T5 and large language models: The good, the bad, and the ugly Colin Raffel Which transfer learning methods work best, and what happens when we scale them up? What about non-English pre-trained models? How much knowledge does the model learn during pre-training? Does the model memorize data during pre-training? Which Transformer modifications work best? The cabs ____ the same rates as those ____ by horse-drawn cabs and were ____ quite popular, ____ the Prince of Wales (the ____ King Edward VII) travelled in ____. The cabs quickly ____ known as "hummingbirds" for ____ noise made by their motors and their distinctive black and ____ livery. Passengers ____ ____ the interior fittings were ____ when compared to ____ cabs but there ____ some complaints ____ the ____ lighting made them too ____ to those outside ____. charged, used, initially, even, future, became, the, yellow, reported, that, luxurious, horse-drawn, were that, internal, conspicuous, cab Unsupervised pre-training This movie is terrible! The acting is bad and I was bored the entire time. There was no plot and nothing interesting happened. I was really surprised since I had very high expectations. I want 103 minutes of my life back! negative Supervised fine-tuning SQuAD Exact Match score (validation set) Source: https://paperswithcode.com/sota/question-answering-on-squad11-dev Source: https://paperswithcode.com/sota/question-answering-on-squad11-dev { { Transfer learning No transfer learning Source: https://paperswithcode.com/sota/question-answering-on-squad11-dev BERT T5 w ord2vec ELM o ULM FiT BERT M ASS 20192015 2016 2017 20182014 2020 GPT-1 Sem i-Supervised Sequence Learning StructBERT FreeLB ALBERT SpanBERT RoBERTa XLN et M T-DN N BERT on STILTs Unsupervised sentim entneuron w ord2vec ELM o ULM FiT 20192015 2016 2017 20182014 2020 Sem i-Supervised Sequence Learning { Lots of stuff! Unsupervised sentim entneuron - Paper A proposes an unsupervised pre-training technique called "FancyLearn". - Paper B proposes another pre-training technique called "FancierLearn" and achieves better results. - Paper A uses Wikipedia for unlabeled data. - Paper B uses Wikipedia and the Toronto Books Corpus. - Is FancierLearn better than FancyLearn? - Paper A proposes an unsupervised pre-training technique called "FancyLearn". - Paper B proposes another pre-training technique called "FancierLearn" and achieves better results. - Paper A uses a model with 100 million parameters. - Paper B uses a model with 200 million parameters. - Is FancierLearn better than FancyLearn? - Paper A proposes an unsupervised pre-training technique called "FancyLearn". - Paper B proposes another pre-training technique called "FancierLearn" and achieves better results. - Paper A pre-trains on 100 billion tokens of unlabeled data. - Paper B pre-trains on 200 billion tokens of unlabeled data. - Is FancierLearn better than FancyLearn? - Paper A proposes an unsupervised pre-training technique called "FancyLearn". - Paper B proposes another pre-training technique called "FancierLearn" and achieves better results. - Paper A uses the Adam optimizer. - Paper B uses SGD with momentum. - Is FancierLearn better than FancyLearn? Given the current landscape of transfer learning for NLP, what works best? And how far can we push the tools we already have? T5 Text-to-Text Transfer Transformer "translate English to German: That is good." T5 "Das ist gut." "cola sentence: The course is jumping well." T5 "not acceptable" "stsb sentence1: The rhino grazed on the grass. sentence2: A rhino is grazing in a field." T5 "3.8" "summarize: state authorities dispatched emergency crews tuesday to survey the damage after an onslaught of severe weather in mississippi…" T5 "six people hospitalized after a storm in attala county." "translate English to German: That is good." "cola sentence: The course is jumping well." "summarize: state authorities dispatched emergency crews tuesday to survey the damage after an onslaught of severe weather in mississippi…" "stsb sentence1: The rhino grazed on the grass. sentence2: A rhino is grazing in a field." T5 "Das ist gut." "not acceptable" "six people hospitalized after a storm in attala county." "3.8" Source: http://jalammar.github.io/illustrated-transformer/ == treaty of paris (1763) the treaty of paris, also known as the treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 february 1763 by the kingdoms of great britain, france and spain, with portugal in agreement, after great britain's victory over france and spain during the seven years' war. the signing of the treaty formally ended the seven years' war, known as the french and indian war in the north american theatre,[1] and marked the beginning of an era of british dominance outside europe.[2] great britain and france each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but great britain gained much of france's possessions in north america. additionally, great britain agreed to protect roman catholicism in the new world... == wheelbarrow a wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind. the term "wheelbarrow" is made of two words: "wheel" and "barrow." "barrow" is a derivation of the old english "bearwe" which was a device used for carrying loads. the wheelbarrow is designed to distribute the weight of its load between the wheel and the operator, so enabling the convenient carriage of heavier and bulkier loads than would be possible were the weight carried entirely by the operator. as such it is a second-class lever... == lemon the lemon, citrus limon (l.) osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family rutaceae, native to south asia, primarily north eastern india. the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses.[2] the pulp and rind (zest) are also used in cooking and baking. the juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. the distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie... == lemon the lemon, citrus limon (l.) osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family rutaceae, native to south asia, primarily north eastern india. the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses.[2] the pulp and rind (zest) are also used in cooking and baking. the juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. the distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie... == treaty of paris (1763) the treaty of paris, also known as the treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 february 1763 by the kingdoms of great britain, france and spain, with portugal in agreement, after great britain's victory over france and spain during the seven years' war. the signing of the treaty formally ended the seven years' war, known as the french and indian war in the north american theatre,[1] and marked the beginning of an era of british dominance outside europe.[2] great britain and france each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but great britain gained much of france's possessions in north america. additionally, great britain agreed to protect roman catholicism in the new world... == treaty of paris (1763) the treaty of paris, also known as the treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 february 1763 by the kingdoms of great britain, france and spain, with portugal in agreement, after great britain's victory over france and spain during the seven years' war. the signing of the treaty formally ended the seven years' war, known as the french and indian war in the north american theatre,[1] and marked the beginning of an era of british dominance outside europe.[2] great britain and france each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but great britain gained much of france's possessions in north america. additionally, great britain agreed to protect roman catholicism in the new world... == lemon the lemon, citrus limon (l.) osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family rutaceae, native to south asia, primarily north eastern india. the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses.[2] the pulp and rind (zest) are also used in cooking and baking. the juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. the distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie... == wheelbarrow a wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind. the term "wheelbarrow" is made of two words: "wheel" and "barrow." "barrow" is a derivation of the old english "bearwe" which was a device used for carrying loads. the wheelbarrow is designed to distribute the weight of its load between the wheel and the operator, so enabling the convenient carriage of heavier and bulkier loads than would be possible were the weight carried entirely by the operator. as such it is a second-class lever... == treaty of paris (1763) the treaty of paris, also known as the treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 february 1763 by the kingdoms of great britain, france and spain, with portugal in agreement, after great britain's victory over france and spain during the seven years' war. the signing of the treaty formally ended the seven years' war, known as the french and indian war in the north american theatre,[1] and marked the beginning of an era of british dominance outside europe.[2] great britain and france each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but great britain gained much of france's possessions in north america. additionally, great britain agreed to protect roman catholicism in the new world... == wheelbarrow a wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind. the term "wheelbarrow" is made of two words: "wheel" and "barrow." "barrow" is a derivation of the old english "bearwe" which was a device used for carrying loads. the wheelbarrow is designed to distribute the weight of its load between the wheel and the operator, so enabling the convenient carriage of heavier and bulkier loads than would be possible were the weight carried entirely by the operator. as such it is a second-class lever... == treaty of paris (1763) the treaty of paris, also known as the treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 february 1763 by the kingdoms of great britain, france and spain, with portugal in agreement, after great britain's victory over france and spain during the seven years' war. the signing of the treaty formally ended the seven years' war, known as the french and indian war in the north american theatre,[1] and marked the beginning of an era of british dominance outside europe.[2] great britain and france each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but great britain gained much of france's possessions in north america. additionally, great britain agreed to protect roman catholicism in the new world... == lemon the lemon, citrus limon (l.) osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family rutaceae, native to south asia, primarily north eastern india. the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses.[2] the pulp and rind (zest) are also used in cooking and baking. the juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. the distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie... == lemon the lemon, citrus limon (l.) osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family rutaceae, native to south asia, primarily north eastern india. the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses.[2] the pulp and rind (zest) are also used in cooking and baking. the juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. the distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie... == treaty of paris (1763) the treaty of paris, also known as the treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 february 1763 by the kingdoms of great britain, france and spain, with portugal in agreement, after great britain's victory over france and spain during the seven years' war. the signing of the treaty formally ended the seven years' war, known as the french and indian war in the north american theatre,[1] and marked the beginning of an era of british dominance outside europe.[2] great britain and france each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but great britain gained much of france's possessions in north america. additionally, great britain agreed to protect roman catholicism in the new world... == lemon the lemon, citrus limon (l.) osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family rutaceae, native to south asia, primarily north eastern india. the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses.[2] the pulp and rind (zest) are also used in cooking and baking. the juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. the distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie... == treaty of paris (1763) the treaty of paris, also known as the treaty 1763, was signed on 10 february 1763 by th kingdoms of great britain, france and spain, portugal in agreement, after great britain's v over france and spain during the seven year the signing of the treaty formally ended the years' war, known as the french and indian w the north american theatre,[1] and marked t beginning of an era of british dominance ou europe.[2] great britain and france each retu much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but great britain gained muc france's possessions in north america. == wheelbarrow a wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind. the term "wheelbarrow" is made of two words: "wheel" and "barrow." "barrow" is a derivation of the old english "bearwe" which was a device used for carrying loads. the wheelbarrow is designed to distribute the weight of its load between the wheel and the operator, so enabling the convenient carriage of reaty of paris (1763) reaty of paris, also known as the treaty of 3, was signed on 10 february 1763 by the doms of great britain, france and spain, with ugal in agreement, after great britain's victory france and spain during the seven years' war. signing of the treaty formally ended the seven s' war, known as the french and indian war in north american theatre,[1] and marked the nning of an era of british dominance outside pe.[2] great britain and france each returned h of the territory that they had captured ng the war, but great britain gained much of ce's possessions in north america. tionally, great britain agreed to protect roman == lemon the lemon, citrus limon (l.) osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family rutaceae, native to south asia, primarily north eastern india. the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses.[2] the pulp and rind (zest) are also used in cooking and baking. the juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. the == treaty of paris (1763) the treaty of paris, also known as the treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 february 1763 by the kingdoms of great britain, france and spain, with portugal in agreement, after great britain's victory over france and spain during the seven years' war. the signing of the treaty formally ended the seven years' war, known as the french and indian war in the north american theatre,[1] and marked the beginning of an era of british dominance outside europe.[2] great britain and france each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but great britain gained much of france's possessions in north america. additionally, great britain agreed to protect roman catholicism in the new world... the treaty of paris, also known as the treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 february 1763 by the kingdoms of great britain, france and spain, wit portugal in agreement, after great britain's victo over france and spain during the seven years' w the signing of the treaty formally ended the sev years' war, known as the french and indian war the north american theatre,[1] and marked the beginning of an era of british dominance outsid europe.[2] great britain and france each returne much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but great britain gained much o france's possessions in north america. additionally, great britain agreed to protect rom catholicism in the new world... == treaty of paris (1763) the treaty of paris, also known as the treaty of 1763, was signed on 10 february 1763 by the kingdoms of great britain, france and spain, with portugal in agreement, after great britain's victory over france and spain during the seven years' war. the signing of the treaty formally ended the seven years' war, known as the french and indian war in the north american theatre,[1] and marked the beginning of an era of british dominance outside europe.[2] great britain and france each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but great britain gained much of france's possessions in north america. additionally, great britain agreed to protect roman catholicism in the new world... a wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind. the term "wheelbarrow" is made of two words: "wheel" and "barrow." "barrow" is a derivation of the old english "bearwe" which was a device used for carrying loads. the wheelbarrow is designed to distribute the weight of its load between the wheel and the operator, so enabling the convenient carriage of heavier and bulkier loads than would be possible were the weight carried entirely by the operator. as such it is a second-class lever... == wheelbarrow a wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind. the term "wheelbarrow" is made of two words: "wheel" and "barrow." "barrow" is a derivation of the old english "bearwe" which was a device used for carrying loads. the wheelbarrow is designed to distribute the weight of its load between the wheel and the operator, so enabling the convenient carriage of heavier and bulkier loads than would be possible were the weight carried entirely by the operator. as such it is a second-class lever... the lemon, citrus limon (l.) osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family rutaceae, native to south asia, primarily north eastern india. the tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses.[2] the pulp and rind (zest) are also used in cooking and baking. the juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. the distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie... (zest) are also used in cooking and baking. the juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. the distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie... (/oʊkləˌhoʊmə -/), often shortened apital and largest city of the u.s. ma. the county seat of oklahoma ity ranks 27th among united states tion. the population grew following us, with the population estimated ed to 643,648 as of july 2017.[5] oklahoma city metropolitan area on of 1,358,452,[9] and the shawnee combined statistical area on of 1,459,758 residents,[9] oma's largest metropolitan area. s city limits extend into canadian,... kingdoms of great britain, france and spain, with portugal in agreement, after great britain's victory over france and spain during the seven years' war. the signing of the treaty formally ended the seven years' war, known as the french and indian war in the north american theatre,[1] and marked the beginning of an era of british dominance outside europe.[2] great britain and france each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but great britain gained much of france's possessions in north america. additionally, great britain agreed to protect roman catholicism in the new world... == piano the piano is an acoustic, stringed musical instrument invented in italy by bartolomeo cristofori around the year 1700 (the exact year is uncertain), in which the strings are struck by hammers. it is played using a keyboard,[1] which is a row of keys (small levers) that the performer presses down or strikes with the fingers and thumbs of both hands to cause the hammers to strike the strings. the word piano is a shortened form of pianoforte, the italian term for the early 1700s versions of the instrument, which in turn derives from gravicembalo col piano e forte[2] and fortepiano. the italian musical terms piano and forte indicate running man was classified as an "urban action variety"; a genre of variety shows in an urban environment.[1] the mcs and guests were to complete missions at a landmark to win the race.[2] the show has since shifted to a more familiar reality-variety show concept focused on games. it has garnered attention as being the comeback program for yoo jae-suk, the main mc of the program, after leaving good sunday's family outing in february 2010.[3] the show has become popular in other parts of asia, and has gained online popularity among hallyu fans, having been fansubbed into various languages, such as english, spanish, portuguese, french, italian, thai, vietnamese, chinese, ... == wheelbarrow a wheelbarrow is a small hand-propelled vehicle, usually with just one wheel, designed to be pushed and guided by a single person using two handles at the rear, or by a sail to push the ancient wheelbarrow by wind. the term "wheelbarrow" is made of two words: "wheel" and "barrow." "barrow" is a derivation of the old english "bearwe" which was a device used for carrying loads. "wheelbarrow" is made of two words: "wheel" and "barrow." "barrow" is a derivation of the old english "bearwe" which was a device used for carrying loads. the wheelbarrow is designed to distribute the weight of its load between the wheel and the operator, so enabling the convenient carriage of heavier and bulkier loads than would be possible were the weight carried entirely by the operator. as such it is a second-class lever... the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses.[2] the pulp and rind (zest) are also used in cooking and baking. the juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. the distinctive sour taste of lemon juice makes it a key ingredient in drinks and foods such as lemonade and lemon meringue pie... state of oklahoma. the county seat of oklahoma county,[8] the city ranks 27th among united states cities in population. the population grew following the 2010 census, with the population estimated to have increased to 643,648 as of july 2017.[5] as of 2015, the oklahoma city metropolitan area had a population of 1,358,452,[9] and the oklahoma city-shawnee combined statistical area had a population of 1,459,758 residents,[9] making it oklahoma's largest metropolitan area. oklahoma city's city limits extend into canadian,... the signing of the treaty formally ended the seven years' war, known as the french and indian war in the north american theatre,[1] and marked the beginning of an era of british dominance outside europe.[2] great britain and france each returned much of the territory that they had captured during the war, but great britain gained much of france's possessions in north america. additionally, great britain agreed to protect roman catholicism in the new world... Please enable JavaScript to use our site. Home Products Shipping Contact FAQ Dried Lemons, $3.59/pound Organic dried lemons from our farm in California. Lemons are harvested and sun-dried for maximum flavor. Good in soups and on popcorn. The lemon, Citrus Limon (l.) Osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family rutaceae. The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. Menu Lemon Introduction The lemon, Citrus Limon (l.) Osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family rutaceae. The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. Article The origin of the lemon is unknown, though lemons are thought to have first grown in Assam (a region in northeast India), northern Burma or China. A genomic study of the lemon indicated it was a hybrid between bitter orange (sour orange) and citron. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Curabitur in tempus quam. In mollis et ante at consectetur. Aliquam erat volutpat. Donec at lacinia est. Duis semper, magna tempor interdum suscipit, ante elit molestie urna, eget efficitur risus nunc ac elit. Fusce quis blandit lectus. Mauris at mauris a turpis tristique lacinia at nec ante. Aenean in scelerisque tellus, a efficitur ipsum. Integer justo enim, ornare vitae sem non, mollis fermentum lectus. Mauris ultrices nisl at libero porta sodales in ac orci. function Ball(r) { this.radius = r; this.area = pi * r ** 2; this.show = function(){ drawCircle(r); } } Common Crawl Web Extracted Text Please enable JavaScript to use our site. Home Products Shipping Contact FAQ Dried Lemons, $3.59/pound Organic dried lemons from our farm in California. Lemons are harvested and sun-dried for maximum flavor. Good in soups and on popcorn. The lemon, Citrus Limon (l.) Osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family rutaceae. The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. Menu Lemon Introduction The lemon, Citrus Limon (l.) Osbeck, is a species of small evergreen tree in the flowering plant family rutaceae. The tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses. The juice of the lemon is about 5% to 6% citric acid, with a ph of around 2.2, giving it a sour taste. Article The origin of the lemon is unknown, though lemons are thought to have first grown in Assam (a region in northeast India), northern Burma or China. A genomic study of the lemon indicated it was a hybrid between bitter orange (sour orange) and citron. Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet, consectetur adipiscing elit. Curabitur in tempus quam. In mollis et ante at consectetur. Aliquam erat volutpat. Donec at lacinia est. Duis semper, magna tempor interdum suscipit, ante elit molestie urna, eget efficitur risus nunc ac elit. Fusce quis blandit lectus. Mauris at mauris a turpis tristique lacinia at nec ante. Aenean in scelerisque tellus, a efficitur ipsum. Integer justo enim, ornare vitae sem non, mollis fermentum lectus. Mauris ultrices nisl at libero porta sodales in ac orci. function Ball(r) { this.radius = r; this.area = pi * r ** 2; this.show = function(){ drawCircle(r); } } Common Crawl Web Extracted Text Thank you for inviting me to your party last week. Original text Thank you for inviting me to your party last week. Original text Thank you me to your party week. Thank you for inviting me to your party last week. Original text Inputs Thank you me to your party week. Thank you for inviting me to your party last week. Original text Inputs for inviting last Targets 219 steps 235 or ~34B tokens Inverse square root learning rate schedule Pretrain BERTBASE -sized encoder-decoder Transformer C4 dataset Denoising objective GLUE 219 steps 235 or ~34B tokens Inverse square root learning rate schedule Pretrain Finetune BERTBASE -sized encoder-decoder Transformer C4 dataset Denoising objective 218 steps 234 or ~17B tokens Constant learning rate 218 steps 234 or ~17B tokens Constant learning rate GLUE CNN/DM 219 steps 235 or ~34B tokens Inverse square root learning rate schedule Pretrain Finetune BERTBASE -sized encoder-decoder Transformer C4 dataset Denoising objective 218 steps 234 or ~17B tokens Constant learning rate GLUE CNN/DM SQuAD 219 steps 235 or ~34B tokens Inverse square root learning rate schedule Pretrain Finetune BERTBASE -sized encoder-decoder Transformer C4 dataset Denoising objective 218 steps 234 or ~17B tokens Constant learning rate GLUE CNN/DM SQuAD SuperGLUE 219 steps 235 or ~34B tokens Inverse square root learning rate schedule Pretrain Finetune BERTBASE -sized encoder-decoder Transformer C4 dataset Denoising objective 218 steps 234 or ~17B tokens Constant learning rate GLUE CNN/DM SQuAD SuperGLUE WMT14 EnDe WMT15 EnFr WMT16 EnRo 219 steps 235 or ~34B tokens Inverse square root learning rate schedule Pretrain Finetune BERTBASE -sized encoder-decoder Transformer C4 dataset Denoising objective 218 steps 234 or ~17B tokens Constant learning rate GLUE CNN/DM SQuAD SuperGLUE WMT14 EnDe WMT15 EnFr WMT16 EnRo 219 steps 235 or ~34B tokens Inverse square root learning rate schedule Pretrain Finetune Evaluate on validation step 750000 step 760000 step 770000 step 780000 Evaluate all checkpoints, choose the best BERTBASE -sized encoder-decoder Transformer C4 dataset Denoising objective Downstream task performance Setting 1 Setting 2 ... Star denotes baseline Comparable to BERT Bold = 1 std. dev. of max Big training set Disclaimer x1 x2 x3 x4 y1 y2 . Encoder Decoder x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 x2 x3 y1 y2 . Language model x1 x2 x3 y1 y2 x2 x3 y1 y2 . Prefix LM High-level approaches BERT-style Deshuffling Language modeling Corruption strategies Mask Drop Replace spans 10% 15% 25% Corruption rate 50% 2 3 5 Corrupted span length 10 Please enable JavaScript to use our site. Home About Products Shipping Contact FAQ Dried Lemons, $3.59/pound Organic dried lemons from our farm in California. Lemons are harvested and sun-dried for maximum flavor. Good in soups and on popcorn. Please enable JavaScript to use our site. Home About Products Shipping Contact FAQ Dried Lemons, $3.59/pound Organic dried lemons from our farm in California. Lemons are harvested and sun-dried for maximum flavor. Good in soups and on popcorn. Please enable JavaScript to use our site. Home About Products Shipping Contact FAQ Dried Lemons, $3.59/pound Organic dried lemons from our farm in California. Lemons are harvested and sun-dried for maximum flavor. Good in soups and on popcorn. Please enable JavaScript to use our site. Home About Products Shipping Contact FAQ Dried Lemons, $3.59/pound Organic dried lemons from our farm in California. Lemons are harvested and sun-dried for maximum flavor. Good in soups and on popcorn. Much better on MultiRC Much better on ReCoRDMuch worse on CoLA { Order of magnitude smaller Please enable JavaScript to use our site. Home About Products Shipping Contact FAQ Dried Lemons, $3.59/pound Organic dried lemons from our farm in California. Lemons are harvested and sun-dried for maximum flavor. Good in soups and on popcorn. Please enable JavaScript to use our site. Home About Products Shipping Contact FAQ Dried Lemons, $3.59/pound Organic dried lemons from our farm in California. Lemons are harvested and sun-dried for maximum flavor. Good in soups and on popcorn. Task Mixingweight Temperature(T) Threshold (K) Task A Task B Task C Task A Task B Task C Unsupervised Task Task A Task B Task C Unsupervised Task Task A Task B Task C Unsupervised Task Task A Task B Task C Task A Task B Task C Unsupervised Task Task A Task C Task B Encoder-decoder architecture Span prediction objective C4 dataset Multi-task pre-training Bigger models trained longer Model size variants Human score = 89.8 Back-translation beats English-only pre-training https://github.com/google-research/text-to-text-transfer-transformer http://tiny.cc/t5-colab What about all of the other languages? Afrikaans, Albanian, Amharic, Arabic, Armenian, Azerbaijani, Basque, Belarusian, Bengali, Bulgarian, Burmese, Catalan, Cebuano, Chichewa, Chinese, Corsican, Czech, Danish, Dutch, English, Esperanto, Estonian, Filipino, Finnish, French, Galician, Georgian, German, Greek, Gujarati, Haitian Creole, Hausa, Hawaiian, Hebrew, Hindi, Hmong, Hungarian, Icelandic, Igbo, Indonesian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Javanese, Kannada, Kazakh, Khmer, Korean, Kurdish, Kyrgyz, Lao, Latin, Latvian, Lithuanian, Luxembourgish, Macedonian, Malagasy, Malay, Malayalam, Maltese, Maori, Marathi, Mongolian, Nepali, Norwegian, Pashto, Persian, Polish, Portuguese, Punjabi, Romanian, Russian, Samoan, Scottish Gaelic, Serbian, Shona, Sindhi, Sinhala, Slovak, Slovenian, Somali, Sotho, Spanish, Sundanese, Swahili, Swedish, Tajik, Tamil, Telugu, Thai, Turkish, Ukrainian, Urdu, Uzbek, Vietnamese, Welsh, West Frisian, Xhosa, Yiddish, Yoruba, Zulu. English 3B pages 3T tokens Yoruba 50K pages 50M tokens Slide from Noah Constant Slide from Noah Constant XNLI Zero-shot Accuracy Urdu Russian α=0.2 73.9 81.2 α=0.3 73.5 81.5 α=0.7 71.7 82.8 Slide from Noah Constant Slide from Noah Constant TyDi QA GoldP Performance Slide from Noah Constant How much knowledge does a language model pick up during pre-training? Reading Comprehension "The lemon tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses. The pulp and rind are also used in cooking and baking." "What color is a lemon?" Model yellow Question Context "What color is a lemon?" Model yellow Question Database Open-Domain Question Answering "The lemon tree's ellipsoidal yellow fruit is used for culinary and non-culinary purposes throughout the world, primarily for its juice, which has both culinary and cleaning uses. The pulp and rind are also used in cooking and baking." "What color is a lemon?" Model yellow Question Closed-Book Question Answering President Franklin born January 1882. Our hand-picked and sun-dried orchard in Georgia. Lily couldn't . The waitress had brought the largest of chocolate cake seen. T5 D. Roosevelt was in believe her eyes piece she had ever peaches are at our When was Franklin D. Roosevelt born? T5 1882 President Franklin D. Roosevelt was born in January 1882. Pre-training Fine-tuning T5 Ana Santos Aramburo (born 1957) is a Spanish librarian who has been the director of the National Library of Spain since February 2013. SSM data from "REALM: Retrieval-Augmented Language Model Pre-Training" by Guu et al. ✅ ✅ ❌ �� 12.5% 25% 37.5% 50% 62.5% ❌ True Negative ✅ Phrasing mismatch ✅ Incomplete annotation 🗑 Unanswerable Exact Match: 36.6 → 57.8%! Do large language models memorize their training data? “... the extent that a work is produced with a machine learning tool that was trained on a large number of copyrighted works, the degree of copying with respect to any given work is likely to be, at most, de minimis.” – Electronic Frontier Foundation “Well-constructed AI systems generally do not regenerate, in any nontrivial portion, unaltered data from any particular work in their training corpus.” – OpenAI Top-n sampling Decaying-temperature sampling Conditioning on Internet text Perplexity … vs. different GPT … vs. zlib … vs. lowercased Windowed perplexity In training set? Can we close the gap between large and small models by improving the Transformer architecture? Source: http://jalammar.github.io/illustrated-transformer/ Factorized embeddings Shared embedding and softmax layer Mixture of Softmaxes, Adaptive softmax RMSNorm, ReZero, FixUp Transparent Attention, Lightweight & Dynamic Convolutions, Synthesizer Nonlinearities, Mixture of Experts, Switch Transformer Funnel Transformer, Evolved Transformer, Universal Transformer, block sharing ... Validation loss SuperGLUEscore Validation loss SuperGLUEscore Transparent Attention Switch Transformer Validation loss WQAccuracy Transparent Attention Switch Transformer - Is our codebase unusual? - Are our tasks non-standard? - Do we need to tune hyperparameters? - Did we implement the modifications correctly? - Do Transformer modifications not “transfer”? Exploring the Limits of Transfer Learning with a Unified Text-to-Text Transformer mT5: A massively multilingual pre-trained text-to-text transformer How Much Knowledge Can You Pack Into the Parameters of a Language Model? Extracting Training Data from Large Language Models Do Transformer Modifications Transfer Across Implementations and Applications? Work done with Adam Roberts, Aditya Barua, Aditya Siddhant, Alina Oprea, Ariel Herbert-Voss, Dawn Song, Eric Wallace, Florian Tramer, Hyung Won Chung, Jake Marcus, Karishma Malkan, Katherine Lee, Linting Xue, Matthew Jagielski, Michael Matena, Mihir Kale, Nan Ding, Nicholas Carlini, Noah Constant, Noah Fiedel, Noam Shazeer, Peter J. Liu, Rami Al-Rfou, Sharan Narang, Thibault Fevry, Tom Brown, Ulfar Erlingsson, Wei Li, William Fedus, Yanqi Zhou, Yi Tay, and Zhenzhong Lan Questions?