Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge First Luke Prodromou For students preparing for the Cambridge English First exam LONGMAN DICTIONARIES ONLINE PEARSONALWAYS L E A R N I N G S E C O N D E D I T I O N Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge First Luke Prodromou ______________________ J For students preparing for the Cambridge English First exam Pearson Education Limited Edinburgh Gate Harlow Essex CM20 2JE England and Associated Companies throughout the world. www.pearsonelt.com © Pearson Education Limited 1999, 2012 The right of Luke Prodromou to be identified as author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved; no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise without the prior written permission of the Publishers. First published 1999 Second edition 2012 ISBN: 9781408290590 (with key) ISBN: 9781447903055 (without key) Set in Whitney and Minion Printed in Malaysia (CTP-VP) Acknowledgements The author and publishers would like to thank everyone who has helped to develop and revise the contents of this book, including the following for their invaluable reports on the text of the first edition: Eftaxia Chatzoglou, Maria Chrematopoulou, Anna Chrysouergi, Jain Cook, Konstantinos Giagkoulovitos, Felicity Harwood, Philip Kerr, Maria Anne Leventeris, Anne Robinson, Rogerio Sanches, Vilma Sicas, Elsa Silivistra and Emma Tuhill. Illustrated by Simon Smith Contents Introduction 7 ■ Umt 1 Entry test 12 12 Grammar Present simple and present continuous Past simple, present perfect simple, present perfect continuous' Past continuous, past perfect simple, past perfect continuous 14 18 21 Vocabulary Id le for, since, during, yet, etc. Suffixes (1) 23 26 ■ Unit 2 Entry test 28 28 Grammar 2a 2b 2c Future forms (1): ways to talk about the future Future forms (2): be going to, present continuous, present simple Future forms (3): future continuous, future perfect, future in the past Vocabulary Phrasal verbs: time and change Prefixes (1) Exam practice 1 30 32 34 36 38 40 ■ Unit 3 Entry test Grammar 3a 3b 3c . !? Modal verbs (1) Modal verbs (2) Linking words and phrases: reason and purpose Vocabulary have, take, bring Suffixes (2) ■ Unit 4 Entry test Grammar 4a 4b 4c Questions, question words Question tags Expressing agreement Vocabulary 4d 4e Exam do and make Suffixes (3) practice 2 44 44 46 49 52 55' 58 60 60 62 64 66 69 73 76 3 CONTENTS Unit 5 Entry test Grammar Zero, first and second conditionals wish, if only Vocabulary want, expect, love, can't bear, etc. Prefixes (2) Unit 6 Entry test Grammar 80 80 82 Vocabulary get and have (got) Compound nouns Third conditional, mixed conditionals 84 86 89 92 94 94 Time and condition clauses with future reference 96 More future forms 99 Expressions of time and preference 101 Vocabulary afterwards, after, until,as far as, etc. 104 Phrases with time 106 Exam practice 3 108 Unit 7................................ 112 Entry test 112 Grammar The passive: form 114 The passive: use, agent 117 The causative 120 Entry test Grammar 124 128 128 122 Unit 8 Entry test f? Grammar Reported speech (1) 130 Reported speech (2) 134 -ing forms and infinitives after verbs 137 Vocabulary say, tell, talk, speak, etc. 140 -ed and -ing adjectives 143 Exam practice 4 146 Unit 9 iso 150 Comparative and superlative adjectives 152 Adjectives followed by prepositions 155 Order of adjectives 157 Vocabulary Easily confused adjectives Compound adjectives 158 164 4 CONTENTS Unit 10 Entry test Grammar Comparisons so and such; too, enough, very quite, rather, etc.; linking verbs Vocabulary Adjectives which are similar Suffixes (4) Exam practice 5 Unit'll Entry test Grammar Adverbs: use and form Adverbs: word order Adverbs: comparison Vocabulary Adverbs: different forms and meanings Seeing and hearing Unjt 12 Entry test Grammar Articles Determiners 166 166 168 170 173 176 179 182 186 186 Vocabulary Uncountable nouns ending in -s, plural nouns, collective nouns Suffixes (5) Exam practice 6 Unit 13 Entry test Grammar Relative clauses Participles Linking words and phrases: contrast Vocabulary Phrasal verbs with get Suffixes (6) 188 191 194 196 198 202 202 204 208 Unit 14 Entry test Grammar Prepositions of time, place and movement Prepositions after verbs and nouns it and there Vocabulary Prepositional phrases Phrasal verbs with put Exam practice 7 Countable and uncountable nouns 212 216 219 224 228 228 230 234 236 238 240 244 244 246 250 252 254 257 259 5 CONTENTS Word store ■Living conditions 263 | Shopping 281 ■Social relationships 265 | Food and restaurants 283 ■Friendship 266 | Weather 286 ■Occupations 267 Our environment and the natural world 289 ■Education 269 | The media 292 ■The arts 272 | Science and technology 296 ■Sports 275 | Health 298 ■Hobbies 277 Crime 302 ■Travel and tourism 279 Answer key 305 6 Dntr©ductI©Gi ^[hos book Who is this book for? This book is for people studying for the Cambridge First Certificate in English (FCE) examination. The aim is to practise the grammar and vocabulary needed for this examination. The book is useful as a supplement to any coursebook. It presents and practises key grammar and vocabulary points in an integrated way. I assume that anybody using this book has a reasonable knowledge of and ability to use English up to intermediate level. More advanced students should refer to Grammar and Vocabulary for Cambridge Advanced and Proficiency, by Richard Side and Guy Wellman. What sort of grammar is in this book? The book covers the main areas of English grammar at intermediate/upper-intermediate level and concentrates on areas you need to pass the FCE exam. Thus there is a thorough review of tenses together with verb, noun and adjective structures. Although grammar and vocabulary are obviously important in all the papers in the exam, special attention is given to those aspects of grammar which are frequently tested in Paper 3 - Use of English. For example, prepositions following nouns, verbs and adjectives are common in all parts of Paper 3. Problems of time and tense are also tested, for example, in conditional sentences and after wish, if only or I’d rather, and expressions with time. Such structures are reflected in the grammar presented and practised in this book. What sort of vocabulary is in this book? The book gives vocabulary special emphasis, including both individual w^rds and common phrases. Words which are often confused are dealt with in the sections which make up the main body of the text, and common sources of error caused by words of related meaning are also considered. There is also a detailed focus on aspects of word-building in every unit. This reflects the importance of word-building in the Use of English paper. The Word Store section at the back of the book focuses on topic areas and lexical phrases, which the FCE exam gives particular importance to. A good knowledge of these phrases will help you perform better in the Use of English and Writing papers. How can I use this book? There are many ways to use this book. You can use the Contents map to look up particular aspects of grammar and vocabulary you want to study and practise. The Agenda at the beginning of each unit will show you the contents of each section. You can use the Entry test to identify which sections you need. Or you may wish to study complete units, perhaps in the order in which they appear. Several options are available to you, according to your needs. How is this book organised? The book comprises fourteen grammar and vocabulary units, followed by a topic-related Word store section. There is an Exam practice test after every two units. Throughout the book, there are cartoons which illustrate grammar points and also identify the language covered in each section. I hope this will make learning grammar and vocabulary more fun, as well as more memorable. 7 INTRODUCTION The entry test A typical sequence begins with an Entry test based on the target grammar and vocabulary of the unit. It consists of twenty-five diagnostic questions, which will direct you to areas you need to learn, revise or practise in the sections that follow. The test will give you an idea of your own strengths and weaknesses, in particular, areas of grammar or vocabulary. Each Entry test is divided into five parts (each with five questions) and these correspond to the five sections (a-e) of the unit. If you have difficulties with a part of the Entry test, there is a crossreference to the relevant section where you will find all the information and practice you need. On the other hand, if you find that part easy, it may mean that you are sufficiently competent in that area and you may wish to skip that section. Since all Entry tests have the same number of questions (25), you can monitor your own progress using your total score for each test. The gram m ar sections Each unit contains three Grammar sections, which deal with aspects of a particular area of grammar, as listed in the Agenda on the first page of each unit. For a full list of the grammar covered in this book, see the Contents map (pages 3-6). The Grammar sections contain explanations and descriptions using numerous example sentences. Much of the information is presented in tables, which provide easy access to the essential details of meaning or use, together with examples illustrating common contexts. The vocabulary sections Each unit has two Vocabulary sections. There is a focus on word-building and lexical items related to particular areas of usage. Phrases and phrasal verbs are also given special attention and, again, the tables provide easy access to content. The practice sections All the presentations in the grammar and vocabulary sections are followed by Practice sections. These include a wide variety of exercises related to the content of each presentation. Many of these exercises are modelled on FCE exam questions but others are styled to achieve the best focus on the language being practised and provide for a more interesting set of activities. The exam practice sections After every two units, there is an Exam practice section, in the form of a complete Use of English paper, in the same format as in the actual FCE exam. Each Exam practice section tests your knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary of the previous two units. It allows you to revise what you have learnt, while getting valuable examination practice. Each paper has the same score, so you can monitor your progress as you work with different units. Although grammar and vocabulary are presented separately in the units, in the Exam practice sections they are brought together within the same texts and activities. Thus, there is constant recycling of the target language. The W ord store section At the end of the book is the Word store section, which includes a series of exercises presenting vocabulary in topic-related groups. These are extremely useful for all parts of the FCE exam. Emphasis is on the importance of common phrases and the way words combine together. The vocabulary items are presented in tables, which are followed by exercises that draw on items in these tables and allow you to work with them in different contexts. Special attention has been given to ensure that these exercises are lively and informative. Will I pass the FCE exam if I do everything in this book? One grammar and vocabulary practice book is not enough to make you fluent in English. I recommend that you read widely in English (simplified readers, magazines, newspapers, etc.) and take every opportunity to listen to English (satellite television, film, radio, songs, etc.). You should also try and speak the language so that „you can use it naturally and easily. 8 IN I ItODUC rION The entry test /\ typical sequence begins with an Entry test based on the target grammar and vocabulary of the unit. It consists of twenty-five diagnostic questions, which will direct you to areas you need to learn, revise or practise in the sections that follow. The test will give you an idea of your own strengths and weaknesses, in particular, areas of grammar or vocabulary. Each Entry test is divided into five parts (each with five questions) and these correspond to the five sections (a-e) of the unit. If you have difficulties with a part of the Entry test, there is a crossreference to the relevant section where you will find all the information and practice you need. On the other hand, if you find that part easy, it may mean that you are sufficiently competent in that area and you may wish to skip that section. Since all Entry tests have the same number of questions (25), you can monitor your own progress using your total score for each test. The gram m ar sections Each unit contains three Grammar sections, which deal with aspects of a particular area of grammar, as listed in the Agenda on the first page of each unit. For a full list of the grammar covered in this book, see the Contents map (pages 3-6). The Grammar sections contain explanations and descriptions using numerous example sentences. Much of the information is presented in tables, which provide easy access to the essential details of meaning or use, together with examples illustrating common contexts. The vocabulary sections Each unit has two Vocabulary sections. There is a focus on word-building and lexical items related to particular areas of usage. Phrases and phrasal verbs are also given special attention and, again, the tables provide easy access to content. The practice sections All the presentations in the grammar and vocabulary sections are followed by Practice sections. These include a wide variety of exercises related to the content of each presentation. Many of these exercises are modelled on FCE exam questions but others are styled to achieve the best focus on the language being practised and provide lor a more interesting set of activities. The exam practice sections After every two units, there is an Exam practice section, in the form of a complete Use of English paper, in the same format as in the actual FCE exam. Each Exam practice section tests your knowledge of the grammar and vocabulary of the previous two units. It allows you to revise what you have learnt, while getting valuable examination practice. Each paper has the same score, so you can monitor your progress as you work with different units. Although grammar and vocabulary are presented separately in the units, in the Exam practice sections they are brought together within the same texts and activities. Thus, there is constant recycling of the target language. The W ord store section At the end of the book is the Word store section, which includes a series of exercises presenting vocabulary in topic-related groups. These are extremely useful for all parts of the FCE exam. Emphasis is on the importance of common phrases and the way words combine together. The vocabulary items are presented in tables, which are followed by exercises that draw on items in these tables and allow you to work with them in different contexts. Special attention has been given to ensure that these exercises are lively and informative. Will I pass the FCE exam if I do everything in this book? One grammar and vocabulary practice book is not enough to make you fluent in English. I recommend that you read widely in English (simplified readers, magazines, newspapers, etc.) and take every opportunity to listen to English (satellite television, film, radio, songs, etc.). You should also try and speak the language so that you can use it naturally and easily. K INTRODUCTION About EFCE What level is FCE? The First Certificate in English is an intermediate-level examination which follows on from the PET (Preliminary English Test) and precedes the CAE (Certificate in Advanced English) examinations. FCE is CEF level B2. The certificate is frequently used as proof that you will be competent to begin a career such as those related to tourism or banking, or that you can pursue an advanced course of study in English. Learners at this level should be able to handle the main structures with some confidence and communicate in English in a variety of social situations. You should be able to tell the difference between the main and secondary points of a text, as well as between the gist of a text and specific detail. You are expected to show an ability to describe and recount events. Grades A, B and C are passes. D is a narrow fail, and E is a fail. The exam is usually taken after approximately 500-600 hours of studying English. It consists of 5 papers. Papers 1-4 (Reading, Writing, Use of English and Listening) are usually taken on the same day and Paper 5 (Speaking) is usually taken on a different day. Paper 1: Reading This paper, lasting one hour, consists of three parts and is intended to encourage familiarity with different types of written material. The reading texts may be correspondence, informational material, newspaper or magazine articles, advertisements, etc. There are thirty questions and three different task types: multiple choice, gapped text and multiple matching. You will be tested on understanding the gist of a text, main grammar points, detail in the information and text structure or meaning. Paper 2: W riting For this paper, lasting one hour and twenty minutes, you must complete one compulsory task in Part 1 (a letter or email, using information given in the form of an advertisement, an extract from a letter, an email, a schedule, etc.) and one from a choice of five in Part 2. You will need to demonstrate your ability to write a range of texts such as letters (formal or informal), articles or reports, as well as stories and argumentative compositions. For Part 1, you will need to write a letter or email of 120-150 * words. For Part 2, you will need to write a text of 120-180 words. Paper 3: Use o f English This paper lasts forty-five minutes. There are four tasks with a total of forty-two questions focusing on grammar and vocabulary (see pages 10-11). The paper is divided according to the language focus and task type. The exercises are: multiple choice, open cloze, word formation and key word transformation. Paper 4: Listening This paper lasts approximately forty minutes. There is a total of four parts and thirty questions. The recordings may be phone messages, commentaries, announcements, speeches, reports, etc. The tasks are designed to test your understanding of the gist of the recording, as well as specific information. The task types are: multiple choice, sentence completion and multiple matching. Paper 5: Speaking This part of the examination, lasting approximately fifteen minutes, has four parts. During the examination, you will interact with another candidate, as well as an examiner/ interlocutor. There will also be a second examiner present (an assessor), who will remain silent. The first part is a very short interview. After that, you will be asked to give information or express your opinion by comparing a pair of photographs. The next part is a conversation between you and another candidate, in which you may be asked to agree or disagree, make a decision about a drawing or photograph, etc. Finally, you take part in a discussion with the interlocutor and the other candidate. You will be marked according to your overall performance. You should be able to respond to questions, organise your ideas, express your opinions and exchange views. 9 INTRODUCTION What types of questions can I expect in Paper 3? This book concentrates on the grammar and vocabulary you will need to pass this paper. The exercises in the Practice and Exam practice sections reflect the types of questions you will be given in the FCE exam. There are four parts. Part 1: M ultiple choice cloze This includes a text with twelve numbered gaps, followed by four-option multiple choice items (A, B, C and D). You must choose the best answer to fill each gap. Example: Part 1 For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning ( 0). TEEN FASHION It is widely believed that boys are less interested in fashion <0)............ girls. While it is true that fashion for guys is not as widely followed a>............ fashion for girls, it is becoming more and more important. Girls' fashion <2)............ to change more often, or at least it is ... 0 A that B as C than) D from 1 A as B than C so D that 2 A looks B comes C becomes D seems Part 1 (questions 1-12) has an emphasis on vocabulary but often includes items that focus on grammar as well. Part 2: Open cloze This consists of a text with twelve numbered gaps. You must provide the correct word to fill each one. Example: Part 2 For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning ( 0). THE M YSTE R Y OF STONEHENGE Stonehenge is one of England's famous landmarks. It is a group of large, tall stones that are arranged in circles on Salisbury Plain in the south of England. They are (13)............ big and heavy that their transportation over from Wales, 240 miles away, <14)............ to us today almost miraculous. Who could have carried them such (15)............ distance without the help of modern technology? The question is also ... Part 2 (questions 13-24) tests both grammar and vocabulary. Learning common phrases and collocations is very useful for this task. 10 INTRODUCTION Part 3: W ord form ation Part 4: Key word transform ations This word-building task includes a text with ten There are eight items, each with a lead-in numbered gaps. It may test prefixes, suffixes, sentence and a gapped second sentence. You changes to the whole word (e.g. wide —►width), must complete the second sentence with two to forming compounds, etc. The base words are five words, using a given word which cannot be given, and you must use them to form words to changed. Example: fill the gaps in the text. Example: Part 3 For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning ( 0). We all know now what a (°) p>egay\. (begin) classes at Harvard, Mark Zuckerberg (1)...........(achieve) a reputation as a programming genius. Before the end of his second year at university, he (2)...........(already /design) CourseMatch, a program that helped students choose classes based on the choices other students (3)...........(make). At the time, Mark (4)...........(study) psychology and computer science. A short time later, he created Facemash, a program that let students select the best-looking person from different photos. Until then, students (5)...........(use) books called ‘Face Books’, which included the names and photos of everyone who lived in the student dorms. Facemash went up over the weekend but by Monday morning, the college (6)...........(take) it down because its popularity (7)...........(flood) Harvard’s server. Before Facemash, students (8)........... (ask) the university to develop a similar website for months. Mark(9)........... (work) on a very similar idea when he heard about these requests, so he decided to do something about them and promised to build a better site than what the university (10)...........(plan). v Vocabulary for, during, yet, @tcn »> for and since ° We use /or to say how long something lasts: I’m tired. We’ve been walking for four hours! I haven’t seen Eva for ages. ° We use since to indicate a starting point: They haven’t met since the wedding. (since + noun) A lot has happened since I last wrote to you. (since + clause) I’ve-bee-n-in London since four weeks. X I’ve been in London for four weeks. S over and during ° We can use over and during in the same way, to indicate the period of time in which something happens or develops: Over/During the last eighteen months, there have been three tax increases. ° Compare the use of since: Since the middle o f last year, there have been three tax increases, (the middle of last year = the starting point) from ... to/until/till ° We use from ... to/until/till to indicate when something starts and ends: Dinner is from eight o’clock to ten o’clock. I waited from ten till two. ° We can use from on its own if we do not say when something ends: I was training from ten o’clock. from and since » Compare from and since: They were here from ten o ’clock. (= They came at ten o’clock.) They’ve been here since ten o’clock. (= They’re still here.) for and during , ° For answers the question How long? We use it with time expressions to talk about actions that last the whole of the period of time: He was with the company for forty years. (= His time with the company was forty years.) ° We use during + that week/your stay/the match/etc. to say that one action happened inside a period of time: During that year, he rose from deputy manager to managing director. ° Here are some common words and phrases we use with for and during: for two hours/a whole week/'a long time/a couple o f days/'a minute during office hours/the day/the full ninety minutes/the twentieth century/the interval during and while •During is a preposition. We use it before a noun/noun phrase. We do not use during with a clause: We didn’t see anybody during the holidays. (the holidays = noun) ° While is a conjunction. We use it with a clause: We didn’t see anybody while we were on holiday, (we were on holiday = clause) During I was at home, a salesman called. X While I was at home, a salesman called. / 23 FOR, SINCE, DURING, YET, ETC. ago, already, before, still and yet •Ago shows how long before the moment of speaking something happened. We use it with the past simple, not the present perfect. Ago comes after a time word or phrase. I came to Rome exactly six months ago. I ’m writing in reply to your letter, which I received two days ago. ° We often use already to show surprise that something has happened sooner than expected. We also use it to say that something has been done and does not need to be repeated. We normally use it in affirmative sentences and questions. We often use already with perfect tenses. It can come in the mid or end position. Is the taxi already here?Is the taxi here already? I’ve already tried that. I’ve tried that already. ° We use before to mean ‘earlier than a time in the past’. I went to the airport last Monday to meet Sue. I hadn’t been to the airport before. (i.e. before last Monday) ° Still tells us that something is continuing and has not finished. It can suggest surprise that it continues longer than expected. We use it in mid position, and in negative sentences it comes before the negative word. I’ve had fifty driving lessons and I still can’t drive very well. We’ve been waiting for over an hour but she still isn’t here. »We use yet in negative sentences, to show that something that we expected to happen has not happened. We also use it in questions to ask if something has happened. Yet comes at the end of the sentence. I’m not ready yet. (= I expected to be ready by now.) Aren’t you ready yet? (= I expected you to be ready by now.) See also: ^ Q Choose the correct answer. 0 It must be a month while //Tince)we last had a meal together. 1 We haven’t had a meal together for /since about a month. 2 Since / During our meal, her phone rang six or seven times. 3 During / While her stay here, she made a lot of good friends. 4 While / Since she was staying here, she made a lot of good friends. 5 Keane was injured during / while the last minute of the match. 6 For / Since several seasons, Keane has not been seriously injured in a game. 7 For / Since 2009, Keane has only been badly injured once on the pitch. 8 You know, I had never been to Rome from / before our trip together. 9 I’ve still / already been to Rome twice this year. 10 If you visit Rome that often, do you already / still enjoy it? 11 I haven’t been to Milan already Iyet. 12 I went to Milan about a year ago / before. 24 FOR, SINCE, DURING, YET, ETC. Q Complete the story. Use the words in the box. ttgo ago already already before during during for from since since since still until while yet Flying home A couple ofmonths (0>...^0?..., Charles was in Athens on his wayback to the States from a business trip. It had been ages(1)..............he had felt so angry. He had been at the airport (2)..............seven o’clock in the morning ®..............the evening, waiting for a flight to NewYork. An announcement had (4).............. been made to saythat the plane was delayed due to technical problems’. Halfan hour(5) ..............that, another announcement had said that there was going to be a delaybecause of air traffic congestion. Now the plane had been sitting on the runway(6)..............at least an hour and it was (7)..............not ready to board. (8)..............this delay, Charles tried to complete his report, which he hadn’t finished (9)............... even though his boss was expecting it on his return. There was a lot of noise going on around him (I0)..............he was trying to put the finishing touches to his final paragraph, so in the end, he gave up. It had been years(1I)..............Charles had travelled by plane. He avoided flying if he could,(12)..............a particularly unpleasant flight some years (13)............... He (14).............. hated flying but(15)..............that flight, he was convinced that it was the worst way to get around. ^ Complete the sentences. Use one word in each gap. 0 ..wteje. I was getting ready for bed, Sean called. 1 The accident happened ten years................ 2 Some animals hunt..............the day and sleep at night. 3 I know this place - I’m sure I’ve been here but I can’t remember when. 4 I haven’t heard from Jenny..............ages. 5 The museum is open ... f;...... 9.00 to 5.00. 6 I won’t have a coffee, thanks. I’ve had one 7 I don’t know the answer..............- I ’ll have to think about it. I’ll let you know as soon as I can. 8 They..............haven’t managed to find a solution to the problem. 9 Haven’t you finished your shower..............? 10 I started learning English two years............... Q Rewrite the sentences. Use the words in brackets in the correct position. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 0 I’ve asked her twice but she hasn’t replied, (already, yet) iV e . already, Asked.her. twice, but........ she. .hasn't replied .yet............................ 1 The design of the building is similar to others that have been built, (already) 2 I’m sorry, your dry cleaning isn’t ready, (yet) 3 Lucy asked me to email the office in Vienna but I’ve done it. (already) 4 Do you need my help? (still) 5 I haven’t told Sam about the accident, (still) 6 It’s raining, so there’s no point in going to the beach, (still, yet) 7 Has your uncle arrived? (yet) 8 I’ve waited a whole hour and he hasn’t come, (already, yet) 25 I eSuffixes (1) » We normally use suffixes to change a word to a different part of speech: employ (verb) —>employment (noun) • Sometimes, the suffix does not change the part of speech but it changes the meaning: neighbour (noun) —►neighbourhood (noun) •We use the following suffixes to make nouns: r Form/Suffix Use Example verb + -er forms a noun that describes sb’s occupation or what sb does employ —►employer, shop —>shopper, teach —>teacher, work —>worker, write —♦ writer forms a noun that describes what sth does cook —>cooker, grate —>grater, dry hair —►hair dryer, open tins —►tin opener, sharpen pencils —►pencil sharpener, wash dishes —>dishwasher, wipe a windscreen —►windscreen wiper verb + -or forms a noun that describes sb’s occupation or what sb does act —yactor, invest —>investor, operate —>operator, sail —>sailor, supervise —►supervisor verb/noun + -ee forms a noun that describes what sb does or who sb is employ —>employee, pay —>payee, interview —>interviewee verb/noun + -mg forms a noun that describes an example of something or an action draw —>drawing, build —>building, tube —> tubing noun + -eer forms a noun that says what activity sb does mountain —>mountaineer verb/noun + -ist forms a noun that expresses sb’s belief or occupation type —►typist, cycle —>cyclist, art —>artist, violin —* violinist, anarchy —* anarchist, Buddha —vBuddhist adjective + -ity forms an abstract noun ■i equal —* equality, flexible —►flexibility adjective + -ness forms an abstract noun good —>goodness, great —* greatness, happy —►happiness, sad —»sadness noun/adjective + -hood forms an abstract noun brother —>brotherhood, mother —►motherhood, likely —>likelihood ' noun + -ship forms an abstract noun friend —►friendship verb/adjective + -ance/-ence forms an abstract noun admit —>admittance, intelligent —>intelligence verb + -ment forms an abstract noun achieve —>achievement, employ —>employment, v enjoy —►enjoyment, excite —* excitement verb + -tion/-ation/ -ition/-sion forms an abstract noun form —>formation, alter —>alteration, invent —>invention, pollute —>pollution, produce —>production, complicate —►complication, educate —* education, occupy —* occupation, qualify —►qualification, oppose —* opposition, omit —►omission, profess —►profession, revise —►revision See also: 0 , 0 . 0 . 0 26 SUFFIXES (1) Q Complete the table. The underlined words will help you. Clue Noun 0 'the quality of being patient pafiey\ce 1 fslhe takes photographs 2 fslhe plays the guitar 3 it washes dishes . 4 the state of being able to do something ...............; ...........................t?** 5 the relationship vou have with a friend 6 the act of exploring a place 7 something vou arrange 8 he acts in films or plays 9 the thing we make when we build If) the quality of being important 11 the period of time when vou are a child 12 the feeling of being excited 13 the state of being happv 14 fslhe is being trained for something 15 the act of dividing something 16 the act of performing a plav, concert, etc. 17 the thing we open tins with 18 (slhe is forced to seek refuge in a new country 19 the quality of being kind 20 the state or fact of being great \ .................................................. y Q Complete the article. Use words formed from the words in CAPITALS at the end of some of the lines. A challenge for Europe Although recently there has been a small in the number of people out of work in Europe, finding (1).................. is still the biggest and most serious problem facing society today. The economic crisis that began in 2008 made the situation even worse, especially for women. (2)............... of opportunity between men and women is still a problem that (3).................. in many countries have still not solved. Thus, in a number of (4)................... women are still noticeable by their absence. Many (5) .............. still pay women less than men, even when their work and (6) ..............are the same as those of men. When women complain about unfair (7) ............... they are usually ignored or even punished by, for example, not being offered <8)....................This is just not fair. It would be a great pity if the impressive (9>.................. of the European Union did not include an (10),-,............... in the working conditions of women. REDUCE EMPLOY EQUAL POLITICS OCCUPY EMPLOY ‘The roots QUALIFY of education TREAT are bitter PROMOTE but the fruit ACHIEVE is sweet.’ IMPROVE Aristotle v____________ y Entry test Q Choose the correct answer. 1 Leave the dishes - 17//'m going to do them if you like. 2 It's already five to eight - you're going to miss / missing the train. 3 I think I 'll /'m going to have a break now - I'm exhausted. 4 Am I going/Shall I go and get a DVD for this evening? 5 Look out! You'll /'re going to step on the cat! Now look at ^ on pages 30-31. ^ Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 6 I can't come tonight - I ............ my grandparents. A visit B visited C'm going to visit D'll visit 7 Next month, the National Theatre............ a new production of Hamlet. A put on B putting on C shall put on D is putting on 8 I ............ a successful author one day. A be C go to be 9 According to the programme, the show............ at nine o'clock. A starts B is starting C start D shall start 10 I ...........to John's party on Saturday. Do you want to come? Ago B going C'm going D will go Now look at ^ on pages 32-33. B'm being D'm going to be / 5 / 5 ENTRY TEST 2 0 Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 11 This time tomorrow, I'll............ on the beach sunbathing! A lie B be lying C have lain D have been lying 12 By next August, I will............ my exams and I'll be ready for a holiday. A finishing B be finishing C have finished D have been finishing 13 Shall I take your letters to the post office? I'll ....'*...... there anyway. Agoing B be going C have gone D have been going 14 The work will............ by next week, so well be free to do what we want. A finishing B be finishing C have finished D have been finishing 15 By August, I ............ in this house for twenty years. A'm living B'll live C'm going to live D will have lived Now look at ^ on pages 34-35. Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 16 If the strike is still on, we'll have to ... ........our trip till another time. A put off B bring back C carry on D go through 17 She............ till the early hours listening to pop music. A held me up B caught me up C kept me up D took me up 18 As children, we were .......to respect our elders. A grown up B kept up C brought up D held up 19 They said they were going to ............ trams in the city centre. A get back B carry on C keep up D bring back 20 I wish you'd stop chatting and........... . with your work! A get down B get on C come on D come back Now look at ^ on pages 36-37. Q Complete the words in the following sentences. Use prefixes. 21 That was far too expensive! I think the waiter............ charged us. 22 He was speaking so fast it was............ possible to understand what he was saying. 23 I can't get my laces......... done. They're in a knot. 24 The music did not........... please her - she simply paid no attention to it. 25 The food is a bit............ cooked. Ask them to put it back in the oven. Now look at ^ on pages 38-39. SCORE / 5 / 5 TOTAL SCORE / 2 5 29 Grammar © Ftutor® f®rms (1): ways to talk atb@yt th®fytur® We can use different forms to talk about the future in English. Here are the main future forms and their uses: Form Meaning/Use Example Future simple: will + infinitive decisions made at the moment of speaking OK, I’ll stay with you, then. / OK, I’m going-to stay with you, then. X predictions, often with I think/ believe / expect /hope /etc. I think it will be a difficult game. offers I’ll give you a lift ifyou like. requests Willyou do me a favour? promises I’ll love you forever. threats Leave now or I’ll call the police! facts about the future Christmas Day willfall on Tuesday this year. be going to + infinitive intentions I’m going tophone him tomorrow. predictions based on present evidence Look! It’s going to rain. / Look! It-will mim X shall + infinitive (usually offers Shall I help you with those bags? with I or we) suggestions Shall we gofor a walk? asking for advice What shall I say if he calls? Future continuous: will be + -ing actions in progress at a particular time in the future I’ll be working at six. events that are fixed or expected to happen We’ll be going by bus, as usual. things that will happen in the normal course of events I’ll be staying in this evening. Present continuous: be + -ing arrangements, often with a time expression I’m having my hair cut today. be + fo-infinitive official arrangements, especially when announced The President is to visit Brussels next week. Present simple events that are part of a timetable or schedule The boat leaves the island on Friday. in future time clauses, after when, as soon as, until, etc. I’ll phone you when I arrive. 30 FUTURE FORMS (1): WAYS TO TALK ABOUT THE FUTURE Q Match 1-14 with a-o to make short exchanges. 0 ‘Look at all those dark clouds.’ 1 ‘Our train leaves at six, doesn’t it?’ 2 ‘The meeting will be held at 3 p.m. on Tuesday.’ 3 ‘What time did she say she’s going to get here?’ 4 ‘I told her to tidy her room but she won’t.’ 5 ‘How much longer are you going to be?’ 6 ‘I feel awful. I think I’m going to faint.’ 7 ‘I’ll come and help you clear the attic.’ 8 ‘Tessa seems to have gained a lot of weight.’ 9 ‘Shall we go now? It’s getting late.’ 10 ‘Will you shut the door, please?’ 11 ‘What shall I get for dinner?’ 12 ‘When am I going to see you again?’ 13 ‘What do you think you’ll do when you finish?’ 14 ‘I’m going shopping this afternoon.’ 0 a ‘Shall I have a word with her?’ b ‘I’ll be with you in just a minute.’ c ‘I’m going to get a job, of course.’ 1 I d ‘Thanks! I’ll need all the help I can get!’ e ‘That’s because she’s going to have a baby.’ □ f ‘Yes, it does, so hurry yp or we’ll be late!’ g ‘I’m not sure I’ll be able to come.’ h ‘9.30. But I’m sure she’ll be late, as usual!’ I i ‘I’ll call the doctor right away!’ ] j ‘Shall we have fish and chips?’ k ‘Perhaps I’ll see you tomorrow.’ □ 1 ‘No, I won’t! Do it yourself!’ □ m ‘Are you? I’ll come with you.’ □ n ‘Yes, there’s going to be a storm.’ ] o ‘OK, I’ll just get my coat.’ Q Read the conversation and choose the correct answer. кате Hi! What (0)(fireyon doing)!shall you do this evening? (1) Will /Shall I come round? brig it No, not this evening. I (2) ’ll be /’m being busy till late. кате When do you think i t (3)will /is going to be convenient for me to pop round? brig it Have you got your diary handy? (4)Are we going to /Shall we check the dates? I’m not busy tomorrow - Wednesday the twenty-first. What about you? кате I (5)’m seeing /will see my dentist tomorrow. Is Thursday OK? brig it Yes, I think that{6)’s being /’ll be fine. кате Great! What time (7)am I going to /shall I come round? brig it I (8)’m not I won’t be leaving the house at all on Thursday, so I don’t think it (9)will be I is being a problem whatever time you come. (10) Will /Shall you bring the manuscript with you, please? кате Yes, don’t worry. I (11) ’m not forgetting /won’tforget. Anything else? brig it No, we (12)aren’t /won’t be needing anything else - just the manuscript. кате OK. See you on Thursday, then. ‘Things will get worse before they get better.’ English saying . ‘Things will get worse before they get worse.’ Pessimist 31 0 Future forms (2): be going to, present continuous, present simple I Present continuous or be going to? •We normally use the present continuous to talk about the near future rather than the distant future: I’m taking the kids to the cinema this evening. I’m having lunch with Pete tomorrow. •We can use be going to or the present continuous for more distant events: We’re going to sail/’re sailing round the world next year. »To talk about plans, we can use the present continuous or be going to in the same way, sometimes with a slight change of emphasis: I’m going to see my therapist tomorrow. (= I intend to see my therapist tomorrow.) I’m seeing my therapist tomorrow. (= I have already arranged to see my therapist tomorrow.) » For predictions, we use be going to, not the present continuous. Those dark clouds mean we’re going to have a storm. / Those dark clouds-mcan we’re having a storm.-X Present continuous or present simple? » When it is used to talk about the future, the present simple suggests that the events are part of a timetable, a regular/fixed schedule or something similar. We do not use the present continuous in these cases: The sun rises at six tomorrow. / The sun is rising at six tomorrow-? X Our boat leaves at noon. / Our boat is leaving at noon. X » We use the present continuous, not the present simple, for personal arrangements: I’m seeing Jenny this weekend. S I see Jenny this weekend. X be going to or w ill? » Compare be going to and will for predictions: ♦ we use be going to to talk about something we know will happen because there is evidence in the present: The sky is grey - it’s going to rain. The meeting starts in jive minutes - you’re going to be late again! ♦ we use will to talk about something we believe will happen: Don’t lift that box - you’ll hurt your back. I’m sure he’llfail the exam. • Compare be going to and will for decisions: ♦ we use be going to to talk about something we have already decided to do: I’m going to buy the car - we’ve already agreed on the price. ♦ we use will for sudden decisions: ‘I’ll give it to you for £5,000.’ ‘OK, I’ll buy it.’ n h T>tl 32 FUTURE FORMS (2): BE GOING TO, PRESENT CONTINUOUS; PRESENT SIMPLE Complete the sentences. Use be going to, will, the present simple or the present continuous and the verbs in brackets. Sometimes more than one answer is possible. 0 .So, what time .d ye.'jPM.. ledviyg. (you /leave) tomorrow? 1 Look! That car over there..............(crash)! 2 I ..............(not come) with you tonight. I have to stay in and finish my project. 3 You look tired. Sit down and I ..............(make) you a cup of tea., t 4 The film ..............(start) at half past eight. 5 Do you think Jim ..............(mind) if I use his computer? 6 What’s wrong? You look as if you..............(cry). 7 The library..............(close) at half past seven this evening. 8 Look - is that Harry over there?..............(go) and say hello. 9 Hurry up! Our train..............(leave) in half an hour! 10 Laura and B en............. (have) a party next week. Complete the sentences. Use one word in each gap. 0 W hat.. dye ,. you doing this evening? 1 ..............we go to that new pizzeria tonight? 2 We’l l ..............studying in the library all evening. 3 This lesson’s really boring! When is i t ..............to finish? 4 Don’t worry. I’m sure h e..............forgive you if you apologise. 5 ..............your brother coming with us on Saturday? 6 I ..............be waiting for you when you finish. Read the text and choose the correct answer. Aquarius All Aquarians (0)get o ff / 'are getting off to a good start this month, with some good news on the home front. The news a,will help / is helping to relax recent tensions and give you the chance to make a fresh start. There (2,wz7Z be / are being lots of new things on other fronts this month. It really (3)is going to be / is being a time of great opportunity. Soon, a special person (4)wzZZcome / comes into your life - and this (5)isn't going to be / isn't being just another friendship. At work, you (6)wZZZneed / are needing to rise to new challenges that (7)wzZZ test / are testing your character. If you make a wrong move, you (8)wz7Z definitely regret / definitely regret it. In short, this is a month which (9)wzZZ bring / is bringing many opportunities but there {10)will be / will being risks, too, so be careful! Woman: I’m getting married on Saturday. We’re having a traditional wedding. Man: Are you having a white wedding? Woman: Yes, and I’m going to wear my grandmother’s dress. Man: And what’s your grandmother going to wear? __________________________________ __________________________________ JV © Future forms (3): future continuous, future perfect, future in the past Future continuous The future continuous can refer to actions in progress at a particular time in the future: » The future continuous often refers to events or actions that are part of a routine, or things that will happen in the normal course of events. It emphasises that no new arrangements are necessary: I can give you a lift to the station. I’ll be going that way anyway. •We can also use the future continuous to ask about someone’s plans: Will you be using the library this afternoon? When will the President be arriving? Future continuous or future simple? •We use the future simple for a decision made at the moment of speaking: OK, I’ll see you this evening. •With the future continuous, the activity has already been decided. Compare: We’ll be staying here until next weekend. (= W e’ve already decided to stay.) OK, we will stay here until next weekend. (= We’ve just decided to stay.) Future perfect Form Affirmative: They will have finished the assignment by Saturday. Question: Will they have finished the assignment by Saturday? Negative: They won’t have finished the assignment by Saturday. Use We use the future perfect to talk about something that will be completed before a particular time in the future: Today is Tuesday. Rob says, 7 will have finished this assignment by Saturday. ’ (= He will finish at any time up to Saturday but not later.) I will havefound a betterjob by the time I’m forty. J!. be .vyoyKMg (work) then. rosa What time do you think you (1)....................(be) free? maria Let’s see. As I said, I (2)....................(work) on the manuscript all day, and I expect I (3)....................(complete) the second chapter by about seven. rosa Good, because I (4)....................(be) quite busy at about six tomorrow as well. I’ve got an appointment with my dentist and I don’t think she (5).................... (finish) much before seven. maria Well, we really must be getting on with the book, you know. By the end of this month, we (6)....................(spend) a whole year on this project! It’s taking too long. rosa Yes. I (7)................... (jump) for joy when it’s finished! maria Me too! By the way, (8)....................(you /go) near the post office? rosa Probably. It’s not far from the dentist. maria I’ve been expecting an important parcel and I think i t (9)....................(arrive) by Thursday. Could you collect it for me? rosa Sure, no problem. So, I (10)....................(see) you later. Bye for now. 35 Vocabulary 1 [PlhiErasai verlbs- ‘Some amd change r Phrasal verb Meaning/Use Example j bring back sth; bring sth back reintroduce They’re going to bring back the old system. bring up sb; bring sb np raise (a child) Mrs Evans brought upfive children. call off sth; call sth off cancel They called offthe trip when Granny died. carry on (doing sth) continue Are you going to carry on making that noise? come back (from somewhere) return When did you come backfrom your holidays? fall behind (with sth) fail to produce sth at the right time He’sfalling behind with the payments. get back (to a place) return somewhere What time do you have to get back to college? get down (to sth) finally start doing sth Isn’t it time you got down to marking those exam papers? get on (in life) advance, make progress He’s new here but he’ll get onfine, I’m sure. give up (doing) sth; give sth up stop doing sth Why did you give upfootball? go ahead (with sth) begin to do sth planned or promised He decided to go ahead with his plans in spite of her objections. go through (sth) experience (a difficult time) After all they’ve gone through, they can still smile! grow np develop from a child to an adult I grew up on a farm. hold on wait Hold on a minute - 1 won’t be long. hold up sb/sth; hold sb/sth up delay sb/sth The building work has been held up by very bad weather. keep sb up prevent sb from going to bed I won’t keep you up long. put sth off; put off sth postpone If it rains, they’ll have to put off the match. set off start a journey We set offat halfpast seven. stay up go to bed later than usual We stayed up to watch the film on TV. take up sth; take sth up become interested in a new activity and spend time doing it She’s taken up tennis. 36 PHRASAL VERBS: TIME AND CHANGE Q Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of a phrasal verb from page 00. 0 Dad used to let us . .-S'tyy..up.. late on Fridays. 1 - If you want t o ..................... in life, you’ll have to work harder. 2 We’ll have t o .....................before lunchtime if we want to get there in time. 3 You’l l ..................... with your work if you don’t get on with it. 4 I wanted to go to bed but she..................... m e.......................till one o’clock. ' 5 What time do you have to ..................... home? I can give you a lift if you like. 6 Why don’t you.....................a sport now that you have more free time? 7 You really should.....................smoking! 8 Can you..................... a minute? I need to check my diary. 9 If h e ..................... breaking the law like that, he’ll end up in prison. 10 What do you want to be when you.................... ? Q Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Use between two and five words. Do not change the word given. 0 They’re going to revive some of the old customs in our village. BRING They have decided some of the old customs in our village. 1 Her grandparents raised her as her parents died when she was four. BROUGHT She.......................by her grandparents as her parents died when she was four. 2 If you don’t stop misbehaving, I’ll have to ask you to leave the room. CARRY If you...................... misbehaving, I’ll have to ask you to leave the room. 3 This month’s rent hasn’t been paid yet. BEHIND You’v e.......................the rent. 4 I’m planning to do some serious job-hunting after the holiday. GOING I’m .......................down to some serious jobhunting after the holiday. 5 We didn’t go to bed early because we were chatting. STAYED W e...................... late, chatting. 6 The meeting has been rearranged until later in the week. PUT They...................... the meeting until later in the week. 7 I was late because of the heavy traffic. HELD I ...................... by the heavy traffic. 8 The performance has been cancelled. CALLED They’v e...................... the performance. A: Why are policemen strong? B: Because they hold up the traffic. \ _______________ _______________ A 37 » We use prefixes to change the meaning of a word. Prefixes do not change the part of speech (but most suffixes do). • Many prefixes give a word a meaning which is the opposite or negative of the original word. For example, we can use the prefixes dis- or un-: dis + appear —>disappear un + tie —►untie ° Here are some common prefixes: Prefix A l /leaning/ Jse Example anti- + adjective/ noun opposite or against anti-clockwise, anti-climax, anti-European co- + noun/verb together coworker, cohabit dis- + verb opposite/ negative dislike, disembark il- + adjective opposite illegal im- + adjective opposite impossible in- + adjective . opposite indirect inter- + adjective between intercontinental ir- + adjective opposite irregular mis- + verb wrongly/ badly mistook, mishandle over- + verb too much overdo, overwork out- + verb more outnumber post- + noun/verb after postgraduate pre- + noun/verb before pre-arrangement pro- + noun/ adjective in favour of pro-Unions, pro- European sub- + adjective below substandard super- + noun/ adjective greater than superhuman trans- + noun/ verb/adjective across transatlantic un- + verb/ adjective opposite/ negative unlock, unhappy under- + verb not enough, too little undercook, undercharge There are a few rules: • We use il- instead of in- with words that begin with -l: il + legal -> illegal •We use im- instead of in- with words that begin with -m or -p: im + polite —►impolite •We use ir- instead of in- with words that begin with -r: ir + responsible —►irresponsible « Some common mistakes are: You must unconnect the cables first. X You must disconnect the cables first. / They expelled him for disbehaving. X They expelled him for misbehaving. / ° Note that many words with a prefix have a base part that never exists on its own. Here are some examples: immediate, incontrovertible, uncalled-for For prefixes, see also: © Q Complete the words. Use prefixes. 0 ..di,s...like 12 .... ....... historic 1 ............dependent 13 .... ....... atlantic 7 ............polite 14 .... ....... graduate ............do 15 .... .......moral 4 ............driver 16 .... ....... hear 5 ............approve 17 .... .......interpret 6 ............behave 18 .... ....... national 7 ............logical 19 .... ....... sleep 8 .............zip 20 .... ....... relevant 9 .............inform 21 .... ....... believe 10 .............agree 22 .... .......crowded 11 .............eat 23 .... ....... understand 38 PREFIXES (1) Q Complete the crossword. Use prefixes. □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□□□ ; □ ; □ □ □ □ Across 1 This prefix, followed by words that begin with -l, means ‘not’. 2 The..............-Siberian railway goes from Moscow to Vladivostok. 5 Never..............estimate the time you need to study for an exam or test. 7 We use this prefix to mean ‘in favour of. 8 The opposite of humane is humane. 10 They told me I am qualified for the job. 11 .............-American protesters gathered round the embassy. 13 This prefix means ‘wrongly’ or ‘badly’. Down 1 Take the..............continental express train from Paris to Warsaw. 3 Do you believe in the natural? 4 .............exist means ‘to exist at the same time’. 5 The opposite o f familiar is familiar. □ □ □ 6 The boys.............appeared as soon as they saw the farmer. 8 The opposite of responsible is responsible. 9 If you..............-date a cheque, you write a later date on it. 12 We use this prefix meaning ‘not’ in front of words that begin with -m. © Complete the article. Use words formed from the words in CAPITALS at the end of some of the lines. My attempts to communicate in a foreign language often (0)..W .'#$£?.. . I tried to speak Greek while I was on holiday in Mykonos a few years ago but the attempt was completely (1)..................... ! So, there I was in a traditional Greek restaurant, where I tried to order in Greek. At first, the waiter <2)..................... me for a German and started speaking to me in German. I find i t (3)..................... to communicate in German, so I carried on with Greek. The waiter <4).....................and instead of mushrooms, he brought me beetroots, which I (S).....................intensely. I must have looked very unhappy because he started apologising and then (6)..................... into the kitchen. This time he came back with a plate of aubergines, which, <7)....................., is not one of my favourite dishes either. I ate them anyway and asked for the bill. When the waiter came back with the bill, I told him that he had (8)..................... me - I must have sounded quite angry. But it was my mistake again. I had <9)..................... the bill, as the waiter explained later, in excellent English! Luckily for me, English is still a(n) (10)..................... language! FIRE SUCCESSFUL TAKE POSSIBLE UNDERSTAND LIKE APPEAR FORTUNATELY CHARGE READ NATIONAL 39 Exam practice 1 Part 1 For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Teen sails around the world A nineteen-year-old Australian who spent seven months at sea in her pink yacht(0).p a sse d . the finishing line of her round-the-world journey on Saturday. She (1>............ the youngest sailor to sail round the globe solo, non-stop and unassisted. Thousands of spectators <2>............ into applause as Emily Watson sailed into Sydney Harbour, the finale to an epic journey from which critics said she'd never(3)............ alive. Watson's parents (4)............ for her when she arrived, and the teenager burst into tears; she <5)............ her mum and dad for seven months. Emily Watson, from Buderim in Queensland, had t6)............ from Sydney on October 18th, ignoring comments by critics who said she was too immature and inexperienced for the journey. Her parents said that they had <7)............ her up to be independent and that she was well-prepared because she (8>............ since she was eight. How did Emily feel to be back home? 'Well, I haven't had a good meal<9)............ seven months; I've been at sea, alone, (10)............ October; I've missed my friends,' she told reporters. Is she planning another voyage? 'First, I think(U)............ a nice long rest - chill out, you know. And then I'm <12)............ my studies.' Emily is planning to study physical education at Sydney University. 0 A crossecp B has crossed C has been crossing D had crossed 1 A becomes B is becoming C became D was becoming 2 A burst B were bursting c had burst D had been bursting 3 A get on B get back c get down D get up 4 A were waiting B have waited c had waited D had been waiting 5 A didn't see B wasn't seeing c hasn't seen D hadn't seen 6 A put off B set off c called off D gone off 7 A brought B given c held D grown 8 A sailed B was sailing c had sailed D had been sailing 9 A for B since c during D while 10 A until B over c since D in 11 A 1have B I'll have c I'm having D 1will have had 12 A finishing B going to finish c about to finish D to finish EXAM PRACTICE 1 4 For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Part 2 ,3-D films have been around <0)... ....... j-o r........ ... more than sixty years. They have existed (13)................................ the 1950s. However, they (14)................................ not very popular back then as they were too expensive to produce and display. Today, 3-D (15)................................becoming more and more popular and common in all kinds of film. 3-D films <16)................................also become much more profitable for pfoducers and although they have not (17)................................ become the 'norm', it looks like they soon (18)................................ . We're definitely <19)................................to see more 3-D releases in the coming years. 3-D technology (20)................................ also getting better. There <21)................................ now viewing systems which (22)................................ not require the use of special viewing glasses, while 3-D TV (23)................................ also increasing in popularity. Soon, we will all <24)................................getting rid of our old TV sets and replacing them with new, high-end 3-D ones. It looks like 3-D is here to stay! /12 41 EXAM PRACTICE 1 For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). Part 3 Social networking: risks Social networking sites have increased enormously in ( 0 ) in recent years. They have millions of (25) ......... from around the globe and they've done a lot to bring people closer together. They are a marvellous (26) ......... and they are a unique way of encouraging (27) ......... between people from many different parts of the world. Sadly, social networking sites are becoming a target for Internet <28>............ , ruthless people who take advantage of the (29)............ of these sites and gather personal <30)............ about the people who use them - personal details that the (31>............ themselves have made publicly available. Luckily, there are things we can do to reduce the risks without spoiling the fun and <32)............ . Schools are a good place to start. <33)............ can inform children of the dos and don'ts of social networking. Internet safety should become a part of technology <34>............ . POPULAR V ISIT INVENT FRIEND HACK W EAK INFORM USE EXCITE TEACH EDUCATE /10 EXAM PRACTICE 1 For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). •> Example: 0 She started working at noon and she hasn't finished yet. BEEN She.......Ia/LS .beev\.W o vp kj.siyjce........noon. 35 I last saw Helen before she left for Australia. SINCE I ................................................................she left for Australia. 36 They're going to cancel the meeting. CA LL They've decided............................................................... the meeting. 37 My mobile rang during the nine o'clock news. W ATCHIN G My mobile rang................................................................the nine o'clock news. 38 It was the best film I had ever seen. NEVER I ................................................................such a good film before. 39 He learnt to use a computer when he was six years old. W AS He's known how to use a computer................................................................six years old. 40 At the moment, he is a reporter for the local newspaper. AS H e................................................................a reporter for the local newspaper right now. 41 I started cooking about two hours ago. HAVE I ................................................................two hours. 42 When did you meet Eric? KNOWN How long................................................................ Eric? Part 4 /16 TOTAL SCORE Entry test Q Choose the correct answer. 1 Helen must/had to leave the meeting early because she had a train to catch. 2 What you must/should have done is call the police, not get involved yourself. 3 I will/could be able to speak better if I practise more. 4 Terry has done so little work - he mustn't / needn't have bothered to come to class today. 5 I didn't need to/couldn't get tickets after all - they were sold out. Now look at ^ on pages 46-48. Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 6 It............ be weeks before the building is actually finished. A must B would C ought to D could 7 You............ even have lost your job by then, who knows? A should B may C can D will 8 It............ be a good film - the reviews were very good. A can't B couldhave C must D must have 9 That............ be Tim - go and open the door for him, will you? A will B can C ought D shall 10 Things...........have been worse - everything seemed to be going wrong! A shouldn't B couldn't C mustn't D may Now look at ^ on pages 49-51. ©© ENTRY TEST ^ 0 Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 11 She got the job..... ..... she was the best candidate. A owing to B due to C on account of D because 12 Flight 502 has been delayed........... . to bad weather. A as B for C due D on account 13 .... you are unable to accept the job, we offered it to someone else. A Because of B As a result C Thanks to D Since 14 1locked the door... . we could continue our discussion undisturbed. A in order to B in order C so that D for that 15 The pilots suddenly went on strike.............result, our flight was cancell« A As B With C As a D With the Now look at ^ on pages 52-54. Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 16 There's no need to rush back - just............ your time. A have B get C be on D take 17 I ............ the exam last week but I didn't do too well. A wrote B passed C took D obtained 18 Could you............ me a hammer from the shed? A take B carry C bring D deliver 19 The children were............ so much fun - I hated to call them inside. A making B doing C being D having 20 Ronald took............ Julia from the first moment they met. A up B to C over D out Now look at ^ on pages 55-57. ^ Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 21 Isobel has all the right............ to become a successful manager. A educations B qualifications C experiences D applications 22 Sometimes there's a lot of competition between children for their mother's.............. A attraction B protection C attention D recognition 23 Several serious............ have been made against him by the police. A investigations B demonstrations C suggestions D accusations 24 Their team was knocked out of the............ in the first round. A demonstration B competition C production D situation 25 They announced the............ of the flight this morning. A cancellation B abolition C communication D resignation Now look at ^ on pages 58-59. /5 . /5 SCORE / 5 4«; TOTAL SCORE Grammar 0 M®dal werbs (1) ° There are ten modal verbs: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will and would. « Modal verbs do not take -s in the third person singular. •We use a bare infinitive (= infinitive without to) after modal verbs: You should go home early. ° We form questions by inverting the modal verb and subject: He can swim. Can he swim? ° We form negatives by adding not after the modal verb. We do not use do: 1 cannot swim. You shouldn’tplay with matches! ° In tag questions and short answers, we repeat the modal verb. We do not use be or do. You can drive, can’tyou? Yes, I can. /No, I can’t. • Modal verbs do not normally have past forms. (But in some cases, would, could, should and might may be used as past tenses of will, can, shall and may.) • The same modal verb can sometimes be used to talk about the present, future or past. The train might be in the station, (present) The train might arrive late, (future) When I called, they said that their train might be late, (past) •Modal verbs have perfect forms (modal verb + have + past participle): You could have done better. » When a modal verb cannot be used to talk about the past, we often use another verb instead: I must help myfather, (present) I had to help myfather, (past) ° We cannot use one modal verb after another: She must can do it. X She must be able to do it. / You will can go. X You will be able togo. / » The verbs have to and need (to) are often used in similar ways to modal verbs. You have to leave now. You need to leave now. Obligation, necessity, advice, criticism Verb Meaning/Use Example 1 (present or future) Example 2 (past) must obligation, necessity He must stay. They must have clean water. He had to stay. They had to have clean water. mustn’t prohibition You mustn’t smoke. have to necessity We have toget some sleep. We had toget some sleep. have (got) to I’ve got tofind a job. I had tofind a job. don’t have to no necessity We don’t have to wear a tie. We didn’t have to wear a tie. need to necessity We need to book in advance. We needed to book in advance. needn’t no necessity We needn’t book in advance. We needn’t have booked in advance. don’t need to We don’t need to book in advance. We didn’t need to book in advance. should advice, criticism You should work harder. You should have worked harder. ought to advice, criticism You ought to apologise. You ought to have apologised. 46 MODAL VERBS (1) m ust and have to need and need to •Must often expresses the speaker’s opinion. We use it to talk about what the speaker feels is necessary. Have to refers to something that is necessary because someone else says so, or because of laws, rules or regulations. Compare: You must get your hair cut. (I think it’s necessary.) You have to wear a uniform. (= It’s a regulation.) •Mustn’t and don’t have to are different: mustn’t expresses prohibition; don’t have to expresses lack of necessity. Compare: You mustn’t stay here. (= You aren’t allowed to stay here.) You don’t have to stay here. (It’s not necessary but you can if you want to.) • Unlike must, have to can be used in different tenses and forms. We use it whenever must is not possible. I hate having to stay in on Saturdays! •Need to and don’t need to have the same meaning as have to/don’t have to: We need to get some sleep. You don’t need to go. • In negative sentences, we can also use needn’t. Needn’t is used like a modal verb: You needn’t go. • Compare didn’t need to and needn’t have: I didn’t need to get up early. (= I didn’t get up early because it wasn’t necessary.) I needn’t have got up early. (= I got up early but it wasn’t necessary.) Ability and permission For giving, refusing and asking for permission, see also: ^ Verb Meaning/Use Example 1 (present or future) Example 2 (past) can ability She can play the piano. We can buy a new house now. She couldplay the piano when she was five. We were able to buy a new house. can’t no ability She can’tplay the piano today. She couldn’tplay the piano when she was four. be able to ability She’s able toplay the piano whenever she wants to. She was able toplay the piano whenever she wanted to. not be able to no ability She isn’t able toplay the piano because her hand hurts. She wasn’t able toplay the piano because her hand hurt. can permission You can park here. We couldpark there. may Visitors may use the car park. Visitors could use the car park. be allowed to Visitors are allowed to use the car park. Visitors were allowed to use the car park. cannot/can’t prohibition You can’tpark here. We couldn’tpark there. may not Visitors may not use the car park. Visitors could not use the car park. not be allowed to Visitors are not allowed to use the car park. Visitors were not allowed to use the car park. 47 MODAL VERBS (1) be able to • When talking about the past, we normally use was/were able to to talk about particular instances, often suggesting that something was achieved with difficulty: She was able to swim across the river although it was very wide. •We also use will be able to to talk about things a person will be capable of doing in the future: I f she practises, she will be able to play Chopin. can and could • Note that can may refer to the present or future: You can visit the science museum, (now or in the future) • We also use can and could to talk about typical behaviour or events, or things that are (or were) generally true: It can be very cold at night. It could be very cold at night. Q Choose the correct answer. 0 Unfortunately, we didn’t /<^ererrt^allowed to enter the room. 1 When we were at school, we had to /ought to wear a uniform. 2 You mustn’t /don’t have to wear your seatbelt during the whole of the flight. 3 You should /have got to tell her the truth. 4 You need /have to be a member of the library before you can borrow books. 5 I don’t need to /shouldn’t wear glasses because my eyesight is still quite good. 6 We wouldn’t /weren’t allowed to talk to our partner during the exam. 7 We needn’t / couldn’t have ordered so much food as nobody was hungry. 8 She didn’t need /needn’t have to take any money because her friend was going to pay. 9 When I first came to Madrid, I could / couldn’t speak only a few words of Spanish. 10 Did you have to / Must you have your hair cut before the interview last week? Q Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Use between two and five words. Do not change the word given. 0 1 2 3 4 The teacher gave me permission to leave the room. COULD The teacher said X .could .leave the room. In the end, I couldn’t make it to the party because I was busy. ABLE In the end, I ......................go to the party, because I was busy. At school, she was the fastest runner in her class. COULD At school,......................faster than anyone else in her class. He managed to get in through the window. ABLE H e......................in through the window. It wasn’t necessary for us to attend all the classes. HAVE W e.....................attend all the classes. 5 Our parents didn’t let us stay up late on weekdays when we were kids. ALLOWED When we were kids, we......................up late on weekdays. 6 I took a lot of suntan oil with me, which I didn’t use. TAKEN I ......................so much suntan oil with me. 7 Oxygen masks were essential at the top of the mountain. WEAR They......................oxygen masks at the top of the mountain. 8 If I don’t find a job soon, I’ll be broke. HAVE I ......................a job soon, otherwise I’ll be broke. ■cThose who can, do; those who can’t, teach. ’ George Bernard Shaw 48 Modal verbs (2) Certainty, probability and possibility We use certain modal verbs to express certainty, probability and possibility. Here are some examples: For will and be going to, see ^ _____ à_________________ | Certainty: negative Possibility Probability Certainty: positive j Present She can’t be in France. She couldn’t be in France. (It’s impossible; e.g. I saw her a moment ago.) She may/might be in France. She could be in France. (I’m not sure.) She’ll be in France now. She should/ought to be in France. (It’s probable; e.g. she set off hours ago.) She must be in France. (I’m sure.) Past She can’t have been in She might have been in She must have been in France. France. France. (e.g. She called me from Italy.) (I’m not sure.) (I’m almost sure.) ° We use will to express a strong probability that something is true, especially when we don’t have actual evidence at that moment: That’ll be Maria on the phone - she said she’d call me today. ° We use must to express certainty: That must be Maria on the phone - she’s the only person with my new number. •We can also use have to/had to to express certainty: She had to be the person I saw on the train. ° We often use can/could or will/would in questions: Who can that be on the phone? Who would have phoned so late? • We can use modal verbs to express different degrees of certainty to refer to the past, present or future: Don’t drink it - it could/may/might be poisonous! (present) It could/may/might/must/can’t have been poisonous, (past) We may/ought to/might/should get a reply tomorrow, (future) It could/may/might rain, so take an umbrella. (future) •The modal verb often changes the meaning of the sentence: It may/might have rained. (I’m not sure.) It could have rained, (but luckily, it didn’t) 49 MODAL VERBS (2) Other uses of modal verbs We also use modal verbs in the following situations: Meaning/Use Example making requests Can I have a glass of water, please? Could you do me a favour? May I use your phone? Wouldyou help me carry these hags? Willyou please be quiet? giving and refusing permission ‘You can have the day off,’ said the manager. You can’t borrow my car tonight - 1 need it. Could I leave early today? You may wait inside, (formal) asking for advice Shall I take the exam now or wait till May? Should I go by car or by train? giving advice You should get your hair cut. You ought to be more careful. making offers Shall I help you clear the table? Can I give you a hand with your luggage? Wouldyou like a lift to the airport? making suggestions Shall we open a window in here? We can stay in and watch a DVD. We could stay in and watch a DVD. complaining, criticising You could at least have asked me before taking the money! You shouldn’t have taken the car without asking me. You ought to have revised a bit more. You might at least have helped me with the washing-up! 50 MODAL VERBS (2) Q Choose the correct answer. 0 -Will)IMight you help me with my project? 1 She can I can t be Italian! Her name is Smith! 2 I may I can't be able to come. 3 ‘Someone’s at the door.’ ‘That can /will be my uncle.’ 4 You could /must have been crazy to do something as dangerous as that! 5 He can t /may have taken the money - he was with me all the time. 6 I might /can not be able to come, so don’t wait for me. 7 It may /must be cold tomorrow. 8 Who could /should have done such a terrible thing? 9 Hurry up, we’re late! W$.$... ■ 1 We ought to get rid of this table - it takes..............too much space. 2 If you’re hot, take..............your jacket. 3 This meat smells awful! I’m taking i t ..............to the butcher! 4 John’s always been difficult - he takes..............his dad. 5 You shouldn’t take..............more responsibilities than you can handle. 6 It must be difficult to give..............teaching in order to travel. 7 We’ll need to take..............more teachers for next year. 8 She took..............her glasses when she had her photograph taken. 9 Of course I believed him. He took m e..............completely with his story. 10 Rachel took m e............. to lunch the other day. C u sto m e r : Waiter, this steak tastes awful. Take it hack to the chef. W a it e r : I’m sorry, sir. The chef won’t eat it either. 57 Syfflxes (1) Verb + -(a )tio n , -(i)tio n or -sion •We normally use suffixes to change a word to a different part of speech. We can use the suffixes -{a)tion, -{i)tion and -sion to make nouns from verbs. Many of these nouns are abstract. Sometimes we use abstract nouns to make a sentence sound more formal: O It is important to preserve the rain forests. The preservation o f the rain forests is important. •Abstract nouns are uncountable: The omission o f the victim’s name was deliberate. « Some abstract nouns also have a concrete meaning. In these cases, they can be countable: Your essay is full o f errors and omissions. » Here is a list of nouns ending in -tion and -sion. You can check the meaning of any words you do not know in a dictionary: Complete the table. You can use a dictionary to help you. divide intend investigate omit organise preserve prevent produce repeat satisfy solve division Verb Noun j abolish abolition accuse accusation apply application attend attention civilise civilisation compete competition conserve conservation demonstrate demonstration imagine imagination inflate inflation inspire inspiration oppose opposition revise revision For suffixes, see also: fffi. , react tempt Q Complete the sentences. Use nouns formed from the verbs in the box. attract cancel demonstrate explain hesitate inform promote recognise suggest 0 For further .•wfo'TWA't’i- - about the course, please contact Professor Richards. 1 T h e..................... between Tom and Mary was immediate. 2 The award was in ..................... of her great acting ability. 3 I can say without..................... that she’s the best student I’ve ever had. 4 He couldn’t give the court any.....................for his strange behaviour. 5 I’d like a job with good..................... prospects. 6 We’re fully booked but sometimes there are last-minute..................... .. 58 SUFFIX I S (2) Q Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Use between two and five words. Do not change the word given. 0 They use local labour when they construct roads. CARRY They ednry roa d , Cfi^+VnAefiOVN out with local labour. 1 I calculate the bill as being much less. COMES According to m y......................to much less. 2 They were determined to educate their daughter the way they wanted. GIVE They were determined to ......................they wanted. 3 Will he be fit enough to compete on Saturday? PART Will he be fit enough to ......................on Saturday? 4 The authorities are planning to investigate tin incident thoroughly. THOROUGH The authorities are planning to carry out ......................of the incident. 5 Shortly afterwards, Dawson was invited to speak at the conference.' . ft GIVEN Shortly afterwards, Dawson was...................... to speak at the conference. 6 They celebrate New Year’s Day in the main square of the city. ARE The New Year’s Day......................held in the main square of the city. O Complete the article. Use words formed from the words in CAPITALS at the end of some of the lines. Globalisation It is no <°>eXflgQeytt+jpiA to say that the world we live in has become a global village. Modern methods of (1)....................have made the world seem much smaller. The problems we face, such as (2)....................are not restricted to any one country alone. For example, the (3)....................of the rain forests in Brazil is everybody's problem; (4)...................., which is still a problem in many African countries, is a challenge for Europe, too. The extinction of rare species is a tragedy for the planet, while the (5)....................of oil supplies will shake the (6)....................of the world's economy. The (7)....................of the environment is something that concerns all nations —rich or poor. However, uncontrolled economic (8)....................between strong and weak nations leads to the (9)....................of greater inequality between the rich and poor nations of the world. If we are to save the planet, we need to stop competing and start working together. (10)....................is the key to saving our 'global village'! EXAGGERATE COMMUNICATE POLLUTE DESTROY STARVE EXHAUST FOUND PROTECT COMPETE CREATE COOPERATE SIR ‘I can resist everything except temptation.’ Oscar Wilde ‘Imagination is more important than knowledge. ’ Albert Einstein 59 Entry test Q Choose the correct answer. 1 Who paid you /did you pay the money to? 2 What did / have you been doing all day? 3 Why didn't /didn't you give me a ring? 4 What time / How long does the lesson last? 5 Who / Whose painting won first prize - Picasso's or Van Gogh's? Now look at ^ on pages 62-63. Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 6 They'd rather go somewhere else,............ they? A hadn't B didn't Cwouldn't 7 You've got three sisters,............ ? A have you got B don't you C isn't it 8 She needs to be more careful,............ she? A don't B doesn't C isn't 9 You're having an operation next week,............ ? A isn't it B don't you have C don't you 10 Let's go to the theatre tonight,............ we? A will B do C won't Now look at ^ on pages 64-65. D would D haven't you D needn't D aren't you D shall frivilifr is msmaau Is 60 Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 11 Mary loves going to the cinema and..... A so I do B so do I 12 They haven't got a computer and.......... A neither have I B neither I have 13. 'Did my son pass the test?'' ..............' A i afraid no B I afraid not 14 'I'd rather stay at home.' ' ............ you?' A Would B Wouldn't 15 They never go skiing and I ............ . A haven't, too B don't either Now look at ^ on pages 66-68. C I do so D I love, too C I haven't got D I don't neither C I'm afraid to D I'm afraid not C Had D Hadn't C do neither D haven't either /5 Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 16 We got in the car and made............ Chicago as fast as we could. A to B at C towards D for 17 They grabbed the money and made .... A to B from C off D on 18 We'd like to make the spare room....... ....a child's bedroom. A to B up C into D for 19 You ought to ......... .. more of an effort at school. A do B take C try D make 20 They made a(n).... .......on the radio - that's how I know about the accident. A announcement B advertisement C disturbance D appearance Now look at ^ on pages 69-72. ^ Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 21 Under no............ will I allow such a thing. A situation B situations C circumstance Dcircumstances 22 The economy needs more............ if it is to grow. A investigation B insurance C encouragement D investment 23 They put the accident down to his.............. A careless B carelessly C carelessness Dcarefulness 24 What is the legal age of............ in your country? A retirement B retiring C retired Dretire 25 Her encouragement and support gave me the........ ’...to carry on. A force B warmth C strength Dpurpose Now look at ^ on pages 73-75. ____/j 6 1 TOTAL SCORE Grammar I Questions, question W@rd3s Questions about the subject » When we ask questions about the subject of a sentence, the word order in the question is the same as in a statement: Who did build this house? X Who built this house? / » We often use what, who, which, whose and how many in questions about the subject. Questions about the object ° Questions about the object need an auxiliary verb {do, have, be, etc.) before the subject: Wren designed this cathedral. Winch cathedral Wren design? X Which cathedral did Wren design? / •We can use all question words in questions about the object. Here is a summary of question words with examples: Question word Example: subject question Example: object question who Who is teaching you? Who do you know here? {Whom is very formal.) what What caused the problem? What did you buy? which Which book sold most? Which picture do you like? whose Whose book won the prize? Whose book did you borrow? how many How many pupils came to the lesson? How manypeople did you see? how much How much money remained in the account? How much sugar do you need? how How do I get to your house? why Why did you get up so late? when When did you go to England? how far Howfar did you walk? how long How long does it take to get there? how often How often do you go swimming? Prepositions in questions Note the change in the position of a preposition in questions about the object: I gave the book to John. Who did you give the book to? To whom did you give the book? (very formal) w hat or w hich? We use what when the choice is open. We use which when there is a limited choice: What colour do you like? (open choice) Which colour do you prefer - red or blue? (limited choice) What countries have you visited? (open choice) Which countries in South America have you visited? (limited choice) 62 QUESTIONS, QUESTION WORDS a Put the words in the correct order. 0 where /you /born /were? W here. W ere you. koryv?........... 1 ' where /you /did /grow up? 2 what /like /did /you /doing /at school? 3 what /like /were /you /as /a child? 4 when /decide /you /did /an actor /become /to? 5 how /parents /your /did /react? 6 what /say /when /told /did /you /they / them? 7 how /you /when /old /left /were /you / home? 8 what /job /first /your /in the theatre /was? 9 what /of /directors /working /kind /with / you /do /like? 10 how /you /have /many /made /films? Q Write a question about the underlined information in each sentence. Use question words. , 0 Ioe left the door open. Who. J e f f , f h e .d oor pp.er?........................ 1 We live in the old town. ................,........................... jf................................... 2 I gave the book to Valerie. 3 Michael lent me the money. 4 I got married twenty years ago. 5 I like the red dress. 6 I’d like the green pullover, please. 7 I like big woolly pullovers. 8 Heather phoned Harry. 9 Heather phoned Harry. 10 She said nothing. 11 I go to the cinema at least once a week. 12 The journey takes about six hours. 13 I usually get to work by bus. 14 He keeps the key in that box. 15 There’s a litre of milk left. 63 Question tags Form »W e use question tags at the end of a statement: It’s Monday today, isn’t it? » The general pattern for using question tags is: ♦ positive sentence + negative question tag She likes Beethoven, doesn’t she? ♦ negative sentence + positive question tag She doesn’t like Beethoven, does she? » We form question tags with an auxiliary verb {be, have, do, etc.) + a personal pronoun {you, she, they, etc.). If there is an auxiliary verb in the statement, we repeat it in the question tag: You’re from Greece, aren’tyou? They don’t speak English, do they? » The tense of the auxiliary verb agrees with the tense of the main verb: She came home late, didn’t she? (past simple) ° If there is a modal verb in the statement, we repeat it in the question tag: It shouldn’t cost that much, should it? » After main verbs without an auxiliary verb or a modal, we use do or did in the question tag: She plays the piano, doesn’t she? You told him the truth, didn’tyou? Special cases « The question tag for I am is aren’t I? For I’m not, we use am I? I’m your bestfriend, aren’t I? ° The question tag for let’s is shall we? Let’s surprise them, shall we? » After imperatives, we use will you? Turn the sound down, willyou? •After there is/was/etc., we use there: There isn’t any cake left, is there? » After somebody, someone, everybody, everyone, no one, etc., we use they: Everybody’s sleeping, aren’t they? •After nothing, something and everything, we use it Nothing happened, did it? Here is a summary of verbs used in question tags: Verb in statement Verb in tag Example statement without auxiliary or modal do/did You like him, don’tyou? be be This is yours, isn’t it? have {= possess) do You don’t have a watch, do you? have got have You haven’t got a brother, haveyou? have (auxiliary) have You haven’t seen foe, haveyou? do do You do aerobics, don’tyou? can can She can swim, can’t she? could could We could do better, couldn’t we? may might It may rain, mightn’t it? will will You won’t tell them, will you? would would He’d like that, wouldn’t he? needn’t need We needn’t come, need we? must must We mustn’t make a noise, must we? have to do We have to work harder, don’t we? need to do She needs to be there, doesn’t she? 64 QUESTION TAGS Use O We use question tags: ®when we expect the person we are speaking to to agree with us: She’s amazing, isn’t she? (The speaker expects the answer ‘yes’. The speaker’s voice falls on the tag.) •like real questions, when we are not sure about something and want to check: You come from Italy, don’tyou? (The speaker’s voice rises on the tag when it’s a ‘real’ question.) ......................... Q Complete the sentences. Use question tags. 0 You’re coming with us tomorrow, .you? 1 Your dad does the cooking,......................? 2 There isn’t much we can do about it, ? 3 ‘It’s a beautiful day,......................?’ ‘Yes. Let’s go for a walk,......................?’ 4 ‘You’ve got a bike,......................?’ ‘Yes. You no longer have yours,......................?’ 5 ‘You weren’t cheating in the test,......................? ‘No! I would never cheat,......................?’ 6 You don’t know his secret,......................? 7 You could swim when you were three, ? 8 You’d rather stay in ,.....................? 9 ‘She lost her temper,.....................?’ ‘Yes, but she shouldn’t have,......................?’ 10 Everybody thinks it’s my fault,......................? 11 I’m fat,......................? 12 Stop asking so many questions,......................? 13 Nothing happened after I left,......................? 14 Keith hasn’t been doing well at school lately, ? 15 They haven’t announced the results yet, ? Complete the sentences. Use question tags and any other words necessary. 0 You enjoyed the film. You say: ‘The film WAS.g re a t*.waW + .if.?’ 1 Your friend has just read a book which you like, too. You say: ‘It’s a(n )......................?’ 2 You look at your watch. It’s early. You say: ‘We’ve got....................T’ 3 You’re thirsty. You like fea. You say: ‘Let’s have....................?’ 4 You want to make sure your name is on the list. You say: ‘I’m ......................?’ 5 You want to go out for a walk. You say: ‘Let’s .................... ?’ 6 You want to check if the train leaves from Platform 2. You say: ‘The train.....................?’ 7 You can’t reach the salt. Ask someone to pass it to you: ‘Pass.....................?’ 8 Your little sister has got cake crumbs on her sweater. You say: ‘You’v e......................?’ 9 You are washing the dishes when the door bell rings. You say: ‘Answer the door,......................?’ 10 You want to check that you are leaving tomorrow morning, as agreed. You ask: ‘We’r e ......................?’ 65 Expressing agreement Short answers •We often answer yeslno questions with short answers, using an auxiliary verb: ‘Can you come?’ ‘Yes, I can. ’ o In short answers, we repeat the auxiliary or modal verb that we use in the question: ‘Have you got a pet?’ ‘Yes, I have. ’ ‘Are they good friends?’ ‘Yes, they are. ’ ‘Does she like acting?’ ‘No, she doesn’t.’ ‘Will you he there?’ ‘No, I won’t.’ ‘Would you ever lie to your best friend?’ ‘No, I wouldn’t.’ ‘Did you have a good time?’ ‘Yes, we did. ’ ‘Was Pete working when you got up?’ ‘No, he wasn’t.’ •The short answer for Shall we ...? is Yes, let’s./ No, let’s not. ‘Shall we have a party?’ ‘Yes, let’s.’ Short answers with so and not •We can also answer yeslno questions with think/be afraid/hope/suppose/etc. + so. ‘Is he coming with us?’ ‘I think so. ’ •To give a negative answer, we use the negative form of the verb: ‘Is he coming with us?’ ‘I don’t think so.’ • But: after be afraid, hope and suppose, we use the affirmative form of the verb and not instead of so at the end: Question Answer Are they good friends? I think so./I don’t think so. Do they get on? I think so./I don’t think so. Do you think they’ll come to the party? I hope so./I hope not. Do we have to pay? I’m afraid so. Can I come with you? I’m afraid not. Are you going to lend them the money? I suppose so. You’re not going to help them, are you? I suppose not. Expressing agreement with so and neither •We can use so and neither to express agreement with something. •We use so + auxiliary/modal verb to express agreement with affirmative sentences: ‘Bill likes it. ’ ‘So do I.’ Bill likes it and so do I. S Bill likes it and I also. X •We use neither + auxiliary/modal verb to express agreement with negative sentences: ‘She hasn’t got any money.’ ‘Neither have I.’ She hasn’t got any money and neither have I. / She hasn’t got any money and I haven’t. X Statement Reply (agreement) I’ve got hundreds of CDs. So have I. We usually go camping in the summer. So do we. I don’t have a photo of her. Neither do I. They didn’tpass the test. Neither did I. John hasn’t arrived yet. Neither has Mary. Steve isn’t coming to the rehearsal. Neither is Michael. She hasn’tfinished her homework. Neither have I. 66 EXPRESSING AGREEMENT Echo questions » We often use short questions to confirm that we have heard what the other person has said, or to show interest in what they are saying. These questions are called echo questions and they do not need an answer. » The pattern for echo questions is: ♦ positive statement —►positive echo question: ‘I have been to the States. ’ ‘Have you?’ ♦ negative statement —►negative echo question: ‘But I haven’t been to Australia. ’ ‘Haven’tyou?’ « The pronoun we use in the echo question agrees with the subject of the statement. For example, when the subject of the statement is an object, animal, etc., we use it in the echo question. When the subject is a group of people, things, etc., we use they: ‘This bike is very expensive. ’ ‘Is it?’ ‘United will win on Saturday. ’ ‘Will they?’ •As with all questions, the auxiliary/modal verb that we use in echo questions agrees with the verb/tense in the statement: Statement Echo question I can come by taxi. Can you? I can’t swim. Can’t you? Lisa doesn’tplay the piano. Doesn’t she? The Smiths haven’t arrived yet. Haven’t they? I’ve got two dogs. Have you? Mark isn’t coming. Isn’t he? Jo could walk when she was one. Coidd she? You should be more careful. Should I? You ought to be more careful. Should I? We shouldn’t work so hard. Shouldn’t we? I’ll do the washing-up. Will you? I won’t be able to join you. Won’t you? I’d rather stay at home. Would you? I’d never lie to you. Wouldn’t you? 0 Complete the short answers. 0 A: Would you tell him the truth if he asked? B: Yes, 1 Would . “ 1 A: Have you done the washing-up? B: Yes,........................ 2 A: Does he need help?B: N o,........................ $ 3 A: Would you like to come with me?’ B: Yes, I think........................ 4 A: Are you going to visit Owen? B: N o,........................ 5 A: Do I look all right? B: Yes,........................ 6 A: Could you climb that wall if you had to? B: Yes,......................so. 7 A: Had you been waiting long before they arrived? B: N o,........................ 8 A: Can Bob come to the cinema, too? B: No, I’m afraid........................ 0 Reply to the statements. Use echo questions. 0 A: She didn’t get the job. B: DidvA>+ she? 1 A: I can’t use this computer. B: 2 A: Some parrots live longer than humans. B: 3 A: I’d wait a bit longer if I were you. B: 4 A: I won’t invite him to my party. B: 5 A: She’s got a very rich uncle. B: 6 A: It won’t work without petrol! B: 7 A: He always makes me laugh. B: 8 A: She never says she’s sorry. B: EXPRESSING AGREEMENT Q Complete the conversations. Use an auxiliary or modal verb. 0 A: She hasn’t finished painting her house yet. B: Hfl-Syyf she? 1 A: I haven’t got a computer yet. B: ..............you? 2 A: I ..............lend you my bike if you want. B: Can you? Thanks! 3 A: You shouldn’t take more than three of those pills a day. B: .............I? 4 A: We have to leave now. B: ..............we? 5 A: I’d rather stay at home tonight. B: ..............you? 6 A: W e..............have done more to help him. B: Could we? 7 A: You don’t have to invite them. B: ............. I? 8 A: They..............be able to visit this year. B: Won’t they? 9 A: She should apologise. B: ..............she? 10 A: I’m afraid h e ..............got a clue. B: Hasn’t he? Q Match 1-10 with a-k to make short exchanges. 0 I’m not going to take part in the play. 1 They’ve got a lovely house in the country. 2 I like going to the theatre. 3 I don’t really enjoy thrillers. 4 I’ve never seen such a huge car before! 5 Mike didn’t do his homework. 6 1 arrived before Ken and Brigit. 7 They can’t speak French. 8 You shouldn’t lose your temper. 9 I’d love to be in Hawaii right now! 10 You should save some money if you want to go to India with them. □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ b Neither should you. c Neither can she. a So did I. d So should you. e So do I. s ' f Neither am I. g So have we. h Neither do I. i Neither have I. j So would I. H usband: I think our son got his intelligence from me, don’tyou? W ife: Yes, I think so. I’ve still got mine! k Neither did Tony. 68 Vocabulary do аий make do or make? Here are some common phrases with do and make: Phrase Example do > £• do your best I did my best - what else could I do? do damage Luckily, the storm didn't do much damage. do (an) exercise I try and do a bit of exercise every day. do harm A mistake like that will do his business a lot of harm. do homework I did my homework. do (the) housework She does the housework. do research They will have to do more research into the subject. do shopping I had some shopping to do before I came home. do science (a subject at school) We do science every day at school. do well/badly She’s doing very well at school, isn’t she? do work Let’s do some work and then we can go out to dinner. make make an attempt She made an attempt to break the world record. make а/some cake/pizza/coffee/etc. I’m just making some coffee - woidd you like some? make an effort You’ll have to make more of an effort ifyou want to succeed. make an excuse The pupil made an excuse after being late for class. make a fortune He made afortune out of importing expensive cars. make fun of sb/sth You shouldn’t makefun of the way people talk. make a living It’s hard to make a decent living as an artist. make a mess (of sth) I tried to fix the car myself but made a complete mess of it. make a mistake Hopefully, she won’t make the same mistake again. make money She made a lot of money as a model. make the most (of sth) Make the most of this opportunity. make (a) noise Who made that noise? .make notes They made notes during the professor’s speech. make an offer I’ll make you an offer you can’t refuse. make progress Have you made any progress with your project? make sense (of sth) I can’t make sense of what you’re saying. make your way We slowly made our way back to the campsite. 69 1)0 AND МАКІ' Phrasal verbs with do and make Here are some common phrasal verbs with do and make: r Phrasal verb Meaning/Use Example do do away with sb/sth abolish, get rid of sb/sth It’s time we did away with these rules and regulations. do sb out of sth dishonestly stop sb from having or keeping sth She was trying to do me out of my promotion. do without sth live or do sth without a particular thing I’lljust have to do without a car - 1 can’t afford one. do up sth; do sth up fasten sth I can’t do my laces up. repair and decorate sth They did up the house and then sold it. {could) do with sth need or want sth I could do with something to eat. (havelbe to) do with sb/sth have a connection with sb/sth The problem has nothing to do with me. make make away with sth steal sth and take it away with you The robbers made away with her jewellery. make for sth go in the direction of a particular place The two robbers madefor the window. make sth of sb/sth have a particular opinion or understanding about sb/sth What do you make of their proposal? make off (with sth) (steal sth and) leave quickly They attacked him and made offwith his watch. make out sth; make sth out be just able to see or hear sth I can’t make out her handwriting. make up sth form sth Tourism makes up seventy percent of their income. make up sth; make sth up invent a story, an excuse, etc. She made up a silly excuse for being late. Q Write the words and phrases in the box in the correct column. Some of them are not in the table on page 69 - you can use a dictionary to help you. a bad impression acup of coffee adecision adifference ajob aliving amistake aphone call aprofit asuggestion an appointment an offer badly French fun of somebody good harm housework maths money noise research some work something for a living the bed the dishes the washing-up well your hair your homework r do make a had \y^pvess\ov\ 70 DO AND МАКІ Q Match the phrases (1-10) with their definitions (a-k). 0 make the most of sth Ш 1 make notes □ 2 do badly □ 3 make an attempt □ 4. make fun of sth □ 5 do harm □ 6 do exercise □ 7 make sense of sth □ 8 make a fortune □ 9 do research □ 10 do your best □ a try b understand sth because it’s clear c investigate or study a subject very carefully d write down information e try as hard as possible f laugh at sth g earn a lot of money h damage i gain the greatest possible advantage from sth j do sports or physical activities to stay healthy k be unsuccessful Both players made for the ball at the same time. Q Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of do or make. 0 They’re going to buy that old country house and ...d p .... it up. 1 Her job has something to ..............with marketing. 2 Girls..............up half of the students in our school. 3 We’ll just have t o ..............without the report if they can’t get it to us in time. 4 The baby’s asleep, so please try not to a noise when you go upstairs. 5 The government are going t o ..............away with the old tax law. 6 When the bell rang, the students..............for the door. 7 He’s currently..............research into the causes of cancer. 8 Speak louder - I can’t ..............out what you’re saying. 9 up your coat - it’s cold. 10 Her cousins were trying to ..............her out of her inheritance. 11 The two m en..............off with the old lady’s handbag. 12 Just..............your best to explain the problem - I’m sure he’ll understand. 13 I think you should forgive him - we all mistakes. 14 It’s about time you..............some exercise! 15 I don’t know what to ..............of Christine’s behaviour. 16 I could have..............with a bit more help. 17 I don’t believe him. He’s ..............it all up! 18 We usually..............our shopping on Saturdays. 7 DO AND MAKE Complete the questionnaire. Use the correct form of do or make. Then answer the questions about you. Question Work 0 What would you like to ...d o .... for a living? 1 I s ..............a lot of money important to you? 2 Are you willing to ..............your best in order to succeed? 3 Would you accept a well-paid job if you knew it might serious harm to your health? 4 Would you..............a job which involved responsibility for other people’s lives? School 5 Do you always..............your homework? 6 Which subject do you..............well in at school? 7 How do you feel when you..............mistakes in English? 8 What do you do if you..............badly in an exam? 9 What kind of exercises do you like..............in class? 10 Do you often..............notes in class? Answer ^ Complete the story. Use one word in each gap. ‘OK, you may your shirt up now,’ said Doctor Jones. He had just given me a thorough examination and was (1).............detailed notes on a big sheet of paper. ‘What do you (2)............. of it all, Doctor?’ 1 asked anxiously. ‘Why am 1 so stressed out?’ ‘Well, for a start, I think you could (3)............. with a good rest. What do you (4)............. for a living?’ he asked. ‘Well,’ I replied, ‘I (5)...............a living by designing computer programs. Recently, I have worked late a few nights to (6).............some work for an important client and 1think I (7)...............a bit of a mess of it all.’ The doctor agreed overwork had a lot to (8)............. with the stress I was feeling. I had also (9).............the mistake of not eating healthily. In fact, my diet was mostly made (l0)............. of coffee, hamburgers and chips. He said I should try and do acceptance exist + -ence —►existence For abstract nouns ending in -(a)tion, -(/)f/on or -sion, see ^ * We can form abstract nouns from many adjectives that end in -ant or -ent by changing the final -t to -ce: fragrant —>fragrance dependent —>dependence -m erit c •We also add -ment to many verbs to form abstract nouns: agree + -ment —►agreement o Note that many nouns ending in -ment are not abstract: document, monument, ointment -ness » We add -ness to many adjectives to form abstract nouns: good + -ness —>goodness ° Some of these nouns can be countable: Their suggested plan has both strengths and weaknesses. -th ■>We use -th with numbers (except 1, 2 and 3), to form ordinal numbers: fourth fifteenth eightieth » We also use -th to form abstract nouns, often connected with size or qualities: growth warmth Here are some examples of abstract nouns with the suffixes -ance, -ence, -ment, -ness and -th: r---------- -ance -ence -ment -ness -th acceptance absence achievement brightness breadth annoyance confidence advertisement carelessness depth appearance correspondence announcement emptiness fortieth arrogance defence commitment greatness growth avoidance emergence disappointment happiness health distance existence embarrassment kindness hundredth disturbance intelligence employment loneliness length entrance occurrence encouragement sleepiness strength importance offence enjoyment tenderness twentieth insurance patience entertainment tightness warmth reluctance presence fulfilment ugliness wealth resistance violence movement weakness width 73 SUFFIXES (3) Q Complete the table. You can use a dictionary to help you. Verb/Adjective Noun Verb/Adjective Noun inherit . improve convenient willing clumsy retire obey silent invest disappoint develop excite kind polite effective argue fair punish prefer selfish innocent grow Q Complete the expressions and quotes. Use the correct form of a noun formed from the word in brackets. 0 & ppe# fleas (appear) are deceptive. 1 ..............(absent) makes the heart grow fonder. 2 Money can’t buy you..............(happy). 3 Experience tells you what to d o;..............(confident) allows you to do it. 4 ..............(ignorant) is bliss. 5 ..............(kind): a language the deaf can hear and the blind can see. 6 ..............(patient) is a virtue. 7 ..............(silent) is golden. Are the underlined nouns countable CC) or uncountable CU)? Choose the correct answer. 0 His determination is his greatest strength. © u 1 It will take time for vou to regain vour strength. C u 2 There has been a significant movement towards organic food. C u 3 There’s been no significant movement in the peace talks. I’m afraid. c u 4 Unfortunatelv, he showed no signs of improvement. c u 5 Well done! This is a great improvement on vour previous work. c u 6 You’ll get a great sense of achievement when vou pass. c u 7 That medal was his greatest achievement. c u 8 Her inability to control her temper is her main weakness. c u 9 He didn’t want to show anv sign of weakness. c u 10 This program is an exciting new development. c u 11 You also need to think about opportunities for career development. c u 74 SUFFIXES (3) Make adjectives from the following nouns. 0 strength .-styypJOQ. 6 ugliness 1 intelligence 7 width 2 carelessness 8 emptiness 3 patience 9 confidence 4 depth JO million 5 arrogance ................. Complete the table. Verb /Adjective Noun Verb/Adjective Noun great o,ve.üchv\ess insure ................................•••v .................... disturbance ................................ annoyance correspond emerge empty ................................ ................................ defence sleepiness commit ................................ resist ................................ fulfilment Complete the article. Use words formed from the words in CAPITALS at the end of some of the lines. The SWOT analysis These are hard times: is growing and it is particularly high amongst young people. Economic (1)..............is slowing down, so it’s getting more and more difficult to find a job. People often reach their ®..............birthday without ever having had a regular job and this can lead to depression or lack of ®................ But there are strategies which can help you cope. I have found the SWOT test really useful. It’s a planning method that is often used in (4)..............training but I’ve found it helpful in problemsolving generally. All you need is a piece of paper, a pencil and a little ®..............! First of all, the ‘S’: make a list of your ®..............- you’ve probably got more of these than you realise. They may include, for example, your qualifications, creativity o r® ................ Then make a second list with your ®..............: for example, lack of experience or ®..............to accept new ideas. Thent the ‘O’: think of all the opportunities for finding work, for example job (10)..............and social networking sites. Finally, the ‘T’ in SWOT: threats; for example, competition. Good luck! EMPLOY GROW THIRTY SELF-CONFIDENT MANAGE PATIENT STRONG OPEN-MINDED WEAK RELUCTANT ADVERTISE ‘There is nothing which we receive with so much reluctance as advice. ’J oseph A ddison \___________________ _ ___________________J Exam practice 2 Part 1 For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). The mystery of the Marie Celeste We caught sight of the Marie Celeste drifting in the mid-Atlantic on December 5th, 1872. The ship looked damaged, (0)............ the captain said that the three of us would (1)............. to board her at once in order to investigate and (2)............ back any information we (3)............ get hold of. We were <4>............ to climb on board without too much difficulty but we couldn't see any sign of life anywhere. (5)............ the ship's small lifeboat was missing, we all thought the crew had abandoned ship. Some navigational instruments which a ship of that kind should (6)............ had on board were also missing. The crew <7)............ have had much time to abandon ship <8)............ they hadn't taken any of their personal belongings with them. We found the ship's log and <9)............ , we were able to find a lot of useful information - it really helped us in our(10>............ . The last time the captain of the Marie Celeste had written something in the ship's log was November 21st. Something must have taken (11)............ between this date and December 5th. The captain, Benjamin Briggs, had a lot of experience of the high seas, so what had forced him to-<12)............ the decision to abandon ship in the middle of nowhere? 0 A because B as C since D scT) 1 A must B have C ought D should 2 A fetch B get c bring D put 3 A would B could c should D must 4 A possible B managed c able D successful 5 A Owing B Since c Because of D As a result 6 A have B had c be D to 7 A mustn't B couldn't c oughtn't D didn't have to 8 A owing to B due to c as D as a result 9 A sadly B secondly c unfortunately D consequently 10 A investigation B intention c demonstration D application 11 A part B place c time D control 12 A bring B do c take D have 76 /12 EXAM PRACTICE 2 For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Part 2 Testing times We always (0).......... +fllc.e........... a lot of tests-at school and although I am generally a good student, I don't do very <13)................................ in exams. I don't know why. I generally <14)................................ all my homework and I am very accurate but in tests I <15)................................ a lot of mistakes. I always do <16).............................. f best, but I get very nervous and as a <17)................................ . I don't think Very clearly. Af*ter the test, I can usually correct my own mistakes, so it can't be because I don't know enough - it must <18)................................ something to do <19)................................ the lack of confidence I feel in exam situations. If I am <20).............................. to answer all the questions at home but not under exam conditions, the problem (21)................................ be stress related. If students receive poorer marks due (22)................................ stress, wouldn't it be a good idea to have fewer exams? Do schools really (23)................................ to test us all the time in (24)................................ to find out how much we know? Surely there are other ways. /12 77 EXAM PRACTICE 2 r\ № For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line, beginning (0). I have been unemployed for a year. I've sent dozens of job <0\4ppjicafic>iA5.J with a detailed CV listing all my (25)............ , but I still haven't received a single phone call or C26)............ to attend an interview. Sometimes employers don't even bother to reply to my emails. I know there's a lot of (27)............ and that <28)............ is really hard to find but I do have a Master's Degree in Energy and Environmental Studies. For my dissertation, I did original research into energy (29)............ in buildings. On the course, we also studied ways of saving animals in danger of extinction. So, I would be ideally suited to a position in a <30)............ company or an ecological (3 1 ) Although it is true that I am inexperienced, it isn't my fault I have never had a job. I actually like work: I think one of my personal <32>............ is my enthusiasm and my <33)............ to the environment. I'm approaching my (34)............ birthday now and I'm beginning to wonder if I will ever find a job. Part 3 capitals at the end of some There is an example at the A PPLY Q UA LIFY INVITE COM PETE EM PLOY CONSERVE CO N STRU CT ORGANISE STRONG COM M IT TH IR TY /10 78 EXAM PRACTICE i For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example: 0 She put on thick socks because she wanted to keep warm. AS She put on thick socks................so. a s . +©.keep............... warm. 35 A friend is looking after the baby while we're out. CARE A friend................................................................the baby while we're out. 36 It's possible that she didn't hear what i said. M IGHT She................................................................what I said. 37 The noise outside made it difficult for me to concentrate. BECAU SE I couldn't..............................................................the noise outside. 38 The burglar wore gloves so as not to leave any fingerprints. ORDER The burglar wore gloves................................................................avoid leaving fingerprints. 39 Why didn't you have your bicycle brakes repaired immediately? OUGHT You................................................................your bicycle brakes repaired immediately. 40 It was raining, so they cancelled the match. OWING The match was cancelled.............................................................. rain. 41 An accident led to the road being closed. RESU LT There was an accident and................................................................. the road was closed. 42 They let me take the rest of the day off. ALLO W ED I ................................................................the rest of the day off. ___ / 16 Part 4 TOTAL SCORE / 5 0 79 5e Prefixes (2) AGENDA Grammar Vocabulary 5a Zero, first and second conditionals 5b Third conditional, mixed conditionals 5c wish, if only 5d want, expect, love, can't bear, etc Eptry test Q Choose the correct answer. 1 If you don't / won't hurry, you'll miss the train. 2 What do/can I do if she refuses to listen to me? 3 His French won't improve provided/ unless he studies harder. 4 If I have/had more time, I would take up tennis. 5 If I were / would be you, I'd buy a new suit. Now look at ^ on pages 82-83. LA Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 6 I be happy to advise you if you'd asked me. A will be B would be C had been D would have been 7 If she............ her driving test, she would have bought a car. A passed B has passed C had passed D would have passed 8 I wouldn't have lent him the money if he ... .......desperate. A isn't B hasn't been C hadn't been D wouldn't have been 9 If you'd run faster, you............ the bus. A might catch B would catch C will have caught D could have caught 10 If I hadn't worked hard when I was young, I ..........where I am now. A wouldn't be B haven't been C won't have been D hadn't been Now look at © on pages 84-85. 53S1__ LA 80 ENTRY TEST 5 O Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 11 I wish I ............ more money. A have B had C have had D will have 12 If only I ............ a little bit taller. A be B will be C were D have been 13. I do wish you............ make less noise. A to B will C did D would 14 I wish we............ on the same flight tomorrow. A will travel B would travel C had travelled D were travelling 15 If only I ............ the chance to study when I was younger. A had B would have C was having D had had Now look at ^ on pages 86- 88. Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 16 I'm............ to pass all my exams at the first attempt. A wishing B hoping C wanting D desiring 17 Farmers are........ ...a good harvest this year. A waiting B expecting C hoping D looking forward 18 I'm really looking forward............ to camp again this :summer. A to go B to going C for going D for me going 19 She's very keen ... ........ tennis. A for B in C on D at 20 I can't stand........ ...to people complaining! A listen B listening C to listening D for listening Now look at ( J ) on pages 89-91. f; O Complete the words in the following sentences. Use the prefixes in the box. de ex mono multi semi 21 The detective managed to............ code the message. 22 Samantha is through to the............ -final of the women's singles. 23 Sarah is his............ -wife. They got divorced five years ago. 24 This is a(n)............ lingual English dictionary - all the definitions are in English. 25 Jamie was wearing a(n)............ coloured shirt. Now look at ^ on pages 92-93. SCORE 15 J_5 ____ /25 81 Grammar Zemfffirst and second condlilQ®Biais Conditional sentences have two parts: the conditional clause, which begins with if (or other words such as when, unless, etc.), and the main clause. Conditional sentences follow basic patterns. See also: © Zero conditional » We use the zero conditional to talk about things that are always or generally true as a result of an action. »To form zero conditional sentences, we use: if + present simple -> present simple: When water freezes, it turns to ice. I f you mix red and blue, you get purple. » The conditional clause can come before or after the main clause. When it comes first, we put a comma after it: When I travel by boat, I often get sick. I often get sick when I travel by boat. First conditional ° We use the first conditional to talk about possible actions or events in the future. »To form first conditional sentences, we use: i f + present simple —►will + infinitive: I f it rains, we’ll stay at home. » Other structures are also possible in first conditional sentences: ♦ if + present simple -* modal verb I f you prom ise to behave yourself, you can come. » if + present simple -> be going to I f you don’t work hard, you’re going to fail. ♦ if + present simple - » imperative I f you need anything, just ask. ♦ if + present continuous —►will/modal verb/ imperative I f you’re leaving, I’ll com e with you. ♦ if + present perfect -> wz7//modal verb/ imperative I f you’ve finished your homework, you can go out. ♦ if + present perfect continuous —>will/modal verb/imperative If she’s been waiting for ages, she may get worried. ♦ imperative + and/or —►wz'W/modal verb Eat less and you’ll lose weight. » We can also use the following words and phrases in first conditional sentences: ♦ (just) in case: This means ‘because it is possible that’ and it usually comes after the main clause: Ann will bring you a coat in case it gets cold. ♦ provided/providing (that), as long as: These phrases mean ‘on condition that’: Provided you rest, you’ll feel better soon. ♦ unless: This means ‘if not’: I f you don’t leave now, you’ll be late. —> Unless you leave now, you’ll be late. Second conditional •We use the second conditional to talk about unlikely events or situations in the future, or improbable/impossible events or situations in the present. =To form second conditional sentences, we use: if + past simple + would + infinitive: I f I had enough money, I would retire. ° In the main clause, we can also use could or might instead of would: I f I lost my job, I might go abroad for a while. » In the if clause, we can use were instead of was: I ’d quit my job if I were rich. 82 ZERO, FIRST AND SECOND CONDITIONALS Complete the sentences. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 0 If she fh o v s e s (phone), I’ll let you know. 1‘ If I ..............(not be) busy, I’ll come. 2 If h e..............(be) careful, he wouldn’t break so many things! 3 If we didn’t have to work late, w e.............. (join) you. 'I If she breaks that vase, Grandma.............. (be) furious! 5 Unless you..............(stop) wasting time, I’m leaving right now! 6 I can’t help you if you..............(not give) me more information. 7 If a fire..............(start), the alarm goes off. H You..............(should /make) your own food if you don’t like my cooking! 9 ..............(take) more exercise and you’ll feel much better soon. 10 If it wasn’t raining, we..............(go) for a walk. Write two sentences for each item. 0 we /leave at eight, we /arrive on time likely: i f . We. .leave .a+. eigWf,. We.'ll. .avnriye pv\.+hy\e..................................................................... less likely: I f . We. .le ft .a+. eight,. We'd.......... !fl.'r.vT!Y©.&Y\.t ’w .e . .................................................... 1 I / not be busy, I /pick you up likely:............................................................................ less likely:.................................................................... 2 you /fall, you /break your leg likely:............................................................................ less likely:.................................................................... I we /not leave now, we /be late likely:............................................................................ less likely:.................................................................... <1 you /get the job, we /have a party likely:............................................................................ less likely:.................................................................... '< Ilie questions /be easy, everyone /pass the test likely:............................................................................ less likely:.................................................................... @ Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Use between two and five words. Do not change the word given. 0 She has to do this herself because she doesn’t have a secretary. - HAVE She .. Would/db have fo dp.. this herself if she had a secretary. 1 I’ll let you borrow my laptop if you promise to be careful. LONG You can borrow my laptop...................... to be careful. 2 I can’t help you with your homework because I’m not very good at maths. COULD If I were better at maths,...................... you with your homework. 3 If we win the elections, we will build more schools. PROVIDED We will build more schools...................... the elections. 4 They won’t let you into the theatre without a ticket. UNLESS They won’t let you into the theatre ...................... a ticket. 5 Bring your sun cream because we may decide to go for a swim. CASE Bring your sun cream...................... to go for a swim. Third conditional, mixed conditionals Third conditional •We use the third conditional to talk about events that were possible in the past but did not happen. o To form third conditional sentences, we use: if + past perfect + would have + past participle: If Bruce had asked me, I would have said yes. I f I hadn’t become a teacher, I would have liked to be an actor. .. on watching TV and do so for several hours every day. Teens also enjoy (1)............to music and are particularly fond <2)............MP3s, which is how most young people listen to music. After school, kids (3)............forward to going home and surfing the Internet or (4)............video games, sometimes for hours. One of the most popular free time activities is, of course, going out with friends - teens can't (S)............for the weekend to come so they can sit around in cafés, chilling out. They are also very keen (6)............going to the cinema with friends - but not with parents! Every teen wants (7)............have lots of friends to hang out with but it's not cool to go out with parents - teens can't bear (8)............be seen with their parents in public. Finally, teens wait impatiently (9)............the school year to be over so they can go on holiday, and ninety percent wish they (,0)............go on holiday with their friends rather than their mum and dad. 91 o Prefixes (1) We have seen that we use prefixes to change the meaning of a word. Prefixes do not change the part of speech (but most suffixes do). Many prefixes give a word a meaning which is the opposite or negative of the original word. For example, we can use the prefixes dis-, inox un-. Other prefixes change the meaning of a word in different ways. For example: multi- + ethnic —y multi-ethnic (= made up o f many different ethnic groups) Here are some more prefixes: r Pattern Meaning/Use Example de- + verb/ opposite decentralise noun shows that sth is removed debone shows that sth is reduced devalue ex- + noun former ex-husband macro- + noun large; on a large scale macroeconomics micro- + noun small; on a small scale microelectronics mini- + noun very small or short mini-break mono- + noun one monolingual multi- + noun/ adjective many multi-purpose semi- + noun/ adjective half; partly semicircle, semi-literate sub- + noun/ adjective under, below; less, lower subzero, subnormal Complete the words. Use the prefixes in the table above. Then write down the meaning of each word. You can use a dictionary to help you. 0 ...... devalue: r educe, .th e.value. o\f 3 ut you can help him. 6 However /No matter how much the parting costs, I’ll buy it. 7 Whatever /However much it costs me, I’ll do it. 8 I’m due to be /for being at a conference in Berlin on Monday. 9 Whatever / Whoever it is, I’ll ask them to leave. 10 They are / are on the point to change the exam next year. MORE FUTURE FORMS ^ Complete the sentences. Use the fo-infinitive, the -ing form or the present simple of the verbs in the box. announce arrive burst expire have hide hire leave move perform run see try 0 I think Eric is due it?. his operation in two weeks. 1 Mrs Bower is on the point o f..............her resignation. 2 Martha was on the verge o f..............into tears. 3 The Prime Minister is ..............in Brussels at noon. 4 I am about..............my last trick, ladies and gentlemen. 5 Your subscription to our website is due..............next month. 6 You are n o t..............your room until I tell you to! 7 No matter how hard h e .............., he’ll never be a successful actor. 8 Whenever you..............Jane, will you tell her to give me a ring? 9 No matter who they..............for the job of manager, the factory will still close. 10 Wherever the burglars.............., the police will find them. 11 She won’t break the world record however fast she................ 12 No matter where w e.............., we will still have to travel to get to work. Q Complete the text. Use one word in each gap. Polly: pop music phenomenon Polly is just twenty-three years old and she’s already sold millions of albums. Now she (0)__i.-s.... about to make pop music history. She’s already got two singles in the top twenty and she is (1)............ the verge of getting a third single in the charts. No other solo artist has ever achieved this - not even Madonna. Polly has won three Grammy Awards. She <2)............ soon to be awarded her fourth Grammy for Best Female Pop Vocal Performance. She is (3)............ to fly to China next week, where she will give her first concert ever in Beijing. (4)............ Polly performs - whether it is in China, Europe or the USA - she causes a sensation. Now her career(5)............ about to get another boost when she appears on a popular music show in the USA next month. While in the States, she is (6)............ meet the President of the USA in the White House. And that’s not all: Polly is on the point(7)............ signing a new contract - this time to star in a Hollywood film as a country singer! Filming is due <8)............ start in the autumn of next year. What next for Polly? (9)............ she does, she will continue to attract media attention. And no matter(10)............ she does, millions of fans around the world will continue to follow her. . ^ So there I am, sitting in my seat, on the verge o f a nervous breakdown. ‘We are about to leave, ’ says the man next to me, grinning. The noise of the engines is deafening and I’m on the point of being sick. The steward bends over me and says, ‘We’re due to take off soon, sir. Would you like sweets or cotton wool?’ ‘I’d rather have the cotton wool, please,’ I reply. ‘Sweets alwaysfall out of my ears.’ V__________________________________________________________________ J Expressions ®ff ■SoDirDem d pfrefferenee it's tim e ° We can talk about what we think should happen using it’s time in the following patterns: ♦ it’s time + to-infinitive: It’s time to go to bed. / It’s time-we go to bed. X ♦ it’s time for + noun: It’s time for bed. ♦ it’s time for + sb + to-infinitive: It’s time for you to go to bed. o In the following patterns, we use it’s time with a past tense to refer to things that we think should happen now or very soon: ♦ it’s time + sb + past simple: It’s time you went to bed. / It’s time you will go to bed. X ♦ it’s time + sb + past continuous: It’s time we were leaving. ♦ it’s high time + past simple (or past continuous for emphasis): It’s high time we left. It’s high time you were earning your own living! ♦ it’s about time + past simple (or past continuous for emphasis), often suggesting criticism: It’s about time we took global warming seriously. w ould rather » We use would rather to express preference, in the following patterns: ♦ would rather + infinitive' (+ than + infinitive) I’d rather stay in. / ’ I’d rather to stay in. X I’d rather stay in than go out with Nick. Would you rather go with them or stay with me? ♦ would rather + sb + past simple: I’d rather you stayed a little longer. / I’d rather you to stay a little lon gerX I’d rather Anne didn’t come to the meeting. » We also use would rather to express criticism to talk about something we think should have been done differently in the past. We use it in the following pattern: would rather + sb + past perfect: I’d rather you had asked me before buying that shirt. (= but you didn’t) w ould sooner W e use would sooner in the same way as would rather. It follows the same patterns: I’d sooner die than marry Ted! I’d sooner you didn’t waitfor us. w ould prefer We use would prefer to express preference, in the following patterns: ° would prefer + to-infinitive: She’d prefer not to watch the film. « would prefer + to-infinitive + rather than + infinitive/-zng: I’d prefer to stay in rather than go out!going out with Nick. o would prefer + sb + to-infinitive: We’d prefer you to stay. I’d prefer you not to come. ° would prefer it if + sb + past simple: She’d prefer it ifyou didn’t come. 101 EXPRESSIONS OF TIM E AND PREFERENCE Match 1-12 with a-m to make sentences. 0 It’s high time she a a if you didn’t tell anyone about this. I It’s time to □ b bed, young lady. 2 I’m sorry but I’d rather □ c not talk about what happened. 3 Would you really prefer to □ d told Emma what’s going on? 4 Actually, I’d rather be □ e beautiful than rich. 5 It’s about time □ f leave for the airport. 6 I’d prefer it □ g took her exams seriously. 7 I’d sooner play football □ h rather stay here if you don’t mind. 8 Don’t you think it’s time we □ i you got down to work. 9 Marry you? □ j it if you didn’t invite Wayne to the party. 10 I would □ k fail rather than ask Fred for help? 11 It’s time for □ 1 I’d rather die! 12 I’d prefer □ m than watch it on TV. Q Choose the correct answer, A, B or C. 0 It’s eight o’clock. Isn’t it tim e..............? A we get up B to gel up C for us getting up 1 It’s late. It’s high time w e................ A go home B must go home C went home. 2 No coffee for me, thanks. I’d rather..............some water. A have B to have C having 3 She says she’d prefer..............tomorrow. A you come B it if you come C it if you came 4 Look at your room! It’s about tim e..............it up! A you tidy B you tidied C for you tidying 5 Isn’t it tim e............ . lunch yet? I’m starving! A for B we have C for having 6 Ben would rather you..............now. Can you come later? A don’t come B didn’t come C hadn’t come 7 I’d prefer..............a jacket and tie. A I wear B wearing C to wear 8 I think it’s time we ..............goodbye. A say B are saying C said 9 I’d sooner you........ __this with me first. A discussed B have discussed C had discussed 10 I’d prefer to watch ;a film ..............a game. A from playing B rather than to play C rather than play 102 EXPRESSIONS OF TIME AND I’HI I I HI N(,l Q Complete the conversations. Use the correct form of the verbs in the box. do fix get go help keep not stop paint phone spend stay take tell visit 0 A: It’s time jj? .geh the dinner ready. B: I’d rather we for a pizza. 1 “A: I think it’s time w e..................... our cousins in- Camden. B: I’d prefer..................... the money on a holiday in Brighton. 2 A: It’s time w e..................... that hole in the fence. B: I’d rather w e..................... the bedroom. 3 A: I think it’s tim e..................... home. B: I’d rather..................... a bit longer if that’s OK with you. 4 A: It’s about time h e..................... you with the housework. B: To be honest, I’d sooner..................... it myself. 5 A: It’s high time you..................... Jenny what really happened. B: Well, I’d rather.....................this to myself! 6 A: I think it’s time for u s.....................a break. B: I’d sooner w e..................... until we’ve finished. ; \ ‘What time is it when an elephant sits on your card ‘It’s time toget a new one. ’ V_______ _________ J Q Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Use between two and five words. Do not change the word given. 0 You really ought to start work on that project. HIGH It’s .Wig)*..'tjr'T'.s. .you sfa y fe d work on that project. 1 You should buy a new car. TIME It’s ...................... new car. 2 She thinks it would be better if you stayed at home tonight. PREFER She...................... if you stayed at home tonight. 3 Stop spending all our money on clothes. RATHER I’d ...................... all our money on clothes. 4 I would prefer to study drama than engineering. SOONER I ...................... drama than engineering. 5 We think it would be better if you slept in the living room. PREFER We’d 6 I really think you should tell her what you think. HIGH I t ...................... her what you think. 7 I have to pick up the kids from school now. FOR It’s tim e...................... the kids from school. 8 I don’t want you to come to the doctor with me. WOULD I ...................... come to the doctor with me. 9 Your hair’s too long. HAD It’s about...................... a haircut. 10 Let’s walk to the station instead of going by car. THAN I’d prefer to walk to the station...................... by car. in the living room. Vocabulary afterw ards, after, until', as far as, etc. afterw ards o Afterwards is an adverb. It means ‘following the event that has just been mentioned’: The play lasts for two hours. Afterwards, you can meet the actors. ° We can also use afterwards at the end of a sentence, to mean ‘later’: We left at six. Carol arrived shortly afterwards. afterw ards and then •When we are talking about an action that follows another action, we can use either afterwards or then: We all had lunch together. Then/Afterwards we went to the beach. •To introduce the next step in a series of instructions, we usually use then: Check that the paper is properly loaded. Then press the start button. Then ... afterw ards and la ter (on) •Afterwards often suggests that the second event occurs quite soon after the first one has finished: I went to see Adrian in the morning. Afterwards, I drove into town to do some shopping. • If there is a longer interval between the two events, we usually use (much) later or later on: I couldn’t understand why she hadn’t answered my letters. Later, I realised she’d moved house. I saw a woman on the stairs. Later on, I found out that she was my neighbour. My main aim is to graduate. Afterwards, I ’d like to go and work in Canada. after and in ° We can use after as a preposition, to mean ‘following something’. In this case, after is followed by a time word or phrase (e.g. after a week): After a few days, I felt much better. She left after an hour. •We cannot use after on its own. It is followed by a time word or phrase, or a noun. We can also use after that (= afterwards): We’re leaving after lunch. I’m hoping to visit the States. After that/ Afterwards, I ’d like to travel to Mexico. / I’m hoping to visit the States. After, I ’d like to travel to Mexico7X • Compare the use of after and in: She left after five minutes. She’ll be leaving in an hour. by and u n til/till •We use by for an action that happens before or no later than a certain time: Could you let us know your decision by Friday? •We use until/till for an action continuing up to the time mentioned: Let’s wait here until the rain stops. u n til/till, to and as fa r as •We use until/till in connection with time: The shops are open until six. I’ll be here until five. « We use as far (as) to talk about direction towards or distance from a place. We use to to mean ‘towards and stopping at a particular place’. Do you know which bus goes to Marble Arch? We went as far as London. 104 AFTERWARDS, AFTER, UNTIL, AS FAR AS, I fC Q Choose the correct answer. 0 She had her baby in June. Not long after /(after theft), she resigned. 1 I have to submit my report by /until the end of the month. 2 They came in June and left two months later / lately. 3 We had a quick coffee and after / then went shopping. 4 Owen arrived after t afterwards five minutes. 5 We stayed at the library till las far as it closed. 6 I saw him enter the bank at about one o’clock. Ten minutes after /later, he ran out with a bag full of money. 7 We need your response by /until tonight. 8 You can stay by / till the weekend. 9 After / Afterwards a few hours, the mist cleared. 10 We’re going to leave Italy by / in a couple of months to go and live in the States. Q Complete the sentences. Use the words and phrases on page 104. 0 Do you always w a l k w o r k ? 1 I’ll see you..............a couple of hours. 2 I was bored at first b u t..............on I enjoyed it. 3 To start the machine, switch it o n ...............press the red button. 4 On Sunday morning, we went for a stroll around the park................. we went for a meal. 5 I felt really sick when we got there b u t..............a few days I was fine. 6 I’ll need the translation..............January 28th, please. 7 We waited..............ten o’clock and then we decided to go home. 8 We ran ..............as the bridge and then stopped. Q Complete the story. Use one word in each gap. My first encounter with Dracula I had been riding all day and it had already got dark. I was on my way to Count Dracula’s castle but I had only got (0)... Aft... far as the first village. I wanted to g et(1)..............my destination before midnight. The mountain was steep and the forest all around was black and silent. Suddenly, I heard a strange sound in the distance. A few seconds (2)............... I heard a terrible howl and realised that there were wolves in the forest. I was beginning to wish I had stopped at the village inn and waited (3).............. morning before continuing with my journey but I had been hoping to reach the castle just (4)..............eleven - no later than midnight. In his letter, the Count had said he would wait up <5)..............I arrived. I rode on. <6)..............a while, I came to a fork in the road. On my left, through the trees, I could see the castle. Excited, I took the road that led (7)..............Dracula’s castle. Soon, I was outside the gate. I knocked and waited. (8)..............a few seconds, I heard a key turning. The door opened and (9)................I saw him. ‘Good evening,’ he said. ‘Come in. I have been waiting for you. We’ll have some wine and after <10)..............I’ll show you to your room.’ I made polite conversation with the count for an hour or so and (11)..............I was shown upstairs. I was so tired I slept(12)................midday the next day. 105 O [Phrases with time r Phrase Meaning Example there’s time (for sth) there is enough time (to do sth) There’s timefor one more question. have time (for sthlto do sth) have enough time (to do sth) Do you have timefor a coffee1 I don’t have time to talk right now. have a good/great/etc. time enjoy yourself very much Thanks for the party - we both had a wonderful time. in time (for sthlto do sth) early enough (to do sth) If we hurry, we’ll be there in timefor the last train. We got therejust in time to see the Queen. lose time (doing sth) fall behind because of delays We lost a lot of valuable time waitingfor the others to arrive. on time at the planned time I drove quickly and got there right on time. They had to rush to get to work on time. V They had to rush to get to work in-time. X pass the time spend time, especially when you are bored or waiting for sth We played games to pass the time until the train arrived. S We played games to spend the time until the train arrived. X pass the time of day (with sb) talk to sb for a short time in order to be friendly I was just passing the time ofday with him. the right time (to do sth) the time when sth should happen I think now is the right timefor you to buy your own house. spend time (on sth/doing use time doing a particular thing I’ve spent a lot of time on this project. sth/with sb) or with a particular person We spent the whole time lying on the beach. You should spend more time with your brother. spend + time expression stay somewhere for a stated period of time We’ll have to spend the night in a hotel. spend + time expression doing sth do sth for a stated period of time I spent the whole weekend cleaning up. take (sb) time to need or require a lot of time Learning a language takes time. take (sb) + time expression to need or require a particular amount of time The journey takesfour hours. take your time do sth without hurrying Take your time - there’s no rush. time flies time passes very quickly. Doesn’t timefly when you’re havingfun? waste (one’s) time (on sth/ use more time than is useful or Stop wasting time watching TV and get on with sth/doing sth) sensible with your homework! be a waste of time not be worth the time you use because there is little or no result Arguing with her is a complete waste of time. 1 0 6 PHRASES WITH T IM E 1 Ü M M M ................................. Match 1-12 with a-m to make sentences. 0 How time E 1 How much time □ 2 They spent more time □ 3 Unless you leave now, you won’t □get there 4 Don’t waste □ 5 Don’t spend too much time □ 6 She ran and managed to get there □just in time 7 Take your time - □ 8 Hurry up! We can’t afford to □ 9 We’ll have to spend □ 10 What shall we do □ 11 There isn’t time to □ 12 Enjoy your holiday. I hope you □ a on time, b c d e f Timeflies! for the meeting, explain - just do it. lose any more time, on the first question, have a wonderful time, g we don’t mind waiting, h to pass the time until dinner? i the night in the car, I’m afraid, j your time with computer games, k flies! We’ve really got to go now. 1 in their hotel room than on the beach, m does it take to get from your house to the airport? Complete the sentences. Use one word in each gap. 0 Bye! Have a wonderful__ tim e __ . 1 How on earth am I going to ..................... the time in this boring place? 2 We were just passing the time o f..................... when her mobile rang. 3 I don’t go out much. I ..................... most evenings at home, reading. 4 It’s been at least two weeks. The builders are certainly..................... their time with our roof! 5 No, the report isn’t ready yet. These things time, you know. 6 Stop trying to change her mind. You’re your time. 7 Be patient. I t ..................... time for someone to change. 8 W e..................... the whole weekend decorating the living room. 9 Do w e..................... time for a quick game of basketball before lunch? 10 No, there were no delays - our train arrived right.....................time. 11 You’re ju st.....................time to catch the last few minutes of the game. 12 I think w e.....................time for a quick coffee before our bus leaves. Q Complete the phrases with time in the following sentences. 0 When you’re in a long queue, what do you do to +he ,+ime ? 1 I really think you should..................... time with her. She really needs you. 2 I expect they’ll be late - they hardly ever turn u p ....................... 3 It usually..................... to learn a new skill. 4 I’m sorry, I don’t have.....................chat now. 5 Surely there.....................one last dance. Come on you two! 6 Did you.....................at the party last night? 7 It’s a complete..................... trying to change his mind. He just won’t listen. 8 Don’t ..................... trying to explain. She’ll never understand. 9 Do you.....................install this program on my laptop before you go? 10 If we take a taxi, we’ll be there.................... for the meeting. 107 Exam practice 3 Part 1 For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). EXAM TIP S Taking exams is tough. But examiners are not insensitive people, <0)............ candidates may think. Most examiners are ordinary people who do their best to pass candidates, as (1)............ as candidates follow certain basic rules of the exam process. (2)............ you know what is expected of you, you (3)............ well. First of all, you (4)............ know how much time to spend on each question (5)............ you look at the whole paper first. So, before you <6>............ the test, make sure you know what is expected of you. Do not start writing as (7)............ as you get the paper: think first, (8).............. write. Secondly, you are unlikely to do well unless you (9).............ALL the questions. And if you <10).............. the instructions carefully, you will slip up. Thirdly, make sure you have an eraser(11)............ you need to correct your mistakes. Finally, remember that tl2>............ your answer is right or not, the examiner cannot give you a mark for it if your handwriting is illegible! 0 A however B (whatever C whoever D whenever 1 A much B far C long D soon 2 A Provided B Whether c Unless D In case 3 A should do B would do c might do D would have done 4 A don't B won't c wouldn't D didn't 5 A unless B if c as long as D whether 6 A sit B will sit c would sit D could sit 7 A quickly B immediately c fast D soon 8 A after B afterwards c then D then later 9 A answer B don't answer c will answer D won't answer 10 A read B don't read c will read D won't read 11 A as if B in case c unless D if only 12 A however B if c even if D whether 108 EXAM PRACTICE 3 1 Part 2 For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). DIGITAL NOISE We live in a time of constant digital noise. Take the mobile phone. First, there are all those silly ringtones which keep going o ff(0>......w\r\ey-eye\r....... you happen to be: on the bus, in the train, in the cinema - everywhere. It's (13)............................... time something was done about it. 1 f I don't dislike mobile phones; on the contrary, I'm very fond(14)............................. mine, and if I didn't have it, I <15)................................feel lost. Flowever, I wish people(16>................................. not force complete strangers to listen to their endless mobile chats; <17)................................ only they'd realise how annoying this is! I used to <18)................................ forward to going places by train until the mobile phone appeared on the scene. Now every morning, on my way (19)................................ work, I have to listen to people's private conversations! I can't <20)............................... listening to people chatting to their friends! If only they (21)............ something important to say! I can't bear <22)................................ to this junk. I (23)................................sooner buy a car(24)................................. have to put up with this noise any more. I just hate noise pollution! /12 109 EXAM PRACTICE 3 Part 3 For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). AYRTON SENNA Ayrton Senna da Silva, the great Brazilian racing (0)d w yer, was born in Santana, a poor (25>............ of Sao Paulo, in 1960. Senna developed an interest in cars at an early age. He entered his first karting (26>............ at the age of thirteen, and in 1977 he won the South American kart <27)............ . At the time of his tragic death in 1994, he had already achieved his reputation as a great sports <28)............ . Although Senna is remembered for his <29)............ in Formula One, for some people, his <30)............ in life was more important than his genius on the track. As Senna became more famous, he never forgot the <31)............ of so many children in Brazil. He used his (32)............ to help people less fortunate than himself. Shortly before his death, he founded an (33>............ dedicated to poor Brazilian children. Both as an athlete and as a philanthropist, he is an (34)............ to young people everywhere. DRIVE NEIGHBOUR COM PETE CHAMPION PERSONAL A CH IEV E GREAT POOR A FFLU EN T ORGANISE INSPIRE no n o EXAM MRACTICI I Part 4 For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example: 0 He's supposed to be here any moment now. DUE H e..................... i s .due. to ......................arrive any moment now. F 35 My dad will be back when he's done with the shopping. UNTIL My dad won't be back................................................................finished the shopping. 36 We may have to take a taxi, so take some extra money with you. CASE Take some extra money with you................................................................take a taxi. 37 I can't wait to see them again next summer. FORW ARD I'm really................................................................them again next summer. 38 Let me know the moment Penny arrives, will you? SOON Let me know................................................................. will you? 39 I'd prefer to read a book than surf the net all day. RATHER I ................................................................a book than surf the net all day. 40 Without a password, we won't be able to log onto the site. UN LESS We won't be able to log onto the site................................................................a password. 41 If you arrive before seven, I can meet you outside the cinema. LONG 1 can meet you outside the cinema..............................................................you arrive before seven. 42 Luke arrived late because his train was late. TIM E If the train had................................................................. Luke wouldn't have arrived late. /16 /50TOTAL SCORE Eeitry test Q Choose the correct answer. 1 At the moment he is treating / is being treated for his injuries. 2 The date of the exam was/has announced yesterday. 3 When they got home, the fence between the two houses had/had been removed. 4 A new hospital will be /have built here soon. 5 Dinner isn't/hasn't included in the price. Now look at ^ on pages 114-116. Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 6 7 8 9 10 She............ in a small village in the south of Spain. A grew up B was grown up C has grown up D Breakfast............ at seven o'clock. A serves B is serving Cis served D It............ that five people died in the explosion. A is reporting B is reported C hasreported D The road had been blocked............ a tree. A through B of C by D The message had been written in the sand............ a stick. A through B of C by D has been grown up has served was reporting with with Now look at ^ on pages 117-119. /5 /5 112 Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 11 Bill............ last week. A had cut his hair B had his hair cut C got cut his hair D got cutting his hair 12 Shall I have my assistant............ for a taxi? A phone B to phone C phoned D phoning 13 ........ our house broken into while we were away. A Robbers had B We had C It was D It's been 14 W e............ the roof painted yet. A haven't B haven't had C didn't get D didn't have 15 We're............ a new swimming pool built. A doing B asking C making D having Now look at ^ on pages 120-121. 0 Choose the verb (A, B, C or D) that best describes the meaning of get in the following sentences. 16 You can get a second-hand mobile phone for under ten pounds. A buy B sell 17 Could you get here a little sooner? A go B leave 18 How much do you expect to get for you A sell B buy 19 You have to press this key first. Got it? A find B know 20 Will you go and get the key, please? A find B use Now look at ^ on pages 122-123. Complete the compound nouns in the following sentences. Use one word in each gap. 21 They've bought a new............ washer but it doesn't seem to work. 22 The house was cold, so we had a new central............ system installed. 23 We fight for............ rights such as freedom of speech. 24 There was a(n)............ -in at the office last night; the thieves stole some paintings and £5,000. 25 Mr Edwards is in hospital. He had a heart............ last night. Now look at 0 on pages 124-127. /5 C hold D pay C arrive D move ' car? C pay D receive C understand D push C bring D leave /5 /5 TOTAL SCORE CSrammar The passive: f©rm We form the passive using the following pattern: subject + be + past participle. The tense of the verb be each time is the same as the tense of the verb in the active sentence. Tense/Form Passive pattern Example: passive Example: active Present simple am/is/are + past participle Champagne is made in France. They make champagne in France. Present continuous am/is/are being + past participle The matter is still being considered. They are still considering the matter. Past simple was/were + past participle The date was announced yesterday. The school was built by the local government. / The school has built by the local government.: X They announced the date yesterday. The local government built the school. Past continuous was/were being + past participle Every effort was being made to end the strike. They were making every effort to end the strike. Present perfect have/has been + past participle A new stadium has been built in London. They’ve built a new stadium in London. Past perfect had been + past participle The work had beenfinished by 2011. They had finished the work by 2011. Future simple will be + past participle You will be examined by Mr Roberts. Mr Roberts will examine you. Future perfect will have been + past participle The project will have been completed by June. They will have completed the project by June. be going to am/is/are going to be + past participle A new hospital isgoing to be built here. They’re going to build a new hospital here. Modal verb modal + be + past participle The house must be cleaned. They must clean the house. » We do not usually use the passive in the present perfect continuous, the past perfect continuous, the future continuous or the future perfect continuous: We will be being watched. X They will be watching us. / •We form passive questions and negative sentences in the same way as in the active: When are important subjects usually discussed? Experiments are not carried out in this room. • In passive sentences, we place adverbs of frequency, time, etc. (e.g. always, sometimes, just, etc.) after the first auxiliary verb (is, has, will, etc.): It is usually made o f wood. They have just been found. She will never be forgotten. 114 THE PASSIVE: FORM o e 2 They have just arrested him on suspicion of murder. 3 They will publish her new book next month. 4 They will have completed the new motorway by Christmas. 5 They’ve just cleaned the hotel rooms. 6 Someone stole her bike last night. 7 They’re going to repair the machine tomorrow. 8 They were servicing her car when I called her. 9 They had finished the project by Friday. 10 They may invite him to the wedding. Complete the sentences. Use the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets. 0 The police report that the missing person hd-S Already. .teev\ (already /find). 1 The news.....................(broadcast) at six o’clock every day. 2 At the moment, the suspect..................... (interview) by the police. 3 The cinema..................... (close down) four years ago. 4 A new security system.....................(install) in all our offices in the next few weeks. 5 A new government..................... (elect) by the end of next month, f 6 There must be a mistake - the hotel b ill..................... (already /pay) by my wife. 7 When we got home, we realised that the house....................(burgle). 8 The second bomb went off while the building..................... (evacuate). 9 The government says tax reforms..................... (introduce) next year. 10 In some countries, newspapers.....................(sell) in kiosks as well as supermarkets. Rewrite the sentences in the passive. 0 We do not add preservatives to our products. FVe-Seyvatjves .Aye. wot added.to owr. p ro d u cts............................................... 1 They are building a new school in West Street. The service in the hotel was so bad that when I asked for a hot towel, I was told to put a cold one on the radiator. THE PASSIVE: FORM Q Complete the article. Use the correct passive form of the verbs in brackets. Credit card fraud A type of con trick which (0).*А. de.sigv\eget something at a bargain price. I (6) get really annoyed when I’m woken up by these calls! I try and (7) get them to stop by putting the phone down but that doesn’t always work because I also (8) get recorded messages! The fourth kind of junk is emails I (9) get from Kate. Kate is a friend who spends most of her free time surfing the net and finding jokes. So all her friends (10) get lots of cyber jokes from her every day. She just doesn’t (11) get it: I’d rather n o t(12) get links to every Internet site she finds funny! I usually don’t even (13) get the joke. To me, it’s just all junk. 0 ...........(receive........... 5 1 ........................................... 6 2 ........................................... 7 3 ........................................... 8 4 ...:r ................................... 9 10 11 12 13 Compound nouns Form •A compound noun consists of two or three words that function like one word. Form Example noun + noun notebook, timetable, sciencefiction adjective + noun fast lane, fast food, first aid verb + particle breakup, checkout, takeover three words, with the first two words used adjectivally and usually joined with a hyphen back-seat driver, one-parent family, ready-made meal, three-piece suite We can write compound nouns as one word, as two words or as two words with a hyphen (-). There are no definite rules for this. If in doubt, consult a dictionary: babysitter sunglasses roadworks address book mother tongue youth hostel human being break-in Countable or uncountable? Compound nouns may: •be countable: one alarm clock - two alarm clocks a car park - several car parks a compact disc - ninety compact discs ° be uncountable: air traffic control chewing gum mineral water table tennis • only have a plural form: armed forces human rights roadworks sunglasses For compound adjectives, see © Here is a list of common countable, uncountable and plural compound nouns: Countable Uncountable Plural baggage hall air conditioning bagpipes ~bdhk account blood pressure bedclothes break-in- cardboard civil rights breakout central heating current affairs burglar alarm common sense denim jeans can-opener- cotton wool French fries car park dry cleaning high heels clothes peg fancy dress inverted commas computer game fast food last orders eredit-card feedback legal proceedings cutback first aid luxury goods database- food poisoning modern languages Ftirtmgyruom higher education nail scissors dishwasher iced tea natural resources drawing pin ill-treatment nutcrackers driving licence job sharing Olympic Games fairytale junk food opening hours film star keyhole surgery outskirts frying pan lateral thinking party politics letterbox make-up race relations life support metalwork reading glasses system mineral water roadworks minimum wage New Year’s Day roller skates mirror image ovenware scare tactics mobile phone peacetime sunglasses motorway power dressing swimming trunks number plate rainwater taste buds painkiller realestate traffic lights penalty shoot-out software underpants pepper grinder stomachache walking boots question mark sunshine winter sports road map toilet paper waterworks skateboard tomato ketchup television series whooping cough throwback work experience trial run writing paper washing-up word processor 124 COMPOUND NOUN’. Q Complete the table. Write the words in the box in the correct column. air conditioning heart attack high-school human nature letterbox news bulletin old age parking meter personal computer pocket money police station post office remote control show business sleeping bag social work soda water swimming pool toilet paper washing machine washing powder washing-up liquid water skiing writing paper Countable Uncountable _____________ £_________________ hedvf d++dck Wish school ofw cowdi+iovVivoq huwflvo vod+t/ve • Q Match the two parts of the compound nouns in each list. Then complete the sentences with compound nouns from the two lists. noun + noun adjective + noun 0 fire E a crossing 0 remote E a school 1 zebra □ b card 1 social □ b sense 2 pocket □ c washer 2 high □ c control 3 dish □ d opener 3 central □ d food 4 lap □ e brigade 4 common □ e fries 5 credit □ f alarm 5 French □ f rights 6 burglar □ g money 6 dry □ g heating 7 can □ h case 7 human □ h cleaner’s 8 suit □ i top 8 fast □ i worker 0 Quick! Phone the .ktngdde ! The house next door is on fire! 1 They should put a ..................... outside the school so that children can cross the road safely. 2 It’s freezing in here! Why don’t you get..................... installed? 3 Is th e..................... you get from your parents enough for your needs? 4 When you leave primary school and get to .............____, lessons get much more difficult. 5 He’ll never think of such a simple solution because he hasn’t got any.................. 6 Who’s got th e..................... ? Will you please change the channel? 7 Could you pick up my suit from th e..................... on your way home? 8 After the last break-in, they decided to get a .....................installed. 9 Do you usually pay in cash or b y ..................... ? 10 No, he isn’t a police officer - he’s a ....................... 125 COMPOUND NOUNS Q Complete the crossword. The missing words are parts of compound nouns. □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ Across 1 M y.............. cleaning has to be picked up before six. 2 Eric thinks wearing..............glasses even when it’s raining makes him look cool. 7 At our school, they didn’t turn on the central..............until October. 8 We can om it..............commas when we report what someone says. 9 You don’t need to wear..............-up. You look beautiful without it! 10 Did you know that chewing..............is illegal in Singapore? 11 It’s just common..............not to walk home on your own. Down 1 We could hire a van. Do you have a valid licence? 2 He’s a student at the Manchester School of Economic and Social................ 3 You should avoid..............food like hamburgers if you want to lose weight. 4 I’d like a cheeseburger and some French , please. 5 The multi-storey car..............is going to be knocked down. 6 I stood at the bus..............for over an hour and then six buses came along at once! 7 It’s about time the world paid more attention to ..............rights issues. Q Complete the sentences. Use the compound nouns in the box. break-in breakout breakup check-in checkout getaway hold-up printout setback takeaway take-off 0 Since the .kvfeakyjyy, we’ve had all our locks changed. 1 I’m afraid there’s been a slight.....................in our plans. 2 Come on, let’s go! What’s th e..................... ? 3 The thieves made their..................... in a black car. 4 Carol works on th e...................at the local supermarket. 5 There was a mass..................... from Winston Prison last night. 6 T he..................... of her marriage was also the end of her career. 7 Let’s have a ..................... tonight. I’m too tired to cook. 8 Please fasten your seatbelts. The plane is ready fo r....................... 9 I’d give you a ..................... of Joe’s email but my printer’s not working. 10 You need to be at th e.................... at least two hours before departure. 126 COMPOUND NOUNS Q Complete the text. Use the words in the box. common mobile fast heels hot junk licence make-up roller schoolmates skateboards stomach sunglasses text tomato traffic My best friend Beryl was always a bit different from my other (0\.schoolwfl+e.S.. She was very intelligent but she didn’t have much (1)..................... sense. For example, she wore (2)..................... indoors, even when it was cloudy. And she wore high (3)..................... when everybody else was wearing trainers. It was against the rules to wear (4)..................... at school but she wore it anyway. We were also not allowed to use our (5)..................... phones but she would secretly send (6).....................messages while the teacher was talking. She always did the opposite of what everyone else did. So when we all had (7).....................or bikes, she would prefer (8)..................... skates and so on. We were always advised to eat healthy food but Beryl always ate (9)..................... food - usually (10).....................dogs covered in (11).......................ketchup and mustard - until she got a terrible (12)..................... ache. Beryl was also in love with speed. As soon as she was old enough to have a driving (13)..................... . she got a car and always drove fast. Once she went straight through the red (14)..................... lights and had to pay a fine. Yes, Beryl always drove in life’s (15)..................... lane. I wonder where she is now. ( b Grandma would often babysit her grandchildren but she would always fall asleep in her armchair before they did. Once, herfiveyear-old grandson woke her up saying, ‘Wake up, Granny! It’s past my bedtime!’ V________________________________________________________ y 127 Vocabulary AGENDA Grammar 8a Reported speech (1) Reported speech (2) 8c -ing forms and infinitives after verbs 8d say, tell, talk, speak, et 8e -ed and -ing adjecti IffUtry test Q Choose the correct answer. 1 'Let's go to the cinema/ Amy suggested / announced. 2 She told / explained that she had been feeling unwell. 3 Sue insisted/begged John to help her. 4 They warned the children not to go / do not go near the river. 5 She said she was/had been trying to phone you all day. Now look at on pages 130-133. Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 6 The judge asked the witness............ give her more information. A that he B if he could C that he could D whether he 7 They asked if............ always wanted to be a doctor. A did she B has she C had she D she had 8 Mark asked............ going to lend them the money. A that I was B if I was C was I D whether was I 9 They wanted to know what............ the money on. A she'd spent B had shespent C did she spend D she did spend 10 I asked Jo ...........in a flat. A if she live B does she live C whether she lived D did she live Now look at on pages 134-136. Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 11 The car swerved to avoid...........the pedestrian. A hit B to hit C hitting D that it hit 12 Emily admitted............ know the answer to the question. A to not B not to C of not D that she didn't 13 Would you like............ with us tonight? A you come B to come C coming, D to coming 14 Jamie is hoping............ law at Harvard. A he studies B to study C studying D to studying 15 I'd rather............ the children decide for themselves. A I let B that I let C let D letting Now look at on pages 137-139. Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 16 What did the newspaper............ about the accident? A tell B refer C say D speak 17 I was persuaded............ on the trip at the last minute. A to go B me to go C that I go D for going 18 She convinced the court............ innocent. A to be B for being C being D that she was 19 The suspect............ that he had been to the bank that day. A refused B rejected C denied D told 20 We made her an excellent offer but she............ it. A refused B rejected C denied D accepted Now look at ( J ) on pages 140-142. Q Choose the correct answer. 21 I'm sorry but I don't find her jokes at all amused / amusing. 22 We were all really disappointed /disappointing when the concert was cancelled. 23 He's got some really annoyed / annoying habits! 24 The lecture was so bored / boring I nearly fell asleep. 25 She has the most charmed / charming little cottage I've ever seen. Now look at on pages 143-145. ffKfjfl /5 ( ■ n / 5 ____/ 5 /25 I O C ) TOTAL SCORE Grammar Reported sp@(ae!h 0 ) Direct speech •When we quote someone’s actual words, we can use reporting verbs like say, reply, suggest, shout, etc.: ‘Let’s go swimming, ’ Peter suggested. o The speaker’s words can come before or after the reporting verb: ‘I knew the answer, ’ she said. She said, T knew the answer. ’ ° Notice the punctuation in direct speech: the speaker’s words are put in inverted commas. The comma, full stop, question mark or exclamation mark come before the closing quotation mark: ‘You mustn’t give up,’ his mother insisted. ‘Do you take sugar?’ she asked. ‘Help!’ she shouted. Reported statements o In reported speech, we report what someone said earlier, without quoting their actual words. « When we report someone’s words, we often use a past tense reporting verb like said, told, suggested, etc.: She said (that) she knew the answer. •After a past tense reporting verb, we usually make changes to verb tenses, pronouns and possessive adjectives, as well as place and time references: ‘I ’m visiting my cousins tomorrow, ’ Penny said. Penny said that she was visiting her cousins the following day. Changes in reported speech • In reported speech, tenses and modal verbs change as follows: r Direct s p e e c h >Reported speech Example present simple —►past simple ‘I want to buy it.’ He said (that) he wanted to buy it. present continuous —>past continuous ‘I’m leaving.’ He said (that) he was leaving. past simple —>past perfect simple ‘I saw her.’ He said (that) he had seen her. past continuous —►past perfect continuous ‘I was working.’ He said (that) he had been working. present perfect simple —>past perfect simple ‘I’vefinished.’ He said (that) he hadfinished. present perfect continuous —►past perfect continuous ‘I’ve been running.’ He said (that) he had been running. am/is/are going to —>was/were going to ‘I’m going to stay. ’ He said (that) he was going to stay. will —>would ‘I’ll help you. ’ He said (that) he would help me. can —ycoidd ‘I can do it.’ He said (that) he could do it. may —ymight ‘I may do it.’ He said (that) he might do it. must —yhad to ‘I must go.’ He said (that) he had to go. 130 REPORTED SPEECH (1) ° The past perfect simple and past perfect continuous don’t change in reported speech: T had finished.’ —►He said (that) he had finished. ‘I had been running. ’ —>He said that he had been running. • Could, would, might, should and ought to don’t change in reported speech: T might join you.’ —►He said (that) he might join us. ° When the reporting verb is in a present tense, there is no change in reported speech: T may be late.’ —►He says (that) he may be late. ° We do not need to change the verb tense when we are reporting things that are still true: ‘I’ve got a brother.’ —>He told me (that) he’s got a brother. However, after past reporting verbs, we usually change the tenses, even if the things we are reporting are still true. « These words and phrases also change in reported speech: Direct speech Reported speech here there this/these that/those this/that + noun the + noun ago before last week the week before, the previous week next week the week after, the following week now then today, tonight that day, that night this morning that morning tomorrow the next/following day, the day after yesterday the day before, the previous day Reported commands and requests » When we report commands and requests, we use the following pattern: reporting verb + sb + fo-infinitive: ‘Please stay, John,’ she said. —►She askedJohn to stay. • Tell, order and ask are some common reporting verbs for commands and requests: ‘Be quiet!’ she told them. -> She told them to be quiet. ‘Stop!’ the police officer told him. —> The police officer ordered him to stop. ‘Please let me stay, Dad, ’ Anne said. —>Anne asked her dad to let her stay. ° Note that when we report negative commands and requests, we use not before the fo-infinitive. ‘Please don’t do it,’ she told him. —>She told him not to do it. Reporting verbs » We often use different reporting verbs to summarise what someone said. ‘Why don’t you stay with us?’ —►They invited me to stay with them. » Reporting verbs can describe the speaker’s intention, or tell us more about the way someone says something: ‘I’ll call the police. ’ —yShe threatened to call the police. ‘I’ll carry the books. ’ —>He offered to carry the books. o Different reporting verbs are used with different structures. Below are some common ones. Note that some verbs can be used with more than one structure: REPORTED SPEECH (1) r Verbs Examples verb + fo-infinitive agree, decide, demand, offer, promise, propose, refuse, swear, threaten, volunteer ‘No, I won’t do it!’ —►He refused to do it. ‘Can I help youV —>She offered to help me. ‘I’ll come back. ’ —►He promised to come back. verb + sb + fo-infinitive advise, beg, encourage, forbid, instruct, invite, order, persuade, urge, warn ‘Please don’t go!’ —>She begged him not togo. ‘Don’t cross that bridge!’ —>She warned me not to cross the bridge. ‘You should talk to Nikki. ’ —>He advised me to talk to Nikki. verb + -ing admit, deny, recommend, suggest ‘I stole the money,’ —>He admitted stealing the money. ‘I didn’t steal the money.’ —>He denied stealing the money. verb (+ sb) + preposition + -ing accuse sb of, agree (with sb) on/about, apologise (to sb) for, complain (to sb) about, congratulate sb on, insist on ‘You stole the money.’ —►She accused me ofstealing the money. ‘I’m sorry I’m late.’ —►He apologisedfor being late. ‘You won! Well done!’ —>She congratulated me on winning. verb (+ sb) + that clause add, admit, agree, announce, boast, claim, complain, decide, deny, explain, inform (sb), persuade (sb), promise (sb), remind (sb), report, suggest, threaten, warn (sb) ‘Yes, it’s a good idea. ’ —>He agreed that it was a good idea. ‘My soup is cold!’ —>She complained that her soup was cold. ‘I’ll come back.’ —►He promised (me) that he would come back. ‘It’s Jane’s birthday. ’ —►She reminded me that it was Jane’s birthday. ° Suggest can be followed by the following structures: ♦ suggest + -ing: ‘Let’s go to the cinema. ’ —►I suggested going to the cinema. - suggest + that + past simple: I suggested that we went to the cinema. ♦ suggest + that + sb + should + infinitive: I suggested that we should go to the cinema. For reported questions, see Q Report the statements. 0 ‘Let me help you.’ My friend offered ."ta.heJp.fllS • 1 ‘I wasn’t anywhere near the scene of the crime.’ The accused claimed........................ 2 ‘This spot is the best place for a picnic.’ My father said........................ 3 ‘We’re leaving tomorrow.’ Ella said........................ 4 ‘Please answer the phone.’ He asked his son........................ 5 ‘I gave you the money last week.’ She insisted........................ 6 ‘Put your hands up!’ The man ordered m e........................ 7 ‘If I were you, I wouldn’t work so hard.’ My friend advised m e........................ 8 ‘No, I won’t lend him the money.’ Joan refused........................ 132 REPORTED SPEECH (1) aMatch the statements (1-10) with the reporting verbs (a-k). 0 ‘If you do that again, I’ll leave,’ she told me. 0 a ask 1 ‘I’m going to retire soon,’ he said. □ b beg 2 ‘Please bring us the wine list,’ she told the waiter. □ c explain 3 ‘Our team will easily beat yours,’ he told us. □ d warn 4 ‘Please, please give me another chance,’ she told him. □ e remind 5 ‘I’m innocent, Your Honour,’ he told the judge. □ f advise 6 ‘I was late because I missed my bus,’ she said. □ g claim 7 ‘Why don’t we play a game?’ he said. □ h announce 8 ‘Don’t forget to phone Alex,’ she told him. □ i threaten 9 ‘Careful! The water’s deep!’ he said. n j suggest 10 ‘You should be more careful in the future,’ she told the student. □ k boast Report the statements in Exercise 2. 0 S h e .threatened 4+........... Mr Walker. Billy said he ........... do together for the English exam was Shakespeare's R o m e o a n d J u l i e t . He said we (10)........... to read the first two scenes before the (11)........... week's lesson. He smiled again and said he <12)........... sure we would get on very well. Then he asked if we had any questions. 133 R e p o r t e d speech ( 2 ) Reported questions • In reported questions, the word order is the same as in statements: ‘Can I leave the room?’ I asked. —►I asked if I could leave the room. She asked me where I wasfrom. / She asked me where was I from. X « We do not use the auxiliary do/does/did in reported questions: ‘What do you want?’ he asked me. —>He asked what I wanted. ° We do not use a question mark in reported questions: ‘How is Johnny getting on at school?’ she asked. —►She asked how Johnny was getting on at school. • Some reporting verbs we often use in reported questions are: ask, inquire, wonder, want to know. She wanted to know where I was going. » In reported questions, the tense changes and the changes to place/time references are the same as those for reported statements: ‘Are you OK?’ —yShe asked if I was OK. ‘Is Jamie here?’ —►He asked if Jamie was there. Yes/No questions ° When we report questions that can be answered with ‘yes’ or ‘no’ (e.g. Are you happy here? Do you live in aflat?), we use if or whether after the reporting verb: ‘Are you happy here?’ he asked, —yHe asked if/whether I was happy there. ‘Does he live in a big flat?’ she asked. —>She asked if/whether he lived in a big flat. ° We can use if and whether in the same way: ‘Are the summers very hot there?’ he inquired, —yHe asked if/whether the summers were very hot there. ‘Have you always lived in the old town?’ she asked him. —►She asked him if/whether he had always lived in the old town. » However, when we are asking someone to make a choice, we usually use whether: ‘Do you want coffee or tea?’ they asked me. —yThey asked me whether I wanted coffee or tea. ° We use whether (not if) when the reported question includes the phrase or not: ‘Are you going to tell me the answer or not?’ she asked. —►She asked whether I was going to tell her the answer or not. ‘Is he coming or not?’ I asked. —>I asked whether he was coming or not. Wh- questions ° When we report questions that begin with a question word {who, where, why, what, when, how, how long, etc.), we use the question word in the reported question: ‘Who built that castle?’ she asked, —yShe wanted to know who had built the castle. ‘Where did you go this summer?’ he asked. —>He asked where we had gone that summer. ‘Why are you laughing?’ she asked us. -> She asked us why we were laughing. 134 REPORTED SPEECH (2) Choose the correct answer. 0 The interviewer wanted to know where I was)/was I from. 1 He also asked if I had /did I have any work experience. 2 He asked how old am 111 was. 3 He wanted to know what have 111 had been doing since I left school. 4 He asked when /whether I had had a nice trip down from Liverpool. 5 He also asked how long the journey had taken /did the journey take. 6 He asked me what I liked /did I like most about my job. 7 He wanted to know who had told /had they told me about their company. 8 He asked me what I thought /did I think the qualities of a good manager were. 9 He told /inquired how much money I was hoping to earn. 10 Finally, he asked me when can I I I could start work. Report the questions. 0 ‘Can I have some more pocket money?’ The boy asked .w ovsey................. 1 ‘Are you still living in London?’ I asked him ............................................................................................................................. 2 ‘Do you work in the central branch or in the provinces?’ She asked m e.......................................................................................................................... 3 ‘Are you going to give me the money or not?’ She asked him ........................................................................................................................ 4 ‘Has he brought the book back?’ I wanted to know.................................................................................................................. 5 ‘Is it snowing in Manchester?’ He asked.................................................................................................................................. 6 ‘Are you married?’ The man asked m e............................................................................................................... 7 ‘Have you been eating properly?’ The doctor asked him ......................................................................................................... 8 ‘Would you like to join us tomorrow?’ They asked m e....................................................................................................................... 9 ‘Do you speak French?’ She asked the girl.................................................................................................................. 10 ‘Have you finished?’ The teacher asked him ........................................................................................................ REPORTED SPEECH (2) @ Report the questions. 0 ‘Where were you born?’ I asked Emmy. X. .Asked. .where, sh e .had .beer botrvv 1 ‘How far is the stadium?’ the man asked us. 2 ‘Who bought the Picasso painting?’ she asked. 3 ‘What were they doing?’ Mrs Fox asked. 4 ‘How long have you lived here?’ Jo asked Ben. 5 ‘How often do you visit your cousins?’ I asked Pam. 6 ‘Why are you laughing?’ she asked me. 7 ‘How long have you been waiting?’ I asked them. 8 ‘What did she say?’ Harry asked. 9 ‘What should I do?’ she asked her friend. 10 ‘Where are you going to stay?’ I asked them. Q Complete the text. Use one word in each gap. A difficult day at school Mrs Evans, our history teacher, decided to give us an oral test about the American War of Independence yesterday. I hadn’t done my homework because I had had a stomachache the night before and I (0) W ardered if I would be able to answer any of her questions. First, she asked when the war (1)..................... started - I had no idea. Then she (2).....................to know if we knew the name of the English king at the time. Then she (3)..................... who the author of the Declaration of Independence (4). .....................She asked me if I 4(5).......................the answer. By then, I wasn’t feeling very well again, so I asked Mrs Evans if I (6)..................... be excused. She didn’t hear me though and continued with the next question, so I got up and walked towards the door; Mrs Evans asked me (7)..................... I was going. I asked her (8)....................... I could leave the room and she said I had to wait till the test was over. I explained I wasn’t feeling well and asked how long the test was (9)..................... to take. Luckily, it only took five more minutes! I was so glad when the lesson ended! 136 0-Ing tem s and iDufOonO^nwes ater werbs Verbs can be followed by an infinitive (with or without to), an -ing form, a noun or a that clause: I want to tell you something. I must go now. They started laughing. I fancy an ice cream. She admitted that she had been wrong. Verb + -ing form ° Here are some verbs that are followed by an -ing form: avoid feel like miss be worth finish postpone delay involve practise dislike keep propose enjoy mention risk fancy mind I avoid going to noisy bars. The castle is worth visiting. o We always use the -ing form after verbs that are followed by prepositions (e.g. insist on, succeed in, apologise for): She insisted on coming with me to the lawyer. He succeeded in breaking the world record. He apologised for letting me down, o Phrasal verbs (e.g. keep on, put off, look forward to) are also followed by an -ing form: They were lookingforward to meeting him. ° Some verb phrases that are followed by prepositions are also followed by an -ing form. Here are some examples: be good at, be keen on, be fed up with, be tired of. She’s good at getting people to do things. H e’s very keen on travelling. • The verbs above can also be followed by a noun: I avoid noisy bars. They were looking forward to their holiday. ° Remember: we always use the -ing form of a verb after prepositions. Verb + -ing fo rm /th a t clause ° Here are some verbs that are followed by an -ing form or a that clause: admit . deny ~ report consider imagine f suggest He admitted lying to the police. He admitted that he had stolen the goods. • These verbs can also be followed by a noun: He admitted his crimes. « We cannot use an infinitive after these verbs: He denied doing it. / He denied to do it. X ° When these verbs are followed by a that clause, we can omit that: He admitted he had stolen the goods. Verb + to-infinitive ° Here are some verbs that are followed by a to-infinitive: agree hope promise appear intend refuse can afford learn seem choose manage threaten decide offer want expect plan wish fail prepare hesitate pretend I agreed to stay with her. The animal appears to be dead. We can’t afford to go on holiday this year. ° Some of these verbs can also be followed by a noun, an adjective or a that clause: She failed the exam. H e seems frightened. I agree that it is difficult. -ING FORMS AND INFINITIVES AFTER VERBS Verb + bare infinitive » The verbs make, let, would rather, would sooner and had better are followed by a bare infinitive (= infinitive without to): They let us leave early. They made us waitfor two hours. I’d rather go to Italy this year. I’d sooner die than give the secret away! ° In the passive, we use a fo-infinitive after make: We were made to waitfor two hours. ° We do not use let in the passive. We use allow instead: We were allowed to leave early. ° We also use a bare infinitive (= infinitive without to) after modal verbs: I can’t help you. We might be a bit late. Verb + -ing form/fo-infinitive with no change in meaning ° Some verbs can be followed by an -ing form or a fo-infinitive without a change in meaning. Here are some of these verbs: begin continue love can’t bear hate prefer can’t stand like start I began training as soon as I heard about the hockey match. I began to train as soon as I heard about the hockey match. ° These verbs can also be followed by a noun: I began French when I was twelve. I don’t like pop music very much. ° Can’t bear and can’t stand both mean ‘not be able to accept or not like something’. Can’t bear is common in both written and spoken English. C ant stand is more common in spoken English. Both can’t bear and can’t stand can be followed by an -ing form, a fo-infinitive or a noun: I can’t bear/can’t stand listening to this music! I can’t bear/can’t stand to hear them arguing! I can’t bear/can’t stand TV commercials! Verb + -ing form/to-infinitive with change in meaning Some verbs can be followed by an -ing form or a fo-infinitive but with a change in meaning. Here are some of them: Verb Meaning Example remember + fo-infinitive not forget sth you must do I remembered to turn off the oven. remember + -ing form have a memory of sth you did in the past I remember turning off the oven. forget + fo-infinitive not remember sth you must do, get or bring Iforgot tophone Kevin. forget + -ing form not remember sth you did in the past I’ll neverforget visiting Venice for thefirst time. try + fo-infinitive make an effort They tried to help her. try + -ing form do sth to see what happens Try closing the file and then opening it again. stop + fo-infinitive stop in order to do sth I stopped to tie up my shoelace. stop + -ing form no longer do sth He stopped wearing ties years ago. go on + fo-infinitive do sth after you’ve finished doing sth else He told us about his childhood. Then he went on to describe his experiences in the army. go on + -ing form continue doing sth She went on talking for hours! regret + fo-infinitive feel sorry or sad about sth you have to do We regret to inform you that we cannot offer you the post. regret + -ing form feel sorry about something you have or haven’t done She regretted accepting the job. mean + fo-infinitive intend I didn’t mean to hurt you. mean + -ing form involve sth or have a particular result His newjob will mean travelling a lot. 138 -INC FORMS AND INFINITIVES AFTER VERBS ^ Choose the correct answer. 0 He denied to lie /(lying) 1 I learnt to drive / driving when I was twenty. 2 They suggested to postpone /postponing the basketball match. 3 The bad weather delayed that they arrived / their arrival. 4 I can’t bear see / to see children suffer. 5 We really can’t afford to buy / buying a new washing machine. 6 I look forward to see / seeing you at the party. 7 I’d rather stay / to stay at home if that’s ok. 8 I don’t remember to see /seeing A1 at the gym. 9 His mum always makes him tidy / to tidy his room before he goes out. 10 I’m really sorry, I didn’t mean to upset / upsetting you. Q Complete the article. Use the correct form of the verbs in brackets. Pablo Picasso From the age of seven, Picasso started (0) .™>.V'W9. (have) artistic training from his painter father. He was very keen on (1) ...........(paint) and it was obvious that he was very good at it. He began (2)............... (miss) classes at school and insisted on (3)...............(paint) pictures instead. His father saw the thirteen-year-old Picasso painting like a master, so he gave up (4)...............(paint) in order to help his son become a great artist. Picasso’s father then persuaded the art academy (5)...............(allow) his son to take the entrance exam. Later, he decided (6).............. (send) the young artist to Madrid’s Royal Academy. Thus, at the age of sixteen, Picasso started (7).............. (go) to classes in Madrid. However, he disliked formal instruction, so he soon stopped (8)............... (turn up) for classes and spent hours in the Prado Museum instead. Q Complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Use between two and five words. Do not change the word given. 0 We were forced to give them the money. „ MADE They .w s.give. the money. 1 Unfortunately, we cannot accept your application. ^ INFORM We regret......................your application has not been accepted. 2 I’d prefer to work in an office. RATHER I ......................in an office. 3 We were not allowed to enter the lab. LET They......................the lab. 4 I said it would be a good idea to start our own website. SUGGESTED I ......................our own website. 5 She managed to get a place at York University. SUCCEEDED She......................a place at York University. 6 It looks as if this door is locked after all. APPEARS This door......................after all. 7 We can’t wait for our holiday next month. FORWARD We’re really......................on holiday next month. 8 Tony refused to let me pay for our meal. INSISTED Tony......................for our meal himself. Vocabulary s@y, tell, talk, speak, etc. sa y ° We can use say as a reporting verb in direct speech, before or after the speaker’s actual words: Tom said, ‘This is great!’ ‘I’m so tired, ’ she said. •We use say (that) in reported speech: She said (that) she might he late. • Certain objects can ‘say’ things: The clock says it’s five past ten. The email says we’ve won first prize! The newspaper says there’s been a hijacking. The label says it was produced in Argentina. • Say cannot have a person as a direct object. We must use to, followed by the person: She said goodbye to her parents. • Here are some common phrases and expressions with say. T Phrase Example J say your prayers >w.ccp,[i{/) a CN? The children said their prayers and got into bed. say yes/no He asked her to marry him and she saidyes. say hello/goodbye I’lljust go and say hello to Amanda. say a few words I’d like to say afew words. have sth to say Ifyou have something to say, say it now. People say ... People say he used to be a spy. Let’sjust say (that) ... Let’sjust say he doesn’t always tell the truth. (Let’s) say ... (that) (= suppose) Say they offered you the job - would you take it? tell ° Tell is followed by a direct object: He told us the answer. •We can use tell as a reporting verb in direct speech: ‘Come here, ’ she told me. She smiled and then told me, ‘O f course I’ll help you. ’ ° We use tell sb (that) in reported speech: She told them (that) she might be late. tell sb about sth Compare tell sb about sth and say sth (to sb): She told us about her trip to North America. (= talked about) I ’d like to say something about my trip to North America. (= talk about) She told the neighbours about the burglary. (= reported) I’m going to say something to the neighbours about the noise. (= complain) tell sb to do sth We use tell (not say) with a fo-infinitive to report commands: The policeman told me to go with him. / The policeman said me to go with him. X ‘Close the door, ’ he said. —►He told me to close the door. tell sb what/how/where/etc. Tell sb what/how/where/etc. can be followed: » by a clause: Tell me what you need. I can’t tell you where he is. I’ll tell you how I managed to convince him. » by a to-infinitive: Tell me what to do. I told them where to go. I ’ll tell you when to stop. 140 SAY, TELL, TALK, SPEAK, ETC. Common phrases and expressions with tell Phrase Example tell a lie/lies I’ve never told a lie in my whole life. tell the truth He never tells the truth. tell a story/ a joke Ifyou’re quiet, I’ll tellyou a story. tell yourself that I keep telling myselfthat there was nothing else I could have done. tell sb/sth apart It’s impossible to tell the twins apart. tell a mile off (that) You could tell a mile offthat she was lying. tell tales I didn’t do it —somebody’s been telling tales. Be careful: we use give (not tell) with the following nouns: give advice give information give orders give directions give an opinion give the details (ofsth) Could you give me some advice on how to prepare for the exam? talk about and speak about • Talk about means the same as discuss: Let’s talk about the problem. (= Let’s discuss the problem.) •We use speak about in more formal contexts: The lecturer is going to speak about the modern novel. (= give a talk on) ° We often use talk about to mean ‘describe’ or ‘tell stories about’: She often talked about her days as a student. persuade and convince •Persuade means ‘make someone decide to do something, especially by giving them reasons why they should do it, or asking them many times to do it’. I’ll persuade her to buy me a pony. •Persuade is followed by a fo-infinitive: He finally persuaded her to go out with him. • Convince can be used in the same way as persuade: We’ve been trying to convince Heather to come. ° It can also mean ‘make someone feel certain that something is true’. When used in this way, convince may be followed by a noun or pronoun, by a that clause, or by o f + noun: Her evidence convinced the court. Her arguments convinced me. I convinced them that the story was true. We finally convinced them of our innocence. deny, refuse, re je ct and turn down Form Meaning Example deny + noun say that sth is not true He denied the claims. deny + that clause She denied that she had stolen the money. deny + -ing She denied stealing the car. refuse + noun not accept sth They refused our help. refuse + fo-infinitive sayyou will not do sth He refused to apologise. reject + noun refuse to accept, believe in or agree with sth They rejected her ideas. turn down refuse an offer, request or invitation I turned down their offer. ° Deny means ‘say that something is not true’. He was accused o f stealing a car but he denied it. He denied taking the money. ° Refuse means ‘say you will not do something that someone asks you to do’. She refused to help us. • Reject means ‘refuse to accept, believe in or agree with something’. It can only be followed by a noun (or pronoun). I made a suggestion but they rejected it. ®Turn down is a phrasal verb. We can use it instead of refuse or reject. She turned down her brother’s offer o f help. 141 [•J y SAY, TELL, TALK, SPEAK, ETC. Q Complete the conversations. Use the correct form of the verbs in the box. You can use some of the verbs more than once. convince deny give persuade say talk tell turn down 0 A: People .. S ty... that he’s been all round the world. B: Yes, he often about his travels. 1 A: I think he has ju st............................ us another one of his stories. B: I know! Does he ever............................ the truth? 2 A: Rose is brilliant a t............................ jokes. B: I hope we can.............................her to tell us some tonight. 3 A: Why don’t you ask Dr Roberts to .............................you a second opinion? B: Yes, I ought to .............................to someone else about this. 4 A: Doctor, they.............................it’s urgent! B: Very well,.............................them I’m on my way. 5 A: They.............................the Prime Minister will be talking about the new law in Parliament today. B: I wonder what he’s going to ............................ this time! 6 A: Y ou.............................me you were my friend! B: What are you.............................about? 7 A: I ............................ a lie when I said I believed him. B: Really? I believe what h e ............................... 8 A: Y ou.............................him some good advice about his interview. B: But he didn’t get the job. I wonder why he was............................. 9 A: I accused him of stealing and he didn’t ............................ it. B: I think you should............................ your boss! 10 A: I couldn’t ............................her to come with us. B: Did you.............................her that Ken is coming, too? © Choose the correct answer. A BIG STEP TOWARDS A BETTER WORLD? Key states say they have reached an agreement at the Canberra Summit on Climate Change. The President of the USA {0)(saidy told the agreement would be a foundation for global action. ‘Let’s just msay /tell we have taken a big step towards a better world,’ he told reporters. However, the deal was m rejected / denied by a number of dissatisfied nations who had earlier 0)turned down Idenied a proposal by the USA to adopt a ‘carbon swap’ policy. Likewise the representative from Venezuela w refused Idenied rumours that an agreement had been reached at the last minute, while the Chinese representative (S)told /told to reporters that there were still a lot of issues to mspeak /talk about. She admitted there were disagreements between large and small nations but they would try and (7)refuse /persuade all countries (81to sign / o f signing the agreement. ‘We haven’t (9)turned down /convinced everybody that we’ve got the best deal yet but we refuse <10)to accept /accepting defeat.’ The European Union Commission President said: ‘I cannot deny in)that there are /o f a few issues with the agreement but we will not (12)tell /give any further details at this time.’ ‘I do not want to tell /give an opinion yet - the talks are not over,’ m said /told the French representative. 142 -ed adjectives •Adjectives ending in -ed usually tell us how a person feels. They are the past participle forms of regular verbs, used as adjectives: The worried parents waited anxiously for news. I was exhausted, so I went straight to bed. •We can also use the past participles of irregular verbs as adjectives. These do not end in -ed: She died o f a broken heart. -ing adjectives •Adjectives ending in -ing usually describe the effect something or someone has on us. They are the -ing forms of verbs, used as adjectives: It was a disappointingfilm. This gam e’s so boring. The journey was really exciting. My job is exhausting. • Here are some common -edl-ing adjectives. You can check their meaning in a dictionary: amused/amusing annoyed/annoying bored/boring confused/confusing disappointed/disappointing disgusted/disgusting embarrassed/embarrassing encouraged/encouraging excited/exciting fascinated/fascinating frightened/frightening interested/interesting irritated/irritating satisfied/satisfying surprised/surprising terrified/terrifying tired/tiring • There are many -ed/-ing adjectives which are not connected with feelings. Here are some examples: a falling leaf a burning building a locked door a computerised database Q Complete the article. Use -ed or -ing adjectives formed from thp verbs in brackets. This year's Oscars ceremony was not, in my view, one of the m ost(0).. exci+iyig.. (excite) ever. Presenter Jeremy Hayman is a first-rate entertainer, who knows how to tell (1).............(amuse) jokes but doesn't know when to stop. He is the kind of comedian who can make introducing someone (2).............(interest) but I began to g e t(3).............(annoy) with the less than (4).............(flatter) remarks about famous stars present in the audience. However, there were more <5)............. (bore) moments, particularly when the speeches of thanks went on for too long. Not many people are (6).............(interest) in hearing stars making long speeches thanking their mum! Best Actress Jane Taylor must have felt really (7).............(embarrass) when she forgot her director's name. Best Actor Howard Harris, however, made a (8) ..........(move) speech about his recent struggle with illness. The audience were (9) ..........(surprise) by his frankness and he kept his speech short, so we didn't have time to g e t(10).............(bore). But really, the m ost(11).............(annoy) moment of the whole evening was the long introduction to the ten best films. I got very (12).............(irritate) when they got to the fifth film after ten minutes and were still only half way. 143 ■ ED AND -ING ADJECTIVES ^ Complete the sentences. Use -ed or -ing adjectives formed from the verbs in the box. annoy bore confuse depress disgust embarrass frighten interest irritate relax surprise 0 I was getting more and more ... )YTlf.Qf$d... at her questions - she just wouldn’t stop asking about my private life! 1 He’s had a lot of bad news recently and is feeling a b it............................ - let’s go and cheer him up. 2 Would you b e .............................in coming to the theatre this evening? 3 Can’t you fix that dripping tap? It’s getting on my nerves - it’s really i 4 I didn’t expect to see Peter at the party - I was really.............................to see him there. 5 I don’t find horror film s............................ ; in fact, I find them quite funny. 6 I find i t .............................to lie on the sofa and listen to music after a hard day’s work. 7 Leo was getting really.............................with doing the same thing every day. 8 The instructions were very complicated and the students were......................... 9 And then I dropped the cake and everybody started laughing. It was really ...! 10 No, of course I won’t eat that! It looks............................! 0 Answer the questions using -ed or -ing adjectives. Use your own ideas. 0 If you failed your next exam, how would you feel? I ’d he.y eflll.y. .dj-SA ppoiin+ed........................................................................................................... 1 How would you feel if you climbed Mount Everest? 2 What do you think about the destruction of the rain forests? 3 What do you think of people who drop litter? 4 What do your parents think of your friends? 5 If you were flying to New York tomorrow, how would you feel? 6 Whenever you see a beggar, how do you feel? 7 What do you think of sport on television? 8 When a bus or train is late, how do you feel? 9 How would you feel if you were caught cheating in an exam? 10 How would you feel if a friend organised a surprise party on your birthday? 144 -ED AND -ING ADJECTIVES Q Complete the sentences using -ed or -ing adjectives. Use your own ideas. 0 I find science fiction stories .y& cy. itA+eirei+itog,.. 1 I’d feel..........................................if I failed my English test. 2 I’d feel really..........................................if I met my favourite singer. 3 The thought of travelling to the moon is ............................................ 4 I’d b e ..........................................if my best friend forgot my birthday. 5 I wouldn’t b e ..........................................if the economy collapsed. 6 I find lying on the beach on a hot summer day............................................ 7 I agree that television is ............................................ 8 Football couldn’t be m ore............................................ ^ Complete the crossword. Use -ed or -ing adjectives formed from the verbs in the box. age interest amuse reward arm surprise captivate terrify freeze touch heat humiliate trust □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ Across 2 I hear you want to buy a car. Would you be in a second-hand Honda? 5 What began as a friendly discussion, soon became a ..............argument. 6 I wasn’t at all..............by his jokes. I found them rather insulting. 8 I was really..............to see Eric there - I thought he was in China! 9 It’s ..............in here! Will you turn the heater on, please? 10 A re..............aircraft, say those older than ten years, safe to fly in? 11 Nursing can be a very..............career, can’t it? 12 I thought someone had broken into our house - I was absolutely..............! Down 1 The countess won over the nation with her smile. 3 You shouldn’t have believed him - you’re far to o ................ 4 My family were deeply..............by your offer of help and sympathy. 7 I felt utterly.............when you criticised me "in front of all my friends last night. 10 The army, navy and air force are known as th e..............forces. 145 Exam practice 4 Part 1 For questions 1-12, read the text below and decide which answer (A, B, C or D) best fits each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). SH AKESPEARE Everyone was looking forward (0>............ The Taming of the Shrew at the theatre. The reviews had been very good - it had been described (1>............ the critics as one of the most<2).............. shows in town. One critic said it was one of the most engaging productions of Shakespeare he (3>............ in years. The Taming of the Shrew is one of Shakespeare's earliest plays, which he <4>............ written at the beginning of his career, and which most agree is not a masterpiece. Most people in Britain remember(5)............ a Shakespeare play at school and for the majority it was a boring experience. Many years later, most will struggle to tell you (6)............ the texts or the teachers were to blame, but a lack of understanding played a large part. Some teachers didn't encourage their students to <7)............ about the meaning of the plays or allow them to (8)............ their own opinion or interpretation of the play, and so many students simply weren't interested. However, some students are (9)............ enough in literature to spend the extra time studying the peculiar Elizabethan language, and these are the ones that succeeded <10)............ why Shakespeare is so special. These are the students who insisted (11)............ the meaning of all the unknown words as if it was a foreign language and go (12)............ to appreciate Shakespeare throughout their adult lives. 0 A see B seeing C to see D( to seeing^) 1 A of B as C by D from 2 A annoying B entertaining c disgusting D exhausting 3 A saw B was seeing c has seen D had seen 4 A was B had c has been D had been 5 A study B to study c studying D of studying 6 A why B whether c about D that 7 A talk B speak c say D discuss 8 A talk B tell c say D give 9 A fond B excited c keen D interested 10 A to understand B of understanding c in understanding D for understanding 11 A to translate B on translating c in translating D at translating 12 A up B back c forward D on /12 EXAM PRACTICE A For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). Part 2 SHOPLIFTER The young man was wearing a large bulky jacket. He had filled up his basket, paid for his shopping and was about to leave the shop when a woman approached him and t0)...........fold........ .. him (13)................................ wait one minute. 'What's _up?' asked the young man. The shop detective asked him (14)................................ he intended to pay for the ham. 'What ham?' replied the young man, seemingly surprised. 'The one you managed <15)................................ hide inside your jacket when you thought I wasn't looking,' (16)................................the detective. 'I don't know what you're talking (17)................................. I' said the shopper. 'I suggest(18)................................cooperate,' said the detective. 'I'd rather <19)................................ call the police.' The young man couldn't deny <20)................................ a packet of ham and stuffing it inside his jacket. The store detective told (21)................................ to follow her into the office. She closed the door and <22)................................ the thief why he had not paid for the ham. On the verge of tears, the young man explained that he t23)................................ been unemployed for a year and begged the detective to <24)................................ him go. 'And if I allow you to go, do you promise not to do it again?' asked the detective. The young man, now visibly upset, nodded. /12 147 I XAM PRACTICE 4 For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning ( 0). Part 3 MRS COOPER I'll never forget my primary school teacher, Mrs Cooper. She was one of the most teachers I've ever had. But what made dear old Mrs Cooper such an (25) .... and memorable teacher? Well, first of all, she had a class of thirty nine-year-olds and she was always very (26) .... . Her lessons weren't necessarily exciting but we were never (27)............ either. She was very active and worked very hard to keep us all <28)............ in whatever it was she was trying to teach us; she ran around and jumped up and down - she must have been <29)............ by the end of the day. She was also a great storyteller - she would put on her round (30)............ glasses, open her big book and begin another(31)............ story. As for me, it's because of her that I became a professional athlete. I remember being <32)............ of water and her running along the edge of the (33)............ pool as I learnt to swim my first 100 metres, shouting, 'You can do it! You can do it!' What an (34)............ teacher! MOTIVATE INSPIRE ENCOURAGE BORE INTEREST EXHAUST READ FASCINATE TERRIFY SWIM AMAZE /JO 148 EXAM PRACTICE 4 For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example: »» 0 You ought to ask someone to paint the fence soon. HAVE You ought to .......have,/H\e/fejnce .fpAi.wted........soon. > !? 35 We refer to people who are good with computers as 'techies'. KNOWN People who are good with computers................................................................'techies'. 36 Harold Edwards directed this film. BY This film................................................................Harold Edwards. 37 Nobody can deny that her voice is beautiful. BE It................................................................her voice is beautiful. 38 A mechanic repaired her car for 200 euros. BY She................................................................a mechanic for 200 euros. 39 My car really needs to be serviced pretty soon. GET I really need..............................................................pretty soon. 40 We won't be allowed to bring coffee into the lab. LET They................................................................coffee into the lab. 41 People say that Rome is the most beautiful city in Europe. SUPPOSED Rome................................................................the most beautiful city in Europe. 42 They're going to pull down that old building soon. PULLED That old building.................................................... ■..........down soon. /16 Part 4 TOTAL SCORE 149 Vocabulary Entry test ^ Choose the correct answer. 1 Some think that cats are as/more intelligent than humans. 2 This is the lovelier / loveliest dress I've ever seen! 3 It was the worse / worst film I've seen all year. 4 Email is a much / lot more efficient than sending a fax. 5 Don't you think the last hotel was slightly less/more least modern than this one? Now look at ^ on pages 152-154. Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 6 She was grateful... ........ the help we had given her. A of B with C to D for 7 The bath is full... ..... water! A with B of C up D from 8 I will not be responsible ... . what happens. A of B at C for D by 9 I didn't know he was married ............ Barbara. A with B to C of D in 10 They're very proud............ their daughter's success. A for Bon C of Now look at ^ on pages 155-156. 1 /5 /5 D with Choose the correct answer. 11 Keith bought Emma a pair of black leather/leather black gloves. 12 A Japanese new / new Japanese car factory will be opened in the north. 13 She was wearing a red lovely / lovely red dress. 14 He's just bought a posh German sports / German posh sports car. 15 They live in an old beautiful / a beautiful old house.. Now look at ^ on page 157. Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 16 As chairperson, she's the............ person on the committee. A strongest B most strong C biggest D most powerful 17 Are you........ ... enough to lift that box? A large B strong C great D big 18 The boys are getting............ - they need new clothes. A greater B higher C taller D stronger 19 She's so ........ ... that she finds it hard to say no. A thin B fragile C weak D slender 20 I think it's perfectly............ to want to be with friends on holiday. A strange B foreign C odd D natural Now look at (J ) on pages 158-163. Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 21 She's so ........... .-minded! She's aIways forgetting her keys. A loose B absent C distant D weak 22 She wears glasses because she's ............ -sighted. A little B low C short D close 23 He's very........ ...-going and gets on with everyone. A happy B open C friendly D easy 24 She was such a(n)............ -hearted person - always willing to help! A kind B open C friendly D nice 25 Mr Simms is a ............-known local artist. A highly B well C generally D very Now look at ^ on pages 164-165. /5 /5 IS /25TOTAL SCORE Grammar Comparative and staperlatSw® adjectives Use •We use comparative adjectives to compare one person, thing, place, etc. with another person, thing, place, etc. ° We use superlative adjectives to compare one person, thing, place, etc. with a whole group of people, things, places, etc. Form «To form the comparative, we add -er to the adjective. We often use the word than after the adjective: Bill is taller (than John). ° To form the superlative, we add the before the adjective and -est to the adjective. We often use phrases beginning with o f or in after superlative adjectives: Jane is the youngest o f the three sisters. Bill is the tallest boy in the class. • In some cases, we can omit the before superlative adjectives: Her biggest fear is being left alone. One-syllable adjectives For most one-syllable adjectives, we add -er to form the comparative and -est to form the superlative: Adjective Comparative Superlative cheap cheaper the cheapest fast faster the fastest young younger the youngest Two-syllable adjectives « Some two-syllable adjectives form the comparative and superlative with -er and -est. Adjective Comparative Superlative busy busier the busiest narrow narrower the narrowest • Other two-syllable adjectives do not take -er or -est. We use more/the most before the adjective instead: Adjective Comparative Superlative careless more careless the most careless handsome more handsome the most handsome » With some two-syllable adjectives, both -erl-est and more/the most are possible: Adjective Comparative Superlative friendly friendlier/more the friendliest/the friendly mostfriendly simple simpler/more the simplest/the simple most simple Adjectives ending in -e For adjectives ending in -e, we add -r to form the comparative and -st to form the superlative. Adjective Comparative Superlative close closer the closest safe safer the safest Adjectives ending in one vowel + one consonant ° For adjectives that end in one vowel + one consonant, we double the consonant before adding -er or -est: Adjective Comparative Superlative big bigger the biggest fat fatter thefattest « Be careful: if there are two vowels before the consonant, we do not double the consonant: Adjective Comparative Superlative cheap cheaper the cheapest great greater the greatest 152 COM PARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES Adjectives ending in -y For adjectives that end in -y, we change the -y to -i before adding -er/-est: Adjective Comparative Superlative angry angrier the angriest busy busier the busiest Longer adjectives To form the comparative and superlative of adjectives with three or more syllables, we use more/the most: Adjective Comparative Superlative expensive more expensive the most expensive intelligent more intelligent the most intelligent Adjectives ending in -ed, -ing, -ful and -less Adjectives that end in -ed, -ing, -ful and -less do not take -er or -est. We use more/the most instead: Adjective Comparative Superlative boring more boring the most boring careless more careless the most careless forgetful more forgetful the mostforgetful worried more worried the most worried Irregular adjectives These adjectives are irregular: Adjective Comparative Superlative bad worse the worst far farther/further thefarthest/ furthest good better the best old older/elder the oldest/eldest older/elder, oldest/eldest • Old has two comparative and superlative forms: older/oldest and elder/eldest. We use elder/eldest for family members: David’s elder son is studying law at Harvard. « We cannot use than with elder. He is elder than me. X He is older than me. S Determiners •Note the comparative and superlative forms of the determiners below: Determiner Comparative Superlative many more the most much more the most little less the least ‘How much did you spend?’ ‘More than you did!’ We know little about his parents and less about his younger brother. less (than), the least We can use less + adjective (+ than) and the least + adjective (+ of/in/etc.) to make negative comparisons: This film was less successful (than original). It was the least successful o f all his films. far/much/a lot + comparative We use far, much or a lot before a comparative adjective for emphasis. There is little difference in meaning, although far is often stronger: Bill is far/much/a lot richer than Tom. farther/further, farthest/furthest • Far has two comparative and superlative forms: farther/farthest and further/furthest. We use them to talk about distances: Chris swam to the farther end o f the lake. Jennie sat at the further end o f the room. « Further can also mean ‘more’ or ‘extra’. We cannot use farther in the same way: For further information, please write to the above address. (= more information) the + comparative, the + comparative The structure the + comparative, the + comparative can be used to show that things change or vary together: The older I get, the more forgetful I become. For more comparative structures, see ^ 153 COM PARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES Q Complete the sentences. Use the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in the box. Add any other words necessary. bad careful comfortable difficult far friendly good happy hot intelligent lucky old (x2) simple suitable 0 This exercise is too easy. Can we try a (n ).. XCWT&..fL'lf&SWl’t'... one? 1 She comes top in all the exams - she must b e .............. girl in the class. 2 The temperature in July reaches forty-four degrees; it’s .............. month of the year. 3 You made too many mistakes, which is why you failed. You should b e ...............in the future. 4 This pen’s not very good - I’d like a (n ).............. one, please. 5 My wedding day was.............. day of my life. 6 Lying down in bed is ..............sitting on a hard chair. 7 Our youngest son doesn’t want to be a teacher, unlike h is.............. brother. 8 Now, before we continue, are there any.............. questions? 9 I have a (n ).............. headache today than I did yesterday. 10 The rules of this game are too complicated - can we play something.............. ? 11 She’s .............. person I know. She’s always winning prizes in lotteries! 12 Don’t worry, my dog won’t bite you. He’s much...............you think - he loves people! 13 I wouldn’t wear jeans if I were you - a suit would b e .............. for the occasion. 14 That castle is .............. building in our town; it’s more than 500 years old. Q Complete the text. Use the comparative or superlative form of the adjectives in brackets. Add any other words necessary. Canada v. the USA Monday, 17 October I've just got back from a tour of the USA and Canada. I used to think they were very similar countries but I now realise they are very different. I think Canadians are (0).m...............(bad) crime rate than Canada. I had a (13).............. (pleasant) time in Canada. The people genuinely seemed to be (14>.............. (happy) and (1S)................(relaxed). All in all, I think Canada is one o f(16).............. (beautiful) countries in the world to visit and probably one of (17).............. (good) to live in, too. C \ The best things in life are free. \_____ J 154 o Adjeetiwes foboMebl ptraposOtooDHs• The following are some common adjective + preposition combinations: r Adjectives + Preposition angry, annoyed, anxious, certain, confident, excited, happy, nervous, pleased, right, sorry, upset about amazed, angry, annoyed, bad, excellent, good, hopeless, lucky, skilful, skilled, surprised, useless I’m surprisedfor his behaviour. X I’m surprised at his behaviour. S at amazed, amused, bored, impressed, shocked, surprised by famous, late, ready, responsible, sorry, suitable for absent, different, safe from disappointed, interested, involved I’m interestedfor-buying a new computer. X I’m interested in buying a new computer. / in keen, reliant on afraid, ashamed, aware, capable, certain, confident, critical, envious, fond, full, guilty, incapable, jealous, kind, nice, proud, scared, short, stupid, sure, suspicious, terrified, tired, typical I’m proudfor my son. X I’m proud of my son. / I’m tiredfrom myjob. X I’m tired of my job. ■/ of accustomed, engaged, friendly, generous, inferior, kind, married, polite, rude, superior, similar to friendly, patronising towards angry, annoyed, bored, busy, careful, content, crowded, delighted, disappointed, familiar, friendly, furious, happy, occupied, pleased, satisfied with ° Some adjectives can be followed by more than one •angry about = angry because of a situation or action angry at/with sb = angry because of sb ■tired from = physically tired as a result of an activity tired o f = bored or irritated by sth ■friendly to/towards = behaving in a friendly way friendly with = friends with sb ■sorry for = feeling pity or sympathy for sorry about = feeling unhappy or ashamed about Are those clothes re cully ^SwitaJbte -for a. \ob interview? - -- ^ST 155 ADJECTIVES FOLLOWED BY PREPOSITIONS L S Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 0 I’m sorry.............. the mess - I’ve just finished making dinner. A about'; B for C with D at 1 Jackie was furious...............Gary for being late again. A of B for C with D on 2 Don’t ask me to play - I’m useless.............. computer games! A in B at C in D on 3 This new washing machine is completely different.............. the other one. A of B with C on D from 4 I’m afraid I’m not very keen.............. cabbage. A towards B in C on D at 5 I’m tired.............. listening to your excuses! A at B with C on D of Q Complete the sentences. Use the adjectives in the box and the correct prepositions. absent amused ashamed crowded different engaged excited good guilty interested involved proud right shocked 0 The jury found him .gwij+y. .p;f murder. 1 Stop hitting that little boy! You should b e .............. yourself! 2 I used to love watching football but I’m just n ot...............it any more. 3 Dave’s been...............school for four days now; is he OK? 4 It’s .............. him to arrive late - he’s hardly ever on time. 5 I’m afraid I’m n o t...............his jokes - I find them in rather poor taste. 6 The kids are really...............their holiday - they can’t wait! 7 He got.............. too many clubs and societies and had no time to study. 8 She used such bad language I was really.............. what I heard! 9 He’s very.............. maths and physics but hopeless at languages. 10 Soon, the young man became internationally.............. his novels. 11 The streets were...............shoppers and you could hardly move. 12 Congratulations on passing the exam! We’re so .............. you! 13 She was...............John for a long time but then she married someone else! 14 You were............ the party; you had said it would be great fun, and it was! 15 Although they’re twins, they’re very..............each other. ‘When a man is tired o f London, he’s tired of life.’ Samuel Johnson famous typical 156 | Order ©f adjectives When there is more than one adjective before a noun, this is the most common order: Opinion Size Other qualities Age Shape Colour Origin Material Purpose/Type nice big cold old round blue French glass- electric • The order of adjectives of size, shape, age and colour may vary, especially when we focus on a particular feature. For example, we can say: a round black table (= normal order) or a black round table (= focus on colour) •We generally use commas between adjectives (especially in longer sequences): There was a big, round, red Persian carpet on the floor. •When there is more than one adjective of the same type in a sentence, we often join them with and. When there are more than two adjectives, we use commas and and before the last adjective: The children were cold and hungry. The house was large and impressive. H-e-was tall, dark, handsome. X He was tall, dark and handsome. / ° We can put a comma or and between two adjectives that describe someone’s character: He was a clever and imaginative young man. He was a clever, imaginative young man. •When there are two colour adjectives before the noun, we have to use and between them. When there are more than two colour adjectives, we have to use and before the last one: They own a red and white car. They were waving a blue, white-, red flag. X They were waving a blue, white and red flag. / Q Put the adjectives in the correct order. If the order is correct, put a tick ( / ) on the line. 0 old English textbooks . } / . ......................................................................... 00 wool thick socks . .ytpo\. socM^S.................................... 1 a wooden big spoon ................................................................................. 2 a small nylon bag ................................................................................. 3 a big delicious birthday cake ................................................................................. 4 a round plastic small button ................................................................................. 5 a(n) large frying old pan ................................................................................. 6 a pair of black leather riding boots ................................................................................ 7 a pink silk beautiful blouse ................................................................................. 8 a round large ball ................................................................................. 9 a(n) big old brick factory ................................................................................. 10 a(n) wooden ugly old desk ................................................................................. r \ ‘Life is nasty, brutish and short. ’ Hobbes V J 157 B Vocabulary Easily confused adjectives Here are some adjectives we frequently confuse: strong or pow erful? Adjective Meaning Example Collocations strong of physical strength: great I’m not strong enough to lift that hag. strong hands, a strong back of things: not easily broken or destroyed You will need a strong metal ladder. a strong branch/pair of scissors of a person: important, effective or determined We need a strong leader. a strong member of the team/ candidate of feelings and opinions: great He has strongfeelings about this issue. strongfeelings/emotions, a strong belief of level or intensity: great The street lights are not strong enough here. a strong influence/connection of a taste or smell: very great or intense I’d love a cup of strong coffee. a strong taste/flavour/smell powerful important and able to control and influence The President is the most powerful man in the US. a powerful person/politician/ organisation/country physically strong Joe was a powerful, well-built, young man. powerful jaws/shoulders of actions: having a great physical effect AH had a powerful punch. a powerful kick/blow/'explosion of actions: having a great effect on feelings or thoughts The lawyer outlined a powerful defence. a powerful speech/argument/film of a machine/weapon: very effective The Jaguar has a very powerful engine. a powerful bomb/computer/ weapon of medicine: having a very strong effect The drug is very powerful. a powerful medicine/remedy of sound or light: very easy to hear or see This musical instrument produces a powerful sound. a powerful light/lamp 158 EASILY CONFUSED ADJECTIVES big, large or great? Adjective Meaning Example Collocations big of more than average size or amount He’s got a big room. a big house/crowd important Deciding on a new house is a big decision. a big day/occasion/star old or older You’re a biggirl now. a big boy/brother/sister successful Rap music was big in the 1980s. big in Hollywood/in business/in the show business/in the city to a large degree He’s a biggambler. a big eater/drinker large big in size, amount or number Los Angeles is the second largest city in the US. a large shirt/family/amount/ number/area/population tall and often fat He was largefor his age. a large person/woman/man great very large in amount or degree His lastfilm was a great success. a great number/shock/deal very large in size A great crowd had gathered outside the theatre. a great wall/mountain/estate very important and influential Einstein was a great scientist. a great painter/statesman/ achievement/woman very serious The result was a great disappointment to me. a great mistake/problem very good or pleasant What a great ideal a greatfilm/time/view extremely good in ability or quality He was one of the greatest artists of all time. a great musician/detective/ composer/athlete little, sm a ll or short? Adjective Meaning Example Collocations little small in size The ring came in a little box. a little house/dog, little bits short in time or distance Shall we walk a little way? a little while young Come and meet my little sister. a little boy/girl/brother small not large in size or amount It’s a small city. a small family/amount/'size/ area/town/car not important It’s only a small problem. a small wound/error/mistake/ change/difference not doing business on a large scale The government shoidd help small businesses. a smallfirm/farmer/ businessman short measuring a small amount in length or distance You look nice with short hair. a short skirt/distance/drive/ journey/walk of a person: not tall She’s much shorter than her sister. a short man/woman/boy/girl happening or continuing for only a little time Our holiday seemed so short. a short time ago/meeting/ course/while/period not having many words or pages I’lljust send him a short email. a short book/novel/letter 159 EASILY CONFUSED ADJECTIVES high or tall? Adjective Meaning Example Collocations high measuring a long distance from bottom to top The highest mountain in Scotland is Ben Nevis. a high wall/fence/tower/heel a long way above the ground, floor, etc. It was a huge room with a high ceiling. a high shelf/branch/window/ cloud of an amount, number, etc.: large or larger than usual Many cities sufferfrom high levels ofpollution. a high salary/price/temperature having an important or powerful position What is the highest rank in the army? high society/honour tall having a greater height than normal Your son’s getting taller. a tall man/building/tower/tree weak, thin, slim or skin n y? Adjective Meaning Example Collocations weak not physically strong The illness had left her feeling tired and weak. a weak man/woman/heart easily influenced She has such a weak personality. a weak character not very good at something He’s weak at physics. a weak team not likely to make people believe that sth is true That’s such a weak excuse! weak point/argument/ending containing a lot of water This tea is rather weak, isn't it? weak coffee/soup/juice thin of things: not thick We need thin nylon rope. a thin slice/layer/jacket, thin cloth of people: not fat He was tall and thin. a thin man/girl, thin legs/arms of liquids: not thick The soup was thin and tasteless. thin paint/milk/sauce easy to see through The early morning landscape was covered with a thin mist. a thin fog, thin smoke/clouds slim very small in amount or number There’s only a slim chance of getting a place at Harvard. slim hopes/prospects attractively thin I wish I were as slim as you. a slim girl/model/figure/ waistline skinny too thin You should eat more - you’re far too skinny! a skinny person/model, skinny arms/legs 1 6 0 EASILY CONFUSED ADJECTIVI la st or la test? Adjective Meaning Example Collocations last the most recent I met him lastApril. last week/hight/year happening or existing at the end I’m reading the last chapter. the last train/flight/bus/dance the only remaining You’re my last hope! the last chance/opportunity latest the most recent She was dressed in the latest fashion. the latest gossip/film/news/ discovery fnatural or p h ysica l? Adjective Meaning Example Collocations natural existing in nature and not made or caused by people Is that the natural colour of your hair? the natural world, a natural disaster/flavour, natural causes that you are born with or is part of your character She shows a natural ability with figures. a natural skill/tendency normal and as you would expect It was naturalfor her to be concerned about her children’s education. a natural reaction/response physical related to sb’s body The accident affected both her physical and mental health. physical strength/energy/exercise, in good physical shape, a physical examination relating to real objects that you can touch, see or feel There was no physical evidence to suggest that he was guilty. the physical world/environment, physical conditions strange or foreign? Adjective Meaning Example Collocations strange unusual or surprising in a way that is difficult to explain We heard a strange noise. strange behaviour/events, in a strange way, for some strange reason not familiar There I was, all alone in a strange city. strange people, a strange country foreign from or relating to a country that is not your own I thought she sounded foreign. a foreign language/student/ company, foreign currency involving or dealing with other countries He’s the Foreign Minister. foreign affairs/policy/trade/news 161 EASILY CONFUSED ADJECTIVES Q Choose the correct answer. 0 For next time, I’d like you to write a small /(short)story. 1 It was eight o’clock and the sun was already high /tall in the sky. 2 He was a slim /skinny, handsome man. 3 The last /latest time I saw Rob was in Manchester. 4 I think it was a perfectly natural /physical reaction. 5 The trousers are made of strong /powerful material so they won’t tear easily. 6 There was a large /great view from our hotel room. 7 How big / great is your house in the country? 8 Some supermodels are far too slim / skinny - they look as if they haven’t eaten for weeks. 9 Have you heard the last / latest news? 10 The boys are getting higher / taller all the time. 11 I wish my legs were thinner / skinnier! 12 Have you met my small / little sister? 13 Does your country import a lot o f foreign / strange goods? 14 I think we should have a short / small meeting and talk about this. 15 I felt a bit strange /foreign when I took the pills for the first time. Q Complete the sentences. Use the words in the box. foreign great greatest high large last latest natural physical thin weak 0 There were some .. K'.^k.. cliffs along the river bank. 1 The road was covered with a .............. layer of ice. 2 Who was th e.............. person to see the man alive? 3 This is th e...............model —it’s much better than the previous one. 4 It’s .............. for a child of his age to miss his mother. 5 I don’t feel very well. My legs feel really................. 6 We had a .............. time at the party on Saturday. 7 The T-shirt comes in three sizes: small, medium and................. 8 Rembrandt was one of th e.............. artists who ever lived. 9 Do you speak any.............. languages? 10 The book discusses the emotional and.............. needs of young children. 162 EASILY CONFUSED ADJECTIVES 0 Underline the one word in each group that cannot be used with the adjective in bold. 0 big: grin crowd level sister business box film star 1 strong: faith tree friendship tool bomb tea muscles 2 foreign: language student currency news affairs policy house 3 tall: child temperature tree giraffe skyscraper bottle chimney 4 high: speed hopes wall ■> rent man heels mountain 5 large: amount collection occasion area family city number 6 thin: layer soup legs person figure excuse walls 7 slim: girl hope waist cloth man chance body 8 last: night time gossip bus chance dance semester 9 latest: fashion film discovery year trend novel news 10 short: man money dress story journey hair holiday 11 physical: strength world exercise energy plants effort conditions 12 small: distance town business mistake food problem cut 13 weak: clothes pulse heart argument character excuse point Complete the crossword . Use words from pages 158-161. □ □ □ □ □ □□□□□□ □ □□□□□□□□ □ □ □□□□□□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□□□ □ □ □□□□ □ □ □□□□□□□ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □□□□□□□ □ □ □ □ Across 6 □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ □ Down □ 7 11 Most onions have a .............. flavour. Take plenty o f..............exercise and eat more fruit and vegetables. Have you heard th e.............. gossip? Sue’s just broken up with Kevin. We can say buildings, people and trees are 1 2 3 4 5 13 15 16 18 19 20 We met on holiday..............year. For Poles, English is a ..............language. Glasgow is th e..............city in Scotland but Edinburgh is the capital. They have only a ..............chance of winning. Is fair hair your..............colour? Emily is still..............after her illness. Ferrari produces cars with very..............engines. This is Sean, m y..............brother. Doris Lessing has written excellent..............stories. Oh, stop crying, Tommy! You’re a ..............boy now! It can be lonely when you’re on your own in a ..............town. It was freezing and I was only wearing a .............. summer jacket. He fell over but only got a ..............bruise on his arm. Name the..............mountain in the world. 14 Days without proper food had left them so ................ 17 Shakespeare wrote such..............plays! 10 12 A chain is no stronger than its weakest link 163 Comp©™^ adjectives Form o A compound adjective consists of two words that function like one word. We often use a hyphen between the two words: red-haired badly-maintained • The second part of a compound adjective is often: ♦ a present participle (the -ing form of a verb): tight-fitting good-looking ♦ a past participle: old-fashioned well-built blue-eyed ♦ a preposition: broken-down well-off ♦ another adjective: brand-new duty-free o Note the following common errors: She was an attractive red headed woman. X She was an attractive red-head. / She was an attractive red-haired woman. / He’s very well looking. X He’s very good-looking. / The furniture was old-fashion- X The furniture was old-fashioned. / I saw a one eyesailor on the boat. X I saw a one-eyed sailor on the boat. / There was a breaking down car on the motorway. X There was a broken-down car on the motorway. / Use We use compound adjectives like all other adjectives. We often use them to describe: ° physical appearance broad-shouldered dark-haired good-looking • personality: good-tempered open-minded » places: built-up run-down wide-open ° everyday objects: worn-out hand-made man-made For compound nouns, see © Q Match 1-14 with a-o to make compound adjectives. 0 dark- s a hand 1 absent- □ b legged 2 easy- □ c selling 3 second- □ d hearted 4 newly- □ e haired 5 well- □ f looking 6 long- □ g dressed 7 hard- □ h eyed 8 best- □ i minded 9 brand- □ j new 10 kind- □ k married 11 air- □ 1 conditioned 12 good- □ m working 13 self- □ n confident 14 green- □ 0 going Q Complete the table. Use the compound adjectives from Exercise 1. Physical appearance Personality Other 164 COMPOUND ADJECTIVES Q Complete the sentences. Use compound adjectives from the table in Exercise 2. 0 Her hair? I’m not sure - I think she was .dfly;k.~li\dj\red.. No, wait - she was blonde. 1 Everyone congratulated th e...............couple. 2 She’s always.............. and has a fine sense of style. She spends a lot of money on her clothes. 3.. No, I don’t think he’s ugly! In fact, I find him quite................. 4 I’ll have to buy a ...............computer; I can’t afford a new one. 5 The Last Sign is the latest science fiction novel b y .............. author Trevor Woods. 6 He never remembers anything. He’s very................. r 7 I wish I were a s.............. as she is. I just wish I could believe in myself! 8 She was always very...............at school, which is why she always got full marks in all the tests. 9 He’s very.............. : always relaxed and happy to accept things without getting upset or worried. 10 Our room was small and dark but at least it was................ Q Complete the compound adjectives in the following sentences. Use the words in the box. badly class distance fashioned free headed known made off sighted tempered up (x2) 0 We bought some duty-;{Vee..........perfume at the airport. 1 I made a long-.............. call to London and it cost me a fortune! 2 They seem to be very well-...............; they have a great big house and two expensive cars. 3 I’m fed-.............. with this exercise! Will you help me, please? 4 I usually travel second-.............. because it’s cheaper. 5 This vase is hand-.............. - that’s why it’s so expensive. 6 He gets very bad-.............. when he’s tired and starts shouting at people. 7 I live in a built-.............. area of the city, which is very noisy and full of traffic. 8 She’s a well-.............. TV personality - almost everybody recognises her in the street. 9 I’ve never met anyone as big-...............as Jim. He has a really high opinion of himself. 10 I have to get my eyes tested - I’ve become very short-.............. lately. 11 A .............. -maintained car won’t have a very reliable engine. 12 Will you ever get rid of those old-..............clothes? ( ! \ There are three golden rules ifyou want to be a first-class public speaker: stand up, speak up, shut up. V__________________________________________________ 165 AGENDA Grammar Vocabulary 10a Comparisons 10b so and such; too, enough, very 10c quite, rather, etc.; linking verbs Entry test Q Choose the correct answer. 1 She's not as intelligent as / than her sister. 2 The film wasn't so/such good as I had expected. 3 Maria is the same age as /like Kate. 4 She works as/like an accountant in a local bank. 5 He's getting richer and/more richer every year. Now look at ^ on pages 168-169. ____LA Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 6 We hadn't expected the trip to be.............exhausting. A such B so C such an D likeso 7 .......... behaviour will get you into trouble with the director. A Such B Such a C So the D Like 8 There were.............many people at the party there was no room to move. A so B such C such a D that 9 The bill was much.............expensive for me to pay on my own. A very B too C more D quite 10 I don't have .. ..........time to speak now. A a B plenty C enough D enough a Now look at ^ on pages 170-172. 166 I ENTRY TEST 10 Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 11 She's............ sensitive to other people's problems. A a quiet B a quite C quite D quite a 12 It w as............ good result but you could have done better. A rather Ba bit C a little D a fairly 13 It w as............ difficult question. A very Btoo C rather D a rather 14 She's............ thin for her part in the play. A lot Ba bit C little D little too 15 H e............ rather moody at the moment. A behaves Bgrows C does D seems Now look at ^ on pages 173-175. Q Choose the correct answer, A, B, C or D. 16 I felt so ............ when my parents turned up at Joe's party! A shy of B shameful C shamed D embarrassed 17 I felt so ............ as I sat outside the dentist's, thinking it would be really painful! A bad-tempered B embarrassed C nervous D frightening 18 I would never cheat - I would be............ of being caught. A worried B anxious C nervous D afraid 19 His jokes always make me laugh - I find them quite............ . A amusing B enjoying C tiring D sympathetic 20 My sister's always been scared............ heights. A to B of C from D in Now look at on pages 176-178. Complete the sentences. Use words formed from the words in CAPITALS at the end of the lines. 21 Your handwriting's completely illegible; you shouldn't be so ............ When yOU Write. CARE 22 Do you have any books............ for young children? s u i t 23 Although she was told the operation would be............ . she still felt very nervous about it. p a in 24 I didn't mean to upset you - perhaps you're just a little too.............. s e n s e 25 She ought to write things down if she's so ............ . f o r g e t Now look at ^ on pages 179-181. / 5 :____La La TOTAL SCORE /25 167 Grammar I Comparisons as ... as, not a s/so ... as •To say that two things, people, places, etc. are the same or equal in some way, we use as + adjective/adverb + as: H e’s as tall as Harry. •To say that two things, people, places, etc. are different, we use not as/so ... as: Mary is as tall as Jane but she isn’t as tall as Andrew. The café is not as crowded as it was earlier. » We cannot use so ... as in affirmative sentences: She worked so hard as Pete. X She worked as hard as Pete. / She didn’t work so hard as Pete. / She didn’t work as hard as Pete. / •We can omit the second part of the comparison if it is clear who or what we are talking about: She’s not as tall (as him/as he is). John didn’t do as well as Helen in the exam. John didn’t do as well (as her/as she did). • Be careful: we use as ... as, not as ... so: Tea isn’t as strong so coffee. X Tea isn’t as strong as coffee. / as m a n y/m u ch /little/few as •We also use as many/much/little/few as in comparisons. Notice that we do not use a: Bill doesn’t have as much money as Anne. I f she had as little money as he did, she would think differently. Amy doesn’t have as many meals as Fred. I f Amy had asfew meals as Fred, she would be thinner. ° We cannot use more, less or several in the same way. the sam e (a s) • Same is followed by the preposition as. We always use the before same: Their car is the same (as ours). Peter is the same age (as George). • We can use exactly before the same for emphasis: Their car is exactly the same (as ours). Peter is exactly the same age (as George). like and as Note the difference between like and as: we use like to say that things, people, places, etc. are similar. We use as to say what job, duty, use or appearance somebody or something has: Form Example like + noun He runs like the wind. Like the Greeks, Italians use olive oil a lot. like + pronoun My brother isjust like me. Like you, I’m not very keen on football. as + noun She works as a doctor. As your teacher, I advise you to work harder. Don’t use your shirt as a towel! 168 COMPARISONS Repeating comparatives In the following structures, we repeat the comparative adjective in a sentence: Form Meaning/Use Example comparative + and + comparative changing all the time She was getting more and more irritated. He’s getting taller and taller. the + comparative + clause + to show that things change The older I get, the wiser I become. the + comparative + clause or vary together The harder you work, the better you’ll do. the + comparative + the + comparative _______________________ i used in common phrases the bigger the better the sooner the better a Q Look at the table and complete the sentences about Bob and Tony, the twins. Bob Tony Date of birth 22 August 22 August Time of birth 11.10 a.m. 12.30 a.m. Weight at birth 3 kg 3.5 kg Hair fair fair Resembles mum dad Height now 1.90 m 1.95 m School Central College Central College Geography A B Maths C+ B English D D History A A Occupation unemployed coal miner 0 1 2 Date of birth: Bob was born on the same day AS . ...................................... Birthday: Tony’s birthday is o n .......................... ......................................................Bob’s. Time of birth: Tony was not born a t............... .................................................... Bob. 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Weight: At birth, Bob was not Hair: Bob has the same Appearance: Bob looks like but Tony looks..................... Height: Bob is n o t............... Tony. Tony. Tony. School: Tony went to Geography: Tony was not as good at Maths: Bob was not as English: Bob was just as bad Bob. Tony was. History: Bob was Tony was. Occupation: Tony works Money: Bob doesn’t have as Success: Bob hasn’t been 169 s©arad such; £©©yenough, weiry so and suc/i We use so and smc/xin different ways, in the following patterns: Form Meaning/Use Example SO so + adjective/adverb very, extremely It’s so hot in here! She could run sofast! to such a great degree or amount Don’t look so angry. Don’t walk sofast! so + adjective/adverb (+ that) to emphasise the degree or amount of sth, by saying what the result is My car is so old (that) I can’t get any spare parts for it. She drives sofast (that) nobody can keep up with her. so many/much/little/few to emphasise the degree or amount of sth How did you make so much money? so many/much/little/few (+ that) to emphasise the degree or amount of sth, by saying what the result is There were so manypeople queuing outside the theatre (that) we went back home. such such + adjective + plural/ uncountable noun very, extremely She’s got such lovely hair! They’re such goodfriends. such + adjective + plural/ uncountable noun (+ that) to emphasise the degree or amount of sth, by saying what the result is They’re such goodfriends (that) they tell each other everything. such a/an + adjective + singular noun very, extremely It was such a beautiful day! such a/an + adjective + singular noun (+ that) to emphasise the degree or amount of sth, by saying what the result is It was such a hot day (that) we decided to go for a swim. too, enough, very • Too means ‘more than is acceptable or possible’. Very means ‘a lot’. Compare: I was too tired. (= so I couldn’t do any work) I was very tired. (= but I could still do some work) 1-wm-too happy when I received your email. X I was very happy when I received your email. S ° We do not use very with adjectives that already have a strong meaning: Mono Park in Tokyo is very huge. X Meno Park in Tokyo is huge. / Meno Park in Tokyo is absolutely huge. / See also: ^ 170 SO AND SUCH; TOO, ENOUGH, VI HY We use too and enough in the following patterns: Form Example enough + noun Do we have enough cheesefor a pizza? enough + noun + fo-infinitive Do you have enough money to buy the book? not + adjective/adverb + enough You’re jiot drivingfast enough! We’ll be late! not + adjective/adverb + enough (+ for sb) + fo-infinitive I’m not clever enough to study medicine. She didn’t explain it clearly enoughfor everyone to understand. e too + adjective/adverb I can’t drink this - it’s too hot. too + adjective/adverb (+ for sb) + fo-infinitive The coffee was too hot to drink. He walked too quicklyfor the children to keep up with him. Q Match 1-6 with a-g to make sentences. 0 The pianist played so badly that H a I don’t have to do much to keep it clean. 1 The kids were so tired that □ b they went straight to bed. 2 The food was so bad that □ c she never wears the same thing twice. 3 She’s got so many clothes that □ d his teeth will rot. 4 It’s such a tiny kitchen that □ e the audience walked out. 5 He eats so much sugar that □ f I couldn’t concentrate. 6 They were making so much noise that □ g nobody could eat it. Q Choose the correct answer. 0 We had to pay a such /(suchjphigh price for coffee in London! 1 Passing my driving test was so /such a relief. 2 We’re having such /such an awful weather that we can’t go for a swim. 3 We had so / such a terrible time that we swore we wouldn’t do it again. 4 She loved him so /such deeply that she couldn’t bear it when he was away. 5 There were so /such few people there they nearly cancelled the performance. 6 The film was so /such a boring I wanted to leave. 7 I had so /such many things to do I didn’t know where to start. 8 It was so /such a lovely day we decided to have a picnic in the park. 9 There was so /such much noise I could hardly hear myself think! 10 Joe was so /such an angry that he started shouting at me. 171 I Complete the sentences. Use too, enough or very. 0 It’s much .. .+£a bit/quite a difficult to relate to each other, especially to the British guy, who spoke mquite a/a bit quickly. We were <9)fairly la rather shy about speaking at first. However, everyone was friendly and m very/rather more informal than back home; soon everyone (11)turned/became more'relaxed and we got to know each other better. Living in London wasn’t quite as difficult as it first(12)appeared /grew to be. ◄► 175 Vocabulary Adjectives which are similar asham ed, sham eful, sh y or em barrassed? •Ashamed means ‘feeling embarrassed and guilty because of something you have done’. (NB: ashamed of) People who steal from the poor should be ashamed of themselves. • Shameful describes behaviour or actions that are so bad that someone should be ashamed: The cruel way some people treat their pets is shameful. • Shy means ‘nervous or embarrassed about meeting and speaking to other people, especially people you do not know’. (NB: shy with) Jimmy is very shy with adults. o Embarrassed means ‘feeling nervous and uncomfortable and worrying about what people think of you, especially in social situations’. (NB: embarrassed about/at) You can imagine how embarrassed I felt when I realised I coiddn’t pay the bill. anxious, nervous, w orried or badtem pered? •Anxious means ‘feeling worried and nervous’. It can also mean ‘feeling strongly that you want to do sth or want sth to happen’. (NB anxious about/for) They were both anxious about their daughter’s safety. We were all really anxious for news. • Nervous means ‘worried or frightened about something, and unable to relax’. (NB: nervous about) I was so nervous about the exam that I couldn’t sleep. • Worried means ‘unhappy because you keep thinking about a problem or about something bad that might happen’. (NB: worried about) Where have you been? We were all very worried about you. • Someone who is bad-tempered becomes easily annoyed and talks in an angry way to people: My brother is usually very bad-tempered in the mornings. afraid, scared or frightened? Form Meaning/Use Example afraid + fo-infinitive frightened because you think She was afraid to eat it in case it was poisonous. afraid of + nounl-ing that you may get hurt or that sth bad may happen Most criminals are afraid of being caught. scared + to-infinitive frightened of sth or nervous She lay on the floor, too scared to move. scared of + nounl-ing about sth I’ve always been scared ofdogs. frightened + to-infinitive feeling afraid Pete was too frightened to speak. frightened of + nounl-ing She was frightened ofwalking home alone in the dark. Afraid, scared and frightened can also be followed by a that clause: I was afraid (that) they would laugh at me. She was scared (that) she was going to fail. The man was frightened (that) the police would find him. 176 ADJECTIVES WHICH ARE SIMILAR am using or enjoyable? ° Amusing means ‘funny and entertaining’: We all thought it was a highly amusing film. ° Enjoyable means ‘giving you pleasure’: It was a very enjoyable experience. sym pathetic or likeable? ° Sympathetic means ‘caring and feeling sorry about someone’s problems’. (NB: sympathetic to/towards) I didn’t feel at all sympathetic towards her. It was all her fault. ° Likeable means ‘nice and easy to like’: H e’s a selfish man and not at all likeable. tiring or tiresom e? ° Tiring means ‘making you feel tired’: Looking after children can be very tiring. « Tiresome means ‘making you feel annoyed or impatient’: I find these so-called jokes extremely tiresome. typical, usual or o rdinary? ° Typical means ‘having the usual features or qualities of a particular group or thing’. It can also mean ‘happening or behaving in the way that you would expect’. (NB: typical of) It was a typical English summer: rain every second day! It was typical of him to be late. ° Usual means ‘happening, done or existing most of the time or in most situations’: I’ll meet you at the usual time. I finished work later than usual. ° Ordinary means ‘average, not different or special’: It was just an ordinary house in an ordinary street. Q Complete the sentences. Use the words in the box, or an adjective formed from the words in the box. afraid amuse bad temper embarrass enjoy like ordinary shame (x2) shy sympathy tire worry 0 You may laugh but I don’t find anything . . about finding a snake in your tent in the middle of the night! 1 Gardening may be hard work but it can also be very.....................; I think it’s a wonderful way to spend one’s time. 2 I needed a lift home but I was too ..................... to ask the other guests because they were complete strangers. 3 I was.....................of myself for having lied to my mother. I shouldn’t have done it. 4 When I speak English, I sometimes feel a bit , especially when I make mistakes. 5 The violent way he treated his children was ju st.....................! 6 ‘I’m n o t..................... about money,’ he said. ‘I’ve got plenty!’ 7 She had just got up and was really - she started shouting at us. 8 He says that he’s ..................... of losing his job if he doesn’t finish the report on time. 9 If Phil weren’t so arrogant, he’d be quite - ..................... ; very few people like him now. 10 We’ve all had a very.....................day. Let’s go to bed. 11 I prefer reading stories about the rich and famous. Stories about..................... people are so boring! 12 He’s dealt with similar issues in the past, so he was very.....................about my problem. 177 A IH K IIVI S WHICH ARE SIMILAR $ ( Choose the correct answer. 0 I have always been afraidj^y about spiders. 1 If you were threatened, would you be too afraid to scream / o f screaming? 2 We were all afraid o f/ that something terrible had happened. 3 Have you always been afraid offly /flying? 4 Come on! What are you afraid / afraid of? 5 It was pitch dark and we were too scared to go / going anywhere. 6 Leave the light on, please - the baby is scared o f / to the dark. 7 I won’t go near the fruit trees because I’m frightened by / o f bees. 8 The teacher was always late but we were too frightened to / that we complain. 9 She started climbing, even though she was frightened to fall / that she would fall. 10 You’re a big boy now; you shouldn’t be frightened o f walking t that you walk home alone. Q Complete the text. Use the words in the box. afraid amusing anxious ashamed embarrassed enjoyable nervous ordinary shy sympathetic tiresome typical usual Culture shock Penny, a friend of mine, has just got back from a trip to Japan. It was a very (0).evAjoy............. to change more often, or at least it is more widely advertised. You can't help noticing when fashion gets (3)............ . One minute everyone is wearing one particular brand of trainers; six months later, something new is in and a perfectly good pair of trainers gets pushed to the back of the wardrobe. At some schools, the abolition of uniforms has also had (4)............ an impact on what teenagers wear. In other schools, where school uniforms are (5)............ common, keeping up with teenage fashion is less (6)............ than in schools where kids can wear casual clothes. Nowadays, it costs <7)............ and more to stay in fashion and this can mean some pupils feel (8)............ if what they are wearing is not trendy enough. Some kids may even feel (9).............. if their parents don’t have ao)............ to buy them the latest gear. The pressure from friends and the media to be trendy is so great(11)............ it is difficult to resist. For adults, it is easier to ignore the peer pressure but<12)............ a teenager - boy or girl - you need a lot of courage to say no to fashion. 0 A that B as (tT than.' D from 1 A as B than C so D that 2 A looks B comes c becomes D seems 3 A serious B a serious c as serious D most serious 4 A fairly B quite c very D really 5 A as B more c most D so 6 A profitable B wealthy c economic D expensive 7 A even B much c more D most 8 A shy B shameful c shameless D embarrassed 9 A ashamed B shameful c shameless D shy 10 A such money B too much money c enough money D money enough 11 A as B that c than D like 12 A as B from c with D like 1 8 2 i n EXAM PRACTICE !. Part 2 For questions 13-24, read the text below and think of the word which best fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap. There is an example at the beginning (0). THE MYSTERY OF STONEHENGE»» Stonehenge is one of England's (0)...............................famous landmarks. It is a group of large, tall stones that are arranged in circles on Salisbury Plain in the south of England. They are <13)................................ big and heavy that their transportation oyer from Wales, 240 miles away, <14)................................ to us today almost miraculous. Who could have carried them such (15>................................distance without the help of modern technology? The question is also why they used such huge stones; and why are there so <16)................................of them? What purpose did they serve? It must have been quite (17)................................accomplishment to build this mysterious monument. It has been estimated the construction of the site required (18>................................than thirty million hours of labour. A lot of theories seem to <19>................................ been put forward to explain the stones' existence. The stones seem (20>................................have been put there about 4,000 years ago for religious reasons, some people say. Today, this theory is less popular<21)................................ it used to be. Most people think that Stonehenge was used (22)................................ a huge astronomical instrument, to study the sun, moon and stars. However, scientists simply don't have <23)................................ evidence to come to a final conclusion. Whatever its origins, Stonehenge remains one o f(24)................................ most fascinating monuments in the world. /12 I HAM PRACTICE 5 Part 3 For questions 25-34, read the text below. Use the word given in capitals at the end of some of the lines to form a word that fits in the gap in the same line. There is an example at the beginning (0). We all know now what a <0)ffiW ejrfla!, tool information technology is. It is more or less <25>............ to live a full life in the twenty-first century without being (26>............ with computers and how to make the most of them. They are incredibly (27)............ in so many ways. I used to have no idea about them - I was really (2S)............ at anything technical and I felt very (29)............ whenever people asked me to do anything on the computer. When I first started using them, I made a lot of mistakes and would feel very <30)............ when people referred to the latest (31)............ developments and I didn't know what they were talking about. But now I know enough not to feel ashamed or completely <32)............ when my friends discuss the latest gadgets. I can get by but I am really amazed by how <33>............ anything digital seems to be for young people. They grew up with computers and they are so (34>............... They can find their way around the computer so easily. It is very impressive. POWER IM PO SSIB ILITY COM FORT USE HOPE A N XIETY EM BARRASS TECH N O LO G Y IGNORE NATURE KNOW LEDGE /10 184 EXAM PRACTICE 5 Part 4 For questions 35-42, complete the second sentence so that it has a similar meaning to the first sentence, using the word given. Do not change the word given. You must use between two and five words, including the word given. Here is an example (0). Example: 0 So, do you regret what you did? SORRY So,........... A re.yplace —►time: Manner Place Time They played badly at Wembley on Saturday. She waited patiently in her room all morning. • However, single-word adverbs can come before adverbial phrases: I saw him yesterday in the park. •And shorter phrases can come before longer ones: I’ll see you at eight outside the cinema. Q Rewrite the sentences with the adverbs in the correct place. If a sentence is correct, put a tick ( / ) on the line. 0 The payments are made monthly. ................. / ................. 001 went yesterday to the post office. 1 weyvf, f o .+he.p o s f .o f f i c e .y e s fe y d a y , 1 I’ve become interested in skiing recently. 2 We play football after school often. 3 Very carefully he drives on the motorway. 4 I don’t get up always early. 5 I’ve never visited the United States. 6 Outside he’s waiting. 7 Only I like ice cream, not pudding. 8 I cooked and washed the dishes as well. 192 ADVERBS: WORD O R D III Rewrite the sentences. Put the adverbs in brackets in the correct place. 0 I like travelling by plane, (very much) 1 like, .travel jiv\g.ky..(?)a.vje.y&ry..wtwclA... 1 You won’t finish your homework if you don’t hurry up. (in time) 2 I’ll finish my project, (probably, on Friday) 3 Doesn’t she play the piano? (well) 4 We arrived, (on Sunday, in London) 5 She won’t be coming to work, (today, probably) 6 He performed, (superbly, at the National Theatre, on Saturday) 7 She visits her mother, (at the weekend, usually, in hospital) 8 I remember seeing him. (definitely, outside the shop} f. 9 Can you come? (at six o’clock, to my office) 10 We go camping, (for a few days, occasionally) Choose the correct answer. Hypochondria: It’s all in your head I have a friend who worries about his health a lot. He (0)all the time talks about it /(talks about it all the time) He isn’t interested in anything else - I'm w really starting /starting really to worry about him. When he feels an ache, (2)immediately he thinks /he immediately thinks he has a serious illness. He worries so much that he (3)relaxes hardly ever /hardly ever relaxes. His fear of falling ill means <4>often he misses /he often misses work because at the first sign of a cold, he decides to stay at home till the symptoms have gone. When (5)we// he feels /he feels well, he goes back to work but he finds it difficult to concentrate with all the people coughing and sneezing in the office. (6) Once last year /Last once year, he even went to work wearing (7)over his nose and mouth a mask /a mask over his nose and mouth. He looked really strange! He is w always looking up /looking up always his symptoms on the Internet to find out if they mean he has a serious disease. He goes (9)once a month to the doctor/to the doctor once a month (at least!) and tells her he feels terrible. (10)On Friday, he went /He went on Friday to the doctor again; she examined him and listened