infografe.com.br
Milestones
in the History
of Data
Visualization
infografe.com.br
FROM THE ORIGINAL
”Milestones in the History of
Thematic Cartography,
Statistical Graphics,
and Data Visualization”
An illustrated chronology of innovations
by Michael Friendly and Daniel J. Denis, York
University, Canada
Organization by Mario Kanno
(www.infografe.com.br)
infografe.com.br
MilestonesintheHistory
ofDataVisualization
• Up to the 17th century: Maps and diagrams
The origins of visualization are in geometric diagrams, in tables of the positions of stars and maps. In the 16th century,
with the maritime expansion of Europe, new techniques and instruments were developed and, with such, new and
more precise forms of visual presentation of knowledge. In 1436, Johannes Gutenberg invents the press
c.6200 b.C.
The oldest map?
Representation of a city in
Babylon found in the region of
Kirkuk, Iraque. The original was
carved in stone.
c. 550 a.C.
The first world map?
There are no copies, just
descriptions in the books of
Herodotus. Anaximander of
Miletus (c.610BC-546BC).
c. 950
First known record of showing
variables graphically
(position of the sun, moon and
planets during the year).
c. 1500
The Italian Leonardo da Vinci
(1452-1519) records his
knowledge in detailed
illustrations to portray anatomy,
machines and movements
c. 1350
The French Bishop Nicole Oresme
(1323-1382) proposes the use of bar
graphics to demonstrate a variable
that depends on another value.
1375
Catalan book gathers an
astonishing visual,
cosmography, perpetual
calendar and thematic
representations of the
known world. Abraham
Cresques 91325-1387),
Mallorca, Spain,
1569
Invention of the cylindrical
projection to portray the globe.
The Belgian Gerardus Mercator
(1512-1594), also divided his
world map in pages to facilitate
the use and printed the image of
the god Atlas on the cover
1595
Rumold Mercator (1545-1599)
son of Gerardus continues his
work and publishes this world
map in 1595, one year after his
father’s death
c. 150
Spherical projection of the Earth using latitudes and
longitudes, by Ptolomy (c. 85-c. 165), Alexandria, Egypt.
The above map is a reproduction of the world map of
Ptolomy made by Johan Scotus in 1505.
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• 1600 to 1699: Measurements and theories
The biggest problems of the century referred to physical measurement- of time, distance, and space- for
astronomy, navigation and territorial expansion. Estimation, probability, demography and the whole field of
statistics advance. By the end of the century, the elements to initiate a “visual thinking” are ready.
• 1700 to 1799: New graphic forms
Cartographers begin to show more than geographical position. Until the end of the century attempts to map geology,
economics, demography and health data appear. As the volume of data advances, new forms of visualization appear.
Technological innovations like color, lithography and press open new ways.
1644
Graphic made by
Michael van Langren of
the 12 determinations
of longitude from
Toledo to Rome
1686
First known meteorological
map shows the prevalence of
winds on a geographical map.
Edmond Halley (1656-1742),
England
1765
Timeline:
Life of 2000 famous
people from 1200 b.C.
until 1750. The lifetime
was represented in bars.
Joseph Priestley (1733-
1804), England
1782
Use of geometry, proportional figures (squares)
to compare demographic data in superposition.
Charles de Fourcroy, France
1669
Graphic of a function shows how to
find the years of life remaining according
to the current age, by Christiaan Huygens
(1629-1695)
1799
Graphical
analysis of the
periodic variation in
soil temperature.
Johann Heinrich
Lambert (1728-
1777), Germany
1782
The first
topographic
map. Marcellin du
Carla-Boniface,
France
1786
Bar and lines
chart with
economic data.
William Playfair
(1759-1823),
England
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• 1800-1849: The beginning of modern infographics
The first half of the 19th century was responsible for an explosion in the growth of statistical graphics and thematic mapping,
thanks to the innovations obtained in the previous century. All forms of statistic graphics known today were developed at this time;
in cartography, simpler maps were transformed in complex atlases based on the great variety of data.
1801
The first geological map of England and Wales developed a
standard for geological cartography. Also known as the “map that
changed the world” (at least for cartographers). Drawn in 1801,
final version of 1815. William Smith (1769-1839).
1801
Circular pie chart- William Playfair
(1759-1823), England
1820
An increasing number of scientific
publications begin to contain graphs
and diagrams which describe, but
do not analyze, natural phenomena
(magnetic variation, weather, tides, etc.).
Michael Faraday (1791-1867), England
1836
Mapping of prostitutes in Paris.
Alexandre Jean Baptiste ParentDuchatelet
(1790-1836), France
1843
The use of polar coordinates in
a graphic (direction of the
frequency of winds). Léon
Lalanne (1811-1892), France
1844
“Tableau-graphique” showing commercial
transportation with the variables distance (horizontal),
quantity (divided bars) and cost per area. Charles
Joseph Minardi (1781-1870), France
1838
Physical atlas with the
distribution of plants,
animals, climate, etc., one
of the most extensive and
detailed thematic atlases.
Includes tables and
illustrated graphics.
Heinrich Berghaus (1797-
1884), Germany
1819
Cartogram, map with
shades in black and
white, showing the
distribution of illiteracy in
France. Maybe the first
statistical map. Baron
Pierre Charles Dupin
(1784-1873), France
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• 1850 to 1900: Golden Age of data graphics
Around 1850 all conditions to a rapid growth of visualization were established. Analysis offices were splattered over Europe
with the growth of the importance of numeric information for the social, industrial, commercial and transportation planning.
The statistic theory initiated by Gauss and Laplace gave the means to make sense of a greater variety of data
1855
Mapping the cases of the cholera
epidemics in London, Dr. John Snow
concluded that they concentrated close to
one water pump, which was closed
1857
The deaths by illness were more
numerous than the deaths due to injuries
in combat. This graphic was used in the
campaign for the enhancement of
sanitary conditions in the army. Florence
Nightingale (1820-1910), England
1861
Modern weather map showing areas of
pressure through icons that resemble the
current ones. Francis Galton (1822-1911),
United Kingdom
1879
Three-dimensional stereogram of the
population in form of pyramid, based on
the data of the Swedish Census (1750-
1875). Luigi Perozzo, Italy
1869
The best graphic ever made?
The French engineer, Charles Minardi (1781-1870), illustrated graphically the disastrous campaign
of Napoleon against Russia in 1812. The width of the course is proportional to the number of
surviving soldiers in the war campaign. In beige for the way in and in black for the return.
1872
Recording of the movement of a horse race
by means of cameras activated by wires.
Eadweard Muybridge (1830-1904), USA
1896
Use of rectangles in map to represent two
variables and their product (population of the
surroundings of Paris, percentage of foreigners;
rectangle area = absolute number of foreigners).
Jacques Bertillon (1851-1922), France
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• 1900 to 1949: Modern Dark Ages
Few graphic innovations happened and the enthusiasm that lived in the last century was surpassed by the growth in quantification
and formal models. During this period, however, all that has been achieved gets to be popularized, be it in government, in commerce
and in science. Graphic visualization is consecrated to explain new discoveries in theories in astronomy, physics, biology, etc.
• 1950 to 1974: Re-birth of visualization
Data visualization begins to rise from dormancy around 1960. In the US, John W. Turkey recognizes the importance of the graphical
analysis of data and develops new methods and innovations. In France, Jacques Bertin publishes his Semilogie Graphique,
organizing vision and perception of graphical elements. Computers start to show their potential
1911
The first Hygiene exhibit
in Dresden gathers
259 statistic graphic
figures by 35 national
and international
exhibitors. Emil Eugen
Roesle (organizer) (1875-
1962), Germany
1920
Invention of the diagram in arrows
to show the relation among variables,
forming a structural system. Sewall
Wright (1889-1988), USA
1933
Map of the London
subway became a worldrecognized
symbol for
its simplicity and
clarity. Harry Beck based
the map on a diagram of
circuits that he used in
the day-to-day
1965
Improvements in histograms for the
analysis of frequencies, new proposals
for visual comparison. John W. Tukey
(1915-2000), USA
1967
Theory of symbols and models
of graphic representation. Jacques
Bertin, France
1971
Irregular polygon to represent multivariate data (with
vertices of equal intervals, distanced from the centre
proportionally to the value of the variable). J.H. Siegel,
R. M. Goldwyn and Herman P. Friedman, USA
1924
Otto Neurath (1882-1945)
organizes the Social
Museum of Statistic
Graphics and creates the
Isotype (International
System of Typographic
Picture Education).
Vienna, Austria
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1981
Fisheye view: allows more focus and
detail in areas of interest area, while
retaining the surrounding context with less
detail. George W. Furnas, USA
1993
Xplane is established in the USA, company
specializing in data visualization applied to
commerce and business management
1996
Cartographic data software, with tools
that allow various types of simultaneous
mapping. Jason Dykes, United Kingdom
1999
Internet boom and new technologies allow
visualization to become interactive and
or animated. The Spanish papers “El País”
and “El Mundo” become international
references in the segment
1999
Some of the best graphic
artists of the US are gatherd
by Richard Saul Wurman in
the book “Understanding
USA”, a visual
compendium of socialeconomic
data of the country.
Page by Nigel Holmes
1999
Leland Wilkinson writes “Grammar of Graphics” in
this year, a kind of systematic dictionary, with
grammatical rules for data and graphics.
Below, 3D outlined map in computerized structure.
Leland Wilkinson (1944-), USA
• From 1975 until today: The computer as a new frontier
The innovations that occurred in this time were many and in diverse areas: the development of software and computer
systems, highly interactive and easily used, was the hook for everything. The new paradigms of data manipulation, the
invention of graphic techniques and methods of multidimensional visualization also left their marks
1982
Weather forecast
page of the American
paper USA Today,
developed by George
Rorick. The daily
publication inaugurates
an era of color printing
in newspapers that
spreads to the world.
Soon, visual graphics
are part of the day-today
of the press