IoT Controllers
Karel Slavicek
Vaclav Oujezsky
2024
Structure of an IoT System
Structure of an IoT System
Outline
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Common internal structures
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Overview of main architecture types
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Key hardware manufacturers and product lines
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IDE
MCUs and Singleboard Computers
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No strict definition and no ambition to create it
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MCU – bare metal programming
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Singleboard computer – operating system
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No sharp border
Hardware design
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MCU (Microcontrollers)
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Small, compact, all-in-one
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Suitable for home-made hardware design
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Simple construction
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Microprocessors – commonly use external RAM memory
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Complex hardware design
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Many-layered PCB
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Higher clock frequency and higher performance
MCU internal structure
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Von Neumann architecture
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Memory shared for instructions and data
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Haward architecture
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Separate memory for instructions and data
PIC MCU - A bit of history
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PIC microcontrollers
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Peripheral Interface Controller
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Originally developed by General Instrument as PIC1650
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Intended to be used with the General Instrument CP1600, the
first commercially available single-chip 16-bit microprocessor.
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A pioneer among MCUs for IoT
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Today a bit obsoleted but still used
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Reach history (since 1976)
PIC
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Commonly in DIL type packages, new types also in
SOIC and SSOP
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Extremely small amount of RAM (in some models tens
of Bytes)
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EEPROM / Flash
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Timers, PWM, ADC
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Constant interrupt response time
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FreeRTOS on PIC18, 24, 32 and dsPIC
PIC
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Harward architecture
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Typically 35 or 70 instructions only
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12, 14 or 16 bit word
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Small number of instructions
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Commonly 8-bit data bus
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Huge number of types
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http://www.microchip.com/maps/microcontroller.aspx
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Programming:
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PICkit 3
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GND + VDD, MCLR, ICSPCLK, ICSPDAT
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MPLAB vs. IDE
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MPLAB is assembler oriented, now C
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https://www.microchip.com/en-us/tools-resources/develop/
mplab-x-ide
PIC12
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Together with PIC10 smallest PIC modules
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8-pin PDIP / SOI8 package
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PIC12F1572-I/SN (~1.2EUR)
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2x 8-bit timer, 1x 16-bit timer, 3x 16-bit PWM with independent timers
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3,5kB FLASH, 256B SRAM
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10-bit ADC
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PIC12F510-I/P (~2EUR)
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2006
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8-bit timer/counter
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8-bit ADC
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Flash 1024 words, SRAM 38B
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< 170 μA @ 2V, 4 MHz
PIC16
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Midrange PIC, smoothly replaced by PIC18
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Example: PIC16C58B-04/P (~2EUR)
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2048 12-bit word flash, 73B RAM
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18-pin PDIP
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< 2 mA typical @ 5V, 4 Mhz / 15 μ A typical @ 3V, 32 kHz
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8-bit timer
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For logical operations mainly
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1998
PIC18
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High-end PICmodules
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Most popular PIC today
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PIC18F1220-I/P (~4EUR)
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2kB Flash, 256B RAM
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7x10bit A/D, 1x10bit PWM, 3x16bit+1x8bit Timers
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18-pin PDIP
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PIC-MINI-WEB
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PIC18F25J10
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OLIMEX
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~16EUR
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32KB Flash 1K RAM
Contemporary MCUs
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Architectures
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ARM
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RISC-V
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Proprietary
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Manufacturers
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Main players
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Low performance MCUs
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Part of other equipments
MCU general structure
ARM Architecture
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ARM = Advanced RISC Machines, originally Acorn RISC Machine
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Family of RISC instruction set architectures (ISAs)
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In 1990, Advanced RISC Machines Ltd. As spin-off of Acorn →
Arm Holdings plc
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Apple–ARM cooperation → ARM6 (1992)
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Advanced High-performance Bus (AHB) introduced in Advanced
Microcontroller Bus Architecture (AMBA) version 2 published by
Arm Ltd company. ( large bus-widths (64 up to 1024 bits).
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Now: https://www.arm.com architecture design and licence sale
ARM (Acorn RISC Machine)
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32-bit architecture
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3 main brabches:
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ARM Cortex-A
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ARM Cortex-R
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ARM Cortex-M
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ARM Cortex-X allows more custom based modifications
ARM
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Architecture vs. Core
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Architecture e.g. ARMv7 is an
ISA (Instruction Set Architecture)
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Core e.g. Cortex M3 implements
ISA
ARM architecture
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Up to ARMv6 – history
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ARMv6M –> ARM Cortex M0, M0+
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ARMv7M –> ARM Cortex M3
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ARMv7E-M –> ARM Cortex M4, M7
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ARMv8M –> ARM Cortex M23, M33
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ARMv9 –> on the road
ARM Cortex M based MCUs
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2004 Cortex-M3
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2007 Cortex-M1
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2009 Cortex-M0
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2010 Cortex-M4
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2012 Cortex-M0+
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2014 Cortex-M7
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2016 Cortex-M23
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2016 Cortex-M33
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2018 Cortex-M35P
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2020 Cortex-M55
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2022 Cortex-M85
ARM architecture
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Processor
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Memory controller
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AHB (Advanced
High-performance Bus)
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APB (Advanced Peripheral Bus)
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Peripherals
ARM architecture
Timers
Internal clock
ARM MCU manufacturers
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ST Microelectronics
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Silicon Labs
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NXP
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Renesas
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Microchip
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Texas Instruments
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Many others
ST Microelectronics
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Focused on mainstream and
high performance MCUs
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Reach set of interfaces
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Reach set of modules
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Nucleo evalboards
Silicon Labs
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Many wireless chips based on ARM
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EFM series – MCU
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EFR series – radio interface (BT or sub-Ghz)
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Gecko as mascot
Silicon Labs
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Zero Gecko, Happy Gecko – ARM Cortex-M0+
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Tiny Gecko, Leopard Gecko, Jade Gecko – ARM Cortex-
M3
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Pearl Gecko, Wonder Gecko – ARM Cortex-M4
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EFM32PG22, EFM32PG23, EFM32PG28 – ARM Cortex-
M33
RISC-V
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Open standard instruction set architecture (ISA) based on RISC
principles.
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Beginning 2010 at the University of California, Berkeley
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Transferred to the RISC-V Foundation in 2015 → RISC-V International
- Swiss non-profit entity since November 2019
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RISC-V instruction set architecture (ISA) are offered under a
Creative Commons license or a BSD License.
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Mainline support for RISC-V added to the Linux 5.17 kernel, in 2022.
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https://riscv.org/
RISC-V
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32-bit and 64-bit address space variants, 128-bit still
under development
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Dual core, straightforward internal structure
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ISA base + extensions (adding more instructions)
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Practical implementaions still rare, the most know is
Espressif ESP32-C3
RISC-V internal architecture
Espressif
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RISC-V architecture
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Oriented to wireless – WiFi and BT
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Two main series:
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ESP32 – ESP32-S2, ESP32-S3, ESP32-C2, ESP32-C3, ESP32-
C6
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ESP8266 → ESP32-C2
Proprietary MCUs
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Microchip
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Texas Instruments
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Renesas
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Espressif
ATMEL AVR microcontrolers
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ATMEL AVR serie microcontrollers
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Nordic VLSI (now Nordic Semiconductor)
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2016 acquired by Michrochip
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ATtiny
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ATmega
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ATXMega
ATmega
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Atmega 168
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Atmega 328
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Atmega 2560
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Atmega 32U4
ATtiny
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Attiny 24/44/84
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Attiny 85
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Attiny 1604
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Serie0 / Serie1
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UPDI
ATtiny
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1999 ATtiny11, ATtiny11L, ATtiny12, ATtiny12L, ATtiny12V, ATtiny22, ATtiny22L
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2002 ATtiny15L, ATtiny26, ATtiny26L, ATtiny28L, ATtiny28V
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2003 ATtiny13, ATtiny13V, ATtiny2313, ATtiny2313V, ATtiny4313
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2005 ATtiny24, ATtiny24V, ATtiny25, ATtiny25V, ATtiny44, ATtiny44V, ATtiny45, ATtiny45V, ATtiny84, ATtiny84V, ATtiny85,
ATtiny85V
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2006 ATtiny261, ATtiny461, ATtiny861
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2008 ATtiny13A, ATtiny24A, ATtiny44A, ATtiny48, ATtiny84A, ATtiny88
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2009 ATtiny4, ATtiny5, ATtiny9, ATtiny10, ATtiny43U, ATtiny261A, ATtiny461A, ATtiny861A, ATtiny2313A
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2010 ATtiny20, ATtiny40, ATtiny87, ATtiny167
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2011 ATtiny1634
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2012 ATtiny441, ATtiny841, ATtiny828
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2016 ATtiny102(F), ATtiny104(F), ATtiny417, ATtiny817
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2017 ATtiny212, ATtiny412, ATtiny214, ATtiny414, ATtiny814, ATtiny416, ATtiny816
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2018 ATtiny202, ATtiny402, ATtiny204, ATtiny404, ATtiny804, ATtiny1604, ATtiny406, ATtiny806, ATtiny1606, ATtiny807,
ATtiny1607, ATtiny1614, ATtiny1616, ATtiny3216, ATtiny1617, ATtiny3217
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2020 ATtiny1624, ATtiny1626, ATtiny1627
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2021 ATtiny424, ATtiny824, ATtiny426, ATtiny826, ATtiny427, ATtiny827
Texas Instruments
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MSP430
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16-bit
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Mixed signal
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Low power consumption
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Long history - MSP430-F2xxx, F5xxx, F6xxx
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Memory size and procesing performance comparable to
Atmel
MSP430
MSP430
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Several hundreds MCU types
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IDE: formerly Energie,
Now CCS (Code Composer
Studio)
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For our lab: under design
Linux based MCUs
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Raspberry Pi
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OrangePi
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BananaPi
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NanoPi
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RockPi
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Odroid
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Lantronix
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Gumstix
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Calao systems
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Compulab
Linux based MCUs
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Mostly based on ARM Cortex-A architecture
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NXP
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Broadcom
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RockChip
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TI (OMAP serie)
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XScale PXA processors
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Marwell
Related technology
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DSP
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PLD → FPGA
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Wireless chips using ARM architecture
Concluding remarks
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Harware-software co-design
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Hardwade and software developers cooperate
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Computing power
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RAM and flash size
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Number of pins and spectra of interfaces
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Mechanical dimensions
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Power consumption
Concluding remarks
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Endless spectra of MCUs suitable for IoT
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Only very few of them in our lab
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Some other available upon request
Thank you for your attention!
Questions and comments?