Hacking the stress system: the stress response as an adaptive trait that can work for or against you IV - On the intersection between culture and stress Life-threatening and social stress ´Acute life threatening stress ´Fight or flight response ´ ´Social stress ´Social standing and position in the hierarchy ´Challenges to reproductive success ´ How our stress differs from most other mammals I: Anticipation ´If you can turn on the stress system before a stressor arrives, you are even quicker. ´ ´Hyperactive Agency Detection ´Its better to get scared a 100 times for nothing, than not have a stress response when you really need it. ´ ´Theory of mind ´The anticipation of intention ´5th degree ´ ´ ´ ´ Lisdorf, A. (2004). What’s HIDD’n in the HADD?–A cognitive conjuring trick? Birot.Hu, (January 2006), 5–7. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853707X208549 Bering, J. M. (2002). The existential theory of mind. Review of General Psychology, 6(1), 3–24. https://doi.org/10.1037//1089-2680.6.1.3 How our stress differs from most other mammals II: perception ´We have a strong tendency to stress over perceived inadequacies rather than real ones ´ ´Beauty ideals ´ ´Happiness & success ´ ´Social media ´ ´ Frank, R. H. (2016). Success and luck: good fortune and the myth of meritocracy. Princeton, Oxford: Princeton University Press. Lin, R., & Utz, S. (2015). The emotional responses of browsing Facebook: Happiness, envy, and the role of tie strength. Computers in Human Behavior, 52, 29–38. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.04.064 de Lima Bastos, P. A., & Pessoa, R. R. (2019). A discussion on english language students’ body image: Beauty standards and fatness. Profile: Issues in Teachers’ Professional Development, 21(1), 13–26. https://doi.org/10.15446/profile.v21n1.69603 Retrospective stress appraisal: did we win? How our stress differs from most other mammals III: Duration ´ ´We turn on the stress system for much longer than any other animal ´ ´Many of the stress related problems we know derive from this ability to be stressed for much longer than any other animal ´ ´ How our stress differs from most other mammals IV: Projection ´We have the unique ability to project our stress on other beings ´ ´Other people, even those we do not know ´Animals ´Fictional characters Agriculture, population growth and specialisation ´You need a food surplus for some to specialise in other fields than food production. ´Political class ´Religious class ´Warrior class ´ ´Problems with population growth and available land ´Who inherits? ´What do you do with the rest? ´ Culture as an emergent property of circumstance ´ ´What we eat ´ ´Where our culture develops ´ ´ The cortex & in-group function. ´ ´Dunbar’s number (+/- 150) ´Larger groups require ´Formal leadership ´Codified barter ´ Why Frontal Lobe Failure Impairs Memory in Dementia ... Dunbar, R. (2010). How Many Friends Does One Person Need? Cambricge: Harvard University Press. Culture and social support ´Growth, support and initiation ´ ´How much time does mom invest in you in your first days ´ ´How strong are the social bonds in your group ´ Pourmand, V., Lawley, K. A., & Lehman, B. J. (2021). Cultural differences in stress and affection following social support receipt. PLoS ONE, 16(9 September), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0256859 Francis, D. D., & Meaney, M. J. (1999). Maternal care and the development of stress responses. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 9(1), 128–134. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0959-4388(99)80016-6