Course Summary and
Advanced Software Engineering Techniques
Lecture 13
1
Topics covered
 Covered techniques of software engineering
 Outline of advanced techniques
 Covered UML diagrams
 Advanced UML modeling
 Course follow-up
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Covered Techniques of Software Engineering
Lecture 13/Part 1
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Software process models
 Software engineering
 Software process activities
 Software specification.
 Software analysis and design.
 Software implementation.
 Software validation.
 Software evolution.
 Software process models
 The waterfall model.
 Incremental development.
 Reuse-oriented software engineering
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Requirements engineering
 Requirements and their types
 User vs. system requirements
 Functional vs. non-functional requirements
 Requirements engineering process
 Requirements elicitation and analysis
 Requirements specification
 Requirements validation
 Requirements management
Focused on functional requirements mainly
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Non-functional Requirements Engineering
 Non-functional requirements classification
 Product requirements
 Availability, Reliability, Safety, Security
 Performance, Modifiability, Testability, Usability
 Organisational requirements
 Development requirements
 Operational requirements
 Environmental requirements
 External requirements
 Legislative requirements
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Analysis and Design
 Software analysis and design
 System context
 Architectural design
 Analysis and design models
 Structured vs. object-oriented methods
 Principles
 Notations
 Methods
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Object-OrientedAnalysis
 Role of the UML in OO analysis
 Objects and classes
 Finding analysis classes
 Relationships between objects and classes
 Inheritance and polymorphism
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Structured Analysis
 Yourdon Modern Structured Analysis (YMSA)
 Context diagram (CD)
 Data flow diagram (DFD)
 Data modelling
 Entity relationship diagram (ERD)
 Relational database design
 Normalization
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High-Level Design
 Design for dependability
 Dependable processes
 Redundancy and diversity
 Dependable systems architectures
 Design for security
 Design guidelines for security
 System survivability
 Design for performance, modifiability and usability
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Low-Level Design and Implementation
 Low-level design
 Design patterns
 SOLID principles
 Clean code by Robert C. Martin
 Dependable programming guidelines
 Low-level performance and testability tactics
 Implementation issues
 Reuse
 Configuration management
 Host-target development
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Architectural design
 Architectural views
 Architectural design decisions
 Architectural patterns
 Model-view-controller
 Layered architecture
 Repository architecture
 Client-server architecture
 Pipe-and-filter architecture
 Application architectures
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Testing, Verification and Validation
 Validation and verification
 Static analysis
 Verification and formal methods
 Model checking
 Automated static analysis
 Testing and its stages
 Development testing
 Release testing
 User testing
 Testing of non-functional properties
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Operation, Maintenance and System
Evolution
 Evolution processes
 Change processes for software systems
 Lehman’s laws
 Understandingsoftware evolution dynamics
 Software maintenance
 Making changes to operational software systems
 Legacy system management
 Making decisions about software change
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Software Development Management
 Project management
 Project planning
 Scheduling
 Software pricing
 Risk management
 Project, product and business risks
 People management
 Motivation
 Teamwork
 Tool support
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Outline of Advanced Techniques
Lecture 13/Part 2
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Software reuse
 In most engineering disciplines, systems are designed
by composing existing components that have been used
in other systems.
 Software engineering has been more focused on original
development but it is now recognised that to achieve
better software, more quickly and at lower cost, we need
a design process that is based on systematic software
reuse.
 There has been a major switch to reuse-based
development over the past 10 years.
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Component-based software engineering
 Component-based software engineering (CBSE) is an
approach to software development that relies on the
reuse of entities called ‘software components’.
 It emerged from the failure of object-oriented
development to support effective reuse. Single object
classes are too detailed and specific.
 CBSE essentials:
 Independent components specified by their interfaces.
 Component standards to facilitate component integration.
 Middleware that provides support for component inter-
operability.
 A development process that is geared to reuse.
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Distributed systems
 Virtually all large computer-based systems are now
distributed systems.
“… a collection of independent computers that appears to the user
as a single coherent system.”
 Distributed systems issues
 Distributedsystems are more complex than systems that run on
a single processor.
 Complexity arises because different parts of the system are
independentlymanaged as is the network.
 There is no single authority in charge of the system so topdown
control is impossible.
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Service-oriented architectures
 A means of developing distributed systems where the
components are stand-alone services
 Services may execute on different computers from
different service providers
 Standard protocols have been developed to support
service communication and information exchange
 Benefits of SOA:
 Services can be provided locally or outsourced to ext. providers
 Services are language-independent
 Investment in legacy systems can be preserved
 Inter-organisational computingis facilitated through simplified
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Embedded systems
 Computers are used to control a wide range of systems
from simple domestic machines, through games
controllers, to entire manufacturing plants.
 Their software must react to events generated by the
hardware and, often, issue control signals in response to
these events.
 The software in these systems is embedded in system
hardware, often in read-only memory, and usually
responds, in real time, to events from the system’s
environment.
 Issues of safety and reliability may dominate the
system design.
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Aspect-oriented software development
 An approach to software development based around a
relatively new type of abstraction - an aspect.
 Used in conjunction with other approaches - normally
object-oriented software engineering.
 Aspects encapsulate functionality that cross-cuts and
co-exists with other functionality.
 Aspects include a definition of where they should be
included in a program as well as code implementing
the cross-cutting concern.
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Covered UML Diagrams
Lecture 13/Part 3
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UML in Software Development
 External perspective models
 Use case diagram
 Structural perspective models
 Class diagram, Object diagram, Component diagram, Package
diagram, Deployment diagram, Composite structure diagram
 Interaction perspective models
 Sequence diagram, Communication diagram, Interaction
overview diagram, Timing diagram
 Behavioral perspective models
 Activitydiagram, State diagram
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UML Use Case Diagram
 Use Case modelling
 System boundary – subject
 Actors
 Use cases
 Textual Use Case specification
 Branching with IF
 Repetition with FOR and WHILE
 Alternative flows
 Advanced Use Case modelling
 Actor generalisation
 Use case generalisation
 Relations «include» and «extend»
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UML Activity Diagram
 Activity diagrams can model flows of activities using:
 Activities and connectors
 Activity partitions
 Action nodes
• Call actions, signal actions, time actions
 Control nodes
• Decision and merge
• Fork and join
 Object nodes
• Input and output parameters
 Interaction overview diagrams as their advanced
feature
UML Class Diagram
 Analytical vs. Design class model
 Objects and classes
 Relationships between objects and classes
 Links
 Associations
 Aggregation and composition
 Dependencies
 Inheritance and polymorphism
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UML Interaction Diagrams
 Four types of interaction diagram:
 Sequence diagrams – emphasize time-ordered sequence of
message sends
 Communication diagrams – emphasize the structural
relationships between lifelines
 Timing diagrams – emphasize the real-time aspects of an
interaction
 Interaction overview diagrams – show how complex behavior
is realized by a set of simpler interactions
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UML State Diagram
 Behavioral and protocol state machines
 States
 Actions, exit and entry actions, activities
 Transitions
 Guard conditions, actions
 Events
 Call, signal, change and time
 Composite states
 Simple and orthogonal composite states
UML Packages
 Packages as the UML way of grouping modeling
elements
 There are dependency and generalisation relationships
between packages
 The package structure of the analysis model defines the
logical system architecture
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UML Component Diagram
 Interfaces specify a named set of public features:
 They define a contract that classes and subsystems may realise
 Programming to interfaces rather than to classes reduces
dependencies between the classes and subsystems in our
model
 Programming to interfaces increases flexibility and extensibility
 Design subsystems and interfaces allow us to:
 Componentize our system
 Define an architecture
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UML Deployment Diagram
 The descriptor form deployment diagram
 Allows you to show how functionality represented by artefacts is
distributed across nodes
 Nodes represent types of physical hardware or execution
environments
 The instance form deployment diagram
 Allows you to show how functionality represented by artefact
instances is distributed across node instances
 Node instances represent actual physical hardware or execution
environments
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Advanced UML Modeling
Lecture 13/Part 4
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Advanced Activity diagrams
 Connectors
 Interruptible activity regions
 Exception handling
 Expansion nodes
 Signals and events
 Streaming
 Advanced object flow features
 Multicast and multireceive
 Parameters and pins
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Advanced Interaction diagrams
 Timing diagram
 Interaction overview diagram
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Advanced State diagrams
 Composite states
 Submachine states
 Submachine communication
 History
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Object constraint language (OCL)
 The Object Constraint Language (OCL) is a declarative
language for describing rules that apply to UML models.
 The OCL is a precise text language that provides constraint and
object query expressions.
 OCL statements are constructed in four parts:
 a context that defines the limited situation in which the
statement is valid
 a property that represents some characteristics of the context
(e.g., if the context is a class, a property might be an attribute)
 an operation (e.g., arithmetic, set-oriented) that manipulates or
qualifies a property, and
 keywords (e.g., if, then, else, and, or, not, implies) that are used
to specify conditional expressions.
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UML Profiles
 A UML profile provides a generic extension mechanism
for customizing UML models for particular domains and
platforms.
 Extension mechanisms allow refining standard semantics in strictly
additive manner, so that they can't contradict standard semantics.
 Profiles are defined using stereotypes, tag definitions,
and constraints that are applied to specific model
elements, such as Classes, Attributes, and Activities.
 A Profile is a collection of such extensions that
collectively customize UML for a particular domain (e.g.,
aerospace, healthcare, financial) or platform (J2EE,
.NET).
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Course Follow-up
Lecture 13/Part 5
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Course finalization
 Seminar projects
 Assessment, “Úspěšné absolvování cvičení “ IS notebook
 Exam
 Number of exam dates
 Reservation/cancelation policies
 Legth of the exam
 Form of the exam – test part and UML modelling part
 Results and their viewing
 Opinion poll
 Do not forget to give us your feedback! 
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Follow-up and related courses
 PA017 Softwarové inženýrství II
 PA103 Objektové metody návrhu informačních systémů
 PV167 Projekt z objektového návrhu inf. systémů
 PA104 Vedení týmového projektu
 PV207 Business Process Management
 PV165 Procesní řízení
 PV045 Management informačního systému
 PA189 Agile Management in IT
 PV028 Aplikační informační systémy
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Follow-up and related courses
 PV043 Informační systémy podniků
 PV230 Podnikové portály
 PV019 Geografické informační systémy I, II
 PV058 Informační systémy ve veřejné a státní správě
 PV213 Enterprise Information Systems in Practice
 PV098 Řízení implementace IS
 PB168 Základy databázových a informačních systémů
 PB114 Datové modelování I
 SSME Courses
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Thanks
Thank you for your attention
and good luck with the exam!
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