1) and Lou Step Productions (Seasons 2\u20137)\n\n ''This Old House'' \n 1979\u2013present \n PBS \n Distribution only for syndication; primarily produced by WGBH-TV/This Old House Ventures\n\n ''Time Express'' \n 1979 \n CBS\n\n ''Dorothy'' \n 1979 \n CBS\n\n ''California Fever'' \n 1979 \n CBS\n\n ''Young Maverick'' \n 1979\u20131980 \n CBS\n\n ''Flo'' \n 1980\u20131981 \n CBS\n\n ''Enos'' \n 1980\u20131981 \n CBS\n\n ''Freebie and the Bean'' \n 1980\u20131981 \n CBS\n\n ''Private Benjamin'' \n 1981\u20131983 \n CBS\n\n ''Love, Sidney'' \n 1981\u20131983 \n NBC\n\n ''Bret Maverick'' \n 1981\u20131982 \n NBC \n co-production with Cherokee Productions \n\n ''The Dukes'' \n 1983 \n CBS \n co-production with Hanna-Barbera\n\n ''Bare Essence'' \n 1983 \n NBC\n\n ''Wizards and Warriors'' \n 1983 \n CBS\n\n ''The Mississippi'' \n 1983\u20131984 \n CBS\n\n ''The Yellow Rose'' \n 1983\u20131984 \n NBC \n co-produced with John Wilder-Michael Zinberg Productions\n\n ''Scarecrow and Mrs. King'' \n 1983\u20131987 \n CBS \n co-production with Shoot the Moon Enterprises and B&E Enterprises \n\n ''V'' \n 1984\u20131985 \n NBC \n co-produced with Daniel H. Blatt-Robert Singer Productions\n\n ''Night Court'' \n 1984\u20131992 \n NBC \n co-production with Starry Night Productions (Seasons 1\u20136)\n\n ''Spenser: For Hire'' \n 1985\u20131988 \n ABC \n co-production with Jadda Productions (Season 2)\n\n ''Growing Pains'' \n 1985\u20131992 \n ABC \n co-production with Guntzelman-Sullivan-Marshall Productions (Seasons 5\u20136)\n\n ''Head of the Class'' \n 1986\u20131991 \n ABC \n co-produced with Eustis/Elias Productions\n\n ''My Sister Sam'' \n 1986\u20131988 \n CBS \n co-produced with Pony Productions\n\n ''Full House'' \n 1987\u20131995 \n ABC \n 1987\u20131988 episodes from Lorimar-Telepictures; 1988\u20131993 episodes from Lorimar Television\n\n ''Police Academy'' \n 1988\u20131989 \n First-run syndication \n co-production with Ruby-Spears\n\n ''Just the Ten of Us'' \n 1988\u20131990 \n ABC \n co-produced with Guntzelman-Sullivan-Marshall Productions\n\n ''The Wonder Years'' \n 1989\u20131993 \n ABC \n WB has handle domestic distribution rights after acquiring its former distributor Turner Program Services, international distribution rights outside the US are with 20th Television; produced by The Black-Marlens Company and New World Television\n\n ''Murphy Brown'' \n 1988\u20131998 \n CBS \n co-produced with Shukovsky English Entertainment\n\n ''Beetlejuice'' \n 1989\u20131991 \n ABC/Fox Kids \n co-production with The Geffen Film Company and Nelvana\n\n ''Life Goes On'' \n 1989\u20131993 \n ABC \n co-produced with Toots Productions\n\n ''Family Matters'' \n 1989\u20131998 \n ABC/CBS \n 1989\u20131993 episodes from Lorimar Television\n\n ''The Flash'' \n 1990\u20131991 \n CBS \n co-produced with Pet Fly Productions\n\n ''The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air'' \n 1990\u20131996\n NBC \n co-production with The Stuffed Dog Company, Quincy Jones Productions (Seasons 1-3); Quincy Jones/David Salzman Entertainment (Seasons 4-6) and NBC Productions; NBCUniversal owns the copyrights to the series, WB only handles Worldwide distribution since 1994\n\n ''Tiny Toon Adventures'' \n 1990\u20131995 \n Syndication/Fox Kids \n co-production with Amblin Entertainment\n\n ''Sisters'' \n 1991\u20131996 \n NBC \n 1991\u20131993 episodes from Lorimar Television\n\n ''Step By Step'' \n 1991\u20131998 \n ABC/CBS \n 1991\u20131993 episodes from Lorimar Television\n\n ''Hangin' with Mr. Cooper'' \n 1992\u20131997 \n ABC \n 1992\u20131993 episodes from Lorimar Television\n\n ''Family Dog'' \n 1993 \n CBS \n co-production with Amblin Entertainment, Tim Burton Productions, Nelvana and Universal Television; WB has international distribution rights outside the US, domestic distribution rights is handled by NBCUniversal Television Distribution\n\n ''Getting By'' \n 1993\u20131994 \n ABC/NBC \n 1993 episodes from Lorimar Television\n\n ''Animaniacs'' \n 1993\u20131998 \n Fox Kids/Kids WB! \n co-production with Amblin Entertainment\n\n ''Kung Fu: The Legend Continues'' \n 1993\u20131997 \n PTEN\n\n ''Lois & Clark: The New Adventures of Superman'' \n 1993\u20131997 \n ABC \n co-produced with Gangbuster Films, Inc. (pilot), Roundelay Productions (Season 1) and December 3rd Productions\n\n ''Living Single'' \n 1993\u20131998 \n FOX \n co-produced with SisterLee Productions\n\n ''The John Larroquette Show'' \n 1993\u20131996 \n NBC \n co-produced with Witt/Thomas Productions\n\n ''Free Willy'' \n 1994 \n ABC \n co-production with Regency Enterprises and Nelvana\n\n ''On Our Own'' \n 1994\u20131995 \n ABC \n co-produced with Lightkeeper Productions, De Passe Entertainment and Miller-Boyett Productions\n\n ''Babylon 5'' \n 1994\u20131998 \n PTEN/TNT \n co-production with Babylonian Productions\n\n ''Friends'' \n 1994\u20132004 \n NBC \n co-produced with Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions\n\n ''ER'' \n 1994\u20132009 \n NBC \n co-produced with Amblin Entertainment, John Wells Productions and Constant c Productions\n\n ''History of Rock 'n' Roll'' \n 1995 \n PTEN \n Documentary mini-series; co-production with Andrew Solt Productions, QDE, Telepictures Productions, and Time-Life Video & Television\n\n ''Hope and Gloria'' \n 1995\u20131996 \n NBC \n co-produced with Steinkellner Productions\n\n ''Muscle'' \n 1995 \n The WB \n co-produced with Witt/Thomas Productions and Boone County Productions\n\n ''Bless This House'' \n 1995\u20131996 \n CBS \n co-produced with Mohawk Productions\n\n ''Kirk'' \n 1995\u20131997 \n The WB \n co-produced with Bickley-Warren Productions and Jeff Franklin Productions\n\n ''In The House'' \n 1995-1999 \n NBC/UPN \n co-production with Winifred Hervey Productions, Quincy Jones/David Salzman Entertainment and NBC Productions (seasons 1\u20132); NBC Studios (seasons 3-5); WB takes over production from season 5 onwards\n\n ''The Wayans Bros.'' \n 1995\u20131999 \n The WB \n co-produced with Baby Way Productions and Next to Last Productions\n\n ''The Parent 'Hood'' \n 1995\u20131999 \n The WB \n co-produced with The Townsend Entertainment Company, Highest Common Denominator Productions (Season 1) and Warren & Rinsler Productions (Seasons 2-4)\n\n ''Ace Ventura: Pet Detective'' \n 1995\u20132000 \n CBS/Nickelodeon \n co-production with Morgan Creek Productions and Nelvana\n\n ''The Drew Carey Show'' \n 1995\u20132004 \n ABC \n co-produced with Mohawk Productions\n\n ''MADtv'' \n 1995\u20132009 \n FOX\n\n ''Access Hollywood'' \n 1996\u2013present \n Syndication \n produced by NBC Studios; WB took control of the distribution of the series in 1999 from 20th Television, WB stop distributing ''Access'' in 2001\n\n ''Lush Life'' \n 1996 \n FOX \n co-produced with SisterLee Productions\n\n ''Tales from the Crypt''  \n 1996 \n HBO \n WB has international distribution rights outside the US, domestic rights are with 20th Television\n\n ''Life with Roger'' \n 1996\u20131997 \n The WB\n\n ''Nick Freno: Licensed Teacher'' \n 1996\u20131998 \n The WB \n co-produced with Warren-Rinsler Productions\n\n ''Suddenly Susan'' \n 1996\u20132000 \n NBC\n\n ''Mr. & Mrs. Smith \n 1996 \n CBS\n\n ''The Jamie Foxx Show'' \n 1996\u20132001 \n The WB \n co-produced with Bent Outta Shape Productions and Foxxhole Productions\n\n ''Everybody Loves Raymond'' \n 1996\u20132005 \n CBS \n Distribution only with CBS Television Distribution; produced by Where's Lunch, HBO Independent Productions, and Worldwide Pants Incorporated\n\n ''Pearl'' \n 1996\u20131997 \n CBS \n co-production with Impact Zone Productions and Witt/Thomas Productions\n\n ''La Femme Nikita'' \n 1997\u20132001 \n The WB, CTV and USA \n co-produced with Baton Broadcasting, LPN Productions, Inc. and Fireworks Entertainment\n\n ''The New Adventures of Zorro'' \n 1997\u20131998 \n Syndication \n co-produced with Fred Wolf Films\n\n ''Veronica's Closet'' \n 1997\u20132000 \n NBC \n co-produced with Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions\n\n ''Kelly Kelly'' \n 1998 \n The WB\n\n ''The Closer'' \n 1998 \n CBS\n\n ''Hyperion Bay'' \n 1998\u20131999 \n The WB \n co-produced with South Productions\n\n ''Two of a Kind'' \n 1998\u20131999 \n ABC \n co-produced with Griffard/Adler Productions, Dualstar Productions, and Miller-Boyett-Warren Productions\n\n ''Jesse'' \n 1998\u20132000 \n NBC \n co-produced with Bright/Kauffman/Crane Productions\n\n ''For Your Love'' \n 1998\u20132002 \n NBC/The WB \n co-produced with SisterLee Productions\n\n ''Will & Grace'' \n 1998\u20132006 \n NBC \n co-produced with 3 Sisters Entertainment, KoMut Entertainment, NBC Studios (1998\u20132004), and NBC Universal Television Studios (2004\u20132006); WB only handles distribution in the US, international distribution is handled by MGM Worldwide Television Distribution through NBCUniversal Television Distribution\n\n ''Mission Hill'' \n 1999\u20132002 \n The WB/Cartoon Network (Adult Swim)\n Distribution only; produced by Castle Rock Entertainment and Bill Oakley/Josh Weinstein Productions\n\n ''Odd Man Out (U.S. TV series) \n 1999\u20132000 \n ABC \n co-produced with Frontier Pictures\n\n ''The Norm Show'' \n 1999\u20132001 \n ABC \n co-produced with Mohawk Productions\n\n ''Jack & Jill'' \n 1999\u20132001 \n The WB \n co-produced with The Canton Company\n\n ''Third Watch'' \n 1999\u20132005 \n NBC \n co-produced with John Wells Productions\n\n ''The West Wing'' \n 1999\u20132006 \n NBC \n co-produced with John Wells Productions\n\n ''Hype'' \n 2000\u20132001 \n The WB \n co-produced with Tollin/Robbins Productions\n\n ''Baby Blues'' \n 2000\u20132002 \n The WB (episodes 1\u20138)/Adult Swim (episodes 9\u201313) \n First adult-oriented television series from Warner Bros. Animation.co-production with Split the Difference Productions and Rough Draft Studios.\n\n ''Nikki'' \n 2000\u20132002 \n The WB \n co-produced with Mohawk Productions\n\n ''Gilmore Girls'' \n 2000\u20132007 \n The WB/The CW \n co-produced with Dorothy Parker Drank Here Productions and Hofflund/Polone\n\n ''Queer as Folk'' \n 2000\u20132005 \n Showtime \n WB has international distribution rights outside the US, domestic distribution rights are with CBS Television Distribution; produced by Tony Jonas Productions, Cowlip Productions, Temple Street Productions and Showtime Networks\n\n ''Citizen Baines'' \n 2001 \n CBS \n co-produced with John Wells Productions and Lydia Woodward Productions\n\n '' Justice League \n 2001\u20132003 \n Cartoon Network \n co-produced with Warner Bros. Animation and DC Comics \n\n ''The Oblongs'' \n 2001\u20132002 \n The WB \n co-produced with Jobsite Productions and Mohawk Productions\n\n ''Witchblade'' \n 2001\u20132002 \n TNT \n co-produced with Camelot Pictures, Hotsed Pictures, Mythic Films and Top Cow Productions\n\n ''The Nightmare Room'' \n 2001\u20132002 \n The WB \n co-produced with Parachute Entertainment and Tollin/Robbins Productions\n\n ''Off Centre'' \n 2001\u20132002 \n The WB \n co-produced with DreamWorks Television and Weitz, Weitz and Zuker\n\n ''Maybe It's Me'' \n 2001\u201302 \n The WB \n co-production with SamJen Productions and Touchstone Television\n\n ''Smallville'' \n 2001\u20132011 \n The WB/The CW \n co-produced with Tollin/Robbins Productions, Millar Gough Ink, and DC Comics\n\n ''The Court'' \n 2002 \n ABC \n co-produced with John Wells Productions\n\n ''Presidio Med'' \n 2002\u20132003 \n CBS \n co-produced with Lydia Woodward Productions and John Wells Productions\n\n ''Fastlane'' \n 2002\u20132003 \n FOX \n co-produced with McNamara Paper Products, Wonderland Sound and Vision and 20th Century Fox Television; WB has handle domestic distribution rights, international distribution rights outside the US are with 20th Television\n\n ''Birds of Prey'' \n 2002\u20132003 \n The WB \n co-produced with Tollin/Robbins Productions\n\n ''3 South'' \n 2002\u20132003 \n MTV \n Second adult-oriented television series from Warner Bros. Animation.The only animated series produced for MTV by Warner Bros. Animation to-date.co-production with MTV Animation\n\n ''Greetings from Tucson'' \n 2002\u20132003 \n The WB \n co-produced by 3 Arts Entertainment, Big Ticket Television and Turner Television; WB has international distribution rights outside the US, domestic distribution rights are with CBS Television Distribution\n\n ''The Jamie Kennedy Experiment'' \n 2002\u20132004 \n The WB \n co-production with Bahr-Small Productions and Big Ticket Television;  WB has international distribution rights outside the US, domestic distribution rights are with CBS Television Distribution\n\n ''Everwood'' \n 2002\u20132006 \n The WB \n co-produced with Berlanti Liddell Productions\n\n ''What I Like About You'' \n 2002\u20132006 \n The WB \n co-produced with Schneider's Bakery and Tollin/Robbins Productions\n\n ''George Lopez'' \n 2002\u20132007 \n ABC \n co-produced with Fortis Productions and Mohawk Productions\n\n ''Without a Trace'' \n 2002\u20132009 \n CBS \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television and CBS Productions (2002\u20132006); CBS Paramount Network Television (2006\u20132009)\n\n ''Wanda at Large'' \n 2003 \n FOX \n co-produced with Mohawk Productions\n\n ''Star Wars: Clone Wars (2003 TV series)'' \n 2003\u20132005 \n Cartoon Network \n co-distributed by Disney\u2013ABC Domestic Television\nProduced by Lucasfilm and Cartoon Network Studios                                                                                                                                    \n\n ''Skin'' \n 2003 \n FOX \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television and Hoosier Karma Productions\n\n ''Run of the House'' \n 2003\u20132004 \n The WB \n co-produced with The Tannenbaum Company and Two Out Rally Productions\n\n ''Like Family'' \n 2003\u20132004 \n The WB \n co-produced with 3 Hounds Productions, MHS Productions and The Littlefield Co.\n\n ''All About the Andersons'' \n 2003\u20132004 \n The WB\n\n ''Eve'' \n 2003\u20132006 \n UPN \n co-produced with The Greenblatt/Janollari Studio and Mega Diva\n\n ''The O.C.'' \n 2003\u20132007 \n FOX \n co-production with College Hill Pictures Inc. and Wonderland Sound and Vision \n\n ''All of Us'' \n 2003\u20132007 \n UPN/The CW \n co-production with Overbrook Entertainment\n\n ''Nip/Tuck'' \n 2003\u20132010 \n FX \n co-produced with Ryan Murphy Productions, Hands Down Entertainment, The Shephard-Robin Company and Stu Segall Productions\n\n ''Cold Case'' \n 2003\u20132010 \n CBS \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television and CBS Productions (2003\u20132006); CBS Paramount Network Television (2006\u20132009); CBS Television Studios (2009\u20132010)\n\n ''One Tree Hill'' \n 2003\u20132012 \n The WB/The CW \n co-produced with Mastermind Laboratories and Tollin/Robbins Productions\n\n ''I'm with Her'' \n 2003\u20132004 \n ABC\n\n ''Two and a Half Men'' \n 2003\u20132015 \n CBS \n co-produced with Chuck Lorre Productions and The Tannenbaum Company\n\n ''The Help'' \n 2004 \n The WB\n\n ''Jack & Bobby'' \n 2004\u20132005 \n The WB \n co-produced with Shoe Money Productions and Berlanti-Liddell Productions\n\n ''The Mountain'' \n 2004\u20132005 \n The WB \n co-produced with Shaun Cassidy Productions and Wonderland Sound and Vision\n\n ''Blue Collar TV'' \n 2004\u20132006 \n The WB\n\n ''Joey'' \n 2004\u20132006 \n NBC \n co-produced with Bright-San Productions and Silver & Gold Productions\n\n ''The Batman'' \n 2004\u20132008 \n The WB/The CW \n co-produced with Warner Bros. Animation and DC Comics\n\n ''Veronica Mars'' \n 2004\u20132007 \n UPN/The CW \n co-produced with Stu Segall Productions, Silver Pictures Television and Rob Thomas Productions\n\n ''Eyes'' \n 2005 \n ABC\n\n ''Twins'' \n 2005\u20132006 \n The WB \n co-produced with KoMut Entertainment\n\n ''Just Legal'' \n 2005\u20132006 \n The WB \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television\n\n ''E-Ring'' \n 2005\u20132006 \n NBC \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television\n\n ''Hot Properties'' \n 2005 \n ABC\n\n ''Freddie'' \n 2005\u20132006 \n ABC \n co-produced with Mohawk Productions and Hunga Rican, Excitable Boy!\n\n ''Invasion'' \n 2005\u20132006 \n ABC\n\n ''The War at Home'' \n 2005\u20132007 \n FOX \n co-produced with Acme Productions and Rob Lotterstein Productions\n\n ''Close to Home'' \n 2005\u20132007 \n CBS \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television\n\n ''The Closer'' \n 2005\u20132012 \n TNT \n co-produced with The Shephard/Robin Company and Walking Entropy\n\n '''''Supernatural''''' \n 2005\u2013Present \n The WB/The CW \n co-produced with Wonderland Sound and Vision and Kripke Enterprises'''\n\n ''Modern Men'' \n 2006 \n The WB \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television\n\n ''The Bedford Diaries'' \n 2006 \n The WB \n co-produced with HBO Independent Productions, Levinson / Fontana Company and Mother Trucker Television Productions Ltd\n\n ''The Evidence'' \n 2006 \n ABC\n\n ''Justice'' \n 2006 \n FOX \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television\n\n ''Smith'' \n 2006 \n CBS \n co-produced with John Wells Productions\n\n ''Men in Trees'' \n 2006\u20132008 \n ABC\n\n ''The Class'' \n 2006\u20132007 \n CBS \n co-produced with CraneKlarik\n\n ''Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip'' \n 2006\u20132007 \n NBC \n co-produced with Shoe Money Productions\n\n ''The Nine'' \n 2006\u20132007 \n ABC \n co-produced with Sunset Road Productions\n\n ''Traveler'' \n 2007 \n ABC\n\n ''Moonlight'' \n 2007\u20132008 \n CBS \n co-produced with Silver Pictures Television\n\n ''Big Shots'' \n 2007\u20132008 \n ABC\n\n ''Aliens in America'' \n 2007\u20132008 \n The CW \n co-produced with CBS Television Studios\n\n ''Life Is Wild'' \n 2007\u20132008 \n The CW \n co-produced with CBS Television Studios\n\n ''Pushing Daisies'' \n 2007\u20132009 \n ABC \n co-produced with The Jinks/Cohen Company and Living Dead Guy Productions\n\n ''The New Adventures of Old Christine'' \n 2006\u20132010 \n CBS \n co-produced with Kari's Logo Here\n\n ''Notes from the Underbelly'' \n 2007\u20132008 \n ABC \n co-produced with The Tannenbaum Company and Hill Three Productions\n\n ''Chuck'' \n 2007\u20132012 \n NBC \n co-produced with Wonderland Sound and Vision, College Hill Pictures (Seasons 1\u20133) and Fake Empire Productions (Seasons 4\u20135)\n\n ''Gossip Girl'' \n 2007\u20132012 \n The CW \n co-produced with College Hill Pictures, Inc., Fake Empire Productions, Alloy Entertainment and CBS Television Studios\n\n '''''The Big Bang Theory''''' \n 2007\u2013Present \n CBS \n co-produced with Chuck Lorre Productions'''\n\n ''Eleventh Hour'' \n 2008\u20132009 \n CBS \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television and Granada America\n\n ''Terminator: The Sarah Connor Chronicles'' \n 2008\u20132009 \n FOX \n co-produced with C2-Pictures, Sarah Connor Pictures, Bartleby Company, The Halcyon Company and 20th Century Fox Television\n\n ''Fringe'' \n 2008\u20132013 \n FOX \n co-produced with Bad Robot Productions\n\n ''The Mentalist'' \n 2008\u20132015 \n CBS \n co-produced with Primrose Hill Productions\n\n ''The Beautiful Life: TBL'' \n 2009 \n The CW \n co-produced with Katalyst Films, The Page Fright Company/Mike Kelley Productions and CBS Productions\n\n ''Eastwick'' \n 2009 \n ABC\n\n ''Hank'' \n 2009 \n ABC\n\n ''The Forgotten'' \n 2009\u20132010 \n ABC \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television\n\n ''V'' \n 2009\u20132011 \n ABC \n co-produced with The Scott Peters Company and HDFilms\n\n ''Southland'' \n 2009\u20132013 \n NBC/TNT \n co-produced with John Wells Productions\n\n '''''The Middle'' \n 2009\u2013Present \n ABC \n co-produced with Blackie and Blondie Productions\n\n '''''The Vampire Diaries'' \n 2009\u2013Present \n The CW \n co-produced with Outerbanks Entertainment, Alloy Entertainment and CBS Television Studios'''\n\n ''Adventure Time'' \n2010\u2013present\n Cartoon Network/Nicktoons (Pilot only) \n co-produced with Frederator Studios and Cartoon Network Studios (Uncredited)'''\n\n ''Human Target'' \n 2010\u20132011 \n FOX \n co-produced with Wonderland Sound and Vision, Bonanza Productions, DC Comics and Bell Media\n\n ''Life Unexpected'' \n 2010\u20132011 \n The CW \n co-produced with CBS Productions and Best Day Ever Productions and Mojo Films\n\n ''Past Life'' \n 2010 \n FOX\n\n ''Miami Medical'' \n 2010 \n CBS \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television and Bonanza Productions\n\n ''Romantically Challenged'' \n 2010 \n ABC\n\n ''Childrens Hospital'' \n 2010\u20132016 \n Adult Swim \n Co-produced with The Corddry Company, Abominable Pictures, Warner Bros. Studio 2.0 and Williams Street\n\n ''Scooby-Doo! Mystery Incorporated'' \n 2010\u20132013 \n Cartoon Network \n Co-produced with Warner Bros. Animation \n\n  ''Regular Show'' \n 2010\u20132017 \n Cartoon Network \n distribution only, produced by Cartoon Network Studios \n\n ''MAD \n 2010\u20132013 \n Cartoon Network \n Co-produced with Warner Bros. Animation \n\n ''Hellcats'' \n 2010 \n The CW \n with Five & Dime Productions, Tom Welling Productions and CBS Television Studios\n\n ''Nikita'' \n 2010\u20132013 \n The CW \n co-produced with Wonderland Sound and Vision and Sesfonstein Productions\n\n ''Chase'' \n 2010\u20132011 \n NBC \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television and Bonanza Productions\n\n ''Mike & Molly'' \n 2010\u20132016 \n CBS \n Co-produced with Chuck Lorre Productions'''\n\n ''Better with You'' \n 2010\u20132011 \n ABC \n co-produced with Silver & Gold Productions\n\n ''Undercovers'' \n 2010 \n NBC \n co-produced with Bad Robot Productions\n\n ''The Whole Truth'' \n 2010 \n ABC \n co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television\n\n ''$h*! My Dad Says'' \n 2010\u20132011 \n CBS \n co-produced with KoMut Entertainment\n\n ''Young Justice'' \n 2010\u20132013; 2017 \n Cartoon Network \n Co-produced with DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Animation \n\n '''''Shameless'' \n 2011\u2013present \n Showtime \n co-produced with John Wells Productions'''\n\n ''Harry's Law'' \n 2011\u20132012 \n NBC \n co-produced with David E. Kelley Productions\n\n ''Ringer'' \n 2011\u20132012 \n The CW \n with Green Eggs and Pam Productions, Inc., Brillstein Entertainment Partners, ABC Studios (pilot) and CBS Television Studios\n\n ''The Secret Circle'' \n 2011\u20132012 \n The CW \n Co-produced with Outerbanks Entertainment, Alloy Entertainment and CBS Television Studios\n\n '''''2 Broke Girls'' \n 2011\u2013present \n CBS \n Co-produced with Michael Patrick King Productions'''\n\n ''Person of Interest'' \n 2011\u20132016 \n CBS \n Co-produced with Bad Robot Productions'''\n\n ''Hart of Dixie'' \n 2011\u20132015 \n The CW \n Co-produced with Fake Empire Productions, Dogarooski and CBS Television Studios'''\n\n ''Suburgatory'' \n 2011\u20132014 \n ABC''' \n Co-produced with Piece of Pie Productions\n\n ''I Hate My Teenage Daughter'' \n 2011\u20132012 \n FOX \n Co-produced with Gavin&Roxie&Hap Productions\n\n ''The Looney Tunes Show'' \n 2011-2014 \n Cartoon Network \n Co-produced by Warner Bros. Animation\n\n ''Thundercats'' \n 2011-2012 \n Cartoon Network \n Co-produced by Warner Bros. Animation\n\n ''Work It'' \n 2012 \n ABC \n Co-produced with Bonanza Productions and Summer School Productions\n\n ''Are You There, Chelsea?'' \n 2012 \n NBC \n Co-produced with Borderline Amazing Productions and Werner Entertainment\n\n ''Alcatraz'' \n 2012 \n FOX \n Co-produced with Bad Robot Productions\n\n ''Major Crimes'' \n 2012\u2013present \n TNT \n Co-produced with The Shephard/Robin Company\n\n ''Revolution'' \n 2012\u20132014 \n NBC \n Co-produced with Bad Robot Productions and Kripke Enterprises\n\n ''Partners'' \n 2012 \n CBS \n Co-produced with KoMut Entertainment\n\n ''666 Park Avenue'' \n 2012 \n ABC \n Co-produced with Alloy Entertainment\n\n ''Green Lantern: The Animated Series'' \n 2012-2013 \n Cartoon Network \n Co-produced by DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Animation\n\n '''''Arrow'' \n 2012\u2013present \n The CW \n Co-produced with Bonanza Productions, Berlanti Productions and DC Comics\n\n ''Emily Owens, M.D.'' \n 2012\u20132013 \n The CW \n Co-produced with CBS Television Studios and The Dan Jinks Company\n\n ''The Carrie Diaries'' \n 2013\u20132014 \n The CW \n Co-produced with Fake Empire Productions and A.B. Baby Productions\n\n ''Newsreaders'' \n 2013\u20132015 \n Adult Swim \n Co-produced with The Corddry Company, Abominable Pictures, Warner Bros. Studio 2.0 and Williams Street\n\n ''The Following'' \n 2013\u20132015 \n FOX \n Co-produced with Outerbanks Entertainment\n\n ''Cult'' \n 2013 \n The CW\n\n ''Golden Boy'' \n 2013 \n CBS\n\n ''Hostages'' \n 2013\u20132014 \n CBS \n Co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television\n\n '''''Teen Titans Go!'' \n 2013-present \n Cartoon Network \n Co-produced by DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Animation\n\n ''Uncle Grandpa'' \n 2013-present \n Cartoon Network \n distribution only. Produced by Cartoon Network Studios\n\n '''''Mom'' \n 2013\u2013present \n CBS \n Co-produced with Chuck Lorre Productions\n\n ''Super Fun Night'' \n 2013\u20132014 \n ABC \n Co-produced with Conaco\n\n '''''The Originals'' \n 2013\u2013present \n The CW \n Co-produced with My So-Called Company, Alloy Entertainment and CBS Television Studios\n\n ''The Tomorrow People'' \n 2013\u20132014 \n The CW \n Co-produced with FremantleMedia North America & CBS Television Studios\n\n ''Steven Universe'' \n 2013-present \n Cartoon Network \n distribution only. Produced by Cartoon Network Studios\n\n '''''Reign \n 2013\u2013present \n The CW \n Co-produced with Joyful Girl Productions, Take 5 Productions, Whizbang Films and CBS Television Studios\n\n ''Almost Human \n 2013\u20132014 \n FOX \n Co-produced with Frequency Films and Bad Robot Productions\n\n ''Believe \n 2014 \n NBC \n Co-produced with Bad Robot Productions and Esperanto Filmoj\n\n ''Star-Crossed \n 2014 \n The CW \n Co-produced with Space Floor Television, Ol\u00e9 Productions and CBS Television Studios\n\n '''''The 100 \n 2014\u2013present \n The CW \n Co-produced with Alloy Entertainment and CBS Television Studios'''\n\n ''The Tom and Jerry Show'' \n 2014-present \n Cartoon Network \n Co-produced by Warner Bros. Animation\n\n ''Mike Tyson Mysteries'' \n Adult Swim \n Co-produced by Warner Bros. Animation and Williams Street\n\n ''Clarence'' \n 2014-present \n Cartoon Network \n distribution only. Produced by Cartoon Network Studios\n\n ''Surviving Jack \n 2014 \n FOX \n Co-produced with Doozer\n\n ''Undateable'' \n 2014\u20132016 \n NBC \n Co-produced with Doozer\n\n '''''The Leftovers'' \n 2014\u2013present \n HBO \n Co-produced with HBO Entertainment and White Rabbit Productions\n\n ''The Mysteries of Laura'' \n 2014\u20132016 \n NBC \n Co-produced with Berlanti Productions, Jeff Rake Productions, Kapital Entertainment and New Media Vision\n\n ''Forever'' \n 2014\u20132015 \n ABC \n Co-produced with Good Session and Lin Pictures\n\n '''''Gotham'' \n 2014-present \n Fox \n Co-produced with Primrose Hill Productions and DC Comics\n\n ''Selfie'' \n 2014 \n ABC \n Co-produced with Piece of Pie Productions\n\n ''Stalker'' \n 2014\u20132015 \n CBS \n Co-produced with Outerbanks Entertainment\n\n ''A to Z'' \n 2014\u20132015 \n NBC \n Co-produced with BQ Productions and Le Train Train\n\n '''''The Flash'' \n 2014\u2013present \n The CW \n Co-produced with Bonanza Productions, Berlanti Productions and DC Comics\n\n '''''Jane the Virgin'' \n 2014-present \n The CW \n Co-produced with Poppy Productions, RCTV International, Electus Entertainment and CBS Television Studios\n\n ''Constantine'' \n 2014\u20132015 \n NBC \n Co-produced with DC Comics\n\n '''''iZombie''''' \n 2015\u2013present \n The CW \n Co-produced with Spondoolie Productions, DC Comics and Vertigo\n\n ''We Bare Bears'' \n Cartoon Network \n distribution only. Produced by Cartoon Network Studios\n\n '''''Wabbit''''' \n Cartoon Network/Boomerang \n Co-produced by Warner Bros. Animation\n\n '''''Be Cool, Scooby-Doo''''' \n\n '''''Blindspot'' \n NBC \n co-produced with Berlanti Productions and Quinn's House\n\n '''''Crazy Ex-Girlfriend'' \n The CW \n Co-produced with LeanMachine, Webbterfuge and CBS Television Studios\n\n '''''Supergirl'' \n CBS / The CW \n Co-produced with Berlanti Productions and DC Comics\n\n ''Significant Mother'' \n 2015 \n The CW \n Co-produced with Alloy Entertainment and CBS Television Studios\n\n ''The Messengers'' \n The CW \n Co-produced with Thunder Road Television and CBS Television Studios\n\n ''The Powerpuff Girls \n 2016-present \n Cartoon Network \n distribution only. Produced by Cartoon Network Studios\n\n '''''Bunnicula''''' \n Cartoon Network \n Co-produced by Warner Bros. Animation\n\n '''''Legends of Tomorrow''''' \n  The CW \n Co-produced with Berlanti Productions and DC Comics\n\n '''''Lucifer''''' \n Fox \n Co-produced with DC Comics and Vertigo\n\n '''''No Tomorrow''''' \n The CW \n Co-produced with Groupo Globo, Electus Entertainment and CBS Television Studios\n\n ''Mighty Magiswords'' \n Cartoon Network \n Distribution only, produced by Cartoon Network Studios \n\n '''''Frequency''''' \n The CW \n Co-produced with Lin Pictures\n\n '''''Lethal Weapon''''' \n FOX \n Co-produced with Lin Pictures and Good Session Productions\n\n '''''Westworld''''' \n HBO \n Co-produced with Bad Robot Productions and Kilter Films\n\n '''''Justice League Action''''' \n Cartoon Network \n Co-produced by DC Entertainment and Warner Bros. Animation\n\n ''Containment'' \n 2016 \n The CW \n Co-produced with Eyeworks and My So-Called Company\n\n ''11.22.63'' \n Hulu \n Co-produced with Bad Robot Productions\n\n ''Rush Hour'' \n CBS \n Co-produced with Doozer, RatPac Television and New Line Cinema\n\n '''''Riverdale''''' \n 2017\u2013present \n The CW \n Co-produced with Berlanti Productions and CBS Television Studios\n\n '''''Powerless''''' \n 2017-present \n NBC \n Co-produced with BQ Productions and DC Comics\n\n '''''Training Day''''' \n 2017\u2013present \n CBS \n Co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television and Fuqua Films\n\n ''Trial & Error'' \n coming 2017 \n NBC \n Co-produced with Barge Productions and Good Session Productions\n\n ''Time After Time'' \n ABC \n Co-produced with Outerbanks Entertainment\n\n\n===Warner Horizon Television===\n\n\n Title\n Years\n Network\n Notes\n\n '''''Whose Line Is It Anyway?'' \n 1998\u201320072013\u2013present \n ABCThe CW \n co-produced with Hat Trick Productions'''\n\n '''''The Bachelor'' \n 2002-present \n ABC \n Co-produced with Next Entertainment\n\n ''High School Reunion'' \n 2003\u20132010 \n The WB/TV Land \n Co-produced with Next Entertainment\n\n '''''The Bachelorette'' \n 2003-present \n ABC \n Co-produced with Next Entertainment\n\n ''Pussycat Dolls Present'' \n 2007\u20132008 \n The CW \n Co-produced with Pussycat LLC and 10 by 10 Entertainment\n\n ''Heartland'' \n 2007 \n TNT \n\n\n ''Side Order of Life'' \n 2007 \n Lifetime \n\n\n ''State of Mind'' \n 2007 \n Lifetime \n\n\n ''CW Now'' \n 2007\u20132008 \n The CW \n\n\n ''America's Best Dance Crew'' \n 2008\u201320122015 \n MTV \n\n\n ''Here Come the Newlyweds'' \n 2008\u20132009 \n ABC \n Co-produced with The Jay & Tony Show\n\n ''Stylista'' \n 2008 \n The CW \n\n\n ''True Beauty'' \n 2009\u20132010 \n ABC \n Co-produced with Bankable Productions and Katalsyt Films\n\n ''Trust Me'' \n 2009 \n TNT \n\n\n ''Hitched or Ditched'' \n 2009 \n The CW \n\n\n ''Man vs. Cartoon'' \n 2009 \n truTV \n\n\n ''Dark Blue'' \n 2009\u20132010 \n TNT \n Co-produced with Water Chopping Entertainment\n\n ''More to Love'' \n 2009 \n FOX \n\n\n ''There Goes the Neighborhood'' \n 2009 \n CBS \n\n\n ''Leave It to Lamas'' \n 2009 \n E! \n\n\n '''''Pretty Little Liars'' \n 2010-present \n ABC Family / Freeform \n Co-produced with Alloy Entertainment, Long Lake Productions and Russian Hill Productions\n\n ''Rubicon'' \n 2010 \n AMC \n \n\n ''Unnatural History'' \n 2010 \n Cartoon Network \n\n\n ''Memphis Beat'' \n 2010\u20132011 \n TNT \n Co-produced with Smokehouse Productions\n\n ''Rizzoli & Isles'' \n 2010\u20132016 \n TNT \n Co produced with Oster Entertainment and Hurdler Productions\n\n ''Bachelor Pad'' \n 2010\u20132012 \n ABC \n Co-produced with Next Entertainment\n\n ''School Pride'' \n 2010 \n NBC \n Co-produced with Denise Cramsey Productions\n\n ''Glory Daze'' \n 2010\u20132011 \n TBS \n Co-produced with The Walt Becker Company\n\n ''Shedding for the Wedding'' \n 2011 \n The CW \n\n\n '''''The Voice'' \n 2011-present \n NBC \n Co-produced with Mark Burnett Productions (2011), One Three Media (2012\u20132014), United Artists Media Group (2014\u20132015), MGM Television (2016-present) and Talpa Media\n\n ''Take the Money and Run'' \n 2011 \n ABC \n Co-produced with Jerry Bruckheimer Television and Profiles Television\n\n ''The Lying Game'' \n 2011\u20132013 \n ABC Family \n Co-produced with Alloy Entertainment and Pratt Enterprises\n\n ''H8R'' \n 2011 \n The CW \n\n\n '''''Longmire'' \n 2012\u2013present \n A&E / Netflix \n Co-produced with The Shephard/Robin Company and Two Boomerangs Productions\n\n ''Dallas'' \n 2012\u20132014 \n TNT \n Co-produced with Cyntax Productions\n\n ''Political Animals'' \n 2012 \n USA Network \n\n\n ''Sullivan & Son'' \n 2012\u20132014 \n TBS \n Co-produced with Wild West Picture Show Productions\n\n ''Oh Sit!'' \n 2012\u20132013 \n The CW \n Co-produced with The Gurin Company, 405 Productions and Raquel Productions Inc.\n\n ''Ravenswood'' \n 2013\u20132014 \n ABC Family \n Co-produced with Alloy Entertainment, Long Lake Productions, Russian Hill Productions and Jarndyce & Jarndyce Inc.\n\n ''Ground Floor'' \n 2013\u20132015 \n TBS \n Co-produced with Doozer Productions\n\n '''''Bachelor in Paradise'' \n 2014\u2013present \n ABC \n Co-produced with Next Entertainment\n\n '''''Repeat After Me'' \n 2015\u2013present \n ABC \n Co-produced with A Very Good Production\n\n '''''500 Questions''''' \n 2015\u2013present \n ABC \n Co-produced with United Artists Media Group (season 1), MGM Television (season 2-present)\n\n ''Clipped'' \n 2015 \n TBS \n\n\n '''''Fuller House'' \n 2016\u2013present \n Netflix \n Co-produced with Jeff Franklin Productions and Miller-Boyett Productions\n\n '''''Little Big Shots''''' \n 2016\u2013present \n NBC \n Co-produced with East 112th Street Productions and A Very Good Production\n\n '''''Queen Sugar''''' \n 2016\u2013present \n OWN \n Co-produced with Harpo Productions\n\n '''''People of Earth''''' \n 2016\u2013present \n TBS \n Co-produced with Conaco and Deedle-Dee Productions\n\n ''Famous in Love'' \n coming 2017 \n Freeform \n Co-produced with Long Lake Media, Farah Films and Carmina Productions\n\n ''Krypton'' \n TBA \n Syfy \n Co-produced with Phantom Four and DC Comics\n\n ''Scalped'' \n TBA \n WGN America \n Co-produced with DC Comics\n\n"	"See also"	"*Warner Bros.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* \n* \n* Warner Bros. Television (official YouTube channel:https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCCkuIPRq743rc37-GS9m__g)\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Warren the Ape"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Warren the Ape''''' is an MTV reality show parody which ran from June 14 to August 30, 2010 and aired at 10:30\u00a0p.m. The series is a spin-off of the IFC and Fox TV show ''Greg the Bunny'', and follows the titular character's life as he tries to get his life back together following the cancellation of ''Greg the Bunny''.\n\nWarren has paid more attention to drugs, booze, and women than his career, which has degenerated into a series of seedy exploitation films, obscure industrials, low-rent theater productions, and a regrettable string of skin flicks.  With the help of his addiction specialist, Dr. Drew Pinsky, Warren tries (and often fails) to clean up his act, patch up his relationships, and claw his way back into the Hollywood limelight.\n\nThe series was created by Sean S. Baker, Spencer Chinoy, and Dan Milano, and is produced in association with MTV, Freestyle Entertainment, and Picture Shack Entertainment.\n\nOn November 19, 2010, the official ''Greg the Bunny''/''Warren the Ape'' website confirmed that there would be no season 2, and the show was in fact cancelled.\n"	"History"	"''Greg the Bunny'' was a franchise that began with ''Junktape'' a half-hour, bi-weekly cable TV Public-access television show created by Sean S. Baker, Spencer Chinoy, and Dan Milano. The show aired on New York City's Manhattan Neighborhood Network, Monday nights at 11:30\u00a0p.m.   Warren did not appear on ''Junktape'', but when the show's main character, Greg the Bunny, caught the attention of the Independent Film Channel (IFC) and was hired to introduce their independent films, the creators realized they needed someone with a little more intellectual focus to present their trivia segments. This is how Warren \"The Ape\" DeMontague was born.\n\n''The Greg the Bunny Show'' on IFC followed Greg, Warren, and other characters introducing independent films via a series of puppet-acted parodies. Warren and Greg were both performed and voiced by Dan Milano.\n\nWarren and Greg then moved on to Fox TV in their biggest incarnation yet.  The Fox show made its debut in March 2002 and its last episode aired in August 2002, with two episodes unaired.  Despite its brief run, the series acquired a significant cult following, and was released on DVD in 2004.\n\nIn August 2005, Warren the Ape along with Greg the Bunny returned to the IFC, in a series of short segments, both old and new, spoofing movies such as ''Annie Hall'', ''Miller's Crossing'', ''Barton Fink'', ''Fargo'', ''Blue Velvet'', ''Easy Rider'' and ''Pulp Fiction''. The cast for these segments primarily features puppets Greg and Warren DeMontague, with appearances from Frederick \"Count\" Blah, puppet agent Pal Friendlies, and The Wumpus. Tardy the Turtle and Susan the Monster were unable to appear on IFC because they were created solely for the Fox series. This incarnation lasted for two seasons and is also available on DVD.\n"	"Characters"	"*'''Warren DeMontague''' (voiced by Dan Milano) is the main character on the show, a veteran stage actor trying to make a new name for himself while having several substance-related vices. Frequently drunk and hardly ever prepared, Warren desperately tries to project an air of dignity (while wearing a ridiculous helmet).\n*'''Dr. Drew Pinsky''' (as himself) is Warren's advisor whom Warren visits to update him on his progress.\n*'''Cecil Greenblatt''' (played by Josh Sussman) is Warren's personal assistant whom he verbally abuses, also serving as his driver.\n*'''Raquel''' (played by Mary K. DeVault) is Warren's \"girlfriend.\"\n*'''Laura''' (played by Laura Kachergus) is the leader of Warren's AA group, who has little patience for Warren's disruptive outbursts.\n*'''Greg the Bunny''' is a side character, the title character of ''Greg the Bunny''. He acts mostly as comic relief, and jokes are made at his expense (particularly by Warren) about how he cannot act and that he is just there to look cute.\n*'''Seth Green''' played Jimmy Bender on the Fox version of ''Greg the Bunny'', bearing a grudge against Warren for sleeping with his girlfriend. At Warren's attempts to patch things up between them, resulting with him accidentally having sex with Clare Grant, Seth ended up heavily hospitalized when accidentally hit by Cecil's car. By the time Warren visits him to borrow some money, Seth manages to regain use of his left hand to give a gesture as his way of saying no.\n*'''Sarah Silverman''' is one of Warren's former co-stars, hates Warren for an unknown reason and changing her number to get away from him. When Warren arrived to her studio to borrow some money, she went out in a rage until Warren seduced her and they had aggressive sex. But in doing so, Warren got their sex scene, though barely filmed from outside the building, on live television while forgetting all about the money in the heat of the moment.\n"	"Episodes"	"\n\n\n No.\n Title\n Directed by\n Written by\n Original air date\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"	"Appearances in other shows"	"Warren the Ape made a guest segment on ''Talk Soup'', which aired in 2002.  In it, Warren appears alongside guest host Sarah Silverman.\n"	"References"	"\n\n"	"External links"	"* Official ''Warren the Ape'' site\n* MTV's ''Warren the Ape'' site\n* IFC's ''Warren the Ape'' site\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"When You're an Addams"	"Introduction"	"\n\"'''When You're an Addams'''\" is the opening number of ''The Addams Family'' musical. The music and lyrics are written by Andrew Lippa. The last lines are reprised in the curtain call.\n"	"Plot"	"''When You're an Addams'' takes place immediately after the overture, as the curtain rises on a graveyard where the Addams family has gathered. Gomez explains that they are there to honor the cycle of life and death, and also to celebrate what it means when you're an Addams. The music has started at this point, and Gomez is eventually joined by his wife Morticia, and after a few more stanzas, the entire family is singing. They then call upon their ancestors to join them in this celebration, which involves line dancing, the bunny hop, the twist, and rigor mortis.  The last lines, which are among the most well known from the musical, are as follows:\n\nIt's family first, and family last,\nAnd family by and by!\nWhen you're an Addams,\nThe standard answers don't apply!\nWhen you're an Addams,\nYou do what Addams do or die!\n\n"	"Reception "	"Overall, the song was better well-received than the original opening number, ''Clandango'', with Patrick Healy of ''The New York Times'' saying that \"When You're an Addams\" \"is more lighthearted and generic\", and Stephen Rader's review saying that it \"presents all of the family members to us as we know and love them from the TV series and subsequent movies.\" The song was nominated for a Broadway.com Audience Award for Favorite New Broadway Song.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"* ''When You're an Addams'' performance on David Letterman\n\n\n\n"
"White Horses of Summer"	"Introduction"	"\n'''''Bianchi cavalli d'Agosto''''' (internationally known as '''''White Horses of Summer''''') is a 1975 Italian drama film written and directed by Raimondo Del Balzo.\n\nThe film is part of the genre of Italian melodramatic films known as \"tearjerker movies\" or \"lacrima movies\". \nIt also is, together with ''The Last Snows of Spring'', the best known and successful film of child actor Renato Cesti\u00e8.\n"	" Cast "	"*Jean Seberg: Lea Kingsburg \n*Frederick Stafford: Nicholas Kingsburg \n*Renato Cesti\u00e8: Bunny \n*Ciccio Ingrassia: The fisherman\n*Alberto Terracina: Aldo Tavani \n*Antonino Fa\u00e0 di Bruno: Receptionist\n*Vanna Brosio: Nurse\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Wish I'd Kept a Scrapbook: A Tribute to Tullycraft"	"Introduction"	"\n\n''''' Wish I'd Kept A Scrapbook: A Tribute to Tullycraft is a 2010 tribute album to the pioneering indiepop / twee band Tullycraft. The album, released on Unchikun Records, features cover versions of\nsongs written by Tullycraft, performed by a number of artists including: Math and Physics Club, the Smittens, Bunnygrunt, Hot Lava, Darren Hanlon & Rose Melberg. The album was compiled by Lee Grutman from the band LA Tool & Die and was a labor of love for all of the bands involved.\n"	"Track listing"	"\n"	"See also"	"Tullycraft\n"	"External links"	"* Unchikun Records\n* Tullycraft\n* Eardrums\n* Tweendie\n* Three Imaginary Girls\n* Fensepost\n* Powerpopulist\n* A Layer of Chips\n\n\n"
"World Cyber Games 2005"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\nWorld Cyber Games Finals in Singapore 2005\nThe '''World Cyber Games 2005''' was held in Singapore at Suntec Singapore International Convention and Exhibition Centre from 16 to 20 November 2005. There were over 800 players from 67 countries. Over 39,000 spectators turned up at the games to cheer for the players. The grand prize for the game is US$435,000.\n"	"Games played at WCG 2005"	"'''Official games'''\n\n''PC games''\n*Counter-Strike: Source\n*FIFA Football 2005\n*Need For Speed: Underground 2\n*StarCraft: Brood War\n*Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne\n*Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War\n\n''Xbox games''\n*Dead or Alive Ultimate\n*Halo 2\n\n'''Special tournament game'''\n* freestyle\n\n'''Mobile tournament games'''\n*Bruce Lee\n* Chopper Rescue\n* Goolie\n*Midtown Madness 3\n\n'''Promotional event game'''\n* Carom 3D\n"	"Awards and medals"	"{| class=\"wikitable\" border=\"1\" cellspacing=\"0\" style=\"width:100%; text-align:center\"\n\n Classification !! Game\n Gold\n Silver\n Bronze !! Fourth to eighth\n\n Official games \n Counter-Strike: Source \n US$50 000 \n US$25 000 \n US$10 000 \n Prizes (total US$50 000)\n\n Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne \n US$40 000 \n US$10 000 \n US$5 000 \n Prizes (total US$5 000)\n\n StarCraft: Brood War \n US$20 000 \n US$10 000 \n US$5 000 \n Prizes (total US$5 000)\n\n FIFA Football 2005 \n US$20 000 \n US$10 000 \n US$5 000 \n Prizes (total US$5 000)\n\n Need For Speed: Underground 2 \n US$20 000 \n US$10 000 \n US$5 000 \n Prizes (total US$5 000)\n\n Halo 2 \n US$20 000 \n US$10 000 \n US$5 000 \n Prizes (total US$10 000)\n\n Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War \n US$20 000 \n US$10 000 \n US$5 000 \n Prizes (total US$5 000)\n\n Dead or Alive Ultimate \n US$15 000 \n US$10 000 \n US$5 000 \n Prizes (total US$5 000)\n\n Mobile Tournament \n Chopper Rescue \n US$3,000 \n US$1,000 \n US ? \n Prizes (total US$ ?)\n\n Special tournament \n freestyle \n US$20 000\n\n"	"Players' village"	"The Costa Sands Resort (Downtown East) in Singapore served as the WCG 2005 Players' Village.\nAbout 800 national representatives who advanced from the WCG 2005 national championships stayed at the Players' Village during the WCG 2005 Grand Final.\n"	"Sponsors"	"'''Worldwide sponsor'''\n*Samsung Electronics\n\n'''Premier sponsors'''\n*Intel\n*Razer USA Ltd\n\n'''Official sponsors'''\n*Singapore Telecommunications\n*Video Pro\n\n'''Official suppliers'''\n*ProCurve\n*Kingston Technology\n*Ablerex\n*Seagate\n*ASUS\n*Foxconn\n*Cooler Master\n*VRnet\n*DVDrama\n*Radioitg\n\n'''Host broadcaster'''\n*MediaCorp\n\n'''Official media partners'''\n*Gameaxis\n*HardwareZone\n*Hardware Magazine\n*PHOTO-i\n*PC Magazine\n\n'''Official gaming magazine'''\n*Gameaxis\n*Playworks\n\n'''Official partners'''\n*Blizzard Entertainment\n*EA Sports\n*EA Games\n*Microsoft\n*Tecmo\n*THQ\n*Valve Corporation\n*Xbox Live\n"	"Commentators"	"Online audio and video coverage was provided by Inside the Game.\n\n'''Marcus Graham'''\n\nNickname: djWHEAT\n\nWCG events covered: WCG 2004 Grand Final in San Francisco, WCG 2003 Grand Final in Seoul\n\nGames covered: Counter-Strike: Source, Dead or Alive Ultimate, Halo 2\n\nWCG 2005 was Marcus' 4th World Cyber Games Grand Final event. Marcus' biggest break into the world of e-Sports commentary came when he was unable to follow clan519 to Paris to compete in LAN Arena 7. It was decided that he would provide coverage from home so people in North America could follow the tournament as it progressed. The event sparked a lot of interest in the Quake community, and Marcus realized the potential impact that this form of organized game coverage could have on the entire gaming scene. After spending nearly nine months studying both sports and e-sports commentary, Marcus was ready to unleash his might on the world. Marcus' passion for gaming is fueled by the people with whom he works and the fact that he believes e-Sports commentary is an essential element in making professional gaming a reality.\n\n'''Stuart Saw'''\n\nNickname: TosspoT\n\nWCG events covered: WCG 2004 Grand Final in San Francisco\n\nGames covered: Counter-Strike: Source, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne, FIFA Football 2005\n\nStuart's gaming passion is deeply rooted in ID's Wolfenstein series. Stuart has been prominent in the Return to Castle Wolfenstein and Enemy Territory communities for many years. More recently, he's ventured out into the world of gaming and has dabbled in Counter-Strike, Quake, and Real Time Strategy games. The WCG Grand Finals in San Francisco in 2004 was Stuart's first LAN event, but he is eager to return to the event that gave him a chance to see how amazing competitive LANs can be! Stuart provided commentary for Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and FIFA in San Francisco.\n\n'''Paul Chaloner'''\n\nNickname: ReDeYe\n\nGames covered: Counter-Strike: Source, Need For Speed: Underground 2, FIFA Football 2005\n\nA long time online gamer with over five years of experience in Unreal-based First Person Shooters, Paul took up game commentary on his own, borrowing servers for EuroCup 2003. Since then, Paul has covered the Finals of many events, such as Unreal Tournament, UT2003, and UT2004 in EuroCup and Nations Cup, and also Counter-Strike: Source Cup Finals.\n\nSome of his credentials include coverage of the highly publicized Jolt/PC Zone Reader's Challenge. Paul was also featured in ''PC Zone'' magazine (UK).\n\n'''Jason Hutchison'''\n\nNickname: NiceGuyEd\n\nGames covered: Counter-Strike: Source, FIFA Football 2005, Need For Speed: Underground 2, Dead or Alive Ultimate, Halo 2\n\nJason has been gaming for almost his entire life. His love of gaming became evident after his mother demanded he go outside and play: his response was to take the television out onto the deck and continue to play Mike Tyson's Punch Out outside. Jason's online gaming career began with Quake II, where he first met Marcus 'djWHEAT' Graham. Jason also plays a large variety of Massively multiplayer online games, beginning with Ultima Online and more currently, World of Warcraft. He has played Quake II, Unreal Tournament 2004, and Soulcalibur II competitively with some degree of success.\n\n'''Christopher Iannitti'''\n\nNickname: WaCKSteVeN\n\nWCG events covered: WCG 2004 Grand Final in San Francisco, WCG 2003 Grand Final in Seoul\n\nGames covered: StarCraft: Brood War, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne\n\nChris is a gamer first and a broadcaster second. Starting at the age of five on his Atari and branching out from there, Chris spent his childhood honing his skills on such titles as Kung Fu Master, Contra, and Bad Dudes. This love of computer games and a rather unhealthy obsession with the Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles led a friend to introduce him to a book on computer animation, which increased his interest. E-Sports commentary has been a great deal of fun for him, allowing interaction with professional gamers and people in the industry. In addition to playing Real Time Strategy games such as Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos and StarCraft: Brood War, Chris has covered Enemy Territory and Unreal Tournament 2004. He has been an important voice at the WCG Grand Final in 2003 and 2004.\n\n'''Nicolas Plott'''\n\nNickname: Tasteless\n\nGames covered: StarCraft: Brood War, Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War\n\nNick has been playing games competitively for as long as he can remember. He boasts the title of sponsored member of the RSGaming pro-team, which is currently one of the most elite StarCraft teams in the Western hemisphere.\n\nAt the World Cyber Games USA National Qualifiers, Nick had the opportunity to show the world his extensive knowledge in StarCraft, which secured him a spot on the Grand Finals coverage team.\n\n'''Kim Phan'''\n\nNickname: bunny\n\nGames covered: StarCraft: Brood War, Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne\n\nKim didn't start playing PC games until college, but she's been playing console games since the age of five. The first PC game to really capture her attention was StarCraft: Brood War, which she played addictively for four years. She later began playing Warcraft III: Reign of Chaos when it was released by Blizzard Entertainment, thus branching out to another type of Real Time Strategy game. She continues playing to this day with over 4000 games logged on her Battle.net account.\n\nKim got into game commentary two years ago, casually at first then on a more serious basis when she joined Gamesports.de. Her online commentary experience includes leagues such as ESL WC3L, MCL, and Revelcell Masters. Kim has also covered regular online tournaments such as the WC3M, inCup, Show Matches, and Invitationals hosted by various clans and teams.\n"	"Results"	"\n=== Official ===\n\n\n '''Event'''\n Gold\n Silver\n Bronze\n\n'''''Counter-Strike: Source''''' \n Team3D \n Josh Sievers(Dominator) \n k23 \n Dauren Kystaubayev(AdreN) \n Team_EG \n Matt Stevenson(bl00dsh0t)\n\n Michael So(method)\n Alexander Yakovlev(beAst)\n Pasha Lari(LaRi)\n\n Salvatore Garozzo(Volcano)\n Asset Sembiev(Solaar)\n Griffin Benger(shaGuar)\n\n Kyle Miller(Ksharp)\n Anvar Nasirov(anv1k)\n Robert Tyndale(blackpanther)\n\n Ronald Kim(Rambo)\n Nurtas Mamytbayev(Nur1k)\n Jimmy Lin(Lin)\n\n '''''Need For Speed: Underground 2'''''\n  Giovani Magri (GearGG)\n  Danilo Barros (N4_Godsmack)\n  Konstantin Vanisov (USSR_MrKot)\n\n '''''Warhammer 40,000: Dawn of War'''''\n  Ryoo Kyung Hyun (TmG SeleCT)\n  Andr\u00e9 Zilio (TmG QuanChi)\n  Simon Pletzer (TmG InSAnE)\n\n '''''StarCraft: Brood War'''''\n  Jae-Hoon Lee (fOru)\n  Andrey Kukhianidze (3D Androide)\n  Peter Neate (Legionnaire)\n\n '''''Warcraft III: The Frozen Throne'''''\n  Li Xiaofeng (SKYCN)\n  Dennis Chan (BenQGeiLShort)\n  Manuel Schenkhuizen (Grubby)\n\n '''''FIFA Football 2005'''''\n  Dennis Schellhase (styla)\n  Gusev Victor (x4Alexx)\n  Moreno Torralbo (eDuYepp)\n\n'''''Halo 2''''' \n Team3D(OGRES) \n Dan Ryan(OGRE1) \n Evil Geniuses \n Nelson Triana(Gspot)  \n Halo1style \n Maxime Billieres(MaCks_Myers)\n\n Tom Ryan(OGRE2)\n Jason The(SadPanda)\n Philemon Kammer(phiL)\n\n '''''Dead or Alive Ultimate'''''\n  Tomoyuki Inui (Katsuninken)\n  Wilson Chia (Tetra)\n  Dong-Heon Han (Shinobi)\n\n\n\n=== Special ===\n\n\n '''Event'''\n Gold\n Silver\n Bronze\n\n '''''FreeStyle''''' \n BOXOUT \n Chung-Hee Kim \n SAMASAMA \n Hyung-Kwon Song \n NicePlay \n Hsieh Chao-I\n\n Song Sang-Yup\n Jang Ju-Yuk\n Ma Te-Ru\n\n Yun Bin \n Jung Yong \n Chou Ming-Hung\n\n\n\n=== Mobile===\n\n\n '''Event'''\n Gold\n Silver\n Bronze\n\n '''''Bruce Lee'''''\n ?\n  Chang Ming-Tsung\n  Kamal Arora\n\n '''''Chopper Rescue'''''\n  Tammy Brook-Smith\n  Paul L. Antonio\n ?\n\n '''''Goolie'''''\n ?\n ?\n ?\n\n '''''Midtown Madness 3'''''\n ?\n ?\n ?\n\n\n\n===Promotional===\n\n\n '''Event'''\n Gold\n Silver\n Bronze\n\n '''''Carom 3D'''''\n ?\n ?\n ?\n\n\n\n\n+ '''Results by country'''\n\n Country\n Gold\n Silver \n Bronze\n\n 20px Philippines\n \n 1 \n\n\n 20px US\n 2 \n 1 \n\n\n 20px South Korea\n 2 \n\n 1\n\n 20px Brazil\n 1 \n 2 \n\n\n 20px Germany\n 1 \n \n 1\n\n 20px China\n 1 \n \n\n\n 20px Japan\n 1 \n \n\n\n 20px Russia\n \n 2 \n 1\n\n 20px Canada\n \n 1 \n 1\n\n 20px Kazakhstan\n \n 1 \n\n\n 20px Singapore\n \n 1 \n\n\n 20px Australia\n \n \n 1\n\n 20px France\n \n \n 1\n\n 20px Netherlands\n \n \n 1\n\n 20px Spain\n \n \n 1\n\n"	"Notable participant"	"*Verena Vlajo (Austria), the first female participant\n"	"External links"	"* World Cyber Games Official Website\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Yeager"	"Introduction"	"\n'''Yeager''' is a relatively uncommon American surname, most likely a transcription of the common German surname \"Jaeger/J\u00e4ger\" (hunter). The spelling was changed to become phonetic because there is no English \"umlaut\". Notable people with the surname include:\n\n*Barbara Yeager (born 1958), American actress and dancer\n*Biff Yeager, American actor\n*Bunny Yeager, American photographer and model\n*Carolyn Yeager, Holocaust denier connected to Bradley R. Smith\n*Chuck Yeager, American test pilot who was the first person to break the sound barrier\n*George Yeager (1874\u20131940), American baseball player\n*James J. Yeager (c. 1908 \u2013 1971), American football player and coach\n*Jeana Yeager, American aviator\n*Joe Yeager (1875\u20131937), American baseball player\n*Ken Yeager (born 1952), American politician\n*Leland Yeager, American economist\n*Lewis Yeager (1878\u20131906), American football coach\n*Mike Yeager, American football coach\n*Ralph Oscar Yeager (1892\u20131960), German-American architect\n*Roy Yeager (born 1949), American musician\n*Steve Yeager, American major league baseball catcher\n*Steve Yeager (filmmaker) (born 1948), American film director\n*William Yeager, best known for his development of the first multiple-protocol router software while working at Stanford University\n\n'''Fictional characters:'''\n*Cade and Tessa Yeager, characters of Transformers: Age of Extinction\n*Charlotte E. Yeager, character of the anime Strike Witches, based on Chuck Yeager as her ace archetype. Also known as Shirly.\n*Eren Yeager, character of the manga Attack on Titan\n*Hiram Yeager, character in the Dirk Pitt adventure novels\n"	"See also"	"*Jagger (disambiguation)\n*Jagr (disambiguation)\n*J\u00e4ger (disambiguation)\n\n\n\n"
"Young Doctors in Love"	"Introduction"	"\n'''''Young Doctors in Love''''' is a 1982 American comedy film directed by Garry Marshall. Similar in tone to the ''Airplane!'' movies, it spoofs a variety of medical shows (in particular, ''General Hospital'') and has many guest stars from ABC soap operas.\n\nThe film stars Sean Young, Michael McKean, Harry Dean Stanton, Dabney Coleman and Patrick Macnee. It also features Demi Moore in one of her early film roles.\n"	"Production"	"This is the first feature directed by Marshall, as well as his first collaboration with Hector Elizondo.  The two became lifelong friends, with Marshall referring to Elizondo as his \"lucky charm\" and casting him in a role \u2013 sometimes minor \u2013 in every one of Marshall's films. \n"	"Plot"	"A brilliant young trainee can't stand the sight of blood. A doctor romances the head nurse in order to get the key to the drugs cabinet. There's a mafioso on the loose disguised as a woman - in other words all the usual ingredients present and correct, though in this case the laughs are intentional.\n"	"Cast"	"===Main cast===\n* Sean Young as Dr. Stephanie Brody\n* Michael McKean as Dr. Simon August\n* Gary Friedkin as Dr. Milton Chamberlain\n* Kyle T. Heffner as Dr. Chamberlain\n* Rick Overton as Dr. Flicker\n* Crystal Bernard as Julie\n* Ted McGinley as Dr. DeVol\n* Saul Rubinek as Kurtzman\n* Harry Dean Stanton as Dr. Ludwig\n* Hector Elizondo as Angelo\n* Pamela Reed as Nurse Sprockett\n* Dabney Coleman as Dr. Prang\n* Michael Richards as Malamud Callahan\n\n===Supporting cast===\n* Taylor Negron as Dr. Phil Burns\n* Patrick Collins as Dr. Walter Rist\n* Titos Vandis as Sal Bonafetti\n* Patrick Macnee as Jacobs\n* Haunani Minn as Nurse Chang\n* Becky Gonzalez as Nurse Perez\n* Lynne Marie Stewart as Nurse Thatcher\n* Esther Sutherland as Nurse Willa Mae\n* Ann Washington as Nurses Annie\n* Hillary Horan as Nurse Theresa\n* Coleen Maloney as Nurse Jones\n* CC Crown as Nurse Sanchez (Credited as Claudia Crown)\n* Sonya Jennings as Nurse Nina (Credited as Sonia Jennings)\n* Kelly Moran as Skateboard Nurse\n* Patti Proctor as Valerie\n* Toni Hudson as Bunny\n* Kimberly McArthur as Jyll Omato\n* Julie Roth as Glenda\n* Arlene Eustis as Bobby\n* Deborah Lacey as Phone Striper\n* Ellaraino as Doctor Stevens (Credited as Ella Raino Edwards)\n* Arnold Margolin as Doctor Whitehat\n* Charlie Brill as Doctor Quick\n* Thomas Byrd as New Intern (Credited as Tom Byrd)\n* Frank Pesce as Rocco\n* Tessa Richarde as Rocco's Wife\n* Nicholas Mele as Jerry\n* Jill Owens as Angelo's Wife\n* Tony Kerum as Guido\n* William Ed Cree as Mr. Bannerman\n* James O'Connell as Blind Officer\n* Diane Markoff as Emilia\n* Walter Scott as Bed Mechanic\n* Reynaldo Rey as Cicerelli\n* Art Kassul as  Cop with Assault Victim\n* Millee Taggart as Miss Ditka\n* Nancy Lane as Mrs. Pendergast (Credited as Nancy Davis-Lane)\n* Billie Bird as Flower Lady\n* Lisa Lindgren as Usherette #1\n* Kathleen Marshall as Usherette #2 (Credited as Kathi Marshall)\n* Stuart Charno as Warren the Orderly\n* Larry Flash Jenkins as Paul the Orderly\n* Cary Schuman as Arnold the Orderly\n* Keith A. Wester as Hospital Announcer (Credited as Keith Wester)\n* John Steadman as 82-year-old Man\n* Dottie Archibald as Woman Who Almost Got Licked\n* Scott Marshall as Boy with Fly\n* Margie Anderson as Boy with Fly's Mother\n* Robert Ball as Mickey Callaghan (Credited as Robert E. Ball)\n* Neal Kaz as Ward Patient #1\n* Bob Pekurny as Ward Patient #2\n* George Furth as Disgusting Looking Patient\n* Robert Iannucci as Calvin Klein Model\n* Lou Evans as Nervous Patient\n* Ogden Talbot as Man in Wheelchair\n* Eric MacDonald as Little Cowboy\n* John Moschitta Jr. as Complaining Man\n* David Dozer as Santa Claus\n* Frank Campanella as Young Simon's Grandfather\n* Ed Begley Jr. as Young Simon's Father\n* Fran Peach as Young Simon's Mother\n* David Friedman as Young Simon\n* Lori Marshall as Football Playing Maid\n* Hamilton Camp as Oscar Katz\n* Susan Cotton as Newscaster\n* Michael Elias as Spectator\n* Alexandra Balahoutis as Spoiled Brat\n* Stephanie Dizon as Little Girl in Park\n* Shad Davis as Little Boy in Park\n* Rose Michtom as Mrs. Pierce\n* Peggy Trentini as Christmas Elf\n* Ray Saar as Party Guest\n* Kimberly Louis as Party Guest\n* David Ketchum as Balloon Man (Credited as Dave Ketchum)\n\n===Soap Opera Cameo appearances===\n* John Beradino\n* Emily McLaughlin\n* Michael Damian\n* Steven Ford\n* Chris Robinson\n* Stuart Damon\n* Jaime Lyn Bauer\n* Tom Ligon\n* Kin Shriner\n* Janine Turner\n* Jacklyn Zeman\n* Susan Lucci\n\n===Uncredited roles===\n* Paul Stanley as Himself (scenes deleted)\n* Richard Dean Anderson as Drug Dealer\n* Phil Boroff as Outdoor Cafe Patron\n* John E. Coleman as Featured\n* Monique Gabrielle as Featured\n* Cynthia Geary as Girl with Broken Nose\n* Demi Moore as New Intern\n"	"Reception"	"\nThe film was a moderate box office success with over $30 million.\n\n\nIt received a positive review in ''The New York Times,'' which said \"there are enough bright moments to make this a passable hot-weather entertainment.\" It maintains a 31% \"rotten\" rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 13 reviews.\n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"*  at MGM.com\n* \n* \n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Zoe Devlin"	"Introduction"	"\n\n\n\n'''Zoe Noor Devlin''' (born 1985) also known as '''Devlin Love''' or '''Zoe Devlin Love''',  is a British singer and songwriter. She is best known for appearing on The X Factor and working with Alabama 3.\n"	" Early life "	"Devlin was born in 1985 in Peterborough, England. Her father, Rick was a professional drummer from Scotland. Her mother, Nolia was a singer from Malaysia. She moved to London with her family and studied at Queens College London.\n"	" Music career "	"In 1999, at the age of 14 she worked with The Trojans and performed regularly at Gaz's Rockin' Blues club night in Soho.\n\n=== 2001\u201308: with Alabama 3 ===\nIn 2001, Devlin joined Alabama 3 as the lead female singer. She also had songwriter and co-producer credits and toured with the band.\n\nShe was often mentioned favorably in live reviews of the band. One reviewer noted that Devlin added \"a touch of glamour to the band's dynamic\".\n\n=== 2008\u201313: Princetones, jazz and Qemists ===\nIn 2006, Devlin sang lead for The Princetones on their album ''After the Rain'', which was used in the soundtrack for the film of the same name, directed by Gaelle Denis.\n\nDuring 2008, Devlin performed at Ronnie Scott's Jazz Club, with Eddie Henderson and other musicians.\n\nDevlin became pregnant in 2008 and stopped performing with Alabama 3.\n\nIn 2009, she released ''S.W.A.G.'' with The Qemists. The song featured on the soundtrack of the video game Blur.\n\n=== 2013\u2013present: The X Factor and beyond ===\n\nIn 2013, Devlin appeared in Season 10 of The X Factor in the UK. She reached the Judges' Houses stage.\n\nIn 2016, she appeared in a Magners Cider television commercial, covering the Rolling Stones song \"''I'm Free''\" with The Trojans.\n"	" Public Service "	"Devlin has taught songwriting in London secondary schools. She has also acted as an ambassador for music for Southwark Council in relation to various performance and songwriting projects.\n"	" Discography "	"\n; with Alabama 3\n* ''Outlaw''\n* ''Last Train to Mashville''\n* ''Hits and Exit Wounds''\n* ''M.O.R.'' (2007)\n* ''Shoplifting 4 Jesus''\n* ''There Will be Peace in the Valley... When We Get the Keys to the Mansion on the Hill''\n* ''The Wimmin from W.O.M.B.L.E.''\n* ''Revolver Soul''\n\n; with The Princetones\n* ''After the Rain'' (John John, 2008)\n\n; with The Qemists\n* ''Join the Q'' (Ninja Tune, 2009)\n\n; with The Trojans\n* ''Smash It'' (2013)\n\n; with Ian McCulloch\n* ''Holy Ghosts'' (Demon, 2013)\n"	" Personal life "	"From 2002 to 2009 Devlin was in a relationship with fellow Alabama 3 musician Nick Reynolds.\n\nIn 2009, Devlin had a daughter with Echo & The Bunnymen singer Ian McCulloch. She named her child Dusty after singer, Dusty Springfield. The couple split in 2012. Devlin lives with her family in London.\n"	" References "	"\n"	" External links "	"*  Zoe Devlin on Twitter\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Zorro, The Gay Blade"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Zorro, The Gay Blade''''' is a 1981 swashbuckling comedy film from 20th Century Fox, produced by C.O. Erickson and George Hamilton, directed by Peter Medak, that stars George Hamilton, Lauren Hutton, Ron Leibman, and Brenda Vaccaro. Via its dedication to director Rouben Mamoulian and opening prologue, the film establishes that it is a sequel to 20th Century Fox's swashbuckling adventure film ''The Mark of Zorro'' (1940).\n\nGeorge Hamilton was nominated for a Golden Globe award for playing the dual role of both Don Diego de la Vega (Zorro) and his gay twin brother Bunny Wigglesworth, n\u00e9 Ramon de la Vega.\n"	"Plot"	"In 1840s Madrid, Spain, Don Diego de la Vega is in bed with a married woman. They are caught by her husband, Garcia, and Diego must sword fight with him and his five brothers. During the altercation, Diego's mute servant Paco reads (via gestures) a letter from Diego's father ordering Diego's return to California. Diego and Paco jump from a high wall into a waiting carriage. \n\nWhen the two arrive in Los Angeles, they are met by Diego's childhood friend Esteban, who is now capit\u00e1n of the guard. He has married Florinda, for whom the men competed when they were boys. Diego learns that his father was killed in a riding accident, his horse \"frightened by a turtle\". Esteban is the acting alcalde until the Dons elect a replacement.\n\nEsteban is elected by acclimation and then gives a speech to the assembled peasants. He is interrupted by Charlotte Taylor-Wilson, a wealthy political activist from Boston. She and Diego meet, and despite their political differences, Diego is smitten.\n\nDiego is invited to a masked ball celebrating Esteban's elevation. He also receives his inheritance: Zorro's black cape, hat, and sword, along with a letter from his late father revealing that he was Zorro. That legacy now falls to Diego. He decides the masked ball is the perfect place to announce Zorro's return. On his way there, Zorro witnesses a peasant being extorted. He confronts and defeats Esteban's tax collector, then instructs the peon to spread the word that El Zorro has returned.\n\nDiego, in Zorro costume, dances with Florinda at the ball. Velasquez, the tax collector, reports the theft to Esteban, pointing to Diego as Zorro. A duel ensues with Esteban, and Zorro escapes by again jumping from a high wall, but this time injuring his foot and hobbling away. \n\nLater that night, a drunk Florinda attempts to seduce Diego at his hacienda, but Esteban arrives to speak about the evening's events. He suspects that Diego might be Zorro, but Diego convinces him that his foot is uninjured. \n\nA reign of terror begins, including torture and increased taxation. Diego is frustrated because, being injured, he cannot fight Esteban's tyranny. Fate intervenes when Diego's gay, foppish, and British-educated twin brother Ramon Vegaga, a Royal Navy officer, having adopted the name \"Bunny Wigglesworth\", comes home for a visit. Diego brings him up to date, and Bunny assumes the guise of Zorro, using a whip instead of a sword, while wearing flamboyant Zorro attire in a variety of coordinated colors.\n\nThe colorful Zorro always eludes capture. Esteban hatches a plan to lure Zorro to the alcalde's residence with another ball to show off Florinda's expensive new necklace. Seeing through the plan, Diego arrives dressed as Zorro. So do the rest of the Dons and male party guests, saying that a message from Esteban instructed them all to dress that way. Adding to the confusion, Bunny appears in drag, masquerading as \"Margarita\" Wigglesworth, Diego's cousin from Santa Barbara. Esteban is smitten upon meeting her. Bunny spills a drink on Florinda, and in the resulting chaos attempts to clean her dress, making off with the necklace. As Bunny leaves to return to the Royal Navy, he tells Diego that Charlotte Taylor-Wilson has confessed her love for Zorro.\n\nAt the plaza, Diego as Zorro and Charlotte meet again, falling into each others arms, but they are observed and Esteban is informed. As a ruse to lure Zorro, he has Charlotte arrested, and she is sentenced to be executed. Don Diego as Zorro surrenders to Esteban to save her, and he is sentenced to death.\n\nSeconds before the firing squad opens fire, Bunny, this time wearing a bright metallic gold costume, announces the return of Zorro. With Charlotte's and Diego's aid, Zorro incites the assembled peasants to rebellion. Esteban's guards also rebel, joined by Florinda, and Esteban stands alone, defeated. Later, Bunny finally rides off to catch his ship back to England, waving goodbye, after which Diego and Charlotte ride off to plan their wedding. As her wedding gift, Charlotte suggests that Diego donate all his family lands to the people so they can settle down and raise a family in Boston.\n"	"Cast"	"\n* George Hamilton as Don Diego Vega / Zorro / Bunny Wigglesworth / Ramon Vega\n* Lauren Hutton as Charlotte Taylor-Wilson\n* Brenda Vaccaro as Florinda\n* Ron Leibman as Captain Esteban\n* Donovan Scott as Paco\n* James Booth as Velasquez\n* Helen Burns as Consuelo\n* Clive Revill as Garcia\n* Carolyn Seymour as Dolores\n* Eduardo Noriega as Don Francisco\n* Pilar Pellicer as Don Francisco's wife\n* Jorge Russek as Don Fernando\n* Eduardo Alcaraz as Don Jose\n* Carlos Bravo y Fern\u00e1ndez as Don Luis Obispo\n* Roberto Dumont as Ferraro\n* Jorge Bolio as Pablito\n* Frank Welker as Narrator (in voice-over)\n\n"	"Film Score"	"The heroic and romantic music score for ''Zorro, the Gay Blade'' is adapted from the 1948 Errol Flynn-starring swashbuckling adventure film ''The Adventures of Don Juan'', composed by Max Steiner. \"Danzes Fantastica\" by Joaqu\u00edn Turina is also used in the film. Ironically, this classic and reused Steiner film score was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Musical Score.\n"	"Reception"	"Vincent Canby gave a mostly positive review in ''The New York Times'', praising many of the performances in particular. \"George Hamilton has energy and extreme good will. He also has surrounded himself with some very attractive and funny actors, particularly Mr. Leibman, Brenda Vaccaro, as the alcalde's sex-hungry wife, and beautiful Lauren Hutton\". \n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n* \n* \n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"
"Zorro, The Gay Blade"	"Introduction"	"\n\n'''''Zorro, The Gay Blade''''' is a 1981 swashbuckling comedy film from 20th Century Fox, produced by C.O. Erickson and George Hamilton, directed by Peter Medak, that stars George Hamilton, Lauren Hutton, Ron Leibman, and Brenda Vaccaro. Via its dedication to director Rouben Mamoulian and opening prologue, the film establishes that it is a sequel to 20th Century Fox's swashbuckling adventure film ''The Mark of Zorro'' (1940).\n\nGeorge Hamilton was nominated for a Golden Globe award for playing the dual role of both Don Diego de la Vega (Zorro) and his gay twin brother Bunny Wigglesworth, n\u00e9 Ramon de la Vega.\n"	"Plot"	"In 1840s Madrid, Spain, Don Diego de la Vega is in bed with a married woman. They are caught by her husband, Garcia, and Diego must sword fight with him and his five brothers. During the altercation, Diego's mute servant Paco reads (via gestures) a letter from Diego's father ordering Diego's return to California. Diego and Paco jump from a high wall into a waiting carriage. \n\nWhen the two arrive in Los Angeles, they are met by Diego's childhood friend Esteban, who is now capit\u00e1n of the guard. He has married Florinda, for whom the men competed when they were boys. Diego learns that his father was killed in a riding accident, his horse \"frightened by a turtle\". Esteban is the acting alcalde until the Dons elect a replacement.\n\nEsteban is elected by acclimation and then gives a speech to the assembled peasants. He is interrupted by Charlotte Taylor-Wilson, a wealthy political activist from Boston. She and Diego meet, and despite their political differences, Diego is smitten.\n\nDiego is invited to a masked ball celebrating Esteban's elevation. He also receives his inheritance: Zorro's black cape, hat, and sword, along with a letter from his late father revealing that he was Zorro. That legacy now falls to Diego. He decides the masked ball is the perfect place to announce Zorro's return. On his way there, Zorro witnesses a peasant being extorted. He confronts and defeats Esteban's tax collector, then instructs the peon to spread the word that El Zorro has returned.\n\nDiego, in Zorro costume, dances with Florinda at the ball. Velasquez, the tax collector, reports the theft to Esteban, pointing to Diego as Zorro. A duel ensues with Esteban, and Zorro escapes by again jumping from a high wall, but this time injuring his foot and hobbling away. \n\nLater that night, a drunk Florinda attempts to seduce Diego at his hacienda, but Esteban arrives to speak about the evening's events. He suspects that Diego might be Zorro, but Diego convinces him that his foot is uninjured. \n\nA reign of terror begins, including torture and increased taxation. Diego is frustrated because, being injured, he cannot fight Esteban's tyranny. Fate intervenes when Diego's gay, foppish, and British-educated twin brother Ramon Vegaga, a Royal Navy officer, having adopted the name \"Bunny Wigglesworth\", comes home for a visit. Diego brings him up to date, and Bunny assumes the guise of Zorro, using a whip instead of a sword, while wearing flamboyant Zorro attire in a variety of coordinated colors.\n\nThe colorful Zorro always eludes capture. Esteban hatches a plan to lure Zorro to the alcalde's residence with another ball to show off Florinda's expensive new necklace. Seeing through the plan, Diego arrives dressed as Zorro. So do the rest of the Dons and male party guests, saying that a message from Esteban instructed them all to dress that way. Adding to the confusion, Bunny appears in drag, masquerading as \"Margarita\" Wigglesworth, Diego's cousin from Santa Barbara. Esteban is smitten upon meeting her. Bunny spills a drink on Florinda, and in the resulting chaos attempts to clean her dress, making off with the necklace. As Bunny leaves to return to the Royal Navy, he tells Diego that Charlotte Taylor-Wilson has confessed her love for Zorro.\n\nAt the plaza, Diego as Zorro and Charlotte meet again, falling into each others arms, but they are observed and Esteban is informed. As a ruse to lure Zorro, he has Charlotte arrested, and she is sentenced to be executed. Don Diego as Zorro surrenders to Esteban to save her, and he is sentenced to death.\n\nSeconds before the firing squad opens fire, Bunny, this time wearing a bright metallic gold costume, announces the return of Zorro. With Charlotte's and Diego's aid, Zorro incites the assembled peasants to rebellion. Esteban's guards also rebel, joined by Florinda, and Esteban stands alone, defeated. Later, Bunny finally rides off to catch his ship back to England, waving goodbye, after which Diego and Charlotte ride off to plan their wedding. As her wedding gift, Charlotte suggests that Diego donate all his family lands to the people so they can settle down and raise a family in Boston.\n"	"Cast"	"\n* George Hamilton as Don Diego Vega / Zorro / Bunny Wigglesworth / Ramon Vega\n* Lauren Hutton as Charlotte Taylor-Wilson\n* Brenda Vaccaro as Florinda\n* Ron Leibman as Captain Esteban\n* Donovan Scott as Paco\n* James Booth as Velasquez\n* Helen Burns as Consuelo\n* Clive Revill as Garcia\n* Carolyn Seymour as Dolores\n* Eduardo Noriega as Don Francisco\n* Pilar Pellicer as Don Francisco's wife\n* Jorge Russek as Don Fernando\n* Eduardo Alcaraz as Don Jose\n* Carlos Bravo y Fern\u00e1ndez as Don Luis Obispo\n* Roberto Dumont as Ferraro\n* Jorge Bolio as Pablito\n* Frank Welker as Narrator (in voice-over)\n\n"	"Film Score"	"The heroic and romantic music score for ''Zorro, the Gay Blade'' is adapted from the 1948 Errol Flynn-starring swashbuckling adventure film ''The Adventures of Don Juan'', composed by Max Steiner. \"Danzes Fantastica\" by Joaqu\u00edn Turina is also used in the film. Ironically, this classic and reused Steiner film score was nominated for a Razzie Award for Worst Musical Score.\n"	"Reception"	"Vincent Canby gave a mostly positive review in ''The New York Times'', praising many of the performances in particular. \"George Hamilton has energy and extreme good will. He also has surrounded himself with some very attractive and funny actors, particularly Mr. Leibman, Brenda Vaccaro, as the alcalde's sex-hungry wife, and beautiful Lauren Hutton\". \n"	"References"	"\n"	"External links"	"\n* \n* \n* \n* \n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n\n"