‹#› © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing Routing and Switching Essentials v6.0 Planning Guide Cisco Networking Academy Program Routing and Switching Essentials v6.0 Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing • •Explain the purpose of dynamic routing protocols. •Configure the RIPv2 routing protocol. •Explain the components of an IPv4 routing table entry for a given route. •Explain the parent/child relationship in a dynamically built routing table. •Determine which route will be used to forward a IPv4 and IPv6 packet. • • § § Chapter 3: Objectives of this chapter •3.1 Dynamic Routing Protocols •3.2 RIPv2 •3.3 The Routing Table • • Chapter 3 - Sections & Objectives Cisco Networking Academy Program Routing and Switching Essentials v6.0 Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing 3.1 Dynamic Routing Protocols 3 – Dynamic Routing 3.1 – Dynamic Routing Protocols Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview §RIP protocol was updated to RIPv2 to accommodate growth in the network environment •RIPv2 does not scale to current larger network implementations §Routing Protocols developed to meet the need of larger networks include: •Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) •Intermediate System-to-Intermediate System (IS-IS). •Enhanced IGRP (EIGRP) §Border Gateway Protocol (BGP) is used between Internet service providers (ISPs) • •. • • • • • • • • • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.1 – Dynamic Routing Protocols 3.1.1 – Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview 3.1.1.1 – Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview Dynamic Routing Protocol Components §Purpose of dynamic routing protocols includes: •Discovery of remote networks •Maintaining up-to-date routing information •Choosing the best path to destination networks •Ability to find a new best path if the current path is no longer available §The main components of dynamic routing protocols include: •Data structures - tables or databases kept in RAM. •Routing protocol messages - to discover neighboring routers, exchange routing information, and maintain accurate information about the network. •Algorithms – to facilitate learning routing information and for best path determination. • • • • • • • • • • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.1 – Dynamic Routing Protocols 3.1.1 – Dynamic Routing Protocol Overview 3.1.1.2 – Dynamic Routing Protocol Components Static Routing Uses §Networks often use both static and dynamic routing. §Static Routing is used as follows: •For easy routing table maintenance in small networks. • Routing to and from a stub network. •Accessing a single default route. • • • • • • • • • • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.1 – Dynamic Routing Protocols 3.1.2 – Dynamic versus Static Routing 3.1.2.1 – Static Routing Uses Static Routing Advantages and Disadvantages Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.1 – Dynamic Routing Protocols 3.1.2 – Dynamic versus Static Routing 3.1.2.2 – Static Routing Advantages and Disadvantages Dynamic Routing Protocols Uses §Dynamic routing is the best choice for large networks §Dynamic routing protocols help the network administrator manage the network: •Providing redundant paths •Automatically implementing the alternate path when a link goes down. • • • • • • • • • • • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.1 – Dynamic Routing Protocols 3.1.2 – Dynamic versus Static Routing 3.1.2.3 – Dynamic Routing Protocols Uses Dynamic Routing Advantages and Disadvantages Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.1 – Dynamic Routing Protocols 3.1.2 – Dynamic versus Static Routing 3.1.2.4 – Dynamic Routing Advantages and Disadvantages 3.2 RIPv2 3 – Dynamic Routing 3.2 – RIPv2 § §Use the router rip command to enable RIP v1 § § • § §Use the no router rip command to disable RIP Router RIP Configuration Mode Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.2 – RIPv2 3.2.1 – Configuring the RIP Protocol 3.2.1.1 – Router RIP Configuration Mode Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox Advertise Networks §The network network-address router configuration mode command: •Enables RIP on all interfaces that belong to a specific network •Advertises the network in RIP routing updates sent to other routers every 30 seconds. • • •Note: RIPv1 is a classful routing protocol for IPv4. • • • • • • • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.2 – RIPv2 3.2.1 – Configuring the RIP Protocol 3.2.1.2 – Advertise Networks show ip protocols – displays IPv4 routing protocols configured on the router. Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.2 – RIPv2 3.2.1 – Configuring the RIP Protocol 3.2.1.3 – Verify RIP Routing show ip route – displays RIP routes installed in the routing table. Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox Enable and Verify RIPv2 §Use the version 2 router configuration mode command to enable RIPv2 §Use the show ip protocols command to verify that RIPv2 is configured. §Use the show ip route command to verify the RIPv2 routes in the routing table. • • • • • • • • • 3.2 – RIPv2 3.2.1 – Configuring the RIP Protocol 3.2.1.4 – Enable and Verify RIPv2 ‹#› © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox Disable Auto Summarization §RIPv2 automatically summarizes networks at major network boundaries. §Use the no auto-summary router configuration mode command to disable auto summarization. §Use the show ip protocols command to verify that auto summarization is off. § • • • • • • • • 3.2 – RIPv2 3.2.1 – Configuring the RIP Protocol 3.2.1.5 – Disable Auto Summarization Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox Configure Passive Interfaces §RIP updates: •Are forwarded out all RIP-enabled interfaces by default. •Only need to be sent out interfaces that are connected to other RIP-enabled routers. §Sending RIP updates to LANs wastes bandwidth, wastes resources, and is a security risk. §Use the passive-interface router configuration command to stop routing updates out the interface. Still allows that network to be advertised to other routers. • • • • • • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.2 – RIPv2 3.2.1 – Configuring the RIP Protocol 3.2.1.6 – Configure Passive Interfaces Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox Configuring the RIP Protocol Propagate a Default Route §In the diagram a default static route to the Internet is configured on R1. §The default-information originate router configuration command instructs R1 to send the default static route information in the RIP updates. • • • • • • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.2 – RIPv2 3.2.1 – Configuring the RIP Protocol 3.2.1.7 – Propagate a Default Route Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox Packet Tracer - Configuring RIPv2 3.2.1.8 Packet Tracer - Configuring RIPv2 Instructions.pdf - Mozilla Firefox 3.2 – RIPv2 3.2.1 – Configuring the RIP Protocol 3.2.1.8 – Packet Tracer - Configuring RIPv2 3.2.1.9 Lab - Configuring Basic RIPv2.pdf - Mozilla Firefox Lab - Configuring Basic RIPv2 3.2 – RIPv2 3.2.1 – Configuring the RIP Protocol 3.2.1.9 – Lab - Configuring Basic RIPv2 3.3 The Routing Table 3 – Dynamic Routing 3.3 – The Routing Table Routing Table Entries • • • • • • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.1 – Parts of an IPv4 Route Entry 3.3.1.1 – Routing Table Entries Routing Table for R1 Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox Directly Connected Entries §Directly Connected Networks (C) are automatically added to the routing table when the interface is configured and activated. §Entries contain the following information: •Route source - how the route was learned. •Destination network – remote network. •Outgoing Interface – exit interface used to forward packets to destination. §Other route source entries include: •S –Static Route •D – EIGRP routing protocol •O – OSPF routing protocol •R - RIP routing protocol • • • • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.1 – Parts of an IPv4 Route Entry 3.3.1.2 - Directly Connected Entries Remote Network Entries §Routes to remote networks contain the following information: •Route source – how route was learned •Destination network •Administrative distance (AD) - trustworthiness of the route. •Metric – value assigned to reach the remote network. Lower is better. •Next hop – IPv4 address of the next router that the packet should be forwarded to. •Route timestamp – time since the route was updated. •Outgoing interface - the exit interface to use to forward the packet • • • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.1 – Parts of an IPv4 Route Entry 3.3.1.3 - Remote Network Entries Routing Table Terms §The routing table is a hierarchical structure that is used to speed up the lookup process when locating routes and forwarding packets. §The hierarchy includes: •Ultimate Routes •Level 1 routes •Level 1 parent routes •Level 2 child routes • • • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.2 – Dynamically Learned IPv4 Routes 3.3.2.1 - Routing Table Terms Ultimate Route §An ultimate route is a routing table entry that contains either a next-hop IPv4 address or an exit interface. §Directly connected, dynamically learned, and local routes are ultimate routes. • • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.2 – Dynamically Learned IPv4 Routes 3.3.2.2 - Ultimate Route Level 1 Route •Network route - a network route that has a subnet mask equal to that of the classful mask. •Supernet route - a network address with a mask less than the classful mask, for example, a summary address. •Default route - a static route with the address 0.0.0.0/0 • • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.2 – Dynamically Learned IPv4 Routes 3.3.2.3 - Level 1 Route ‹#› © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox Level 1 Parent Route § A parent route is a level 1 network route that is subnetted. §In the routing table, it basically provides a heading for the specific subnets it contains. Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.2 – Dynamically Learned IPv4 Routes 3.3.2.4 - Level 1 Parent Route ‹#› © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox Level 2 Child Route § A level 2 child route is a route that is a subnet of a classful network address. § Level 1 parent routes contain level 2 child routes. §Level 2 child routes are also ultimate routes. Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.2 – Dynamically Learned IPv4 Routes 3.3.2.5 - Level 2 Child Route ‹#› © 2016 Cisco and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved. Cisco Confidential Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox Route Lookup Process §Router lookup process: •If the best match is a level 1 ultimate route, then this route is used to forward the packet. •If the best match is a level 1 parent route, the router then examines child routes (the subnet routes). •If there is a match with a level 2 child route, that is used to forward the packet. •If there is no match with level 2 child routes, the router searches level 1 supernet or default routes. If there is a match, that route is used. •If there is no match found in the routing table the packet is dropped. • § Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.3 – The IPv4 Route Lookup Process 3.3.3.1 - Route Lookup Process Best Route = Longest Match §The best match is the route in the routing table that has the most number of far left matching bits with the destination IPv4 address of the packet. §The route with the greatest number of equivalent far left bits, or the longest match, is always the preferred route. Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.3 – The IPv4 Route Lookup Process 3.3.3.2 - Best Route = Longest Match IPv6 Routing Table Entries §An IPv6 routing table includes directly connected, static and dynamically learned routes. §All IPv6 routes are level 1 ultimate routes. Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.4 – Analyze an IPv6 Routing Table 3.3.4.1 - IPv6 Routing Table Entries Directly Connected Entries §Use the show ipv6 route command to display the IPv6 routing table. §The directly connected route entries include the following: •Route source – How the route was learned. Directly connected indicated with a C and L for local route. •Directly connected network address. •Administrative distance – Trustworthiness of the route (lower more trustworthy). •Metric – Value assigned to reach the network (lower is preferred route). •Outgoing interface – Exit interface used to forward packet. • Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.4 – Analyze an IPv6 Routing Table 3.3.4.2 - Directly Connected Entries Remote IPv6 Network Entries §The remote IPv6 route entries also include the following: •Route source – How the route was learned. Common codes include O (OSPF), D (EIGRP), R (RIP), and S (Static route). •Next hop - Identifies the IPv6 address of the next router to forward the packet to. §The IPv6 router lookup process: •Examines level 1 network routes for the best match. •Longest match is the best match. Routing and Switching Essentials - Mozilla Firefox 3.3 – The Routing Table 3.3.4 – Analyze an IPv6 Routing Table 3.3.4.3 - Remote IPv6 Network Entries 3.4 Chapter Summary 3 – Dynamic Routing 3.4 – Summary Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing §Explain the function of dynamic routing protocols. §Implement RIPv2. §Determine the route source, administrative distance, and metric for a given route. § § § § 3.4 – Summary 3.4.1 – Conclusion 3.4.1.2 – Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing New Terms and Commands Chapter 3: Dynamic Routing New Terms and Commands